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Heredia A, Benítez JJ, González Moreno A, Domínguez E. Revisiting plant cuticle biophysics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39061101 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is located at the interface of the plant with the environment, thus acting as a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic external stress factors, and regulating water loss. Additionally, it modulates mechanical stresses derived from internal tissues and also from the environment. Recent advances in the understanding of the hydric, mechanical, thermal, and, to a lower extent, optical and electric properties of the cuticle, as well as their phenomenological connections and relationships are reviewed. An equilibrium based on the interaction among the different biophysical properties is essential to ensure plant growth and development. The notable variability reported in cuticle geometry, surface topography, and microchemistry affects the analysis of some biophysical properties of the cuticle. This review aimed to provide an updated view of the plant cuticle, understood as a modification of the cell wall, in order to establish the state-of-the-art biophysics of the plant cuticle, and to serve as an inspiration for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana González Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
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2
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Díaz-Pérez M, Hernández-García JJ, Carreño-Ortega Á, Velázquez Martí B. Post-Harvest Behavior of Seedless Conical and Mini-Conical Peppers: Weight Loss, Dry Matter Content, and Total Soluble Solids as Indicators of Quality and Commercial Shelf-Life. Foods 2024; 13:1889. [PMID: 38928830 PMCID: PMC11203360 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the post-harvest dynamics of seedless conical and mini-conical pepper cultivars in terms of fruit weight loss, dry matter content, and soluble solid content. The above parameters were demonstrated to be effective commercial pepper shelf-life indicators. The commercial quality of pepper fruit intended for export was evaluated weekly under simulated fruit storage conditions for over 28 d. Results revealed that fruit weight loss, dry matter content, and soluble solid content were affected by cultivar type and storage duration. Additionally, a strong correlation between these variables was observed confirming their linear relationship which was more profound between dry matter and total soluble solid content. Daily changes during storage were similar in both seedless conical and mini-conical peppers, while the fruit weight loss daily rate was greater than that of dry matter. Water loss was identified to be the main factor causing reduced fruit quality. Solid content reduction occurred predominately during the initial storage period. Notably, fruit with lower dry matter content at harvest tended to maintain their commercial quality for a longer time due to their ability to resist water loss without any visible signs of deterioration, which is beneficial during prolonged storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Díaz-Pérez
- Department of Engineering, University of Almería, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.J.H.-G.); (Á.C.-O.)
| | - José Javier Hernández-García
- Department of Engineering, University of Almería, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.J.H.-G.); (Á.C.-O.)
| | - Ángel Carreño-Ortega
- Department of Engineering, University of Almería, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.J.H.-G.); (Á.C.-O.)
| | - Borja Velázquez Martí
- Departamento de Ingeniería Rural y Agroalimentaria, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Holden AC, Cohen H, Berry HM, Rickett DV, Aharoni A, Fraser PD. Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1997-2012. [PMID: 38064717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) panel for post-harvest carotenoid retention was studied to elucidate underlying mechanisms associated with this commercial trait of interest. Following drying and storage, some lines within the panel had an increase in carotenoids approaching 50% compared with the initial content at the fresh fruit stage. Other lines displayed a 25% loss of carotenoids. The quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments with concurrent cellular analysis indicated that in most cases, pepper fruit with thicker (up to 4-fold) lipid exocarp layers and smooth surfaces exhibit improved carotenoid retention properties. Total cutin monomer content increased in medium/high carotenoid retention fruits and subepidermal cutin deposits were responsible for the difference in exocarp thickness. Cutin biosynthesis and cuticle precursor transport genes were differentially expressed between medium/high and low carotenoid retention genotypes, and this supports the hypothesis that the fruit cuticle can contribute to carotenoid retention. Enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and cell wall suggests that in Capsicum the carotenoids (capsanthin and its esters) are embedded in the lipidic exocarp layer. This was not the case in tomato. Collectively, the data suggest that the fruit cuticle could provide an exploitable resource for the enhancement of fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Holden
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Wu S, Li X, Jiang J, Huang H, Cheng X, Li G, Shan Y, Zhu X. Reveal the relationship between the quality and the cuticle composition of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) by postharvest heat treatment. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4879-4891. [PMID: 37876294 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of heat treatment (HT) on Satsuma mandarin fruit's postharvest quality and cuticle composition, we immersed the fruit for 3 min in hot water at 52°C and subsequently stored them at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days, and fruit quality parameters, such as good fruit rate, weight loss rate, firmness, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content, were monitored. Additionally, changes in the peel's cuticle composition were analyzed, and wax crystal morphologies on the fruit surface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings revealed that appropriate HT effectively preserved fruit quality. The main compositions of wax and cutin on the fruit's surface remained consistent between the HT and the CK during storage. The total content of wax and cutin initially increased, peaking on the 14th day of storage, and then decreased, falling below the levels observed on day 0. Notably, the total amount of cutin in the HT group exceeded that of the control group. Specifically, ω-hydroxy fatty acids with mid-chain oxo groups and mid-oh-ω-hydroxy fatty acids constituted approximately 90% of the total cutin content. Moreover, the HT group exhibited higher (p < 0.05) total wax content in relation to the control. Fatty acids and alkanes were the predominant components, accounting for approximately 87.5% of the total wax. SEM analysis demonstrated that HT caused wax crystals to melt and redistribute, effectively filling wax gaps. It suggests that HT holds promising potential as a green, safe, and eco-friendly commercial treatment for preserving the postharvest quality of Satsuma mandarin. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, Satsuma citrus (Citrus unshiu) underwent heat treatment (HT) and was subsequently preserved at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days. The findings revealed that HT significantly improved fruit quality compared to the control group. These findings provide valuable insights into the advancement of eco-friendly and pollution-free citrus preservation methods, offering essential strategies and process parameters for their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Cheng
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
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5
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Koçak E, Esmer OK, Sahiner A. Optimization of the conditions of alkaline extraction of tomato peels and characterization of tomato peel extracts obtained under atmospheric and oxygen free conditions. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220077. [PMID: 37646709 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to optimize the extraction conditions to obtain the highest yield, to characterize tomato peel extract (TPE) under optimized conditions, and also to determine the effect of ambient oxygen on the properties of TPE. Optimisation were performed at three temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C) and three periods (2, 4, 6 h) by the response surface methodology. The properties of the extract under atmospheric and oxygen-free conditions (AC, OFC) were analysed to determine whether the characteristics of both extracts changed depending on the presence of oxygen; moreover, the morphological, chemical, thermal, biochemical, and antimicrobial properties were analysed. The maximum yield was 31.3% at 100 °C/6 h. A quadratic model was used to create the best fit. Both TPE samples exhibited similar morphological structure, similar weight losses at three stages of TGA curve, similar band assignments in FTIR spectra. GC-MS analysis showed that both samples mainly consisted of cutin in abundance of 70.45% and 68.14% for AC and OFC, respectively. OFC had higher total phenolic content possibly depending on the absence of oxygen. AC and OFC extracts exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, and A. brasiliensis with a MIC value of 100 μg TPE/ mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinç Koçak
- Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Ankara Str., 1992, 35050 Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ozlem K Esmer
- Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Ankara Str., 1992, 35050 Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Asli Sahiner
- Ege University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Ankara Str., 1992, 35050 Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye
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Kong Q, Liu R, Wu W, Fang X, Chen H, Han Y, Chen J. Cuticular Wax Triterpenes Maintain Storage Quality of Blueberries by Reducing Water Loss. Foods 2023; 12:2643. [PMID: 37509735 PMCID: PMC10378620 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax contributes to maintaining postharvest storage quality against fruit water loss and softening. Triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), are the main components in blueberry cuticular wax, but their role in water migration during the storage of blueberries remains to be determined. Here, we examined the relationship between the content of OA and UA and the storage quality of blueberry fruit (25 °C). The results revealed that the UA content during eight-day postharvest storage ranged from 58 to 77 μg cm-2, which was negatively related to weight loss. Additionally, we investigated the effect of exogenous OA and UA on water migration in the blueberry fruit during storage at room temperature; the weight loss was significantly lower (by 22%) with UA treatment than in the control fruit. Our findings indicate that OA and UA effectively affect water migration in blueberry fruit during postharvest storage, which could contribute to improving postharvest preservation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yanchao Han
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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Marinov O, Nomberg G, Sarkar S, Arya GC, Karavani E, Zelinger E, Manasherova E, Cohen H. Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad036. [PMID: 37799628 PMCID: PMC10548408 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest. Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin. The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood. Herein, we investigated two varieties of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), Numex Garnet, whose fruit has intact skin, and Vezena Slatka, whose fruit has cracked skin. Microscopical observations, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids, and highly express key cutin-related genes. The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters, and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation. We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds, without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells. Lastly, we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Marinov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Nomberg
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Eldad Karavani
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Center for Scientific Imaging (CSI), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Wang J, Shan Q, Yi T, Ma Y, Zhou X, Pan L, Miao W, Zou X, Xiong C, Liu F. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of CaFCD1 affecting cuticle biosynthesis in Capsicum annuum L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:46. [PMID: 36912954 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CaFCD1 gene regulates pepper cuticle biosynthesis. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that easily loses water after harvesting, which seriously affects the quality of its product. The cuticle is the lipid water-retaining layer on the outside of the fruit epidermis, which regulates the biological properties and reduces the rate of water-loss. However, the key genes involved in pepper fruit cuticle development are poorly understood. In this study, a pepper fruit cuticle development mutant fcd1 (fruit cuticle deficiency 1) was obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The mutant has great defects in fruit cuticle development, and the fruit water-loss rate of fcd1is significantly higher than that of the wild-type '8214' line. Genetic analysis suggested that the phenotype of the mutant fcd1 cuticle development defect was controlled by a recessive candidate gene CaFCD1 (Capsicum annuum fruit cuticle deficiency 1) on chromosome 12, which is mainly transcribed during fruit development. In fcd1, a base substitution within the CaFCD1 domain resulted in the premature termination of transcription, which affected cutin and wax biosynthesis in pepper fruit, as revealed by the GC-MS and RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, the yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays verified that the cutin synthesis protein CaCD2 was directly bound to the promoter of CaFCD1, suggesting that CaFCD1 may be a hub node in the cutin and wax biosynthetic regulatory network in pepper. This study provides a reference for candidate genes of cuticle synthesis and lays a foundation for breeding excellent pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Shan
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yi
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanqing Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxun Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luzhao Pan
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wu Miao
- Hunan Xiangyan Seed Industry Co., LTD, Changsha, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and New Varieties Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Lima RP, de Sousa ASB, Abeli P, Beaudry RM, Silva SDM. Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetables. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Ziv C, Lers A, Fallik E, Paran I. Genetic and biotechnological tools to identify breeding targets for improving postharvest quality and extending shelf life of peppers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102794. [PMID: 36095994 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved postharvest storage is a major target for pepper-crop production. The three main components of postharvest improvement of pepper fruit are reducing water-loss rate, reducing chilling susceptibility, and increasing resistance to pathogens. To date, a small number of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) studies have been reported for reduced water loss and enhanced tolerance to chilling and anthracnose. More effort is needed to screen germplasm collections for accessions with improved postharvest traits. Molecular studies have enabled the identification of candidate genes conferring reduced susceptibility to chilling injury and pathogen infection in pepper fruit, and in related crops such as tomato - which may be implemented in pepper. Manipulation of the activity of these genes by genome editing can improve postharvest pepper quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amnon Lers
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Elazar Fallik
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ilan Paran
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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12
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Singh S, Solanki V, Bardhan K, Kansara R, Vyas TK, Gandhi K, Dhakan D, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH. Evaluation of Ozonation Technique for Pesticide Residue Removal in Okra and Green Chili Using GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3202. [PMID: 36501242 PMCID: PMC9739672 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural commodities has become a global health concern. Various household methods are employed to remove pesticide residues from agricultural commodities, e.g., water and ozone. Many ozone-based commercial pesticide removal machines are available in the market for the general public. The current study compares the pesticide removal efficiency of ozone-based washing of fruits and vegetables to simple tap water through commercially available machines and its health risk assessment to different age groups of consumers. The okra and green chili fruits were treated with acetamiprid and ethion as foliar application at the fruiting stage, using the recommended dose (RD) and double to the recommended dose (2RD), respectively. A modified QuEChERS-based pesticide extraction method was verified for its accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. The treated samples were washed with tap and ozonated water at different intervals, i.e., 3, 8, and 10 min using a commercial food purifier. Washing with ozonized water for 3 min recorded the maximum removal of acetamiprid and ethion from okra and chili fruits. Further, the risk quotient values (RQ) obtained were lower than one at both doses. Thus, washing vegetables with ozonized water for 3 min ensures vegetables are safer for general consumption without any health risk to Indian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Singh
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Vanrajsinh Solanki
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kirti Bardhan
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohan Kansara
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Trupti K. Vyas
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kelvin Gandhi
- Food Quality Testing Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Ge S, Qin K, Ding S, Yang J, Jiang L, Qin Y, Wang R. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolite Analysis Combined with Transcriptomic and Proteomic Provide New Insights into Revealing Cuticle Formation during Pepper Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12383-12397. [PMID: 36148491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role for the quality of pepper fruit. However, the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation in pepper fruit remains unclear. Our results showed that the wax was continuously accumulated during pepper development, while the cutin monomer first increased and then decreased. Hexadecanoic acid and 10,16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid were the main components of wax and cutin, respectively. Combined with transcriptome and proteome, the formation patterns of wax and cutin polyester network for pepper cuticle was proposed. The 18 pairs of consistent expression genes and proteins involved in cuticle formation were revealed. Meanwhile, 12 key genes were screened from fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation, cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and transport pathway. This study would provide important candidate genes and theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation, which is essential for the breeding of peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Keying Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Liuyang Hongxiu Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Liuyang 410300, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yeyou Qin
- Hunan Tantanxiang Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Cervantes-Hernández F, Ochoa-Alejo N, Martínez O, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ. Metabolomic Analysis Identifies Differences Between Wild and Domesticated Chili Pepper Fruits During Development ( Capsicum annuum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893055. [PMID: 35769305 PMCID: PMC9234519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum spp. members are a rich source of specialized compounds due to their secondary metabolism. Some metabolic pathways have suffered modifications during the domestication process and improvement of agricultural traits. Here, we compared non-targeted LC-MS profiles from several areas: wild accessions (C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum), domesticated cultivars (C. annuum L.), and the F1 progeny of a domesticated, and a wild accession cross (in both directions) throughout seven stages of fruit development of chili pepper fruits. The main detected differences were in glycerophospholipid metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, and cutin biosynthesis. The domesticated group exhibited a higher abundance in 12'-apo-β-carotenal, among others capsorubin, and β-tocopherol. Palmitic acid and derivates, terpenoids, and quercitrin were prevalent in the wild accessions. F1 progeny showed a higher abundance of capsaicin, glycol stearate, and soyacerebroside I. This work supports evidence of the side-affectation of trait selection over the metabolism of chili pepper fruit development. Furthermore, it was also observed that there was a possible heterosis effect over the secondary metabolism in the F1 progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cervantes-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Octavio Martínez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - José Juan Ordaz-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Mexico
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15
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Huang H, Wang L, Qiu D, Lu Y. Chemical Composition of Cuticle and Barrier Properties to Transpiration in the Fruit of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840061. [PMID: 35651771 PMCID: PMC9150773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, as a lipid membrane covering aerial plant surfaces, functions primarily against uncontrolled water loss. Herein, the cuticle chemical composition and the transpiration of wampee fruit (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) at the green, turning, and yellow stages in cultivars of "Jixin" and "Tianhuangpi" were comprehensively studied. The coverage of wax and cutin monomers per unit of fruit surface area at the green stage was lower in "Jixin" than in "Tianhuangpi" and increased gradually during development. Cutin monomers accumulated ranging from 22.5 μg cm-2 (green) to 52.5 μg cm-2 (turning) in "Jixin" and from 36.5 μg cm-2 (green) to 81.7 μg cm-2 (yellow) in "Tianhuangpi." The total composition of waxes ranged between 6.0 μg cm-2 (green) and 11.1 μg cm-2 (turning) in "Jixin," while they increased from 7.4 μg cm-2 (green) to 16.7 μg cm-2 (yellow) in "Tianhuangpi." Cutin monomers were dominated by ω-, mid-dihydroxy fatty acids (over 40%), followed by multiple monomers of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids with or without added groups, α-monocarboxylic acids with or without ω- or mid-chain hydroxy or mid-epoxy groups, primary alcohols, and phenolics. The very-long-chain (VLC) aliphatic pattern of cuticular waxes was prominently composed of n-alkanes (ranging from 21.4% to 39.3% of total wax content), fatty acids, primary alcohols, and aldehydes. The cyclic waxes were dominated by triterpenoids (between 23.9 and 51.2%), sterols, and phenolics. Water loss in wampee fruit exhibited linear changes over time, indicating an overall monofunctional barrier to transpiration. Permeance for water in wampee fruit was higher at the green stage than at the yellow stage in both "Jixin" and "Tianhuangpi," which showed a negative correlation with the changes of VLC n-alkanes. The results showed the cuticular chemicals, including cutin monomers and waxes, in wampee fruit and further indicated the potential contributions of the cuticular chemical composition to the physiological functions in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diyang Qiu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
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16
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He X, Chavan SG, Hamoui Z, Maier C, Ghannoum O, Chen ZH, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. Smart Glass Film Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Red and Orange Capsicum Fruit Cultivars without Impacting Shelf Life. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070985. [PMID: 35406965 PMCID: PMC9003265 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Smart Glass Film (SGF) is a glasshouse covering material designed to permit 80% transmission of photosynthetically active light and block heat-generating solar energy. SGF can reduce crop water and nutrient consumption and improve glasshouse energy use efficiency yet can reduce crop yield. The effect of SGF on the postharvest shelf life of fruits remains unknown. Two capsicum varieties, Red (Gina) and Orange (O06614), were cultivated within a glasshouse covered in SGF to assess fruit quality and shelf life during the winter season. SGF reduced cuticle thickness in the Red cultivar (5%) and decreased ascorbic acid in both cultivars (9–14%) without altering the overall morphology of the mature fruits. The ratio of total soluble solids (TSSs) to titratable acidity (TA) was significantly higher in Red (29%) and Orange (89%) cultivars grown under SGF. The Red fruits had a thicker cuticle that reduced water loss and extended shelf life when compared to the Orange fruits, yet neither water loss nor firmness were impacted by SGF. Reducing the storage temperature to 2 °C and increasing relative humidity to 90% extended the shelf life in both cultivars without evidence of chilling injury. In summary, SGF had minimal impact on fruit development and postharvest traits and did not compromise the shelf life of mature fruits. SGF provides a promising technology to block heat-generating solar radiation energy without affecting fruit ripening and marketable quality of capsicum fruits grown during the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Sachin G. Chavan
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Ziad Hamoui
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Chelsea Maier
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - David T. Tissue
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I. Cazzonelli
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-24-570-1752
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17
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Zhang P, Zou Y, Song B, Zhou M, He J, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Xu X. Cuticular lipids and associated gene expression analysis under NaCl stress in Thellungiella salsuginea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13625. [PMID: 35023161 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular lipids, including wax and cutin, protect plants against external environmental stress. The relationship between the cuticle properties and salt tolerance is not clear. In this article, photosynthetic and physiological characteristics related to water use and cuticle permeability were assessed in the leaves of Thellungiella salsuginea under NaCl stress. The chemical composition of wax and cutin monomers, and the expression of cuticle-associated genes were also analyzed. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in the leaves of T. salsuginea decreased, and the water use efficiency increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Salt stress caused a significant increase in total wax, but total cutin monomers only increased under high salt. Transcriptome sequencing and lipid metabolism pathway analysis were performed on rosette leaves of T. salsuginea after 24 h of NaCl treatment. We analyzed the expression of 42 genes involved in cuticle lipid metabolism, and found that most of them exhibited higher expression levels at 0.15 mol L-1 NaCl, but lower expression levels at 0.3 mol L-1 NaCl. The expression of 12 of these genes was further detected by qRT-PCR after 1 week of NaCl treatment: most of them were upregulated both under low and high NaCl stress. Hence, we speculate that the cuticle acts as an adaptive trait in T. salsuginea in salty environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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18
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Abidin AZ, Putra RP, Izzati AUN, Christian Y. Design and performance evaluation of a superabsorbent polymer‐based dryer for medicinal plants. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhmad Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia
| | - Ridwan P. Putra
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia
| | - Alif Ulfatun Nur Izzati
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia
| | - Yoseph Christian
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia
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19
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Romero P, Lafuente MT. The Combination of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Water Stress Regulates the Epicuticular Wax Metabolism and Cuticle Properties of Detached Citrus Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910242. [PMID: 34638581 PMCID: PMC8549707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a major regulator of fruit response to water stress, and may influence cuticle properties and wax layer composition during fruit ripening. This study investigates the effects of ABA on epicuticular wax metabolism regulation in a citrus fruit cultivar with low ABA levels, called Pinalate (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and how this relationship is influenced by water stress after detachment. Harvested ABA-treated fruit were exposed to water stress by storing them at low (30-35%) relative humidity. The total epicuticular wax load rose after fruit detachment, which ABA application decreased earlier and more markedly during fruit-dehydrating storage. ABA treatment changed the abundance of the separated wax fractions and the contents of most individual components, which reveals dependence on the exposure to postharvest water stress and different trends depending on storage duration. A correlation analysis supported these responses, which mostly fitted the expression patterns of the key genes involved in wax biosynthesis and transport. A cluster analysis indicated that storage duration is an important factor for the exogenous ABA influence and the postharvest environment on epicuticular wax composition, cuticle properties and fruit physiology. Dynamic ABA-mediated reconfiguration of wax metabolism is influenced by fruit exposure to water stress conditions.
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20
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Macel M, Visschers IGS, Peters JL, van Dam NM, de Graaf RM. High Concentrations of Very Long Chain Leaf Wax Alkanes of Thrips Susceptible Pepper Accessions (Capsicum spp). J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1082-1089. [PMID: 33089351 PMCID: PMC7677282 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular wax layer can be important for plant resistance to insects. Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) damage was assessed on 11 pepper accessions of Capsicum annuum and C. chinense in leaf disc and whole plant assays. Thrips damage differed among the accessions. We analyzed the composition of leaf cuticular waxes of these accessions by GC-MS. The leaf wax composition was different between the two Capsicum species. In C. annuum, 1-octacosanol (C28 alcohol) was the most abundant component, whereas in C. chinense 1-triacotanol (C30 alcohol) was the prominent. Thrips susceptible accessions had significantly higher concentrations of C25-C29 n-alkanes and iso-alkanes compared to relatively resistant pepper accessions. The triterpenoids α- and ß-amyrin tended to be more abundant in resistant accessions. Our study suggests a role for very long chain wax alkanes in thrips susceptibility of pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella G S Visschers
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janny L Peters
- Plant Systems Physiology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rob M de Graaf
- Microbiology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Modified Atmosphere and Humidity Film Reduces Browning Susceptibility of Oriental Melon Suture Tissue during Cold Storage. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091329. [PMID: 32967309 PMCID: PMC7555987 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental melons have a relatively short shelf life as they are harvested during the summer season and susceptible to cold-induced injuries. Typical chilling injury when stored at 4 °C is expressed as browning of the fruit suture. To prolong the shelf life and reduce browning of the fruit, the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), X-tend modified atmosphere (MA)/modified humidity (MH) bulk packaging (XF), and polyethylene (PE) packaging, on oriental melons were investigated during storage at 4 °C and 10 °C for 14 days and under retail display conditions at 20 °C. The O2 concentrations in PE packages stored at 4 °C and 10 °C ranged from 17.4 to 18.5%, whereas those in XF packages were reduced to 16.3–16.6%. The CO2 content of XF package (4.2–4.6%) was higher than that of PE package (1.4–1.9%) stored at 4 °C or 10 °C. Relative humidity (RH) saturated in the PE packages but not in the XF packages after seven days of storage. Furthermore, PE packages performed better at maintaining melon weight and firmness than XF packages during storage at 10 °C for 14 days and under retail display conditions at 20 °C. PE and XF packages effectively reduced the browning index of the peel and white linear sutures of oriental melons compared with the unpackaged control during cold storage at 4 °C, and this observation was maintained at the retail display condition at 20 °C. The enhanced CO2 levels, reduced O2 levels, and optimal RH values that were provided by the MAP, prevented the browning symptoms, and improved the marketability and shelf life of oriental melons.
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22
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Yuan Z, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Li S, Guo Y, Jetter R, Ni Y. Exogenous hormones influence Brassica napus leaf cuticular wax deposition and cuticle function. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9264. [PMID: 32547878 PMCID: PMC7276146 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cuticular waxes cover plant surface and play important roles in protecting plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. The variations of wax deposition and chemical compositions under changing environments have been shown to be related to plant adaptations. However, it is still not clear whether the wax depositions could be adjusted to increase plant adaptations to stressed conditions. Methods In this study, exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and salicylic acid (SA) were applied to test their effects on cuticular wax deposition in two Brassica napus cultivars, Zhongshuang 9 (ZS9, low wax coverage ) and Yuyou 19 (YY19, high wax coverage). Next, we measured the water loss rate and the transcriptional expression of genes involved in wax biosynthesis as well as genes related to disease defense. Results Seven wax compound classes, including fatty acids, aldehydes, alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, and unbranched as well as branched primary alcohols, were identified in B. napus leaf wax mixtures. MeJA, SA and ACC treatments had no significant effect on total wax amounts in YY19, whereas ACC reduced total wax amounts in ZS9. Overall, hormone treatments led to an increase in the amounts of aldehydes and ketones, and a decrease of secondary alcohol in ZS9, whereas they led to a decrease of alkane amounts and an increase of secondary alcohol amounts in YY19. Concomitantly, both cultivars also exhibited different changes in cuticle permeability, with leaf water loss rate per 15 min increased from 1.57% (averaged across treatments) at 1.57% (averaged across treatments) at 15 min to 3.12% at 30 min for ZS9 (except for ACC treated plant) and decreased for YY19. MeJA-treated plants of both cultivars relatively had higher water loss rate per 15 min when compared to other treatments. Conclusion. Our findings that B. napus leaf wax composition and cuticle permeability are altered by exogenous SA, MeJA and ACC suggest that the hormone treatments affect wax composition, and that the changes in wax profiles would cause changes in cuticle permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youwei Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Dimopoulos N, Tindjau R, Wong DCJ, Matzat T, Haslam T, Song C, Gambetta GA, Kunst L, Castellarin SD. Drought stress modulates cuticular wax composition of the grape berry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3126-3141. [PMID: 31985780 PMCID: PMC7260727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought events are a major challenge for many horticultural crops, including grapes, which are often cultivated in dry and warm climates. It is not understood how the cuticle contributes to the grape berry response to water deficit (WD); furthermore, the cuticular waxes and the related biosynthetic pathways are poorly characterized in this fruit. In this study, we identified candidate wax-related genes from the grapevine genome by phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses. Developmental and stress response expression patterns of these candidates were characterized across pre-existing RNA sequencing data sets and confirmed a high responsiveness of the pathway to environmental stresses. We then characterized the developmental and WD-induced changes in berry cuticular wax composition, and quantified differences in berry transpiration. Cuticular aliphatic wax content was modulated during development and an increase was observed under WD, with wax esters being strongly up-regulated. These compositional changes were related to up-regulated candidate genes of the aliphatic wax biosynthetic pathway, including CER10, CER2, CER3, CER1, CER4, and WSD1. The effect of WD on berry transpiration was not significant. This study indicates that changes in cuticular wax amount and composition are part of the metabolic response of the grape berry to WD, but these changes do not reduce berry transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dimopoulos
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ricco Tindjau
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Till Matzat
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tegan Haslam
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Changzheng Song
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Fan Y, Liu J, Zou J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Liu K, Lü P, Gao J, Zhang C. The RhHB1/ RhLOX4 module affects the dehydration tolerance of rose flowers ( Rosa hybrida) by fine-tuning jasmonic acid levels. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:74. [PMID: 32377364 PMCID: PMC7195446 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are key factors in plant responsiveness to abiotic and biotic stresses, and maintaining hormone homeostasis is critically important during stress responses. Cut rose (Rosa hybrida) flowers experience dehydration stress during postharvest handling, and jasmonic acid (JA) levels change as a result of this stress. However, how JA is involved in dehydration tolerance remains unclear. We investigated the functions of the JA- and dehydration-induced RhHB1 gene, which encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper I γ-clade transcription factor, in rose flowers. Silencing RhHB1 decreased petal dehydration tolerance and resulted in a persistent increase in JA-Ile content and reduced dehydration tolerance. An elevated JA-Ile level had a detrimental effect on rose petal dehydration tolerance. RhHB1 was shown to lower the transient induction of JA-Ile accumulation in response to dehydration. In addition to transcriptomic data, we obtained evidence that RhHB1 suppresses the expression of the lipoxygenase 4 (RhLOX4) gene by directly binding to its promoter both in vivo and in vitro. We propose that increased JA-Ile levels weaken the capacity for osmotic adjustment in petal cells, resulting in reduced dehydration tolerance. In conclusion, a JA feedback loop mediated by an RhHB1/RhLOX4 regulatory module provides dehydration tolerance by fine-tuning bioactive JA levels in dehydrated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Fan
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jitao Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Peitao Lü
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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25
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Natarajan P, Akinmoju TA, Nimmakayala P, Lopez-Ortiz C, Garcia-Lozano M, Thompson BJ, Stommel J, Reddy UK. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis to Characterize Cutin Biosynthesis between Low- and High-Cutin Genotypes of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041397. [PMID: 32092953 PMCID: PMC7073079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Habanero peppers constantly face biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen/pest infections, extreme temperature, drought and UV radiation. In addition, the fruit cutin lipid composition plays an important role in post-harvest water loss rates, which in turn causes shriveling and reduced fruit quality and storage. In this study, we integrated metabolome and transcriptome profiling pertaining to cutin in two habanero genotypes: PI 224448 and PI 257145. The fruits were selected by the waxy or glossy phenotype on their surfaces. Metabolomics analysis showed a significant variation in cutin composition, with about 6-fold higher cutin in PI 257145 than PI 224448. It also revealed that 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid is the most abundant monomer in PI 257145. Transcriptomic analysis of high-cutin PI 257145 and low-cutin PI 224448 resulted in the identification of 2703 statistically significant differentially expressed genes, including 1693 genes upregulated and 1010 downregulated in high-cutin PI 257145. Genes and transcription factors such as GDSL lipase, glycerol-3 phosphate acyltransferase 6, long-chain acyltransferase 2, cytochrome P450 86A/77A, SHN1, ANL2 and HDG1 highly contributed to the high cutin content in PI 257145. We predicted a putative cutin biosynthetic pathway for habanero peppers based on deep transcriptome analysis. This is the first study of the transcriptome and metabolome pertaining to cutin in habanero peppers. These analyses improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating the accumulation of cutin in habanero pepper fruits. These resources can be built on for developing cultivars with high cutin content that show resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses with superior postharvest appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, TN, India
| | - Tolulope Abodunrin Akinmoju
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (U.K.R.)
| | - Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Marleny Garcia-Lozano
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Benjamin J. Thompson
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - John Stommel
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, USA;
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (U.K.R.)
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26
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Ding S, Zhang J, Yang L, Wang X, Fu F, Wang R, Zhang Q, Shan Y. Changes in Cuticle Components and Morphology of 'Satsuma' Mandarin ( Citrus unshiu) during Ambient Storage and Their Potential Role on Penicillium digitatum Infection. Molecules 2020; 25:E412. [PMID: 31963827 PMCID: PMC7024380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the role of fruit cuticle in fungal infection, changes in cuticle composition and morphology of 'Satsuma' mandarin during ambient (at 25 °C) storage and their role in Penicillium digitatum infection were investigated. Results showed that the epicuticular wax yield increased from 1.11 μg cm-2 to 4.21 μg cm-2 during storage for 20 days and then decreased to 1.35 μg cm-2 as storage time prolonged to 40 days. Intracuticular wax content of fruits stored for 20 days showed a peak value that was 1.7-fold higher than that of fruits stored for 40 days. The contents of cutin monomers of fruits showed a decreased trend during storage, while their proportions in the cutin stayed stable. Acids were identified as the most abundant components in epicuticular wax independently of the storage time, followed by alkanes and terpenoids. Terpenoids were found as the predominant components in intracuticular wax during the whole storage, followed by alkanes and acids. The flattened platelets crystals of fruits at harvest changed into small granule-like wax ones after 10 days of storage then gradually distributed across the surface of the fruits as stored for 40 days. Results of in vitro tests showed that mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum could be promoted by epicuticular wax and conidial germination could be inhibited by cutin at different storage stages. These results shed new light on the chemical basis for cuticle involvement in fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Ding
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lvzhu Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fuhua Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yang Shan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
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27
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Xu X, Xue K, Tang S, He J, Song B, Zhou M, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. The relationship between cuticular lipids and associated gene expression in above ground organs of Thellungiella salsugineum (Pall.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110200. [PMID: 31481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a critical role as barrier between plant and environment. Here, cuticular wax morphology, cuticular wax and cutin monomer composition, and expression of associated genes in five above ground organs were examined in model extremophyte Thellungiella salsugineum. Alkanes, ketones, and 2-alcohols were the predominant wax constitutes in rosette leaves, inflorescence stem leaves, stems, and siliques, whereas alkanes and acids were the predominant cuticular lipids in whole flowers. Unsubstituted acids were the most abundant cutin monomers in vegetative organs, especially C18:2 dioic acids, which reached the highest levels in stems. Hydroxy fatty acids were the predominant cutin monomers in flowers, especially 16-OH C16:0 and diOH C16:0. High-throughput RNA-Seq analysis using the Hiseq4000 platform was performed on these five above organs of T. salsugineum, and the differentially expressed lipid-associated genes and their associated metabolic pathways were identified. Expression of genes associated in previous reports to cuticle production, including those having roles in cuticle lipid biosynthesis, transport, and regulation were examined. The association of cuticle lipid composition and gene expression within different organs of T. salsugineum, and potential relationships between T. salsugineum's extreme cuticle and its adaptation to extreme environments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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28
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Romero P, Rose JK. A relationship between tomato fruit softening, cuticle properties and water availability. Food Chem 2019; 295:300-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Vettraino AM, Bianchini L, Caradonna V, Forniti R, Goffi V, Zambelli M, Testa A, Vinciguerra V, Botondi R. Ozone gas as a storage treatment to control Gnomoniopsis castanea, preserving chestnut quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6060-6065. [PMID: 31226223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chestnuts are gluten-free, low-fat, cholesterol-free products. Postharvest decay reduces chestnut shelf life and can cause severe economic losses. In this study we investigated the effect of ozone (O3 ) gaseous treatment on chestnut rot caused by Gnomoniopsis castanea and the quality parameters of chestnuts. RESULTS The results showed that ozone treatment (150 ppb during the day, and 300 ppb during the night) reduced the decay of chestnuts and had a fungistatic effect on isolates of G. castanea. The exposure of chestnuts to ozone did not alter weight losses, sugar content and titratable acidity. The concentration of total phenolics decreased during the storage period, both for treated and untreated nuts. However, after 150 days of treatment the polyphenol content of the chestnuts exposed to ozone was significantly higher than in control nuts. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that ozone is an appropriate and economical tool to maximize the quality of chestnut shelf life, enabling it to be stored for long periods. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberto Forniti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Goffi
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marta Zambelli
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonino Testa
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Rinaldo Botondi
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
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30
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Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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31
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Trivedi P, Nguyen N, Hykkerud AL, Häggman H, Martinussen I, Jaakola L, Karppinen K. Developmental and Environmental Regulation of Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Fleshy Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:431. [PMID: 31110509 PMCID: PMC6499192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of land plants are covered by a hydrophobic layer called cuticle that limits non-stomatal water loss and provides protection against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The cuticle is composed of polymer cutin and wax comprising a mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, while also bioactive secondary metabolites such as triterpenoids are present. Fleshy fruits are also covered by the cuticle, which has an important protective role during the fruit development and ripening. Research related to the biosynthesis and composition of cuticles on vegetative plant parts has largely promoted the research on cuticular waxes in fruits. The chemical composition of the cuticular wax varies greatly between fruit species and is modified by developmental and environmental cues affecting the protective properties of the wax. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the cuticular wax biosynthesis during fleshy fruits development, and on the effect of environmental factors in regulation of the biosynthesis. Bioactive properties of fruit cuticular waxes are also briefly discussed, as well as the potential for recycling of industrial fruit residues as a valuable raw material for natural wax to be used in food, cosmetics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Trivedi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Laura Jaakola
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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32
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Ding S, Zhang J, Wang R, Ou S, Shan Y. Changes in cuticle compositions and crystal structure of ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange fruits (Citrus sinensis) during storage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1528272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Ding
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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33
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Chu W, Gao H, Chen H, Wu W, Fang X. Changes in Cuticular Wax Composition of Two Blueberry Cultivars during Fruit Ripening and Postharvest Cold Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2870-2876. [PMID: 29489345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax plays an important role for the quality of blueberry fruits. In this study, the cuticular wax composition of two blueberry cultivars, 'Legacy' ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and 'Brightwell' ( Vaccinium ashei), was examined during fruit ripening and postharvest cold storage. The results showed that wax was gradually deposited on the epidermis of blueberry fruits and the content of major wax compounds, except that for diketones, increased significantly during fruit ripening. The total wax content was 2-fold greater in 'Brightwell' blueberries than that in 'Legacy' blueberries during fruit ripening. The total wax content of both cultivars decreased during 30 days of storage at 4 °C, and the variation of cuticular wax composition was cultivar-dependent. The content of diketones decreased significantly in 'Legacy' blueberries, while the content of triterpenoids and aliphatic compounds showed different fold changes in 'Brightwell' blueberries after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Overall, our study provided a quantitative and qualitative overview of cuticular wax compounds of blueberry fruits during ripening and postharvest cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
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Sohrabi–Mahboub M, Farrokhpour H. Modeling of the n–alkane homologous series in the range of C6 to C20 using linear Yukawa isotherm regularity (LYIR). J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Petit J, Bres C, Mauxion JP, Bakan B, Rothan C. Breeding for cuticle-associated traits in crop species: traits, targets, and strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5369-5387. [PMID: 29036305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving crop productivity and quality while promoting sustainable agriculture have become major goals in plant breeding. The cuticle is a natural film covering the aerial organs of plants and consists of lipid polyesters covered and embedded with wax. The cuticle protects plants against water loss and pathogens and affects traits with strong impacts on crop quality such as, for horticultural crops, fruit brightness, cracking, russeting, netting, and shelf life. Here we provide an overview of the most important cuticle-associated traits that can be targeted for crop improvement. To date, most studies on cuticle-associated traits aimed at crop breeding have been done on fleshy fruits. Less information is available for staple crops such as rice, wheat or maize. Here we present new insights into cuticle formation and properties resulting from the study of genetic resources available for the various crop species. Our review also covers the current strategies and tools aimed at exploiting available natural and artificially induced genetic diversity and the technologies used to transfer the beneficial alleles affecting cuticle-associated traits to commercial varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E, Cingolani R, Bayer IS, Athanassiou A, Benítez JJ. Cutin from agro-waste as a raw material for the production of bioplastics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5401-5410. [PMID: 28992177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutin is the main component of plant cuticles constituting the framework that supports the rest of the cuticle components. This biopolymer is composed of esterified bi- and trifunctional fatty acids. Despite its ubiquity in terrestrial plants, it has been underutilized as raw material due to its insolubility and lack of melting point. However, in recent years, a few technologies have been developed to obtain cutin monomers from several agro-wastes at an industrial scale. This review is focused on the description of cutin properties, biodegradability, chemical composition, processability, abundance, and the state of art of the fabrication of cutin-based materials in order to evaluate whether this biopolymer can be considered a source for the production of renewable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | | | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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Huang H, Burghardt M, Schuster AC, Leide J, Lara I, Riederer M. Chemical Composition and Water Permeability of Fruit and Leaf Cuticles of Olea europaea L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8790-8797. [PMID: 28880084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, protecting against uncontrolled water loss, covers olive (Olea europaea) fruits and leaves. The present study describes the organ-specific chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and the cutin and compares three developmental stages of fruits (green, turning, and black) with the leaf surface. Numerous organ-specific differences, such as the total coverage of cutin monomeric components (1034.4 μg cm-2 and 630.5 μg cm-2) and the cuticular waxes (201.6 μg cm-2 and 320.4 μg cm-2) among all three fruit stages and leaves, respectively, were detected. Water permeability as the main cuticular function was 5-fold lower in adaxial leaf cuticles (2.1 × 10-5 m s-1) in comparison to all three fruit stages (9.5 × 10-5 m s-1). The three fruit developmental stages have the same cuticular water permeability. It is hypothesized that a higher weighted average chain length of the acyclic cuticular components leads to a considerably lower permeability of the leaf as compared to the fruit cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Markus Burghardt
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schuster
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Jana Leide
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Isabel Lara
- Department of Chemistry, Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Universitat de Lleida , E-25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
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Popovsky-Sarid S, Borovsky Y, Faigenboim A, Parsons EP, Lohrey GT, Alkalai-Tuvia S, Fallik E, Jenks MA, Paran I. Genetic and biochemical analysis reveals linked QTLs determining natural variation for fruit post-harvest water loss in pepper (Capsicum). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:445-459. [PMID: 27844114 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers linked to QTLs controlling post-harvest fruit water loss in pepper may be utilized to accelerate breeding for improved shelf life and inhibit over-ripening before harvest. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop world-wide. However, marketing is limited by the relatively short shelf life of the fruit due to water loss and decay that occur during prolonged storage. Towards breeding pepper with reduced fruit post-harvest water loss (PWL), we studied the genetic, physiological and biochemical basis for natural variation of PWL. We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of fruit PWL in multiple generations of an interspecific cross of pepper, which resulted in the identification of two linked QTLs on chromosome 10 that control the trait. We further developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) for characterization of the QTL effects. Transcriptome analysis of the NILs allowed the identification of candidate genes associated with fruit PWL-associated traits such as cuticle biosynthesis, cell wall metabolism and fruit ripening. Significant differences in PWL between the NILs in the immature fruit stage, differentially expressed cuticle-associated genes and differences in the content of specific chemical constituents of the fruit cuticle, indicated a likely influence of cuticle composition on the trait. Reduced PWL in the NILs was associated with delayed over-ripening before harvest, low total soluble solids before storage, and reduced fruit softening after storage. Our study enabled a better understanding of the genetic and biological processes controlling natural variation in fruit PWL in pepper. Furthermore, the genetic materials and molecular markers developed in this study may be utilized to breed peppers with improved shelf life and inhibited over-ripening before harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Popovsky-Sarid
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yelena Borovsky
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Eugene P Parsons
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory T Lohrey
- US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Sharon Alkalai-Tuvia
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Elazar Fallik
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, 1090 Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6108, USA
| | - Ilan Paran
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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Xu X, Xiao L, Feng J, Chen N, Chen Y, Song B, Xue K, Shi S, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. Cuticle lipids on heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. growing in riparian habitats differing in available soil moisture. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:318-330. [PMID: 27184005 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica is an important native tree found in arid regions from North Africa and South Europe to China, and is known to tolerate many forms of environmental stress, including drought. We describe cuticle waxes, cutin and cuticle permeability for the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica growing in two riparian habitats that differ in available soil moisture. Scanning electron microscopy revealed variation in epicuticular wax crystallization associated with leaf type and site. P. euphratica leaves are dominated by cuticular wax alkanes, primary-alcohols and fatty acids. The major cutin monomers were 10,16-diOH C16:0 acids. Broad-ovate leaves (associated with adult phase growth) produced 1.3- and 1.6-fold more waxes, and 2.1- and 0.9-fold more cutin monomers, than lanceolate leaves (associated with juvenile phase growth) at the wetter site and drier site, respectively. The alkane-synthesis-associated ECERIFERUM1 (CER1), as well as ABC transporter- and elongase-associated genes, were expressed at much higher levels at the drier than wetter sites, indicating their potential function in elevating leaf cuticle lipids in the dry site conditions. Higher cuticle lipid amounts were closely associated with lower cuticle permeability (both chlorophyll efflux and water loss). Our results implicate cuticle lipids as among the xeromorphic traits associated with P. euphratica adult-phase broad-ovate leaves. Results here provide useful information for protecting natural populations of P. euphratica and their associated ecosystems, and shed new light on the functional interaction of cuticle and leaf heterophylly in adaptation to more arid, limited-moisture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Ningmei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Sha Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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40
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Exposure to ozone reduces postharvest quality loss in red and green chilli peppers. Food Chem 2016; 210:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Glowacz M, Rees D. The practicality of using ozone with fruit and vegetables. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4637-4643. [PMID: 27097728 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fresh produce industry is constantly growing as a result of increasing consumer demand. Food quality and safety management are still major issues for the supply chain. The use of ozone has been identified as a feasible solution to reduce microorganisms present in food, in this way extending the shelf-life of fresh produce. A number of factors that may affect the efficiency of ozone treatment have been identified, e.g. microbial populations, ozone concentration and time of exposure, type of produce, temperature, relative humidity and packaging material, and they are briefly discussed. Furthermore, practical information derived from studies with ozone conducted by the authors and from their knowledge of the subject directs the reader's attention to the key aspects of ozone use under commercial conditions, i.e. from the practical point of view. Finally, one possible direction for future research with the postharvest use of ozone, i.e. the important role of fruit cuticle in response to this postharvest treatment, is indicated. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Glowacz
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Deborah Rees
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
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42
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The use of δ2H and δ18O isotopic analyses combined with chemometrics as a traceability tool for the geographical origin of bell peppers. Food Chem 2016; 204:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Determination of n-alkanes in C. annuum (bell pepper) fruit and seed using GC-MS: comparison of extraction methods and application to samples of different geographical origin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5729-38. [PMID: 26018628 PMCID: PMC4498245 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient extraction and analysis method was developed for the isolation and quantification of n-alkanes from bell peppers of different geographical locations. Five extraction techniques, i.e., accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ball mill extraction, ultrasonication, rinsing, and shaking, were quantitatively compared using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Rinsing of the surface wax layer of freeze-dried bell peppers with chloroform proved to be a relatively quick and easy method to efficiently extract the main n-alkanes C27, C29, C31, and C33. A combined cleanup and fractionation approach on Teflon-coated silica SPE columns resulted in clean chromatograms and gave reproducible results (recoveries 90-95 %). The GC-MS method was reproducible (R(2) = 0.994-0.997, peak area standard deviation = 2-5%) and sensitive (LODs, S/N = 3, 0.05-0.15 ng/μL). The total main n-alkane concentrations were in the range of 5-50 μg/g dry weight. Seed extractions resulted in much lower total amounts of extracted n-alkanes compared to flesh and surface extractions, demonstrating the need for further improvement of pre-concentration and cleanup. The method was applied to 131 pepper samples from four different countries, and by using the relative n-alkane concentration ratios, Dutch peppers could be discriminated from those of the other countries, with the exception of peppers from the same cultivar. Graphical Abstract Procedure for pepper origin determination.
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44
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Guzman-Puyol S, Benítez JJ, Domínguez E, Bayer IS, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A, Heredia A, Heredia-Guerrero JA. Pectin-lipid self-assembly: influence on the formation of polyhydroxy fatty acids nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124639. [PMID: 25915490 PMCID: PMC4411075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles, named cutinsomes, have been prepared from aleuritic (9,10,16-trihidroxipalmitic) acid and tomato fruit cutin monomers (a mixture of mainly 9(10),16-dihydroxypalmitic acid (85%, w/w) and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (7.5%, w/w)) with pectin in aqueous solution. The process of formation of the nanoparticles of aleuritic acid plus pectin has been monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while their chemical and morphological characterization was analyzed by ATR-FTIR, TEM, and non-contact AFM. The structure of these nanoparticles can be described as a lipid core with a pectin shell. Pectin facilitated the formation of nanoparticles, by inducing their aggregation in branched chains and favoring the condensation between lipid monomers. Also, pectin determined the self-assembly of cutinsomes on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces, causing their opening and forming interconnected structures. In the case of cutin monomers, the nanoparticles are fused, and the condensation of the hydroxy fatty acids is strongly affected by the presence of the polysaccharide. The interaction of pectin with polyhydroxylated fatty acids could be related to an initial step in the formation of the plant biopolyester cutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guzman-Puyol
- Smart Materials, Nanophysics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - José Jesús Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (ICMS), Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Americo Vespuccio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ilker Sefik Bayer
- Smart Materials, Nanophysics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Cingolani
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart Materials, Nanophysics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, IHSM La Mayora, UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
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Lee SB, Suh MC. Advances in the understanding of cuticular waxes in Arabidopsis thaliana and crop species. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:557-72. [PMID: 25693495 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants are covered with a cuticle, a hydrophobic layer consisting of cutin polyester and cuticular waxes that protects them from various environmental stresses. Cuticular waxes mainly comprise very long chain fatty acids and their derivatives such as aldehydes, alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, primary alcohols, and wax esters that are also important raw materials for the production of lubricants, adhesives, cosmetics, and biofuels. The major function of cuticular waxes is to control non-stomatal water loss and gas exchange. In recent years, the in planta roles of many genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis have been characterized not only from model organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana and saltwater cress (Eutrema salsugineum), but also crop plants including maize, rice, wheat, tomato, petunia, Medicago sativa, Medicago truncatula, rapeseed, and Camelina sativa through genetic, biochemical, molecular, genomic, and cell biological approaches. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the biological functions of genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of wax deposition from Arabidopsis and crop species, provide information on cuticular wax amounts and composition in various organs of nine representative plant species, and suggest the important issues that need to be investigated in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet Buyl Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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46
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Martin LBB, Rose JKC. There's more than one way to skin a fruit: formation and functions of fruit cuticles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4639-51. [PMID: 25028557 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As with all aerial plant organs, fleshy fruits are encased in a hydrophobic cuticle that must fulfil multiple functions, including limiting desiccation and preventing microbial infection, which in the case of fruits maintains palatability and promotes seed dispersal. Fruit cuticles have many features in common with those of vegetative organs, but also have unique characteristics, including the fact that they are often astomatous, thicker than those of most leaves, and can be relatively easily isolated. These attributes provide a valuable experimental system to address questions related to cuticle structure, function, and the relationships between composition, architecture, permeability, and biomechanical properties. Here we provide an overview of insights into cuticle biology that have resulted from studies of those of fleshy fruits, as well as the diversity and dynamic nature of fruit cuticle composition and architecture, the environmental factors that influence those features, and the roles that they play in fruit ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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47
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Xu X, Feng J, Lü S, Lohrey GT, An H, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. Leaf cuticular lipids on the Shandong and Yukon ecotypes of saltwater cress, Eutrema salsugineum, and their response to water deficiency and impact on cuticle permeability. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:446-58. [PMID: 24215503 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water-deficit stress on leaf cuticular waxes and cutin monomers, and traits associated with cuticle permeability were examined in Shandong and Yukon ecotypes of Eutrema salsugineum (syn. Thellungiella salsuginea). Although Shandong exhibits glaucous leaves, and Yukon is non-glaucous, wax amounts on non-stressed Yukon leaves were 4.6-fold higher than on Shandong, due mainly to Yukon's eightfold higher wax fatty acids, especially the C22 and C24 acid homologues. Water deficit caused a 26.9% increase in total waxes on Shandong leaves, due mainly to increased C22 and C24 acids; and caused 10.2% more wax on Yukon, due mainly to an increase in wax alkanes. Total cutin monomers on non-stressed leaves of Yukon were 58.3% higher than on Shandong. Water deficit caused a 28.2% increase in total cutin monomers on Shandong, whereas total cutin monomers were not induced on Yukon. With or without stress, more abundant cuticle lipids were generally associated with lower water loss rates, lower chlorophyll efflux rates and an extended time before water deficit-induced wilting. In response to water deficit, Shandong showed elevated transcription of genes encoding elongase subunits, consistent with the higher stress induction of acids by Shandong. Yukon's higher induction of CER1 and CER3 transcripts may explain why alkanes increased most on Yukon after water deficit. Eutrema, with its diverse cuticle lipids and responsiveness, provides a valuable genetic resource for identifying new genes and alleles effecting cuticle metabolism, and lays groundwork for studies of the cuticle's role in extreme stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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Wang J, Hao H, Liu R, Ma Q, Xu J, Chen F, Cheng Y, Deng X. Comparative analysis of surface wax in mature fruits between Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) and 'Newhall' navel orange (Citrus sinensis) from the perspective of crystal morphology, chemical composition and key gene expression. Food Chem 2013; 153:177-85. [PMID: 24491718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface wax of mature Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) and 'Newhall' navel orange (Citrus sinensis) was analysed by crystal morphology, chemical composition, and gene expression levels. The epicuticular and total waxes of both citrus cultivars were mostly composed of aldehydes, alkanes, fatty acids and primary alcohols. The epicuticular wax accounted for 80% of the total wax in the Newhall fruits and was higher than that in the Satsuma fruits. Scanning electron microscopy showed that larger and more wax platelets were deposited on the surface of Newhall fruits than on the Satsuma fruits. Moreover, the expression levels of genes involved in the wax formation were consistent with the biochemical and crystal morphological analyses. These diversities of fruit wax between the two cultivars may contribute to the differences of fruit postharvest storage properties, which can provide important information for the production of synthetic wax for citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Runsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology(Ministry of Education), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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