Organic zinc and copper supplementation on antioxidant protective mechanism and their correlation with sperm functional characteristics in goats

Zinc improves the developmental ability of bovine in vitro fertilization embryos through its antioxidative action

Zinc, an essential trace mineral, exerts a pivotal influence in various biological processes. Through zinc concentration analysis, we found that the zinc concentration in the bovine embryo in vitro culture (IVC) medium was significantly lower than that in bovine follicular fluid. Therefore, this study explored the impact of zinc sulfate on IVC bovine embryo development and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results revealed a significant decline in zygote cleavage and blastocyst development rates when zinc deficiency was induced using zinc chelator N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) in culture medium during embryo in vitro culture. The influence of zinc-deficiency was time-dependent. Conversely, supplementing 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to culture medium (CM) increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate significantly. Moreover, this supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, elevated the glutathione (GSH) levels in blastocysts, upregulated the mRNA expression of antioxidase-related genes, and activated the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways. Furthermore, 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, maintained DNA stability, and enhanced the quality of bovine (in vitro fertilization) IVF blastocysts. In conclusion, the addition of 0.8 μg/mL zinc sulfate to CM could enhance the antioxidant capacity, activates the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathways, augment mitochondrial membrane potential, and stabilizes DNA, ultimately improving blastocyst quality and in vitro bovine embryo development.

Trace and essential elements as vital components to improve the performance of the male reproductive system: Implications in cell signaling pathways

Successful male fertilization requires the main processes such as normal spermatogenesis, sperm capacitation, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction. The progress of these processes depends on some endogenous and exogenous factors. So, the optimal level of ions and essential and rare elements such as selenium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, calcium, and so on in various types of cells of the reproductive system could affect conception and male fertility rates. The function of trace elements in the male reproductive system could be exerted through some cellular and molecular processes, such as the management of active oxygen species, involvement in the action of membrane channels, regulation of enzyme activity, regulation of gene expression and hormone levels, and modulation of signaling cascades. In this review, we aim to summarize the available evidence on the role of trace elements in improving male reproductive performance. Also, special attention is paid to the cellular aspects and the involved molecular signaling cascades.

In vitro effects of the combination of serotonin, selenium, zinc, and vitamins D and E supplementation on human sperm motility and reactive oxygen species production

Infertility affects 15% of all couples worldwide and 50% of cases of infertility are solely due to male factors. A decrease in motility in the semen is considered one of the main factors that is directly related to infertility. The use of supplementation to improve the overall sperm quality has become increasingly popular worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether sperm motility was affected by the combination of serotonin (5-HT), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and vitamins D, and E supplementation. Semen samples were incubated for 75 min at 37°C in medium containing varying concentrations of 5-HT, Se, Zn, vitamin D, and E. 5-HT (200 μM), Se (2 μg/ml), Zn (10 μg/ml), vitamin D (100 nM), and vitamin E (2 mmol) have also been shown to increase progressive sperm motility. Three different mixtures of supplements were also tested for their combined effects on sperm motility and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. While the total motility in the control group was 71.96%, this was found to increase to 82.85% in the first mixture. In contrast the average ROS level was 8.97% in the control group and decreased to 4.23% in the first mixture. Inclusion of a supplement cocktail (5-HT, Se, Zn, vitamins D and E) in sperm processing and culture medium could create an overall improvement in sperm motility while decreasing ROS levels during the incubation period. These molecules may enhance the success of assisted reproduction techniques when present in sperm preparation medium.

The Effect of Dietary Organic Copper and Zinc Trace Minerals on some Yield and Mineral Levels and Histological Structure of Testes

This study aims to investigate the effects of providing Cu and Zn minerals with an organic structure reduced by 25% compared to the recommended (NRC) inorganic value on parameters such as the age at which lambs achieve 50% sperm motility yield, some developmental parameters, testis histology, as well as serum, wool, and fecal mineral levels in lambs. The study involved 12 male lambs in the T1 group (organic minerals) and 11 in the T2 group (inorganic minerals) of the Kıvırcık breed. Lambs received minerals from mothers during the last month of fetal period and suckling, continuing individual feeding post-weaning. During individual feeding, T1 received 5.25 mg/kg DM copper-chelate and 15.0 mg/kg DM zinc-chelate, while T2 received 7 mg/kg DM copper-sulfate and 20 mg/kg DM zinc-sulfate. The mothers received identical mineral amounts in the last month of pregnancy and lactation. The ewes birthed offspring solely for the supply of experimental groups. Lambs, averaging about 18.5 kg, underwent bi-weekly electroejaculation, concluding the trial for those with 50% semen motility. Statistical analyses were carried out using the GLM method. No differences were observed between groups in the average age at which lambs achieve 50% sperm motility, live weight, scrotum, and testicular measurements at this age (P > 0.05). Histological analyses revealed no difference in tubule area between T1 and T2 groups (P > 0.05), but tubular epithelium height was greater in T1 (P < 0.01). End-of-trial serum copper, as well as weaning day and end-of-trial serum and fleece zinc mean values, did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). However, T1 had higher mean values for serum Cu on the weaning day (P < 0.01), fleece copper on the weaning day (P < 0.05) and at the end of the trial (P < 0.001). Additionally, the T1 group exhibited lower mean levels of fecal copper (P < 0.05) and fecal zinc (P < 0.001). In conclusion, despite organic copper and zinc levels being 25% lower in the examined parameters, comparable or improved results were achieved with inorganic copper and zinc.

Progress on the roles of zinc in sperm cryopreservation

One of the effective methods for the long-term preservation of mammalian genetic resources is the cryopreservation of semen. However, a number of parameters, including diluents, the rate of freezing and thawing, cryoprotectants, etc., can easily alter the survival of frozen-thawed sperm. Numerous studies have documented the addition of a variety of zinc compounds, to the diluents used to cryopreserve sperm. The primary objective of this review is to briefly describe that adding zinc to diluents as an antioxidant significantly enhances frozen-thawed sperm quality. Second, a summary of the present understanding of zinc's molecular mechanism on semen cryopreservation is provided. Thirdly, this study addresses that nanoparticles of zinc can offer suggestions for raising cryopreservation effectiveness.

Spermatozoan Metabolism as a Non-Traditional Model for the Study of Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease manifested through motor dysfunction and cognitive deficits. Decreased fertility is also observed in HD animal models and HD male patients, due to altered spermatogenesis and sperm function, thus resulting in reduced fertilization potential. Although some pharmaceuticals are currently utilized to mitigate HD symptoms, an effective treatment that remedies the pathogenesis of the disease is yet to be approved by the FDA. Identification of genes and relevant diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic target pathways including glycolysis and mitochondrial complex-I-dependent respiration may be advantageous for early diagnosis, management, and treatment of the disease. This review addresses the HD pathway in neuronal and sperm metabolism, including relevant gene and protein expression in both neurons and spermatozoa, indicated in the pathogenesis of HD. Furthermore, zinc-containing and zinc-interacting proteins regulate and/or are regulated by zinc ion homeostasis in both neurons and spermatozoa. Therefore, this review also aims to explore the comparative role of zinc in both neuronal and sperm function. Ongoing studies aim to characterize the products of genes implicated in HD pathogenesis that are expressed in both neurons and spermatozoa to facilitate studies of future treatment avenues in HD and HD-related male infertility. The emerging link between zinc homeostasis and the HD pathway could lead to new treatments and diagnostic methods linking genetic sperm defects with somatic comorbidities.

Impact of Zinc Transport Mechanisms on Embryonic and Brain Development

The trace element zinc (Zn) binds to over ten percent of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Zn flexible chemistry allows it to regulate the activity of hundreds of enzymes and influence scores of metabolic processes in cells throughout the body. Deficiency of Zn in humans has a profound effect on development and in adults later in life, particularly in the brain, where Zn deficiency is linked to several neurological disorders. In this review, we will summarize the importance of Zn during development through a description of the outcomes of both genetic and early dietary Zn deficiency, focusing on the pathological consequences on the whole body and brain. The epidemiology and the symptomology of Zn deficiency in humans will be described, including the most studied inherited Zn deficiency disease, Acrodermatitis enteropathica. In addition, we will give an overview of the different forms and animal models of Zn deficiency, as well as the 24 Zn transporters, distributed into two families: the ZIPs and the ZnTs, which control the balance of Zn throughout the body. Lastly, we will describe the TRPM7 ion channel, which was recently shown to contribute to intestinal Zn absorption and has its own significant impact on early embryonic development.

Effects of the methionine hydroxyl analog chelated microminerals on growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to investigate the effects of methionine hydroxyl analog chelated microminerals (MHA-M) replacing inorganic microminerals (ITMs) on the growth performance, fecal microminerals concentrations, immune function, and antioxidant status in growing-finishing pigs; 253 pigs (average 33.68 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to six treatments with six replicates each treatment: (1) ITM: a basal diet with Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn from sulfates providing 20, 100, 40, and 60 mg/kg; (2-6): 1/5MHA-M, 2/5MHA-M, 3/5MHA-M, 4/5MHA-M, and MHA-M was replaced with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% MHA-M. Results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) in the 1/5MHA-M and 2/5MHA-M was greater than other groups in the whole period. Fecal Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations had decreased as the intake of trace minerals decreases. The ITM group decreased the fecal Zn concentration on Days 35, 70, and 91, and Fe concentration on Day 70, and increased the Mn concentration on Day 70 compared with MHA-M group. Pigs fed 1/5MHA-M, 2/5MHA-M, and MHA-M had a higher immune function and antioxidant status in serum compared with ITM, 3/5MHA-M, and 4/5MHA-M on Day 35. In conclusion, treatment with 1/5MHA-M and 2/5MHA-M could reduce the excretion of fecal microminerals and improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity compared with the ITM group.

Organic Zinc and Copper Supplementation-Associated Changes in Gene Expression and Protein Profiles in Buck Spermatozoa

Mineral supplementation has greater impact on male reproduction; however, the mechanism of action has not been studied in detail. The present study was aimed to deal with the lacuna in mechanism of action of mineral supplementation on improvement in sperm characteristics. A group of 40 bucks (aged 5 months) were assigned to 10 groups (4 in each group) based on their body weight and fed with concentrate mixture: basal roughage (minimal diet) in equal proportion to all the bucks. Among the 10 groups, one was considered as control, without any additional mineral supplementation, and the remaining 9 were treatment groups (3 groups each in Zn, Cu, and Zn + Cu). In treatment groups, organic Zn was fed in three different doses as 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg DM; organic Cu was fed in three different doses as 12.5, 25, and 37.5 mg/kg DM; and organic Zn + Cu was combinedly supplied as 20 + 12.5, 40 + 25, and 60 + 37.5 based on their mg/kg DM for 8 months period. The neat semen samples were processed for spermatozoal gene (stress- NOS3, HSP70, HIF1A; fertility- MTF1, MTA1, TIMP2, TNFa, and EGFR) expression studies through qRT-PCR and protein profile changes through single- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Significantly, the stress-responsive genes were downregulated, and fertility-related genes were upregulated in treatment groups. A significant correlation had been noticed among the genes studied: HIF1A with MTA1 (P < 0.05) and MTF1 with EGFR, TIMP2, TNFa, and NOS3 (P < 0.01) respectively. The organic Zn and Cu feeding modulated the expression of stress- and fertility-related genes and protein abundance, thereby improved the sperm characteristics.

Prostatic fluid composition and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing treatment with osaterone acetate

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may alter prostatic fluid biochemical composition causing reduced fertility. Osaterone acetate (OA) is an androgen receptor antagonist marketed for treatment of canine BPH. Little information exists on effects of OA administration on biochemical composition of canine prostatic fluid and its role on fertility. The aim of this research was to study biochemical composition of prostatic fluid and its role on semen quality in dogs with BPH undergoing treatment with OA. Eight intact, 5-11-year-old dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated orally with OA at a dose of 0.25-0.5 mg/kg once daily for seven days. Prostatic volume, semen evaluation and a biochemical analysis of prostatic fluid were performed on the day before treatment (D0), D60, D120, D180 and D240. A significant reduction (57% and 61%) of prostatic volume was observed at D60 and D120, respectively, and a significant reduction (20%) of normal spermatozoa was observed at D60 coincident with a significant increase of sperm tail defects, which disappeared during the course of the treatment. Prostatic fluid composition did not vary during the OA treatment except for zinc (Zn²⁺ ) with a significant increase at D120 and D180 correlated with the return to normal sperm values. In conclusion, canine Zn²⁺ prostatic fluid concentrations decrease during development of BPH and return to normal during treatment with OA. Zn²⁺ is an important electrolyte for semen quality, suggesting that oral Zn²⁺ supplementation might be considered a treatment to improve semen quality.

Trace minerals for improved performance: a review of Zn and Cu supplementation effects on male reproduction in goats

Minerals are required in small amounts but play significant roles in many physiological functions related with growth, reproduction, and health of goats such as biochemical, molecular systems, and optimized enzymatic activities due to their roles as co-factors to metalloenzymes. Among them, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are leading essential elements in goat nutrition, because of their role across several biological functions. The proportion of these minerals availability and absorption from the ingested feed is usually less, because of their complexities with un-degradable parts of feed resources. Hence, their exogenous supplementation is required for normal animal functions. On this background, this review presents findings associated with supplementation of these minerals in organic form as a way for improving the fertility of male goats with special focus on physico-chemical-kinetics of the semen for improving the application of reproductive technologies. This review emphasizes the organic sources of these minerals to replace the inorganic sources, based on their significance in improving semen qualities, antioxidant protection, and mediation of molecular activities. This review also discusses salient routes of Zn and Cu absorption and identifies the need for molecular exploration for positive outcomes with supplementation of these minerals as an area of the future goat nutrition-reproduction improvement strategy.

The Influence of Zinc and Heavy Metals in Feed and Water on the Quality of Cryopreserved Bull Semen

This study aimed to assess the influence of different concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) found in the feed and water provided to bulls on the concentrations of these metals in cryopreserved bull semen, and to determine their influence onto semen quality parameters. Correlations between heavy metal concentrations in the semen and the quality parameters of semen as estimated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry (FC) methods were determined.

A total of 40 cryopreserved semen samples originating from bulls housed in 4 different centers for artificial insemination (A, B, C and D) were examined, making a total of 160 samples. The concentrations of metals and semen quality parameters were determined in cryopreserved semen of 10 bulls from each center, namely 4 samples from each bull. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Hg and Cd in hay and concentrated feed were within the allowed limits as proposed by the National Research Council (NRC, 2000). A strong negative correlation was detected between curvilinear velocity (VCL) and Zn concentrations in the semen (P < 0.01; r = -0.772) in group D, and a positive correlation of VCL with Pb concentrations (P < 0.05 and r = 0.718) in group B. Mercury concentrations in cryopreserved semen correlated negatively to the percent of live sperm cells with intact acrosomes (V/IA: P < 0.05; r = -0.640) and positively with the percent of dead sperm cells with damaged acrosomes (D/DA: P < 0.01; r = 0.766) in group D. This finding confirms the hypothesis that Hg, even at low concentrations, may cause acrosome damage.

Progesterone and anandamide diminish the inhibitory effect of zinc on mature human sperm

Zinc ion (Zn2+) homeostasis is very important for sperm capacitation and hyperactivation. Zn2+ is a specific inhibitor of the voltage-dependent proton channel (Hv1). Intracellular alkalisation of human spermatozoa is mainly dependent on opening of Hv1. Anandamide may affect spermatozoa through activation of Hv1. An increase in intracellular pH and progesterone (P4) activate cation channels of spermatozoa (CatSper). This study was designed to elucidate the interaction between ZnCl2, P4 and anandamide on human sperm function and intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). Human normal semen samples (n = 30) were diluted (20 × 106 spermatozoa mL-1) and divided into control and ethanol (0.01%)-, anandamide (1 nM)-, ZnCl2 (1 mM)-, P4 (10µM)-, anandamide+ZnCl2- and P4+ZnCl2-treated groups. Sperm kinematics, viability, acrosome status and [Ca2+]i were assessed. The percentage of viable and motile spermatozoa and sperm velocity was reduced in the ZnCl2-treated groups. Anandamide and P4 attenuated the inhibitory effects of ZnCl2 on sperm kinematics. Loss of the acrosome membrane was observed in all experimental groups. P4 and anandamide are present naturally in secretions of the female reproductive tract and modulate the inhibitory effects of ZnCl2 on sperm kinematics. This attenuation is probably due to a change in [Ca2+]i and prevention of Hv1 inactivation by P4 and anandamide respectively.

Organic mineral supplementation on differential protein profile of Osmanabadi bucks (Capra hircus)

The present study aimed to determine the differential protein profile of seminal plasma proteins of bucks supplemented with trace minerals. Forty bucks of uniform size and body weight were assigned as ten groups (n = 4). The control group (T1) was fed with the control diet (concentration mixture and roughages) whereas the remaining groups were supplemented the control diet with Zn20 mg (T2), Zn40 mg (T3), Zn60 mg (T4), Cu12.5 mg (T5), Cu25 mg (T6), Cu37.5 mg (T7), Zn20 mg + Cu12.5 mg (T8), Zn40 mg + Cu25 mg (T9), and Zn60 mg + Cu37.5 mg (T10) for eight months. Seminal plasma proteins from each group were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis and fifteen differential proteins were selected based on differential expression, subjected to identification using Nano-LC-MS/MS (LTQ-Qrbitrap-MS). The identified proteins were Triacylglycerol lipase, EGF like repeats and discoidin domains 3, Lipocalin, Iodothyronine deiodinase, Transcription factor AP2-delta, 60S ribosomal protein L13, IST1 factor associated with ESCRT-III, Lysozyme, Uncharacterized protein (BRI3-binding protein), Uncharacterized protein, Histone deacetylase 11, General transcription factor IIF subunit 2, Nudix hydrolase 6, Protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta and Elongin C. The organic Cu supplemented group is the better than the organic Zn and organic Zn + Cu supplemented groups.

Effect of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamin E Administration on Semen Quality and Fertility of Male Dromedary Camels with Impotentia Generandi

This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and vitamin E (Vit E) administration on semen quality and fertility in male dromedary camels with impotentia generandi (IG, post-coital infertility). Factors that may affect response to treatment were investigated. Thirty-three IG-affected and five fertile camels were included. Case history was obtained, and breeding sound examination was performed. Semen was collected using electroejaculation. IG-camels were classified according to initial sperm count, body condition score, age, duration of infertility, IG-type, and testicular size. IG-camels were treated with a combination of intramuscular injections of Vit E (α-tocopherol acetate, 1 mg/kg bw) and Se (sodium selenite, 0.088 mg/kg bw) once every week for three successive weeks and by daily oral administration of 360 mg of zinc gluconate for 5 successive weeks. Semen quality was estimated before and after treatment. IG-treated camels were allowed to mate females in estrus, and conception rates were calculated. The results showed that sperm cell concentration, sperm motility, and viability significantly increased, while sperm abnormality significantly decreased after treatment (P < 0.01). Positive correlations were observed between initial sperm cell count and post-treated sperm count (P = 0.001), sperm motility (P = 0.01), and viability (P = 0.002). Other variables and their interactions did not affect response to treatment. Conception rates improved after treatment. In conclusion, Zn, Se, and Vit E administration improved semen quality and fertility in male dromedary camels with impotentia generandi. Initial sperm count can be used to predict the degree of camel response to treatment.

The role of endogenous antioxidants in male animal fertility

Mammalian semen is a physiological fluid composed of a cellular fraction (spermatozoa), and a liquid fraction (seminal plasma). Once delivered to the female genital tract, spermatozoa should be able to capacitate; a process which involves a plethora of biochemical and physiological changes required to fertilize the oocyte. Sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs in the testes, whereby pluripotent spermatogonia differentiate to form the most morphologically specialized cells in the body. Further maturation of spermatozoa occurs in the epididymis, where they are stored prior to ejaculation. During this whole process, spermatozoa are exposed to different environments and cellular processes which may expose them to substantial levels of oxidative stress. To avoid damage associated with the unchecked production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both spermatozoa, and the parts of the male genital tract in which they reside, are furnished with a suite of antioxidant molecules which are able to provide protection to these cells, thereby increasing their chance of being able to fertilize the oocyte and deliver an intact paternal genome to the future offspring. However, there are a host of reasons why these antioxidant systems may fail, including nutritional deficiencies, genetics, and disease states, and in these situations, a reduction or abolition of fertilizing capacity may result. This review paper focuses on the endogenous antioxidant defences available to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, the site of their production and their physiological role. Furthermore, we revised the causes and effects of antioxidant deficiencies (congenital or acquired during the animal's adulthood) on reproductive function in different animal species.

Differences between some biochemical components in seminal plasma of first and second ejaculations in dual-purpose Simmental (Fleckvieh) bulls and their relationships with semen quality parameters

This study aimed to evaluate differences in seminal plasma zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in the first and second ejaculations and their relationships with semen quality parameters in Fleckvieh bulls. Repetitive ejaculates were separately collected, analyzed, and frozen from the sires. Progressive motility of frozen-thawed semen (PMFT) was considered the main factor for more data classification into three following groups: <40.00%, 40.00 - 50.00%, and >50.00%. Seminal plasma trace elements and enzymes were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and ELISA, respectively. The results revealed significant differences between the first and second ejaculations. Semen concentration, SOD, GPx, and Fe were different in ejaculations. Although PMFT groups in different ejaculations did not show significant differences, there was significant alteration between different PMFT groups and first and second ejaculations. All frozen-thawed semen CASA parameters (except lateral head displacement) were associated with fresh motility parameters and before and after thawing sperm viability. Also, a correlation between seminal Zn concentration with fresh semen gross and progressive motility, average path velocity, and beat cross frequency, Cu with SOD and Fe and semen concentration was observed. CAT was associated with fresh and frozen-thawed sperm motility parameters except for lateral head displacement and angular displacement. Although our findings showed differences between the first and second ejaculations in some parameters, PMFT, which is the most important indicator for estimating bull fertility, was not different between them.

The Effect of Inorganic and Organic Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Mineral Profile and Gene Expression Pattern of GLUT1 in Malabari Kids

The objective of this experiment was to study and compare the effects of dietary supplementation of organic and inorganic zinc (Zn) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and gene expression pattern of glucose transporter protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in Malabari kids. Fifteen, 3-4-month-old goat kids were divided into three groups uniformly by using completely randomised design (CRD). Group G1 was fed on basal diet as per NRC requirement, and G2 and G3 were fed on basal diet + 40 ppm Zn as inorganic zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) and 40 ppm Zn as organic Zn methionine, respectively, for a period of 91 days. Supplementation of inorganic and organic Zn had no significant effect on dry matter (DM) intake. The digestibility of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulose and cellulose was significantly more in the organic Zn-supplemented group. The average daily gain and feed:gain ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) better in group G3 in comparison to G1 and G2, while the nitrogen retention was found to be (p < 0.01) higher in group G3 than in group G1. Zinc balance was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) increased in both supplemented groups with respect to unsupplemented group G1. The blood glucose level was (p < 0.01) lower in group G3 compared to group G1 suggesting the insulin-like activity of Zn. Serum Zn concentration was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in both Zn-supplemented groups. There was a significant (p < 0.05) rise in glucose transporter GLUT1 expression in groups G2 and G3 when compared to control group G1. Moreover, GLUT1 expression was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in group G3 as against the animals of group G2. Lowered blood glucose level might have stimulated more glucose transporter GLUT1 expression in PBMC. Organic Zn supplemented at 40 ppm level resulted in better growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen as well as Zn retention in goat kids. There was better absorption, and hence, less amount of Zn got excreted in the organic Zn-supplemented group.

The Role of Zinc in Male Fertility

Several studies proposed the importance of zinc ion in male fertility. Here, we describe the properties, roles and cellular mechanisms of action of Zn²⁺ in spermatozoa, focusing on its involvement in sperm motility, capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis, three functions that are crucial for successful fertilization. The impact of zinc supplementation on assisted fertilization techniques is also described. The impact of zinc on sperm motility has been investigated in many vertebrate and invertebrate species. It has been reported that Zn²⁺ in human seminal plasma decreases sperm motility and that Zn²⁺ removal enhances motility. Reduction in the intracellular concentration of Zn²⁺ during epididymal transit allows the development of progressive motility and the subsequent hyper activated motility during sperm capacitation. Extracellular Zn²⁺ affects intracellular signaling pathways through its interaction with the Zn²⁺ sensing receptor (ZnR), also named GPR39. This receptor was found in the sperm tail and the acrosome, suggesting the possible involvement of Zn²⁺ in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. Our studies showed that Zn²⁺ stimulates bovine sperm acrosomal exocytosis, as well as human sperm hyper-activated motility, were both mediated by GPR39. Zn²⁺ binds and activates GPR39, which activates the trans-membrane-adenylyl-cyclase (tmAC) to catalyze cAMP production. The NHE (Na⁺/H⁺-exchanger) is activated by cAMP, leading in increased pHi and activation of the sperm-specific Ca²⁺ channel CatSper, resulting in an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i, which, together with HCO₃⁻, activates the soluble adenylyl-cyclase (sAC). The increase in [cAMP]_i activates protein kinase A (PKA), followed by activation of the Src-epidermal growth factor receptor-Pphospholipase C (Src-EGFR-PLC) cascade, resulting in inositol-triphosphate (IP₃) production, which mobilizes Ca²⁺ from the acrosome, causing a further increase in [Ca²⁺]_i and the development of hyper-activated motility. PKA also activates phospholipase D1 (PLD1), leading to F-actin formation during capacitation. Prior to the acrosomal exocytosis, PLC induces phosphadidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) hydrolysis, leading to the release of the actin-severing protein gelsolin to the cytosol, which is activated by Ca²⁺, resulting in F-actin breakdown and the occurrence of acrosomal exocytosis.

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Semen Quality, Sperm Antioxidant Ability, and Seminal and Blood Plasma Mineral Profiles in Cashmere Goats

This study evaluated the effects of the different dietary zinc (Zn) levels on semen quality, on spermatozoa and seminal plasma antioxidant status, and on the seminal and blood plasma mineral status in mature male Cashmere goats during the breeding season. Twenty-eight mature male Liaoning Cashmere goats were divided into four groups based on body weight (56.2 ± 2.45 kg) and semen characteristics; these goats were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg Zn/kg DM (zinc sulfate) for 3 months. Results showed that the Zn-supplemented diets linearly increased the semen volume (0.98, 1.04, 1.27, and 1.17 ml for the 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg Zn/kg DM supplementation, respectively) (P < 0.05) and the total sperm output (3.87, 4.52, 5.73, and 5.33 × 10⁹/ml for the 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg Zn/kg DM supplementation, respectively) (P < 0.05); by contrast, Zn supplementation exerted no effect on sperm concentration, motility, and abnormal sperms rate. The activities of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) (linear P < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (linear P < 0.05; quadratic P < 0.01) were highest in the intermediate supplementation (40 mg Zn/kg DM). Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of spermatozoa decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with the increase in Zn supplementation. In seminal plasma, the highest GSH-Px activity was observed in 20 mg Zn/kg DM supplementation (P < 0.05). Catalase (CAT) activities both in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma showed no difference in all treatments. Seminal plasma Zn level was highest in 40 mg Zn/kg DM (linear P = 0.068), and K increased linearly (P = 0.001) with increasing Zn level. Furthermore, blood plasma Zn (linear P < 0.01; quadratic P < 0.05), Fe (linear P < 0.05; quadratic P < 0.05), and Mg (linear P < 0.05) increased with increasing Zn supplementation. These results indicated that dietary Zn supplementation in Cashmere goats during the breeding season improved the semen quality and quantity, elevated the antioxidative indices and Zn concentration, and decreased the MDA content both in spermatozoa and seminal plasma.

Organic Zn and Cu supplementation imprints on seminal plasma mineral, biochemical/ antioxidant activities and its relationship to spermatozoal characteristics in bucks

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of mineral supplementation on seminal plasma minerals level, biochemical constituents and total antioxidant capacity of Osmanabadi bucks. The study comprised of forty healthy bucks, aged five months were randomly assigned to ten groups (n = 4 per group). The control group was fed with a basal diet without any additional mineral supplementation. In addition to basal diet, treatment bucks were supplemented with three graded doses of organic Zinc (Zn) as 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg dry matter (DM); organic Copper (Cu) as 12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/ kg DM and combination of Zn + Cu as Zn20+Cu12.5, Zn40+Cu25, Zn60+Cu37.5 mg /kg DM basis respectively. Minerals were supplemented for 8 months and the separated seminal plasma used for analysis of minerals, biochemical profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonylation (PC). In treatment groups, significantly lower LPO and PC were observed, except Zn60 and Zn60+Cu37.5, where higher malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) formed. The TAC was relatively higher (P < 0.05) in Zn20, Zn40, Cu12.5 and Zn60+Cu37.5 than control. The minerals and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and positive relationship was observed among them. From this study, it was concluded that supplemented minerals changed the seminal plasma minerals profile (Zn- 7-13; Cu- 0.5-1.9 mg/L), reduced the stress (LPO and PC of control Vs treatment as 0.3 Vs 0.1 nmol/ml and 25.7 Vs 4.3 nmol protein carbonyl/mg protein), which improved the sperm quality in Zn40, all Cu treatments and Zn60+Cu37.5 groups respectively.

Comparison between sperm parameters and chromatin in recurrent pregnancy loss couples after antioxidant therapy

Background and Aims:

Recurrent Pregnancy loss (RPL) is a heterogeneous disease. The role of maternal factor is clear but the relationship between the paternal factors remains uncertain. It has been shown that increase the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and decrease the antioxidant levels in men can lead to RPL. New researches show treatment with antioxidant can improved sperm parameter. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vitamin E plus Zinc therapy on sperm parameters and chromatin quality in couples with RPL.

Methods:

In this clinical trial study, 60 RPL patients were selected from RPL clinic. Standard sperm parameters were analyzed and then male partners were intake vitamin E and Zinc in antioxidant therapy plan for 90 days. After that, sperm parameters were analyzed again. Sperm chromatin assay was reviewed before and after vitamin E and Zinc therapy by cytochemical assay including aniline blue (AB), chromomycin A3 (CMA3), toluidine blue (TB). To assess DNA fragmentation index, TUNEL test was used. Data were analyzed and compared before and after treatment.

Results:

data analysis showed all sperm parameters significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.001). The number of AB⁺ and TB⁺ sperms were decreased significantly after vitamin E and Zinc therapy (P = 0.0001). Decrease in DNA fragmentation in post treatment group in comparison to pre-treatment was statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Supplemental of vitamin E plus Zinc may improve sperm parameters chromatin quality and decrease sperm DNA fragmentation in RPL patients.

Developments and applications of nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes

This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the past ten years in the field of electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers sensors for biological species and pharmaceutical compounds (with subsections on sensors for antioxidants, catecholamines and amino acids). The next section covers sensors for environmental pollutants (with subsections on sensors for pesticides and heavy metal ions). Several tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods (differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, amperometry, etc.) and different nanomaterials available. A concluding section summarizes the status, addresses future challenges, and gives an outlook on potential trends.

This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the past ten years in the field of electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes.

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Urate Pathway Enzymes in Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma of Iraqi Asthenozoospermic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Uric acid (UA) is crucial for sperm metabolism as it protects seminal plasma against oxidative dam- age. Zinc also plays a central role in sperm metabolism. The current study was designed to investigate the role of zinc supplementation on qualitative and quantitative properties of seminal fluid, in parallel with the UA level and urate pathway enzymes in the semen of patients with asthenozoospermia.

Materials and Methods

The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial of 60 asthenozoospermic subfertile men. The current study, which was conducted during one year, involved 60 fertile and 60 asthenozoospermic subfertile men belonging to Hilla City, Iraq. Semen samples were obtained from the participants before and after treatment with zinc supplements. The levels of UA, xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NU) activities were determined in spermatozoa and seminal plasma of both groups.

Results

UA levels (P=0.034) and 5'-NU activity (P=0.046) were significantly lower but ADA (P=0.05) and XO (P=0.015) activities were significantly higher in infertile men than in healthy men. Treatment with zinc sulfate induced an increase in UA (P=0.001) level and 5'-NU activity (P=0.001), but a decrease in ADA (P=0.016) and XO (P=0.05) activities.

Conclusion

Zinc supplementation restores UA levels and the activities of enzymes involved in the urate pathway (XO and ADA) in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa of patients with asthenozoospermia, to reference values. Sup- plementation of Zn compounds enhances the qualitative and quantitative properties of semen (Registration number: NCT03361618).

Influence of Dietary Copper Methionine Concentrations on Growth Performance, Digestibility of Nutrients, Serum Lipid Profiles, and Immune Defenses in Broilers

A 42-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary copper (Cu) concentrations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters in broilers aged from 1 to 42 days. Five hundred forty 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 1 of the following 6 dietary treatments: (1) control (basal diet without supplemental Cu), (2) 15 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu15), (3) 30 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu30), (4) 60 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu60), (5) 120 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu120), and (6) 240 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu240), Cu as copper methionine. A 4-day metabolism trial was conducted during the last week of the experiment feeding. The results showed that dietary Cu supplementation increased the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake (P < 0.01). The feed gain ratio, however, was not affected by dietary Cu (P > 0.10). Additionally, dietary Cu supplementation increased the digestibility of fat and energy (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased with dietary Cu supplementation (P < 0.05). The activities of serum Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), and ceruloplasmin (P = 0.09), on the contrary, were increased by Cu addition. For immune indexes, dietary Cu supplementation increased serum IgA and IgM (P < 0.05). In addition, the activities of serum ALT increased with increasing dietary Cu supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that Cu supplementation can increase fat digestibility and promote growth. Additionally, dietary Cu supplementation can reduce serum cholesterol and enhance antioxidant capacity in broilers.

Effect of complexed trace minerals on cumulus-oocyte complex recovery and in vitro embryo production in beef cattle1,2

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of complexed trace mineral supplementation on ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production in lactating beef cows. Thirty days prior to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI; day −30), 68 postpartum cows were stratified by BW, BCS, and parity before being randomly assigned to 10 pens of either a treatment (TRT; n = 5) or a control (CNT; n = 5) group. Each group received a weekly mineral supplement allotment of 1.16 kg × week⁻¹ × cow–calf pair⁻¹ for 14 wk. Cows assigned to the TRT group received a mineral supplement that contained amino acid complexes of zinc, copper, and manganese, as well as cobalt glucoheptonate (Availa Plus; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN, USA), while cows assigned to the CNT group received a mineral supplement that was formulated to contain similar concentrations of these trace minerals from inorganic sources. All cows were submitted to a 7 d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol on day −10 and bred using FTAI on day 0. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on day 28 and nonpregnant cows were removed. All pregnant cows were subjected to ovum pick-up (OPU) on day 52 and 67 of gestation. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were evaluated and graded prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Analysis of variance was conducted to determine effects of treatment on response variables, and pen was considered the experimental unit. Supplement consumption did not differ (P = 0.48) between treatments (1.16 ± 0.12 vs. 1.07 ± 0.15 kg of DM × week⁻¹ × cow–calf pair⁻¹ for TRT and CNT, respectively). Total COC recovery was greater (P = 0.03) from TRT when compared with CNT cows (22.4 ± 2.0 vs. 16.4 ± 1.4 COCs × pen⁻¹, respectively) and the number of COCs meeting maturation criteria was increased in TRT cows (P = 0.05) when compared with CNT cows (15.9 ± 1.6 vs. 11.8 ± 1.0 COCs × pen⁻¹, respectively). Production of transferable embryos tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for TRT than CNT cows (4.7 ± 0.6 vs. 2.7 ± 0.7 embryos × pen⁻¹, respectively). Furthermore, when expressed as a ratio, the number of recovered COCs meeting maturation criteria that were required to produce a transferable embryo tended to be lower for TRT than CNT cows (3.10 ± 0.93 vs. 7.02 ± 1.60; P = 0.06). In summary, complete replacement with complexed trace mineral improved COC recovery and in vitro embryo production when compared with inorganic forms of these trace minerals in beef cows.

Organic Zn and Cu interaction impact on sexual behaviour, semen characteristics, hormones and spermatozoal gene expression in bucks (Capra hircus)

The reproductive performance during the transition from prepubertal to pubertal stage was evaluated in Osmanabadi breed bucks supplemented with organic Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu). A total number of 40 bucks aged 20 weeks were randomly assigned to 10 groups (each n = 4). The control group was maintained with basal diet, without any additional mineral supplementation. The treatment groups were supplemented with graded doses of organic Zn (Zn 20 mg, Zn 40 mg and Zn 60 mg), Cu (Cu 12.5 mg, Cu 25 mg and Cu 37.5 mg) and a combination of Zn + Cu (Zn 20 mg + Cu 12.5 mg, Zn 40 mg + Cu 25 mg and Zn 60 mg + Cu 37.5 mg), respectively for a period of 26 weeks (up to the age of 46 weeks). Sexual behaviour and scrotal biometry were recorded periodically. Blood and semen samples were collected and processed for LH estimation in blood plasma, and testosterone, T3 and T4 hormones in the seminal plasma. The mounts with ejaculation were observed earlier (P < 0.05) in the treatment bucks (from 38th week of age) than the control group (43rd week onwards). A positive correlation was observed between blood plasma LH and testosterone with total mounts (r = 0.31, P < 0.05; r = 0.51, P < 0.01) and mounts without ejaculation (r = 0.40, P < 0.01; r = 0.52, P < 0.01). A negative correlation between T4 with sperm number per ejaculation (r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and sperm concentration (r = -0.35, P < 0.05) had been noticed. Different doses of minerals showed positive interaction (P < 0.05) with sperm functional and behavioural characteristics. The spermatozoal gene expression of ODF2 and ZCCHC6 were significantly influenced by the mineral supplementation in all doses. The ZCCHC6 gene expression was positively correlated with testosterone (r = 0.50, P < 0.001) and sperm number per ejaculation (r = 0.42, P < 0.001), and ODF2 gene with T3 hormone (r = 0.34, P < 0.05). The present study indicates that the diet supplemented with organic trace minerals cause intense sexual behaviour, enhancement in sperm number per ejaculate, total motility, spermatozoal genes expression and altered LH, testosterone and T4 hormones.

Zinc: A Necessary Ion for Mammalian Sperm Fertilization Competency

The importance of zinc for male fertility only emerged recently, being propelled in part by consumer interest in nutritional supplements containing ionic trace minerals. Here, we review the properties, biological roles and cellular mechanisms that are relevant to zinc function in the male reproductive system, survey available peer-reviewed data on nutritional zinc supplementation for fertility improvement in livestock animals and infertility therapy in men, and discuss the recently discovered signaling pathways involving zinc in sperm maturation and fertilization. Emphasis is on the zinc-interacting sperm proteome and its involvement in the regulation of sperm structure and function, from spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation to sperm interactions with the female reproductive tract, capacitation, fertilization, and embryo development. Merits of dietary zinc supplementation and zinc inclusion into semen processing media are considered with livestock artificial insemination (AI) and human assisted reproductive therapy (ART) in mind. Collectively, the currently available data underline the importance of zinc ions for male fertility, which could be harnessed to improve human reproductive health and reproductive efficiency in agriculturally important livestock species. Further research will advance the field of sperm and fertilization biology, provide new research tools, and ultimately optimize semen processing procedures for human infertility therapy and livestock AI.

Relationship of organic mineral supplementation and spermatozoa/white blood cells mRNA in goats

The antioxidant properties and the protective role of organic zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in white blood cells (WBCs) and spermatozoa were analyzed through quantification of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) and correlations were determined with sperm functional characteristics in Osmanabadi bucks. Bucks (aged 5 months; n = 40) were divided into ten groups, and the dietary treatments comprised of a control and nine treatment groups as follows: organic Zn as Zn 20, Zn 40 and Zn 60, organic Cu as Cu 12.5, Cu 25, Cu 37.5 and combined organic Zn and Cu as Zn 20+Cu 12.5, Zn 40+Cu 25, Zn 60+Cu 37.5, respectively per kg dry matter for a period of 8 months. The blood (120 and 240 days) and semen (240 days: 40 × 4 = 160) samples were collected from 40 bucks. In WBCs: the relative abundance of mRNA for SOD1, CAT, GPx4, NFE2L2 was greater (P < 0.05) in (120 and 240 days) in majority of the mineral supplemented animals. In spermatozoa: the relative abundance of SOD1, NFE2L2, GPx4 and CAT mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in selected treatment groups. The abundance of SOD1 mRNA in WBCs was positively correlated (P <  0.05) with sperm mass motility (r = 0.692, P = 0.027). The abundance of GPx4 mRNA was negatively correlated (P <  0.05) with type A sperm (straightness; STR) > 85% and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) > 2.5 μm/ s) (r = -0.711, P = 0.021) and (P <  0.05) positively correlated with sperm viability (r = 0.669, P = 0.035). Organic Zn and Cu supplementation was associated with an increase in the expression of antioxidant defense enzyme genes in bucks.