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Sugiyama S, Inui K, Ohi K, Shioiri T. The influence of novelty detection on the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in schizophrenia: A novel hypothesis from meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111096. [PMID: 39029650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is influenced not only by parameters such as attention, stimulus type, and analysis level but also by stimulus duration and inter-stimulus interval (ISI). In this meta-analysis, we examined these parameters in 33 studies that investigated 40-Hz ASSRs in patients with schizophrenia. The average Hedges' g random effect sizes were - 0.47 and - 0.43 for spectral power and phase-locking, respectively. We also found differences in ASSR measures based on stimulus duration and ISI. In particular, ISI was shown to significantly influence differences in the 40-Hz ASSR between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. We proposed a novel hypothesis focusing on the role of novelty detection, dependent on stimulus duration and ISI, as a critical factor in determining these differences. Specifically, longer stimulus durations and shorter ISIs under random presentation, or shorter stimulus durations and longer ISIs under repetitive presentation, decrease the 40-Hz ASSR in healthy controls. Patients with schizophrenia show minimal changes in response to stimulus duration and ISI, thus reducing the difference between controls and patients. This hypothesis can consistently explain most of the studies that have failed to show a reduction in 40-Hz ASSR in patients with schizophrenia. Increased novelty-related activity, reflected as an increase in auditory evoked potential components at stimulus onset, such as the N1, could suppress the 40-Hz ASSR, potentially reducing the peak measures of spectral power and phase-locking. To establish the 40-Hz ASSR as a truly valuable biomarker for schizophrenia, further systematic research using paradigms with various stimulus durations and ISIs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Koji Inui
- Department of Functioning and Disability, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Zouaoui I, Dumais A, Lavoie ME, Potvin S. Auditory Steady-State Responses in Schizophrenia: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1722. [PMID: 38137170 PMCID: PMC10741772 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigates auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) as potential biomarkers of schizophrenia, focusing on previously unexplored clinical populations, frequencies, and variables. We examined 37 studies, encompassing a diverse cohort of 1788 patients with schizophrenia, including 208 patients with first-episode psychosis, 281 at-risk individuals, and 1603 healthy controls. The results indicate moderate reductions in 40 Hz ASSRs in schizophrenia patients, with significantly greater reductions in first-episode psychosis patients and minimal changes in at-risk individuals. These results call into question the expected progression of ASSR alterations across all stages of schizophrenia. The analysis also revealed the sensitivity of ASSR alterations at 40 Hz to various factors, including stimulus type, level of analysis, and attentional focus. In conclusion, our research highlights ASSRs, particularly at 40 Hz, as potential biomarkers of schizophrenia, revealing varied implications across different stages of the disorder. This study enriches our understanding of ASSRs in schizophrenia, highlighting their potential diagnostic and therapeutic relevance, particularly in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Zouaoui
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (I.Z.); (A.D.); (M.E.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (I.Z.); (A.D.); (M.E.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institut National de Psychiatrie Légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC H1C 1H1, Canada
| | - Marc E. Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (I.Z.); (A.D.); (M.E.L.)
- Département de Sciences Humaines, Lettres et Communication, Université TÉLUQ, Montreal, QC G1K 9H6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; (I.Z.); (A.D.); (M.E.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Nakanishi S, Tamura S, Hirano S, Takahashi J, Kitajima K, Takai Y, Mitsudo T, Togao O, Nakao T, Onitsuka T, Hirano Y. Abnormal phase entrainment of low- and high-gamma-band auditory steady-state responses in schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1277733. [PMID: 37942136 PMCID: PMC10627971 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1277733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gamma-band oscillatory deficits have attracted considerable attention as promising biomarkers of schizophrenia (SZ). Notably, a reduced auditory steady-state response (ASSR) in the low gamma band (40 Hz) is widely recognized as a robust finding among SZ patients. However, a comprehensive investigation into the potential utility of the high-gamma-band ASSR in detecting altered neural oscillations in SZ has not yet been conducted. Methods The present study aimed to assess the ASSR using magnetoencephalography (MEG) data obtained during steady-state stimuli at frequencies of 20, 30, 40, and 80 Hz from 23 SZ patients and 21 healthy controls (HCs). To evaluate the ASSR, we examined the evoked power and phase-locking factor (PLF) in the time-frequency domain for both the primary and secondary auditory cortices. Furthermore, we calculated the phase-locking angle (PLA) to examine oscillatory phase lead or delay in SZ patients. Taking advantage of the high spatial resolution of MEG, we also focused on the hemispheric laterality of low- and high-gamma-band ASSR deficits in SZ. Results We found abnormal phase delay in the 40 Hz ASSR within the bilateral auditory cortex of SZ patients. Regarding the 80 Hz ASSR, our investigation identified an aberrant phase lead in the left secondary auditory cortex in SZ, accompanied by reduced evoked power in both auditory cortices. Discussion Given that abnormal phase lead on 80 Hz ASSR exhibited the highest discriminative power between HC and SZ, we propose that the examination of PLA in the 80 Hz ASSR holds significant promise as a robust candidate for identifying neurophysiological endophenotypes associated with SZ. Furthermore, the left-hemisphere phase lead observed in the deficits of 80 Hz PLA aligns with numerous prior studies, which have consistently proposed that SZ is characterized by left-lateralized brain dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Nakanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kitajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takako Mitsudo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Togao
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Sakakibara Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Choi KM, Im CH, Yang C, Lee HS, Kim S, Lee SH. Influence of inter-stimulus interval on 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in patients with schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 37500637 PMCID: PMC10374560 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Decreased 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is believed to reflect abnormal gamma oscillation in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). However, previous studies have reported conflicting results due to variations in inter-stimulus interval (ISI) used. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of varying ISI on the 40-Hz ASSR, particularly for patients with SZ and healthy controls (HCs). Twenty-four SZ patients (aged 40.8 ± 13.9 years, male: n = 11) and 21 HCs (aged 33.3 ± 11.3 years, male: n = 8) were recruited. For every participant, 40-Hz ASSRs were acquired for three different stimulus types: 500, 2000, and 3500 ms of ISIs. Two conventional ASSR measures (total power and inter-trial coherence, ITC) were calculated. Several additional ASSR measures were also analyzed: (i) ISI-dependent power; (ii) power onset slope; (iii) power centroid latency; (iv) ISI-dependent ITC; (v) ITC onset slope (500, 2000, 3500 ms); (vi) ITC centroid latency (500, 2000, 3500 ms). As ISI increased, total power and ITC increased in patients with SZ but decreased in HCs. In addition, patients with SZ showed higher ISI-dependent ITC, which was positively correlated with the psychotic symptom severity. The abnormal ITC onset slope and centroid latency for the ISI-500 ms condition were associated with cognitive speed decline in patients with SZ. Our study confirmed that the 40-Hz ASSR could be severely influenced by ISI. Furthermore, our results showed that the additional ASSR measures (ISI-dependent ITC, ITC onset slope, ITC centroid latency) could represent psychotic symptom severity or impairment in cognitive function in patients with SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Min Choi
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni‑ro, Seongdong‑gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Yang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seo Lee
- College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sungkean Kim
- Department of Human-Computer Interaction, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Juhwa‑ro 170, Ilsanseo‑Gu, Goyang, 10370, Republic of Korea.
- Bwave Inc, Juhwa-ro, Goyang, 10380, Republic of Korea.
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Du X, Hare S, Summerfelt A, Adhikari BM, Garcia L, Marshall W, Zan P, Kvarta M, Goldwaser E, Bruce H, Gao S, Sampath H, Kochunov P, Simon JZ, Hong LE. Cortical connectomic mediations on gamma band synchronization in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 36653335 PMCID: PMC9849210 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant gamma frequency neural oscillations in schizophrenia have been well demonstrated using auditory steady-state responses (ASSR). However, the neural circuits underlying 40 Hz ASSR deficits in schizophrenia remain poorly understood. Sixty-six patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 85 age- and gender-matched healthy controls completed one electroencephalography session measuring 40 Hz ASSR and one imaging session for resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) assessments. The associations between the normalized power of 40 Hz ASSR and rsFC were assessed via linear regression and mediation models. We found that rsFC among auditory, precentral, postcentral, and prefrontal cortices were positively associated with 40 Hz ASSR in patients and controls separately and in the combined sample. The mediation analysis further confirmed that the deficit of gamma band ASSR in schizophrenia was nearly fully mediated by three of the rsFC circuits between right superior temporal gyrus-left medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), left MPFC-left postcentral gyrus (PoG), and left precentral gyrus-right PoG. Gamma-band ASSR deficits in schizophrenia may be associated with deficient circuitry level connectivity to support gamma frequency synchronization. Correcting gamma band deficits in schizophrenia may require corrective interventions to normalize these aberrant networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Garcia
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wyatt Marshall
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark Kvarta
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Si Gao
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Simon
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Onitsuka T, Tsuchimoto R, Oribe N, Spencer KM, Hirano Y. Neuronal imbalance of excitation and inhibition in schizophrenia: a scoping review of gamma-band ASSR findings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:610-619. [PMID: 36069299 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent empirical findings suggest that altered neural synchronization, which is hypothesized to be associated with an imbalance of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neuronal activities, may underlie a core pathophysiological mechanism in patients with schizophrenia. The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) examined by electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been proposed as a potential biomarker for evaluating altered neural synchronization in schizophrenia. For this review, we performed a comprehensive literature search for papers published between 1999 and 2021 examining ASSRs in patients with schizophrenia. Almost all EEG-ASSR studies reported gamma-band ASSR reductions, especially to 40-Hz stimuli both in power and/or phase synchronization in chronic and first-episode schizophrenia. In addition, similar to EEG-ASSR findings, MEG-ASSR deficits to 80-Hz stimuli (high gamma) have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, the 40-Hz ASSR is likely to be a predictor of the onset of schizophrenia. Notably, increased spontaneous (or ongoing) broadband (30-100 Hz) gamma power has been reported during ASSR tasks, which resembles the increased spontaneous gamma activity reported in animal models of E/I imbalance. Further research on ASSRs and evoked and spontaneous gamma oscillations is expected to elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia with translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Neuroimaging Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rikako Tsuchimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Oribe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Kevin M Spencer
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Boston VA Healthcare System, Brockton Division and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02130, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Boston VA Healthcare System, Brockton Division and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA
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Griskova-Bulanova I, Voicikas A, Dapsys K, Melynyte S, Andruskevicius S, Pipinis E. Envelope Following Response to 440 Hz Carrier Chirp-Modulated Tones Show Clinically Relevant Changes in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2020; 11:brainsci11010022. [PMID: 33375449 PMCID: PMC7824599 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) impairment is suggested as an electrophysiological biomarker of schizophrenia; however, existing data also points to the deficiency of low and high frequency ASSR responses. In order to obtain the full picture of potential impairment in schizophrenia, it is important to test responses at different frequencies. The current study aims to evaluate a wide frequency range (1-120 Hz) in response to brief low-frequency carrier chirp-modulated tones in a group of patients with schizophrenia. The EEG-derived envelope following responses (EFRs) were obtained in a group of male patients with schizophrenia (N = 18) and matched controls (N = 18). While subjects were watching silent movies, 440 Hz carrier chirp-modulated at 1-120 Hz tones were presented. Phase-locking index and evoked amplitude in response to stimulation were assessed and compared on point-to-point basis. The peak frequency of the low gamma response was estimated. Measures were correlated with psychopathology-positive, negative, total scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and hallucination subscale scores. In comparison to controls, patients showed (1) reduced power of theta-beta (4-18 Hz) responses, (2) intact but slower low gamma (30-60 Hz), and (3) reduced high gamma (95-120 Hz) responses. No correlation survived the Bonferroni correction, but a sign of positive association between low gamma phase-locking and the prevalence of hallucinations, and a sign of negative association between high gamma phase-locking and the total PANSS scores were observed. Brain networks showed impaired capabilities to generate EFRs at different frequencies in schizophrenia; moreover, even when responses of patients did not significantly differ from controls on the group level, they still showed potentially clinically relevant variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Griskova-Bulanova
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.D.); (S.M.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-67110954
| | - Aleksandras Voicikas
- Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Parko str. 21, LT-11205 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Kastytis Dapsys
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.D.); (S.M.); (E.P.)
- Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Parko str. 21, LT-11205 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Sigita Melynyte
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.D.); (S.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Sergejus Andruskevicius
- Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Parko str. 21, LT-11205 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Pipinis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.D.); (S.M.); (E.P.)
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sz) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions and confused thinking), perception (hearing voices), and behavior (lack of motivation). The lifetime prevalence of Sz is between 0.3% and 0.7%, with late adolescence and early adulthood, the peak period for the onset of psychotic symptoms. Causal factors in Sz include environmental and genetic factors and especially their interaction. About 50% of individuals with a diagnosis of Sz have lifelong impairment.
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Edgar JC. Identifying electrophysiological markers of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia against a backdrop of normal brain development. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:1-11. [PMID: 31472015 PMCID: PMC10150852 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An examination of electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic studies demonstrates how age-related changes in brain neural function temporally constrain their use as diagnostic markers. A first example shows that, given maturational changes in the resting-state peak alpha frequency in typically developing children but not in children who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD), group differences in alpha-band activity characterize only a subset of children who have ASD. A second example, auditory encoding processes in schizophrenia, shows that the complication of normal age-related brain changes on detecting and interpreting group differences in neural activity is not specific to children. MRI studies reporting group differences in the rate of brain maturation demonstrate that a group difference in brain maturation may be a concern for all diagnostic brain markers. Attention to brain maturation is needed whether one takes a DSM-5 or a Research Domain Criteria approach to research. For example, although there is interest in cross-diagnostic studies comparing brain measures in ASD and schizophrenia, such studies are difficult given that measures are obtained in one group well after and in the other much closer to the onset of symptoms. In addition, given differences in brain activity among infants, toddlers, children, adolescents, and younger and older adults, creating tasks and research designs that produce interpretable findings across the life span and yet allow for development is difficult at best. To conclude, brain imaging findings show an effect of brain maturation on diagnostic markers separate from (and potentially difficult to distinguish from) effects of disease processes. Available research with large samples already provides direction about the age range(s) when diagnostic markers are most robust and informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Edgar
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
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Edgar JC, Blaskey L, Green HL, Konka K, Shen G, Dipiero MA, Berman JI, Bloy L, Liu S, McBride E, Ku M, Kuschner ES, Airey M, Kim M, Franzen RE, Miller GA, Roberts TPL. Maturation of Auditory Cortex Neural Activity in Children and Implications for Auditory Clinical Markers in Diagnosis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:584557. [PMID: 33329127 PMCID: PMC7717950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.584557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional brain markers that can inform research on brain abnormalities, and especially those ready to facilitate clinical work on such abnormalities, will need to show not only considerable sensitivity and specificity but enough consistency with respect to developmental course that their validity in individual cases can be trusted. A challenge to establishing such markers may be individual differences in developmental course. The present study examined auditory cortex activity in children at an age when developmental changes to the auditory cortex 50 ms (M50) and 100 ms (M100) components are prominent to better understand the use of auditory markers in pediatric clinical research. MEG auditory encoding measures (auditory evoked fields in response to pure tone stimuli) were obtained from 15 typically developing children 6-8 years old, with measures repeated 18 and 36 months after the initial exam. MEG analyses were conducted in source space (i.e., brain location), with M50 and M100 sources identified in left and right primary/secondary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus). A left and right M50 response was observed at all times (Time 1, Time 2, Time 3), with M50 latency (collapsing across hemisphere) at Time 3 (77 ms) 10 ms earlier than Time 1 (87 ms; p < 0.001) and with M50 responses on average (collapsing across time) 5 ms earlier in the right (80 ms) than left hemisphere (85 ms; p < 0.05). In the majority of children, however, M50 latency changes were not constant across the three-year period; for example, whereas in some children a ~10 ms latency reduction was observed from Time 1 to Time 2, in other children a ~10 ms latency reduction was observed from Time 2 to Time 3. M100 responses were defined by a significant "peak" of detected power with magnetic field topography opposite M50 and occurring 50-100 ms later than the M50. Although M100s were observed in a few children at Time 1 and Time 2 (and more often in the right than left hemisphere), M100s were not observed in the majority of children except in the right hemisphere at Time 3. In sum, longitudinal findings showed large between- and within-subject variability in rate of change as well as time to reach neural developmental milestones (e.g., presence of a detectable M100 response). Findings also demonstrated the need to examine whole-brain activity, given hemisphere differences in the rate of auditory cortex maturation. Pediatric research will need to take such normal variability into account when seeking clinical auditory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Edgar
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa Blaskey
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather L Green
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly Konka
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guannan Shen
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marissa A Dipiero
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Berman
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luke Bloy
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emma McBride
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matt Ku
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily S Kuschner
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan Airey
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rose E Franzen
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations Magnetoencephalography Imaging Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Chen YH, Howell B, Edgar JC, Huang M, Kochunov P, Hunter MA, Wootton C, Lu BY, Bustillo J, Sadek JR, Miller GA, Cañive JM. Associations and Heritability of Auditory Encoding, Gray Matter, and Attention in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:859-870. [PMID: 30099543 PMCID: PMC6581123 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory encoding abnormalities, gray-matter loss, and cognitive deficits are all candidate schizophrenia (SZ) endophenotypes. This study evaluated associations between and heritability of auditory network attributes (function and structure) and attention in healthy controls (HC), SZ patients, and unaffected relatives (UR). METHODS Whole-brain maps of M100 auditory activity from magnetoencephalography recordings, cortical thickness (CT), and a measure of attention were obtained from 70 HC, 69 SZ patients, and 35 UR. Heritability estimates (h2r) were obtained for M100, CT at each group-difference region, and the attention measure. RESULTS SZ patients had weaker bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) M100 responses than HC and a weaker right frontal M100 response than UR. Abnormally large M100 responses in left superior frontal gyrus were observed in UR and SZ patients. SZ patients showed smaller CT in bilateral STG and right frontal regions. Interrelatedness between 3 putative SZ endophenotypes was demonstrated, although in the left STG the M100 and CT function-structure associations observed in HC and UR were absent in SZ patients. Heritability analyses also showed that right frontal M100 and bilateral STG CT measures are significantly heritable. CONCLUSIONS Present findings indicated that the 3 SZ endophenotypes examined are not isolated markers of pathology but instead are connected. The pattern of auditory encoding group differences and the pattern of brain function-structure associations differ as a function of brain region, indicating the need for regional specificity when studying these endophenotypes, and with the presence of left STG function-structure associations in HC and UR but not in SZ perhaps reflecting disease-associated damage to gray matter that disrupts function-structure relationships in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Radiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Seashore House 1F Room 116B, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; tel: +1(267)426-0959, fax: +1(267)425-2465, e-mail:
| | - Breannan Howell
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA,Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A Hunter
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Cassandra Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Brett Y Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Joseph R Sadek
- Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - José M Cañive
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
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12
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Kim S, Jang SK, Kim DW, Shim M, Kim YW, Im CH, Lee SH. Cortical volume and 40-Hz auditory-steady-state responses in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101732. [PMID: 30851675 PMCID: PMC6407311 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormalities in the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) of the gamma range have been reported in schizophrenia (SZ) and are regarded as important pathophysiological features. Many of the previous studies reported diminished gamma oscillations in SZ, although some studies reported increased spontaneous gamma oscillations. Furthermore, brain morphological correlates of the gamma band ASSR deficits have rarely examined. We investigated different measures of the 40-Hz ASSR and their association with brain volumes and psychological measures of SZ. Methods The 40-Hz ASSR was measured for 80 dB click sounds (1 ms, 500-ms trains at 40-Hz, with 3050 to 3500 inter-train interval) using electroencephalography with 64 electrodes in 33 patients with SZ (male: 16, female: 17 (age range: 21–60)) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) (male: 13, female: 17 (age range: 23–64)). Four gamma oscillation measures (evoked power, spontaneous oscillations (baseline and total power), and inter-trial phase coherence (ITC)) were assessed. The source activities of the ASSR were also analyzed. Brain volumes were assessed using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry and superior temporal gyrus (STG) volume measures were obtained. Results Patients with SZ had larger total and evoked powers and higher ITC than HCs. Both groups showed significantly different association between mean evoked power and right STG volume. In HCs but not SZ, mean evoked power showed significant positive correlation with right STG volume. In addition, the two groups showed significantly different association between verbal fluency and mean evoked power. High evoked power was significantly correlated with poor verbal fluency in SZ. Conclusions The current study found increased gamma oscillation in SZ and suggests significant involvement of the STG in gamma oscillations. SZ had larger total and evoked powers and higher ITC than HCs. Evoked power positively correlated with right STG volume in HCs. High evoked power correlated with poor verbal fluency in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkean Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Shim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yong-Wook Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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