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Dey A, Khan MAS, Eva FN, Islam T, Hawlader MDH. Self-perceived halitosis and associated factors among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:909. [PMID: 39113016 PMCID: PMC11308408 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bad breath (halitosis) is a common problem affecting psycho-social wellbeing of young people. We aimed to explore the extent of self-perceived halitosis and associated factors among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from November 2021 to April 2022. Six private and two public universities were approached. A total of 318 participants were conveniently selected for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Students unwilling to participate were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with halitosis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata Version 17. RESULTS A total of 55.97% of students had self-perceived halitosis, with females (74.53%) having a significantly higher proportion than males (36.94%) (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of halitosis was found among participants who were overweight ( 61%), had obesity (60.77%), smoked cigarette (46.79%), consumed alcohol (71.43%), lacked exercise (66.29%), were on unhealthy diet (57.35%), consumed coffee/tea (61.35%), breathed through mouth (64.60%), brushed tooth infrequently (85.71%), changed toothbrush after 6 months (77.42%), did not use toothpaste (94.74%), did not use/ sometimes used fluoride toothpaste (75.76%), lacked dental floss use (60.85%), did not use toothpick (62.87%), did chew or sometimes chewed sugar-free chewing gum (75.82%), did not clear / cleaned tongue sometimes (76.14%), did use mouth freshener regularly or occasionally (64.97%), did not use or used mouthwash sometimes (58.87%) were also associated with higher self-perceived halitosis (p < 0.05 for all). Students with gum bleeding, swollen gums, dry mouth, dental caries, food accumulation, and tooth sensitivity had a significantly (p < 0.05 for all) higher proportion of self-perceived halitosis (76.85%, 81.82%, 72.50%, 67.78%, 64.13% and 67.40%, respectively) compared to those without this problem. Being female (OR = 5.04; 95% CI: 2.01-12.62; p < 0.001), alcohol consumers (OR 7.35; 95% CI: 1.77-30.50; p = 0.006); not using sugar free chewing gum (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10-0.58; p = 0.001), lack of tongue cleaning (OR 4.62; 95% CI: 2.16-9.84; p < 0.001), and gum bleeding (OR = 7.43; 95% CI: 3.00-18.35; p < 0.001) were independently associated with halitosis on multivariable regression. CONCLUSION This study reveals a high proportion of self-perceived halitosis and relevant factors. There should be more public education on the causes of halitosis and potential management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Dey
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Plot# 15, Block# B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Public Health Promotion and Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdullah Saeed Khan
- Public Health Promotion and Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Nasrin Eva
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Plot# 15, Block# B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Public Health Promotion and Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Tariful Islam
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Plot# 15, Block# B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Public Health Promotion and Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Plot# 15, Block# B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh.
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Cecchin-Albertoni C, Deny O, Planat-Bénard V, Guissard C, Paupert J, Vaysse F, Marty M, Casteilla L, Monsarrat P, Kémoun P. The oral organ: A new vision of the mouth as a whole for a gerophysiological approach to healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102360. [PMID: 38821417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
This article brings a new perspective on oral physiology by presenting the oral organ as an integrated entity within the entire organism and its surrounding environment. Rather than considering the mouth solely as a collection of discrete functions, this novel approach emphasizes its role as a dynamic interphase, supporting interactions between the body and external factors. As a resilient ecosystem, the equilibrium of mouth ecological niches is the result of a large number of interconnected factors including the heterogeneity of different oral structures, diversity of resources, external and internal pressures and biological actors. The manuscript seeks to deepen the understanding of age-related changes within the oral cavity and throughout the organism, aligning with the evolving field of gerophysiology. The strategic position and fundamental function of the mouth make it an invaluable target for early prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and even reversal of aging effects throughout the entire organism. Recognizing the oral cavity capacity for sensory perception, element capture and information processing underscores its vital role in continuous health monitoring. Overall, this integrated understanding of the oral physiology aims at advancing comprehensive approaches to the oral healthcare and promoting broader awareness of its implications on the overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cecchin-Albertoni
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Deny
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Planat-Bénard
- RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guissard
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jenny Paupert
- RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Vaysse
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Marty
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; LIRDEF, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Paul Valery University, Montpellier CEDEX 5 34199, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Monsarrat
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute ANITI, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Kémoun
- Oral Medicine Department and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Institute of Oral Medicine and Science, Toulouse, France; RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Szalai EÁ, Teutsch B, Babay V, Galvács A, Hegyi P, Hársfalvi P, Pál R, Varga G, Lohinai ZM, Kerémi B. Hyperpure chlorine dioxide versus chlorhexidine in intra-oral halitosis (ODOR trial) - protocol of a double-blinded, double-arm, parallel non-inferiority pilot randomized controlled trial. BDJ Open 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 38769314 PMCID: PMC11106080 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intra-oral halitosis (IOH) is the most common type of bad breath; its consequences impair quality of life. However, evidence-based treatment protocols and guidelines are lacking. Our aim is to investigate the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide as an applicable complementary treatment modality in IOH after tongue cleaning. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The ODOR trial will be a single-center, double-blinded, parallel-group, double-armed pilot randomized controlled trial with a non-inferiority design. The efficacy of hyperpure chlorine dioxide will be compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. We plan to investigate the short-term effects of the intervention over a 3-h period. The primary endpoint will be changes in organoleptic test scores. At the end of the pilot investigation of the first 30 patients each, sample size calculation will be performed. If feasible, the investigators will continue the study by enrolling more patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06219226).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Ágnes Szalai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Teutsch
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Babay
- Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adél Galvács
- Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hársfalvi
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department of Biostatistics, Budapest, Hungary
- BiTrial Clinical Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt M Lohinai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Mahdizade Ari M, Amirmozafari N, Atieh Darbandi, Afifirad R, Asadollahi P, Irajian G. Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review during 2008-2023. Front Chem 2024; 12:1384344. [PMID: 38817441 PMCID: PMC11138352 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1384344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effect of photodynamic therapy on chronic periodontitis patients and then evaluated the microbial, immunological, periodontal, and clinical outcomes. The significant effects of photodynamic therapy obtained by in vitro and in vivo studies have made it a popular treatment for periodontal diseases in recent years. Photodynamic therapy is a novel bactericidal strategy that is stronger, faster, and less expensive than scaling and root planing. Method This study registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021267008) and retrieved fifty-three randomized controlled trials by searching nine databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, Open Gray, Google Scholar, ProQuest, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov) from 2008 to 2023. Of 721 records identified through database searches following title and full-text analysis, and excluding duplicate and irrelevant publications, 53 articles were included in this systematic review. Fifty of the 53 eligible studies fulfilled all the criteria in the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI's) Checklist for RCTs; the remaining articles met 9-12 criteria and were considered high quality. Results The present study showed that photodynamic therapy in adjunct to scaling and root planing has the potential to improve periodontal parameters such as clinical attachment loss or gain, decrease in bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth. In addition, photodynamic therapy decreases the rate of periodontal pathogens and inflammation markers, which, in turn, reduces the progression of periodontitis. Conclusion Photodynamic therapy is considered a promising, adjunctive, and low-cost therapeutic method that is effective in tissue repair, reducing chronic periodontitis, reducing inflammation, and well-tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Afifirad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Irajian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mills A, Berlin-Broner Y, Levin L. Improving Patient Well-Being as a Broader Perspective in Dentistry. Int Dent J 2023; 73:785-792. [PMID: 37344242 PMCID: PMC10658438 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient well-being encompasses the physical, mental, psychological, and social health of an individual. To adequately treat an individual and increase their quality of life, whole-person, patient-centred care needs to be utilised. This review aims to concisely summarise ways to improve patients' well-being through and in dentistry. Oral health is tied to one's quality of life through oral function, overall health, self-perception, social acceptance, and social interaction. These relationships demonstrate the importance of utilising oral health to increase patient quality of life, unify health professions in patient treatment, use preventative medicine, and empower patients about their health. To do so, the dental profession can increase the scope of practice to provide preventative health screening and education on general health, have more open communication, collaborate with other health care professionals, and have broader consultations. This will allow for better continuity of care and shift the focus of treatment to the whole person instead of a symptom. Whilst there are barriers that need to be resolved and cost feasibility requires more exploration, the potential benefit to patients is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden Mills
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuli Berlin-Broner
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liran Levin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Walther C, Lieske B, Borof K, Kühn S, Härter M, Löwe B, Beikler T, Heydecke G, Kuta P, Seedorf U, Spinler K, Gallinat J, Aarabi G. Association between periodontitis and depression severity - A cross-sectional study of the older population in Hamburg. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100689. [PMID: 37822872 PMCID: PMC10562758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between periodontitis (exposure variable) and depression severity (outcome variable) in an older German population. We evaluated data from 6,209 participants (median age 62 years) of the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS). The HCHS is a prospective cohort study and is registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03934957). Depression severity were assessed with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Periodontal examination included probing depth, gingival recession, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Descriptive analyses were stratified by periodontitis severity. Multiple linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, education, smoking, and antidepressant medication. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant association between log-transformed depression severity and periodontitis when including the interaction term for periodontitis * age, even after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, education, smoking and antidepressant medication. We identified a significant association between severe periodontitis and elevated depression severity, which interacts with age. Additionally, we performed a linear regression model for biomarker analyses, which revealed significant associations between depression severity and severe periodontitis with log-transformed inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). In order to identify new therapeutic strategies for patients with depression and periodontal disease, future prospective studies are needed to assess the physiological and psychosocial mechanisms behind this relationship and the causal directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berit Lieske
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Borof
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Heydecke
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Spinler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ghazal Aarabi
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Husain Akbar F, Riyadh NA. Application of geospatial information systems (GIS) for assessment of the distribution of periodontal disease in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2023; 18. [PMID: 37933853 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2023.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the presence of periodontal disease requires a high level of expertise to detect the disease as well as effective communication to understand patients' problems. Based on basic health data from 2018, the prevalence of this problem in Indonesia is approximately 74%. This study examined the distribution of periodontal conditions in March 2021 in Makassar City, the capital of South Sulawesi Province. To determine the distribution of periodontal disease, a questionnaire was used to find out the severity of this issue. A descriptive observational method, used with a cross-sectional design and a web-based geospatial information system (GIS) application linked to ArcGIS, was conducted. The results showed thatout of the 15 districts in Makassar City, the island district of Sangkarranghad had the highest presence of periodontal disease. Three other districts were classified as also belonging to this low category, while 11 other ones exhibited a medium disease incidence score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Husain Akbar
- Department Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, South-Sulawesi, Makassar.
| | - Nur Amaliyah Riyadh
- Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, South-Sulawesi, Makassar.
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Li Z, Li J, Fu R, Liu J, Wen X, Zhang L. Halitosis: etiology, prevention, and the role of microbiota. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6383-6393. [PMID: 37843633 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to review halitosis research, discuss its various causes, and propose effective interventions based on the underlying etiologies and mechanisms. The main research question is to identify the primary factors contributing to halitosis and appropriate strategies to address them. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted on halitosis and its associated causes, including oral pathological factors, oral microbial influences, microbial metabolic pathways, gastrointestinal diseases, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. RESULTS Unhealthy eating habits and an imbalance of microorganisms in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract were identified as primary causes of halitosis. Dental caries, periodontal disease, xerostomia, and digestive disorders like gastritis and irritable bowel syndrome were also found to be related to the development of halitosis. Due to poor oral hygiene or antibiotic use, disruption of microbial communities can result in dysbiosis, inflammation, and halitosis. CONCLUSIONS Halitosis is a multifactorial condition with various underlying causes, including oral and systemic diseases. Effective interventions should be tailored based on the specific etiologies and mechanisms involved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the factors contributing to halitosis is crucial for developing appropriate treatment strategies. Enhancing oral hygiene habits, using antimicrobial drugs, or administering probiotics may help regulate oral or intestinal flora, thereby improving halitosis and overall oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji'an Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xutao Wen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center of Head and Neck Oncology Clinical and Translational Science, Shanghai, China.
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Lee YH, Shin SI, Hong JY. Investigation of volatile sulfur compound level and halitosis in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13175. [PMID: 37580412 PMCID: PMC10425441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the levels of volatile sulfur compounds and investigate the occurrence of halitosis in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Additionally, the incidence rates of gingivitis and periodontitis in patients with halitosis were investigated. Through various statistical analyses, we attempted to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and halitosis. One-hundred-and-four participants (52 females and 52 males, mean age: 46.49 ± 16.03 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, comprising 33 healthy controls, 43 patients with gingivitis, and 28 patients with periodontitis. Gas chromatography was used to measure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), which are representative VSCs. The VSC cut-off values for diagnosing halitosis were 65.79 ppb for women and 79.94 ppb for men. Total VSC level was significantly higher in the gingivitis than the healthy control group (186.72 ± 374.83 ppb vs. 19.80 ± 40.19 ppb, p = 0.035). There was no significant difference between the gingivitis and periodontitis (153.79 ± 278.51 ppb) groups. H2S level was significantly higher in the gingivitis (100.51 ± 183.69 ppb) and periodontitis (91.57 ± 132.06 ppb) groups than in healthy controls (14.97 ± 31.22 ppb), and CH3SH level was significantly higher in gingivitis group (29.31 ± 59.16 ppb) than in the healthy control (5.73 ± 14.10 ppb) (all p < 0.05). Halitosis was found in 3% of healthy controls and 39.5% and 42.9% of patients with gingivitis and periodontitis patients, respectively, making it significantly higher in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups than the healthy controls (p = 0.005). Conversely, among participants with halitosis, 53.1% had gingivitis, 37.5% had periodontitis, and 90.6 incidence had periodontal disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict the presence of halitosis, found periodontal disease was a significant predictor of halitosis (OR = 3.607, 95% CI 1.023-12.718, p = 0.046). Considering area under curve value for halitosis, the cut-off value of healthy control (H2S:61.5 ppb, CH3SH:3.5 ppb), gingivitis (H2S:50.0 ppb, CH3SH:6 ppb), and periodontitis (H2S:62.0 ppb, CH3SH:3.5 ppb) were (all p < 0.05). Our results emphasize the close and strong relationship between periodontal disease and halitosis through human clinical evidence based on the high co-occurrence rate of mutual diseases. Additionally, the presence of periodontal disease increased the probability of halitosis by 3.607 times. These results suggest that H2S can be used as a biomarker of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
| | - Seung-Il Shin
- Department of Periodontology, Periodontal-Implant Clinical Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Hong
- Department of Periodontology, Periodontal-Implant Clinical Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
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10
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Xu X, Zhou Y, Liu C, Zhao L, Zhang L, Li H, Li Y, Cheng X. Effects of water flossing on gingival inflammation and supragingival plaque microbiota: a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:4567-4577. [PMID: 37231271 PMCID: PMC10212231 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of water flossing on dental plaque removal have been suggested, but its ecological impact on dental plaque microbiota needs further investigation. In addition, whether this plaque control measure by water flossing promotes the control of halitosis still needs clinical validation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of water flossing on gingival inflammation and supragingival plaque microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy participants with gingivitis were randomly assigned to control (toothbrushing) and experimental (toothbrushing + water flossing) groups (n = 35). Participants were recalled at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and their gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, bleeding on probing, dental plaque index, and oral malodor values were measured. The microbiota of supragingival plaque was further investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. RESULTS Sixty-three participants completed all revisits (control: n = 33; experimental: n = 30). The experimental and control groups exhibited similar clinical characteristics and dental plaque microbiota at baseline. Adjunctive water flossing effectively reduced the gingival index and sulcus bleeding index as compared to the toothbrushing control group. The water-flossing group showed reduced oral malodor at week 12 as compared to the baseline. Consistently, the water-flossing group exhibited altered dental plaque microbiota at week 12, characterized by a depletion of Prevotella at genus level and Prevotella intermedia at species level as compared to the toothbrushing control. In addition, the plaque microbiota of water-flossing group exhibited a more aerobic phenotype, while the control group was more anaerobic. CONCLUSIONS Daily water flossing can effectively alleviate gingival inflammation and reduce oral malodor, possibly by depleting oral anaerobes and altering the oral microbiota to a more aerobic phenotype. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Water flossing adjunctive to toothbrushing effectively alleviated gingival inflammation, representing a promising oral hygiene practice to promote oral health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=61797 , #ChiCTR2000038508) on September 23, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yishan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haolai Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Institute of Drug/Medical Device Clinical Trial, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Bixdo (SH) Healthcare Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xingqun Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Sodhi P, Jiang Y, Lin S, Downey J, Sorenson C, Shayegh M, Sullivan V, Kingsley K, Howard KM. Administration of Clinical COVID-19 Mouthwashing Protocol and Potential Modulation of Pediatric Oral Bacterial Prevalence of Selenomonas noxia: A Pilot Study. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:414-425. [PMID: 37489412 PMCID: PMC10366775 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental office protocols to combat the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic include mouth washing for an extended 60 s, thereby reducing detectable oral virus. However, it is unclear whether this protocol has any effects on the newly identified periodontal pathogen and obesity-related bacterium often found among pediatric patients, Selenomonas noxia. To determine if the mouthwash protocol has any measurable effect on S. noxia amongst pediatric patients, clinical pediatric saliva samples were obtained from pediatric patients during routine visits for clinical care and treatment. Using an approved protocol, two saliva samples were collected on the same visit before and after chlorhexidine mouthwash (Sample A, Sample B). The third sample (Sample C) was taken at the recall appointment-usually between two and eight weeks later. A total of n = 97 pre-mouthwash samples, and an equal number of matching post-mouthwash samples (n = 97) were collected, with a small number of matching recall samples (n = 36) that were subsequently collected and identified. The demographic composition of the study sample was analyzed using Chi square statistics. Sample DNA from the matching pre-, post-, and recall collections (Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C) was isolated and screened using qPCR and validated primers, which revealed that 11.1% (n = 4/36) from Sample A tested positive for S. noxia with 0% (n = 0/36) of Sample B testing positive and 13.9% (n = 5/36) of the recall (Sample C) testing positive. In addition, comparative analysis of the qPCR cycle threshold data revealed relatively lower expression (quantity) of S. noxia DNA among the recall samples, as determined by two-tailed t-tests (p=0.004). These data and results provide new evidence for the oral prevalence of S. noxia among pediatric patients, while also demonstrating that the COVID-19 protocol of mouth washing prior to clinical treatment for periods extending up to 60 s may be sufficient to reduce the levels of detectable S. noxia-at least temporarily. More research will be needed to determine whether these effects may be limited to the short- or may exhibit more lasting effects in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeti Sodhi
- Department of Advanced Education in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Summer Lin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Jackson Downey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Chase Sorenson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Melika Shayegh
- Department of Advanced Education in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Victoria Sullivan
- Department of Advanced Education in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Katherine M Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
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Milia EP, Sardellitti L, Eick S. Antimicrobial Efficiency of Pistacia lentiscus L. Derivates against Oral Biofilm-Associated Diseases-A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1378. [PMID: 37374880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. (PlL) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. The richness in antimicrobial biomolecules of Pll derivates can represent an alternative to chemically formulated agents used against oral infections. This review summarizes the knowledge on the antimicrobial activity of PlL essential oil (EO), extracts, and mastic resin against microorganisms being of relevance in oral biofilm-associated diseases. Results demonstrated that the potential of PlL polyphenol extracts has led to increasing scientific interest. In fact, the extracts are a significantly more effective agent than the other PlL derivates. The positive findings regarding the inhibition of periodontal pathogens and C. albicans, together with the antioxidant activity and the reduction of the inflammatory responses, suggest the use of the extracts in the prevention and/or reversal of intraoral dysbiosis. Toothpaste, mouthwashes, and local delivery devices could be effective in the clinical management of these oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Patrizia Milia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Sardellitti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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The Role of the Oral Microbiome in the Development of Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065231. [PMID: 36982305 PMCID: PMC10048844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a complex and infectious illness that begins with a disruption of bacterial homeostasis. This disease induces a host inflammatory response, leading to damage of the soft and connective tooth-supporting tissues. Moreover, in advanced cases, it can contribute to tooth loss. The aetiological factors of PDs have been widely researched, but the pathogenesis of PD has still not been totally clarified. There are a number of factors that have an effect on the aetiology and pathogenesis of PD. It is purported that microbiological, genetic susceptibility and lifestyle can determine the development and severity of the disease. The human body’s defence response to the accumulation of plaque and its enzymes is known to be a major factor for PD. The oral cavity is colonised by a characteristic and complex microbiota that grows as diverse biofilms on all mucosal and dental surfaces. The aim of this review was to provide the latest updates in the literature regarding still-existing problems with PD and to highlight the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal health and disease. Better awareness and knowledge of the causes of dysbiosis, environmental risk factors and periodontal therapy can reduce the growing worldwide prevalence of PDs. The promotion of good oral hygiene, limiting smoking, alcohol consumption and exposure to stress and comprehensive treatment to decrease the pathogenicity of oral biofilm can help reduce PD as well as other diseases. Evidence linking disorders of the oral microbiome to various systemic diseases has increased the understanding of the importance of the oral microbiome in regulating many processes in the human body and, thus, its impact on the development of many diseases.
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Lee YH, Kim H, Heo DW, Ahn IS, Auh QS. Volatile sulfide compounds and oral microorganisms on the inner surface of masks in individuals with halitosis during COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2487. [PMID: 36781937 PMCID: PMC9924882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mask-wearing is still recommended owing to the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Within the closed chamber created by the mask, people are increasingly self-aware of their oral malodor. In this prospective and cross-sectional study, we aimed to measure volatile sulfide compound (VSC) levels in patients with halitosis and investigate the oral microbiome profile on the inner surface of their KF94 masks. We also investigated which oral microbiota increases VSC levels and whether the oral microbiomes of oral saliva and mask are correlated. A total of 50 subjects (41 women, average age 38.12 ± 12.58 years old) were included in the study, 25 healthy subjects and 25 patients with halitosis who wore masks for more than 3 h. The dominant bacterial species, bacterial profile, and Shannon diversity index of whole unstimulated saliva and the inner surface of the mask were investigated. The bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes of the major oral bacterial species were analyzed using real-time PCR. Gas chromatography was used to measure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), which are representative VSCs. The total bacterial DNA copy number was significantly higher in the saliva sample than in the mask sample (p < 0.001), and the average value was 276 times greater. Shannon diversity index was also significantly higher in saliva than in the inner surface of the mask (2.62 ± 0.81 vs. 1.15 ± 1.52, p < 0.001). The most common Gram-negative and Gram-positive species in the masks were Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Lactobacillus casei (Lc), respectively. The bacterial species with significant positive correlations between saliva and mask samples were Prevotella intermedia (Pi) (r = 0.324, p = 0.022), Eikenella corrodens (r = 0.309, p = 0.029), Lc (r = 0.293, p = 0.039), and Parvimonas micra (Pm) (r = 0.366, p = 0.009). The mean value of CH3SH was significantly higher in the halitosis group than in the non-halitosis group (17.84 ± 29.00 vs. 3.84 ± 10.57 ppb, p = 0.031). In the halitosis group, the DNA copy numbers and VSC levels showed highly positive correlation coefficients in the order Pg, Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Pi, and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn) (all p < 0.05). Regarding bacterial profiles of the mask, Td was strongly correlated with CH3SH (r = 0.414, p = 0.040) and total VSCs (r = 0.374, p = 0.033) only in halitosis group. Mask-wearing time was strongly correlated with total VSCs, H2S, and CH3SH (all r > 0.8, p < 0.001). Oral bacteria, whose association with halitosis has been identified, increased VSC levels in mask-wearing subjects during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the number of Gram-negative anaerobes such as Pg and Td. Mask-wearing time was a major factor in increasing VSC levels. The study results suggest that people with halitosis could control these Gram-negative bacteria by improving oral hygiene and regularly changing masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, #613 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
| | - Hyeongrok Kim
- Life Science Institute, Denomics Inc. 518, 5 Digital-Ro 26-Gil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 08389, South Korea
| | - Dae Wook Heo
- Life Science Institute, Denomics Inc. 518, 5 Digital-Ro 26-Gil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 08389, South Korea
| | - In-Suk Ahn
- Life Science Institute, Denomics Inc. 518, 5 Digital-Ro 26-Gil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 08389, South Korea
| | - Q-Schick Auh
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, #613 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
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Yu WW, Goh R, Cheong E, Guan G, Jin C, Cannon RD, Farella M, Mei L. Prevalence of halitosis among young adults in Dunedin, New Zealand. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 20:700-707. [PMID: 35924391 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of halitosis in young adults. METHODS Young adults (n = 372; mean age = 21.0 ± 2.6 years old, range = 18-30 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand were recruited into the cross sectional study after providing informed consent. The prevalence of halitosis was determined using both objective measurements (parts per billion [ppb] volatile sulphur compounds [VSCs] in the exhaled air) and subjective measurements (self-reported halitosis questionnaire, tongue coating index, and organoleptic assessment). RESULTS VSC measurements indicated that the prevalence of halitosis (values ≥ 140 ppb) was 31.2%; 25.6% of participants self-reported halitosis. The organoleptic assessment revealed that 14.3% of the participants had a score of ≥2. A positive correlation was found between the VSC measurements and organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements. Self-reported dry mouth, smoking, oral hygiene index, DMFT index, and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). The self-reported dry mouth, mouth breathing and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the VSC scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Halitosis, as represented by VSC, was found in 31.2% of the participants. VSC scores and organoleptic assessment were positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Wan Yu
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rayner Goh
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Esther Cheong
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Guangzhao Guan
- Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carrol Jin
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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BERKMAN M, ALTUNTAŞ E, TUNCER S, KARABAY F, DEMİRCİ M, TEKÇE N. ANTİ-HALİTOSİS GARGARALARININ REZİN BAZLI RESTORATİF DENTAL MATERYALLERİN YÜZEY ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.985788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Bu in-vitro çalışmanın amacı anti-halitosis etkili beş farklı ağız gargarasının iki farklı restoratif materyalin renk stabilitesi ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine olan etkisinin araştırılmasıdır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmada nano-hibrit (Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE) ve giomer (Beautifill II, Shofu Dental) yapıda olan iki çeşit reçine bazlı restoratif materyal kullanılmıştır. Her iki materyalden test edilmek üzere toplam 120 adet kompozit disk üretici talimatları doğrultusunda 10x2mm ebatlarında silindir kalıplar kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Rastgele seçilen örnekler, 5 farklı ağız gargarası (Listerine Fresh Burst, Listerine Total Care, Colgate Plax, Oderol, Halitosil) ve 1 kontrol grubunda (distile su) bekletilmek üzere toplam 6 farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Başlangıç renk koordinatları CIELAB renk sistemine göre spektrofotometre (Easyshade Compact) ile yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri (Ra) ise kontakt profilometre (Surtronic 25) ile ölçülmüştür. Tüm örnekler 37°C'de ağız gargaralarında 12boyunca bekletilmiş ardından renk ve pürüzlülük ölçüm prosedürleri aynı şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 24.0 programı ile Kruskal-Wallis H ve Bonferroni Post Hoc testleri kullanılarak 0.05 anlamlılık düzeyinde analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, yüzey pürüzlülük değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış olmadığını göstermiştir. Ağız gargaralarında bekletilen Beautifil II materyallerinin tamamında CIELAB değerlerinde önemli bir değişiklik olmuştur (P
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezgi ALTUNTAŞ
- MARMARA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF DENTISTRY, DENTISTRY PR. (ENGLISH)
| | - Safa TUNCER
- ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF DENTISTRY, DENTISTRY PR
| | - Ferda KARABAY
- ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF DENTISTRY, DENTISTRY PR
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Memon MA, Memon HA, Faizan-E-Muhammad, Fahad S, Siddiqui A, Lee KY, Tahir MJ, Yousaf Z. The aetiology and associations of halitosis: a systematic review. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1432-1438. [PMID: 35212093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term that refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity that can be caused by either intra-oral or extra-oral factors. Despite the fact that halitosis has multifactorial aetiology, intra-oral factors play a significant role in the majority of cases. AIM This systematic review assesses halitosis's intra-oral and extra-oral associations. METHODS An electronic search through MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library was conducted to identify relevant manuscripts. A keywords-based search was performed, using the terms "halitosis," "bad-breath," and "oral malodour causes and aetiology." Articles published from January 2014 to December 2020 were included. We selected studies evaluating the intra-oral and extra-oral factors that induce oral malodour, as well as the factors associated with systemic diseases. RESULTS Eighty to ninety percent of halitosis is caused by intra-oral factors, with coated tongue, periodontal diseases, and poor oral hygiene practices being the principal factors. Ten to twenty percent of halitosis is induced by extra-oral factors associated with systemic diseases. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors can cause halitosis, but most of the aetiology is intra-oral. Increased medical awareness is needed to determine the actual pathophysiological process of oral malodour in otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hifza Anwer Memon
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Ul Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dr. Ishrat, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Amna Siddiqui
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ka Yiu Lee
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
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Jones JA, Chavarri-Guerra Y, Corrêa LBC, Dean DR, Epstein JB, Fregnani ER, Lee J, Matsuda Y, Mercadante V, Monsen RE, Rajimakers NJH, Saunders D, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Sousa MS, Tonkaboni A, Vissink A, Yeoh KS, Davies AN. MASCC/ISOO expert opinion on the management of oral problems in patients with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:8761-8773. [PMID: 35717462 PMCID: PMC9633484 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Palliative Care Study Group in conjunction with the Oral Care Study Group of the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) formed a sub-group to develop evidence-based guidance on the management of common oral problems in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS This guidance was developed in accordance with the MASCC Guidelines Policy. A search strategy for Medline was developed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were explored for relevant reviews and trials, respectively. Guidance was categorised by the level of evidence, and "category of guideline" (i.e., "recommendation", "suggestion" or "no guideline possible"). RESULTS Twelve generic suggestions (level of evidence - 5), three problem-specific recommendations and 14 problem-specific suggestions were generated. The generic suggestions relate to oral hygiene measures, assessment of problems, principles of management, re-assessment of problems and the role of dental/oral medicine professionals. CONCLUSIONS This guidance provides a framework for the management of common oral problems in patients with advanced cancer, although every patient requires individualised management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Jones
- grid.416224.70000 0004 0417 0648Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Yanin Chavarri-Guerra
- grid.416850.e0000 0001 0698 4037Department of Hemato-Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - David R. Dean
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA
| | - Joel B. Epstein
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte & Cedars Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Jiyeon Lee
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454College of Nursing & Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuhei Matsuda
- grid.411621.10000 0000 8661 1590Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | | | - Ragnhild Elisabeth Monsen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Medicine, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital & Department for Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natasja J. H. Rajimakers
- grid.470266.10000 0004 0501 9982Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Saunders
- grid.436533.40000 0000 8658 0974Department of Dental Oncology, Health Services North, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Enrique Soto-Perez-de-Celis
- grid.416850.e0000 0001 0698 4037Department of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana S. Sousa
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611IMPACCT, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arghavan Tonkaboni
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arjan Vissink
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Keng Soon Yeoh
- Special Needs Dental Unit, South Australia Dental Service, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Davies
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin & Our Lady’s Hospice Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Maitimu FC, Soeroso Y, Sunarto H, Bachtiar BM. Association between Volatile Sulfur Compounds Prevotella intermedia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Expression. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Zanetti F, Zivkovic Semren T, Battey JND, Guy PA, Ivanov NV, van der Plas A, Hoeng J. A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:777442. [PMID: 35048075 PMCID: PMC8757736 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.777442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a health condition which counts cigarette smoking (CS) among its major risk factors. Cigarette smoke can cause an imbalance in the oral bacterial community, leading to several oral diseases and conditions, including intraoral halitosis. Although the best approach to decrease smoking-related health risks is quitting smoking, this is not feasible for many smokers. Switching to potentially reduced-risk products, like electronic vapor products (EVP) or heated tobacco products (HTP), may help improve the conditions associated with CS. To date, there have been few systematic studies on the effects of CS on halitosis and none have assessed the effects of EVP and HTP use. Self-assessment studies have shown large limitations owing to the lack of reliability in the participants' judgment. This has compelled the scientific community to develop a strategy for meaningful assessment of these new products in comparison with cigarettes. Here, we compiled a review of the existing literature on CS and halitosis and propose a 3-layer approach that combines the use of the most advanced breath analysis techniques and multi-omics analysis to define the interactions between oral bacterial species and their role in halitosis both in vitro and in vivo. Such an approach will allow us to compare the effects of different nicotine-delivery products on oral bacteria and quantify their impact on halitosis. Defining the impact of alternative nicotine-delivery products on intraoral halitosis and its associated bacteria will help the scientific community advance a step further toward understanding the safety of these products and their potentiall risks for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Periodontitis, Halitosis and Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life-A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194415. [PMID: 34640433 PMCID: PMC8509422 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the association between volatile sulfurous compounds (VSCs) and periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) on a cohort of periodontitis patients. Consecutive patients were assessed for periodontitis and halitosis. A full-mouth periodontal status assessment tested probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (REC), bleeding on probing (BoP), PISA and PESA. A halitosis assessment was made using a VSC detector device. Periodontal measures were regressed across VSC values using adjusted multivariate linear analysis. From a total of seventy-two patients (37 females/35 males), the PESA of posterior-lower regions was found to be significantly higher in halitosis cases than their non-halitosis counterparts (p = 0.031). Considering all patients, the PESA of the posterior-lower region (B = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.2–2.3, p = 0.026) and age (B = −1.6, 95% CI: −3.1–0.2, p = 0.026) showed significant association with VSCs. In halitosis patients, the PESA of the posterior-lower region (B = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0–0.1, p = 0.001), PISA Total (B = −0.1, 95% CI: −0.1–0.0, p = 0.008) and the OHIP-14 domain of physical disability (B = −2.1, 95% CI:−4.1–0.1, p = 0.040) were the most significant variables in this model. The PESA from the posterior-lower region may be associated with VSCs when other causes of extra-oral halitosis are excluded. Further intervention studies are needed to confirm this association.
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Elsenberg CPM, Sidiqi S, Buunk-Werkhoven YAB. Halitosis, what experiences and methods apply Dutch dental hygienists. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:219-224. [PMID: 34547173 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to gain more insight in the methods and experiences of dental hygienists in the Netherlands regarding the treatment of patients with halitosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 92 dental hygienists completed the questionnaire (consisting of 19 questions on personal and professional characteristics, clinical observation and treatment of halitosis, the referral of patients with halitosis, the presence and usefulness of a protocol). The questionnaire was distributed using a social media platform for dental professionals in oral health care from all over the Netherlands. RESULTS 83.4% of 90 dental hygienists had paid attention to the patient's breath but only 37.8% of dental hygienists always informed the patient. Reasons for not informing patients were the fear of the patient's possible reaction or because other oral health problems were more important. Of the included dental hygienists 67.8% had never referred a patient for treatment of halitosis. 86.7% of the dental hygienists stated there was no protocol for diagnosis and treatment of patients with halitosis. However, 90.0% of the dental hygienists acknowledged a protocol would be useful. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the dental hygienists in the Netherlands had paid attention to the patient's breath, but only a small group of dental hygienists informed their patients about halitosis. In dental practices halitosis is an underestimated problem. During the coronavirus pandemic people are more aware with the smell of their breath. Dental hygienists indicated scaling and root planning and/or providing information and instruction by patients with a bad breath.
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Stephen AS, Dhadwal N, Nagala V, Gonzales-Marin C, Gillam DG, Bradshaw DJ, Burnett GR, Allaker RP. Interdental and subgingival microbiota may affect the tongue microbial ecology and oral malodour in health, gingivitis and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1174-1184. [PMID: 34486723 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oral malodour is often observed in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients, and the tongue microbiota is thought to play a major role in malodorous gas production, including volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and methanethiol (CH3 SH). This study aimed to examine the link between the presence of VSCs in mouth air (as a marker of oral malodour) and the oral bacterial ecology in the tongue and periodontal niches of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. METHODS Participants were clinically assessed using plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal probing depths, and VSC concentrations in their oral cavity measured using a portable gas chromatograph. Tongue scrapings, subgingival and interdental plaque were collected from healthy individuals (n = 22), and those with gingivitis (n = 14) or chronic periodontitis (n = 15). The bacterial 16S rRNA gene region V3-V4 in these samples was sequenced, and the sequences were analysed using the minimum entropy decomposition pipeline. RESULTS Elevated VSC concentrations and CH3 SH:H2 S were observed in periodontitis compared with health. Significant ecological differences were observed in the tongue microbiota of healthy subjects with high plaque scores compared to low plaque scores, suggesting a possible connection between the microbiota of the tongue and the periodontium and that key dysbiotic changes may be initiated in the clinically healthy individuals who have higher dental plaque accumulation. Greater subgingival bacterial diversity was positively associated with H2 S in mouth air. Periodontopathic bacteria known to be prolific VSC producers increased in abundance on the tongue associated with increased bleeding on probing (BOP) and total percentage of periodontal pockets >6 mm, supporting the suggestion that the tongue may become a reservoir for periodontopathogens. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of the periodontal microbiota in malodour and has detected dysbiotic changes in the tongue microbiota in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abish S Stephen
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Narinder Dhadwal
- Adult Oral Health Centre, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Vamshidhar Nagala
- Adult Oral Health Centre, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Gonzales-Marin
- Adult Oral Health Centre, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - David G Gillam
- Adult Oral Health Centre, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | | | - Robert P Allaker
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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The effect of Brazilian propolis type-3 against oral microbiota and volatile sulfur compounds in subjects with morning breath malodor. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1531-1541. [PMID: 34392403 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate propolis type-3 mouthrinse effects on the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and on tongue dorsum microbial profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS A three-step double-blind, crossover, randomized study with 10 individuals divided into three groups: I-placebo (P); II-ethanolic extract of propolis type-3 3% (EEP); and III-chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX) and instructed to rinse twice daily for 5 days. Each experimental period was followed by a 21-day washout interval. Morning mouth breath was assessed by VSC concentrations and microbiological samples were obtained from tongue dorsum at baseline and the end of period of rinses and analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for 39 bacterial species. RESULTS CHX and EEP presented the lowest VSC concentration when compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Even in the absence of mechanical plaque control, CHX and EEP treatments reduced VSC levels and there were no statistical differences for VSC measurement between CHX and EEP. There was a significant reduction in mean counts of 10 species including some VSC producers (Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) by EEP. Total counts of organisms, gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species showed a decrease for EEP and CHX (p < 0.05). In addition, no statistical difference was observed between EEP and CHX (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between decrease of bacterial counts and decrease of VCSs concentration for the EEP and CHX. CONCLUSIONS The use of a 3% propolis type-3 mouthrinse is an effective way to prevent morning bad breath. Thus, propolis may be a promising agent for the treatment of halitosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propolis type-3 may be used as adjuvant treatment for morning breath malodor.
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25
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Faria SFS, Costa FO, Godinho Pereira A, Miranda Cota LO. Self-perceived and self-reported breath odour and the wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis 2021; 28 Suppl 2:2406-2416. [PMID: 34245645 PMCID: PMC8447418 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the self‐perception of breath odour (SPBO) and oral hygiene habits (OHHs) while the wearing of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Subjects and Methods This cross‐sectional study included 4647 individuals who answered a structured questionnaire containing demographic, medical and dental variables and self‐perceived breath odour. Variables associated with changes in self‐perceived breath odour, self‐perceived halitosis and changes in OHHs were assessed through multivariate logistic regression. Results Changes in self‐perceived breath odour were reported by 1572 individuals and were associated with smoking, systemic conditions, dry mouth, tongue coating, the period of face mask use and its interaction with prior thinking of having bad breath. Likewise, 645 individuals started to consider having bad breath. This was associated with the interaction between prior family/friends saying they have bad breath and period of face mask use. Changes in OHHs were strongly associated with changes in SPBO and starting to consider having bad breath. Conclusion Changes in one's SPBO was associated with the wearing of face masks and was significant for changes in OHHs. Findings may be important to guide comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies in relation to oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Felipe Santos Faria
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Godinho Pereira
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Otávio Miranda Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Musić L, Par M, Peručić J, Badovinac A, Plančak D, Puhar I. Relationship Between Halitosis and Periodontitis: a Pilot Study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2021; 55:198-206. [PMID: 34248153 PMCID: PMC8255038 DOI: 10.15644/asc55/2/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Halitosis, or oral malodour, is an unpleasant smell emanating from the oral cavity. It is a common complaint among patients with periodontitis, however, their relationship is not fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the association between halitosis measures, clinical indicators of periodontitis and tongue coating, as well as a novel measure, periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). Material and methods Data of 10 patients with periodontitis and halitosis were included in this study. Halitosis was assessed by the organoleptic method and the portable sulphide monitor, measuring volatiles sulphur compounds. A comprehensive periodontal examination was conducted, and the parameters of probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque and tongue coating were registered. The PISA was calculated using clinical attachment level, gingival recession and bleeding on probing. Results A correlation between organoleptic score and tongue coating (r=0.554) and plaque (r=0.614) could be observed. No correlation between measures of halitosis and probing depth or the PISA could be detected. A significant correlation was found between organoleptic scores and volatiles sulphur compounds values (r=0.931). Conclusion This pilot study has shown and further reiterated a complex interplay between different factors causative to halitosis in patients affected by periodontitis. The results suggest that tongue coating and oral hygiene may have an important role in halitosis in patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Musić
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matej Par
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Peručić
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Badovinac
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darije Plančak
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Puhar
- 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
3Undergraduate student, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia
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Zsiska M, Schneiderman E, Jin Y, Farrell S, Grender J. Investigation of oral malodor prevention by dentifrices as measured by VSC reduction. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33765667 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The oral malodor reduction efficacy of dentifrices containing stannous fluoride (SnF2) or zinc plus arginine (Zn/Arg) was evaluated using a halimeter to measure volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in two randomized, controlled, single-blind, cross-over pilot clinical trials. Study 1 (N= 16) had five 1100 ppm F dentifrices and five treatment periods: negative control (NC): 0.243% sodium fluoride (NaF); SnF2A: 0.454% SnF2+ pyrophosphate; SnF2B: 0.454% SnF2+ sodium hexametaphosphate; SnF2C: 0.454% SnF2+ citrate; and SnF2D: experimental 0.454% SnF2with increased bioavailable Sn. Study 2 (N= 16) had four 1450 ppm F dentifrices and four treatment periods: NC: 0.1% NaF + 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate; Zn/Arg: NaF + zinc + arginine; SnF2E: 0.454% SnF2+ 0.078% NaF + sodium hexametaphosphate; SnF2F: 0.454% SnF2+ 0.078% NaF + citrate. Each period took 96 h; baseline (day 0) morning to day 4 morning. Subjects brushed 2x/day with the treatment dentifrice. VSC levels were measured in the morning, prior to morning brushing, on days 0 and 4. Changes in VSC scores from day 0 to day 4 were assessed using a mixed-model analysis of covariance for cross-over studies. In study 1, SnF2dentifrices B, C and D showed statistically significant reductions (31.3%, 24.8%, 34%, respectively) in VSC scores versus baseline (p< 0.001); the benefits of these treatments versus NC and SnF2dentifrice A were statistically significant (p⩽ 0.001). In study 2, SnF2dentifrices E and F showed statistically significant reductions (31.2%, 22.1%, respectively) in VSC scores versus baseline (p⩽ 0.010); the benefits of these treatments versus NC and the Zn/Arg dentifrice were statistically significant (p⩽ 0.035). The Zn/Arg dentifrice showed a significant increase of 35.2% (p< 0.001) in VSC scores versus baseline. These studies demonstrated that SnF2dentifrices can provide significant oral malodor reductions, but the benefit is formulation dependent. The presence of SnF2is not sufficient to ensure efficacy. The Zn/Arg dentifrice increased VSC levels, indicating greater malodor.Clinical Trial Numbers: 20190429 and 20191028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Zsiska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States of America
| | - Eva Schneiderman
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States of America
| | - Yingkun Jin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Farrell
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States of America
| | - Julie Grender
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States of America
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Wei Y, Deng Y, Ma S, Ran M, Jia Y, Meng J, Han F, Gou J, Yin T, He H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X. Local drug delivery systems as therapeutic strategies against periodontitis: A systematic review. J Control Release 2021; 333:269-282. [PMID: 33798664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the soft tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth, which causes periodontal structural damage, alveolar bone resorption, and even tooth loss. Its prevalence is very high, with nearly 60% of the global population affected. Hence, periodontitis is an important public health concern, and the development of effective healing treatments for oral diseases is a major target of the health sciences. Currently, the application of local drug delivery systems (LDDS) as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planning (SRP) in periodontitis is a promising strategy, giving higher efficacy and fewer side effects by controlling drug release. The cornerstone of successful periodontitis therapy is to select an appropriate bioactive agent and route of administration. In this context, this review highlights applications of LDDS with different properties in the treatment of periodontitis with or without systemic diseases, in order to reveal existing challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuting Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Meixin Ran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yannan Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Neimenggu, China
| | - Jia Meng
- Liaoning Institute of Basic Medicine, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
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Rowińska I, Szyperska-Ślaska A, Zariczny P, Pasławski R, Kramkowski K, Kowalczyk P. The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1444. [PMID: 33809616 PMCID: PMC8001659 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article is a concise compendium of knowledge on the etiology of pathogenic microorganisms of all complexes causing oral diseases. The influence of particular components of the diet and the role of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases were described. The study investigated the bacteriostatic effect of the diet of adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on the formation of bacterial biofilms living in the subgingival plaque, causing diseases called periodontitis. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are bacteria of all complexes, including the red complex. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using a specific diet in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases-already treated as a disease of civilization. The quoted article is an innovative compilation of knowledge on this subject and it can be a valuable source of knowledge for professional hygienists, dentists, peridontologists, dentistry students and anyone who cares about proper oral hygiene. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using this type of diet in the prophylaxis of the oral cavity in order to avoid periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rowińska
- The Medical and Social Center for Vocational and Continuing Education in Toruń, St. Jana 1/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (I.R.); (A.S.-Ś.)
| | - Adrianna Szyperska-Ślaska
- The Medical and Social Center for Vocational and Continuing Education in Toruń, St. Jana 1/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (I.R.); (A.S.-Ś.)
| | - Piotr Zariczny
- Toruń City Hall, Business Support Center in Toruń, ul. Marii Konopnickiej 13, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Robert Pasławski
- Veterinary Insitute, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, str. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego 1str, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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Foo LH, Balan P, Pang LM, Laine ML, Seneviratne CJ. Role of the oral microbiome, metabolic pathways, and novel diagnostic tools in intra-oral halitosis: a comprehensive update. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:359-375. [PMID: 33653206 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1888867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis or oral malodor is one of the most common reasons for the patients' visit to the dental clinic, ranking behind only dental caries and periodontitis. In the present times, where social and professional communications are becoming unavoidable, halitosis has become a concern of growing importance. Oral malodor mostly develops due to the putrefaction of substrates by the indigenous bacterial populations. Although culture-based studies have provided adequate information on halitosis, the high throughput omics technologies have amplified the resolution at which oral microbial community can be examined and has led to the detection of a broader range of taxa associated with intra-oral halitosis (IOH). These microorganisms are regulated by the interactions of their ecological processes. Thus to develop effective treatment strategies, it is important to understand the microbial basis of halitosis. In the current review, we provide an update on IOH in context to the role of the oral microbiome, metabolic pathways involved, and novel diagnostic tools, including breathomics. Understanding oral microbiota associated with halitosis from a broader ecological perspective can provide novel insights into one's oral and systemic health. Such information can pave the way for the emergence of diagnostic tools that can revolutionize the early detection of halitosis and various associated medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lean Heong Foo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontic Unit, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preethi Balan
- Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative (SOMI), National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Mei Pang
- Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative (SOMI), National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- Oral Health ACP, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Oral Microbiomics Initiative (SOMI), National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Alzoman H, Rashid Habib S, Alghamdi S, Al-Juhani H, Daabash R, Al-Khalid W, Al-Askar M, Al-Johany S. Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031283. [PMID: 33535384 PMCID: PMC7908311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective/unacceptable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Syed Rashid Habib
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.R.H.); (S.A.-J.)
| | - Sultan Alghamdi
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.A.-J.); (R.D.); (W.A.-K.)
| | - Hebah Al-Juhani
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.A.-J.); (R.D.); (W.A.-K.)
| | - Rawan Daabash
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.A.-J.); (R.D.); (W.A.-K.)
| | - Wijdan Al-Khalid
- Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.A.-J.); (R.D.); (W.A.-K.)
| | - Mansour Al-Askar
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sulieman Al-Johany
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (S.R.H.); (S.A.-J.)
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Awareness and Practice of Oral Health Measures in Medina, Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239112. [PMID: 33291281 PMCID: PMC7730934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this observational study is to investigate the oral health status and practices in the multicultural community of Medina, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed that asked about oral health, dental and periodontal conditions, personal attitudes toward dental care, and smoking habits. Cross tabulation with chi-squared testing was carried out to investigate the association of toothbrush usage and smoking with several variables. Four-hundred and sixty subjects enrolled in the study. The majority of the respondents were students and Saudi males. More than 75% of the participants had neither a family dentist nor dental insurance; 7% were smokers, 84% used a toothbrush, 17% used dental floss and 34% used miswak (a teeth cleaning twig made from the Salvadora persica tree). Some of the individuals complained of tooth sensitivity, halitosis and bleeding gums. The main reason for dental visits was pain, with 23% of the participants having never visited a dentist. Tooth brushing was significantly associated with gender, nationality, occupation, education, marital status, having kids and dental insurance (p ≤ 0.05). Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with age, occupation, education level, marital status, having children, having bleeding gingivae and halitosis. Effective dental education programs are needed to improve dental knowledge and awareness in the Medina community.
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Antimicrobial capacity of photodynamic therapy on oral health-related quality of life and halitosis among elderly patients wearing removal dentures. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102059. [PMID: 33065302 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of halitosis in elderly patients wearing dentures. METHODS Elderly patients (>60 years age) wearing complete dentures and diagnosed with halitosis (H2S levels >112 ppb) were divided into two groups: patients undergoing treatment with tongue scraper and full mouth disinfection (Group I) and patients undergoing treatment with tongue scraper, full mouth disinfection and single application of PDT (Group II). Oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using a 14-point Likert scale used in oral health impact profile (OHIP). The assessment of halitosis was done with the help of a device called Oral Chroma™. Microbial sampling for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was performed from the dorsum of the tongue using a sterile swab at baseline and after treatment on day 5, 15 and 30 and quantified using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty elderly patients with halitosis completed the trial. The mean age in Group I and Group II was estimated to be 66.42 years and 67.91 years, respectively. Group II participants also maintained good OHRQoL in the post-operative period that reported statistically significant difference when compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Group II showed significant improvement in H2S concentration values at final analysis compared to Group-I (p = 0.001). P. gingivalis showed statistically significant reduction on day 5 only with PDT in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Antimicrobial PDT helped in reducing H2S gas concentration and improving quality of life in elderly patients wearing dentures. A significant reduction of P. gingivalis occurred only in the short-term follow-up.
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Luo D, Ou X, Zeng L, Lai J, Zhou X, Lu Y. Analysis of gum bleeding among children aged 12-15 years in Jiangxi Province and related influencing factors. J Public Health Dent 2020; 81:113-122. [PMID: 33205397 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of gum bleeding in children aged 12-15 years in Jiangxi Province and related influencing factors for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS A multistage cluster stratified sampling method was used to select 8,160 children aged 12-15 years for this study. Enrolled children completed a set of survey questionnaires covering children's gender, age, parents' educational level, oral health knowledge scores, attitude scores, and brushing habits in addition of dental examination. All the data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS Among 8,160 children, the gum bleeding rate was 66.5 percent (95% CI: 65.8%-68.1%). The gum bleeding rate in urban children (68.0 percent) was higher than that in rural areas (65.0 percent) (P < 0.01); the gum bleeding rate in boys (67.6 percent) was higher than that in girls (65.4 percent) (P < 0.05). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, urban and rural areas, mother education, knowledge score, attitude score, and brushing frequency were all important factors affecting gum bleeding. CONCLUSION This study showed that incidence of gum bleeding in Jiangxi children is high which is affected by their age, mother's education, and several other factors. These new findings form the baseline information essential for the development of more effective approaches to prevent and control children gum bleeding in Jiangxi and other regions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Luo
- School of Public Health in Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ou
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Liwei Zeng
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jiawei Lai
- School of Public Health in Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Public Health in Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- School of Public Health in Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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Dobler D, Runkel F, Schmidts T. Effect of essential oils on oral halitosis treatment: a review. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:476-486. [PMID: 33200432 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis is a very common condition which may affect up to 30% of the population. In about 90% of the cases, halitosis originates in the mouth due to inadequate plaque control, periodontal disease, dry mouth, faulty restorations, and in particular due to excessive bacterial growth. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of amino acids into volatile, bad-smelling gases (volatile sulfur compounds - VSCs). Management of oral malodor is directed primarily at managing and reducing the VSC-producing bacteria count as well as masking the odor. Essential oils have been used for this purpose in traditional medicine for centuries. In the present review, data on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against relevant oral VSC-producing bacteria are compiled and compared. Additionally, other positive aspects of essential oils with regard to oral odor are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dobler
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
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Hampelska K, Jaworska MM, Babalska ZŁ, Karpiński TM. The Role of Oral Microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2484. [PMID: 32748883 PMCID: PMC7465478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The IOH is formed by volatile compounds, which are produced mainly by anaerobic bacteria. To these odorous substances belong volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), aromatic compounds, amines, short-chain fatty or organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones. The most important VSCs are hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methyl mercaptan. VSCs can be toxic for human cells even at low concentrations. The oral bacteria most related to halitosis are Actinomyces spp., Bacteroides spp., Dialister spp., Eubacterium spp., Fusobacterium spp., Leptotrichia spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., Selenomonas spp., Solobacterium spp., Tannerella forsythia, and Veillonella spp. Most bacteria that cause halitosis are responsible for periodontitis, but they can also affect the development of oral and digestive tract cancers. Malodorous agents responsible for carcinogenesis are hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hampelska
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.H.); (M.M.J.)
- Central Microbiology Laboratory, H. Święcicki Clinical Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcelina Maria Jaworska
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.H.); (M.M.J.)
| | - Zuzanna Łucja Babalska
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland;
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Renvert S, Noack MJ, Lequart C, Roldán S, Laine ML. The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:251-262. [PMID: 32753975 PMCID: PMC7342603 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s253765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of halitosis cases originate within the oral cavity (intra-oral halitosis). With a focus on intra-oral halitosis, this narrative review article provides a current summary of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis and discusses practical considerations for healthcare professionals (HCPs), including dentists, dental hygienists, general practitioners, community pharmacists, nurses and medical specialists. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched up to 31 December 2019. Additional information was sourced from reference lists of relevant published literature. Full-text articles which reported on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis were considered for inclusion. Halitosis affects substantial numbers of individuals globally and is an underestimated problem in dental practice. Current estimates of the prevalence of halitosis, in addition to diagnostic methods and management considerations for halitosis, are discussed. Although not a life-threatening condition, halitosis has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and can result in psychological consequences including social, professional and affective limitations. Using a simple step-wise approach for diagnosis and treatment, dentists and dental hygienists are ideally placed to respond to an initial consultation for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Renvert
- Department of Oral Health, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christophe Lequart
- Private practice, Sorigny, Union Française pour la Santé Bucco-Dentaire (UFSBD), Paris, France
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Alzoman H. The association between periodontal diseases and halitosis among Saudi patients. Saudi Dent J 2020; 33:34-38. [PMID: 33473240 PMCID: PMC7801244 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the relationship between the presence of periodontal disease and halitosis. Methods A total of 120 patients were enrolled and divided into 2 groups, 60 patients with probing depth (PD) > 3.0 mm (group 1) and 60 patients with PD ≤ 3.0 mm (group 2). Clinical parameters including, plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and PD were obtained. Breath samples were collected and analyzed using a portable gas chromatograph to measure the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Results Halitosis was found to affect 58.3% of the total patients. The means of PI, BI, and VSC were significantly higher in group 1 (PD > 3.0 mm) than in group 2 (PD ≤ 3 mm). Conclusions The percentage of patients suffering from halitosis in the Saudi population are comparatively high. In addition, there was a positive association between periodontal disease and halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Roslund K, Lehto M, Pussinen P, Groop PH, Halonen L, Metsälä M. On-line profiling of volatile compounds produced in vitro by pathogenic oral bacteria. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016010. [PMID: 31698353 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infections by oral pathogens are one of the most common health problems worldwide. Due to the intimate connection between exhaled breath and the oral cavity, breath analysis could potentially be used to diagnose these infections. However, little is known about the volatile emissions of important oral pathogens that are connected with gingivitis and periodontitis. In this study, we have performed in vitro headspace measurements on four important oral pathogens (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens) using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). Some of the most abundant compounds produced by the bacteria include hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, acetone, dimethylsulphide, isoprene, cyclopentanone and indole as tentatively assigned from the mass spectra. Several other abundant mass signals were recorded but the assignment of these is less certain. Some of the bacterial species can be separated from each other by the emitted volatile fingerprints. The results of this study can be used in potential development of a diagnostic breath test for oral infections. In addition, as several of the measured compounds are known to be toxic, the results point to an intriguing possibility of studying the connection between the bacterial virulence and the emitted volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Roslund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E. Interventions for managing halitosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 12:CD012213. [PMID: 31825092 PMCID: PMC6905014 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012213.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis or bad breath is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present due to an underlying oral or systemic disease. 50% to 60% of the world population has experienced this problem which can lead to social stigma and loss of self-confidence. Multiple interventions have been tried to control halitosis ranging from mouthwashes and toothpastes to lasers. This new Cochrane Review incorporates Cochrane Reviews previously published on tongue scraping and mouthrinses for halitosis. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review were to assess the effects of various interventions used to control halitosis due to oral diseases only. We excluded studies including patients with halitosis secondary to systemic disease and halitosis-masking interventions. SEARCH METHODS Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 8 April 2019), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 3) in the Cochrane Library (searched 8 April 2019), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 8 April 2019), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 8 April 2019). We also searched LILACS BIREME (1982 to 19 April 2019), the National Database of Indian Medical Journals (1985 to 19 April 2019), OpenGrey (1992 to 19 April 2019), and CINAHL EBSCO (1937 to 19 April 2019). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (8 April 2019), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (8 April 2019), the ISRCTN Registry (19 April 2019), the Clinical Trials Registry - India (19 April 2019), were searched for ongoing trials. We also searched the cross-references of included studies and systematic reviews published on the topic. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which involved adults over the age of 16, and any intervention for managing halitosis compared to another or placebo, or no intervention. The active interventions or controls were administered over a minimum of one week and with no upper time limit. We excluded quasi-randomised trials, trials comparing the results for less than one week follow-up, and studies including advanced periodontitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two pairs of review authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We estimated mean differences (MDs) for continuous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 44 trials in the review with 1809 participants comparing an intervention with a placebo or a control. The age of participants ranged from 17 to 77 years. Most of the trials reported on short-term follow-up (ranging from one week to four weeks). Only one trial reported long-term follow-up (three months). Three studies were at low overall risk of bias, 16 at high overall risk of bias, and the remaining 25 at unclear overall risk of bias. We compared different types of interventions which were categorised as mechanical debridement, chewing gums, systemic deodorising agents, topical agents, toothpastes, mouthrinse/mouthwash, tablets, and combination methods. Mechanical debridement: for mechanical tongue cleaning versus no tongue cleaning, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) scores (MD -0.20, 95% CI -0.34 to -0.07; 2 trials, 46 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Chewing gums: for 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum versus placebo chewing gum, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.10, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.11; 1 trial, 65 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Systemic deodorising agents: for 1000 mg champignon versus placebo, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome patient-reported visual analogue scale (VAS) scores (MD -1.07, 95% CI -14.51 to 12.37; 1 trial, 40 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for dentist-reported OLT score or adverse events. Topical agents: for hinokitiol gel versus placebo gel, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.27, 95% CI -1.26 to 0.72; 1 trial, 18 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Toothpastes: for 0.3% triclosan toothpaste versus control toothpaste, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -3.48, 95% CI -3.77 to -3.19; 1 trial, 81 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Mouthrinse/mouthwash: for mouthwash containing chlorhexidine and zinc acetate versus placebo mouthwash, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.20, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.18; 1 trial, 44 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Tablets: no data were reported on key outcomes for this comparison. Combination methods: for brushing plus cetylpyridium mouthwash versus brushing, the evidence was uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.48, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.24; 1 trial, 70 participants; low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low- to very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions for managing halitosis compared to placebo or control for the OLT and patient-reported outcomes tested. We were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the superiority of any intervention or concentration. Well-planned RCTs need to be conducted by standardising the interventions and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth Kumbargere Nagraj
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), ManipalDepartment of Oral Medicine and Oral RadiologyJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Prashanti Eachempati
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of ProsthodonticsJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Eswara Uma
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Paediatric DentistryJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Periodontology and ImplantologyJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Noorliza Mastura Ismail
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Community DentistryJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Eby Varghese
- Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of DentistryMelakaMalaysia75150
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Johannsen A, Emilson CG, Johannsen G, Konradsson K, Lingström P, Ramberg P. Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02850. [PMID: 31872105 PMCID: PMC6909063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present systematic review was to examine the scientific evidence for the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice in relation to dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and staining. Data and sources Medline OVID, Embase.com, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception until June 2017. Six researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. A meta-analysis of the 6-month gingivitis studies was done. Risk of bias was estimated using a checklist from the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment (SBU, 2018). Study selection Two studies on dental calculus, 21 on dental plaque and gingivitis, 4 on halitosis, and 5 on stain met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was high for the studies on dental calculus, halitosis, and stain, and varied for the dental plaque and gingivitis studies. Significant reductions in dental calculus and in halitosis were reported for the SnF2 dentifrice; no differences in stain reduction were noted. A meta-analysis on gingivitis found better results for the SnF2 dentifrice compared to other dentifrices, though the results of the individual trials in the meta-analyses showed a substantial heterogeneity. Conclusions The present review found that stabilized SnF2 toothpaste had a positive effect on the reduction of dental calculus build-up, dental plaque, gingivitis, stain and halitosis. A tendency towards a more pronounced effect than using toothpastes not containing SnF2 was found. However, a new generation of well conducted randomized trials are needed to further support these findings. Clinical relevance Adding a SnF2 toothpaste to the daily oral care routine is an easy strategy that may have multiple oral health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johannsen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - C-G Emilson
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Johannsen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Konradsson
- Department of Odontology, Dental School, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Ramberg
- Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Jakubovics N. JDRHistorical Highlights #11. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1183-1185. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034519869183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Du M, Li L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:45. [PMID: 30866896 PMCID: PMC6417129 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of halitosis among Chinese subjects and to analyze the associated factors that influence halitosis. METHODS This study included subjects complaining of halitosis who came to the clinic between 2014 and 2016. Questionnaires were used to obtain general information from patients. An organoleptic test was conducted, and volatile sulfur compounds measurement was obtained to assess halitosis. In conjunction with these tests, the oral health status of each patient was recorded. RESULTS In total, there were 205 samples entered into data analysis, and the patients' age ranged from 18 to 71 years (mean ± SD: 32.44 ± 10.31). Of these patients, 65.9% had an organoleptic score ≥ 2, and 41% of patients had a volatile sulfur compound level ≥ 110 ppb. The findings indicated that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in males than in females (55.6% vs. 44.4%, respectively, P = 0.018). Several factors including the duration of bad breath, rhinitis, tongue coating and periodontal conditions were found to be associated with the organoleptic score. Tongue coating was also associated with the volatile sulfur compound level. CONCLUSIONS Among these subjects, 65.9% had halitosis. Oral health status was strongly associated with halitosis, and tongue coating was the most important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minquan Du
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Leitao Li
- Xiangya Stomatology Hospital, Central South University, No. 72, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Han Jiang
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqiao Zheng
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 88, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Shon HS, Kim KO, Jung JK, Cha EJ, Lee SO, Kim KA. Intra-Oral Factors Influencing Halitosis in Young Women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018; 9:340-347. [PMID: 30584498 PMCID: PMC6296807 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this research was to determine intra-oral factors that affect halitosis in young women. Methods This study was performed between March 2014 to May 2014, and included 35 women in their 20s with good oral health. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the change in halitosis immediately, and 1 hour after scaling. Results In both oral gas (OG) and extraoral gas (EG) groups, halitosis was reduced after scaling compared to before scaling. The logistic regression analysis of oral state factors in OG showed that as oral fluid [odds ratio (OR) = 0.792, p = 0.045] and dental plaque (OR = 0.940, p = 0.016) decreased by 1 unit, the OR in the OG group decreased (> 50). In addition, as glucose levels in the oral cavity (OR = 1.245, p = 0.075) and tongue coating index (OR = 2.912, p = 0.064) increased by 1 unit, the OR in the OG group increased (> 50). Furthermore, in the EG group, as oral fluid (OR = 0.66, p = 0.01) and dental plaque (OR = 0.95, p = 0.04) decreased, the OR in the EG group decreased (> 50) significantly. Conclusion To control halitosis, it is necessary to increase oral fluid and decrease the amount of tongue plaque. Furthermore, maintaining a healthy oral environment, aided by regular scaling and removal of dental plaque, may significantly control halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sun Shon
- Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ok Kim
- Department of Nursing, Woosong College, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Jung
- Department of Dental Lab Science, Daejeon Health Institute of Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Jong Cha
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su Ok Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Chungbuk Health & Science University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Kim
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Acar B, Berker E, Tan Ç, İlarslan YD, Tekçiçek M, Tezcan İ. Effects of oral prophylaxis including tongue cleaning on halitosis and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients—a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1829-1836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nadanovsky P, Santos APP, Bloch KV. Prevalence of self‐reported gingival bleeding in a representative sample of the Brazilian adolescent population. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:952-958. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nadanovsky
- Department of EpidemiologyNational School of Public HealthOswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Department of EpidemiologyInstitute of Social MedicineRio de Janeiro State University Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pires Santos
- Department of Community and Preventive DentistryFaculty of DentistryRio de Janeiro State University Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Katia Vergetti Bloch
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde ColetivaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Huang J, Li CY, Jiang JH. Effects of fixed orthodontic brackets on oral malodor: A systematic review and meta-analysis according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0233. [PMID: 29620635 PMCID: PMC5902289 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify whether there is any relationship between fixed orthodontic appliances and malodor, and if self-ligating brackets (SLBs) prevent malodor better than conventional brackets (CBs). METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to September 2016; a manual search was also performed. Randomized controlled and clinical controlled trials, in which experimental groups received fixed orthodontic therapy and malodor was measured, were included. Patients treated with fixed orthodontic brackets were compared with those without any treatment, and SLB systems were compared with CB systems. Two reviewers independently selected potentially relevant studies, evaluated the risk for bias, extracted essential data, and synthesized findings using Review Manager version 5.3 (Copenhagen: The. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). RESULTS Four studies, involving a total of 152 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Fixed orthodontic appliances caused malodor from the initial visit to 2 to 3 months, but was only significant after the first week (mean difference 20.24 [95% confidence interval [CI]11.75-28.74]; P < .00001). Plaque index, gingival index, and periodontal pocket depths demonstrated no statistical differences between the SLB and CB groups after the first week. However, SLBs significantly controlled malodor better than CBs after the first week (mean difference 4.32 [95% CI 6.02 to 2.61]; P < .00001). The quality of the included studies was relatively low and relevant research in this field is quite scarce. CONCLUSIONS Although the evidence base was relatively weak, fixed orthodontic treatment appeared to be a risk factor for malodor, independent of periodontal changes, and SLB systems controlled malodor better than CB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cui-Ying Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Laleman I, Koop R, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Influence of tongue brushing and scraping on the oral microflora of periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:73-79. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Laleman
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - R. Koop
- Parodontologie Praktijk Twente Enschede the Netherlands
| | - W. Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - C. Dekeyser
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Mahasneh SA, Mahasneh AM. Probiotics: A Promising Role in Dental Health. Dent J (Basel) 2017; 5:E26. [PMID: 29563432 PMCID: PMC5806962 DOI: 10.3390/dj5040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have a role in maintaining oral health through interaction with oral microbiome, thus contributing to healthy microbial equilibrium. The nature and composition of any individual microbiome impacts the general health, being a major contributor to oral health. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of available antimicrobials have restricted their use in an array of prophylactic options. Indeed, some new strategies to prevent oral diseases are based on manipulating oral microbiota, which is provided by probiotics. Currently, no sufficient substantial evidence exists to support the use of probiotics to prevent, treat or manage oral cavity diseases. At present, probiotic use did not cause adverse effects or increased risks of caries or periodontal diseases. This implicates no strong evidence against treatment using probiotics. In this review, we try to explore the use of probiotics in prevention, treatment and management of some oral cavity diseases and the possibilities of developing designer probiotics for the next generation of oral and throat complimentary healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari A Mahasneh
- School of Dental Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Adel M Mahasneh
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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Silva MF, Cademartori MG, Leite FRM, López R, Demarco FF, Nascimento GG. Is periodontitis associated with halitosis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1003-1009. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela F. Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | | | - Fábio R. M. Leite
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Rodrigo López
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Flávio F. Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | - Gustavo G. Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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