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Zaborska M, Chruszcz M, Sadowski J, Klaudel T, Pelczarski M, Sztangreciak-Lehun A, Bułdak RJ. The most common skin symptoms in young adults and adults related to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:292. [PMID: 38819524 PMCID: PMC11142985 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Scientists from various areas of the world indicate in their studies that skin lesions occur in the course of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This article is a review of the most frequently described cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and the potential pathophysiology of their development, as well as information on abnormalities in histopathological tests. The article describes the impact of some factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on the exacerbation of chronic dermatological diseases. This work was constructed on the basis of 142 research studies, reviews, and meta-analyses, focusing on the methods and materials used in individual works as well as the results and conclusions resulting from them. Some skin lesions may be a potential prognostic marker of the course of the disease and may also be a prodromal symptom or the only symptom of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate some chronic dermatological diseases. A correlation was observed between the type of skin lesions and the patient's age. The occurrence of skin diseases may also be influenced by drugs used to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2. A relationship was observed between the patient's ethnic origin and skin lesions occurring in the course of COVID-19. There is a need to further diagnose the cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to learn the detailed pathomechanism of their occurrence in order to better understand the essence of the disease and find an appropriate treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zaborska
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland.
| | - Maksymilan Chruszcz
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Jakub Sadowski
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klaudel
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Michał Pelczarski
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Anna Sztangreciak-Lehun
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
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Pathak R, Eliscovich C, Mena I, Cupic A, Rutkowska M, Chandran K, Jangra RK, García-Sastre A, Singer RH, Kalpana GV. Visualization of Early RNA Replication Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 by Using Single Molecule RNA-FISH Combined with Immunofluorescence. Viruses 2024; 16:262. [PMID: 38400039 PMCID: PMC10893374 DOI: 10.3390/v16020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a global burden. Despite intensive research, the mechanism and dynamics of early viral replication are not completely understood, such as the kinetics of the formation of genomic RNA (gRNA), sub-genomic RNA (sgRNA), and replication centers/organelles (ROs). We employed single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (smRNA-FISH) to simultaneously detect viral gRNA and sgRNA and immunofluorescence to detect nsp3 protein, a marker for the formation of RO, and carried out a time-course analysis. We found that single molecules of gRNA are visible within the cytoplasm at 30 min post infection (p.i.). Starting from 2 h p.i., most of the viral RNA existed in clusters/speckles, some of which were surrounded by single molecules of sgRNA. These speckles associated with nsp3 protein starting at 3 h p.i., indicating that these were precursors to ROs. Furthermore, RNA replication was asynchronous, as cells with RNA at all stages of replication were found at any given time point. Our probes detected the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, and also suggested that the BA.1 strain exhibited a slower rate of replication kinetics than the WA1 strain. Our results provide insights into the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 early post-entry events, which will facilitate identification of new therapeutic targets for early-stage replication to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (K.C.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Carolina Eliscovich
- Department of Medicine (Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (I.M.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anastasija Cupic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (I.M.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (I.M.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (K.C.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (K.C.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (I.M.); (A.C.); (M.R.); (A.G.-S.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert H. Singer
- Departments of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Departments of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ganjam V. Kalpana
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (K.C.); (R.K.J.)
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Tsoi JYH, Cai J, Situ J, Lam WJ, Shun EHK, Leung JKY, Chen LL, Chan BPC, Yeung ML, Li X, Chan KH, Wong JSC, Kwan MYW, To KKW, Yuen KY, Sridhar S. Autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) after COVID-19 infection or vaccination. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29313. [PMID: 38100626 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are frequently reported in patients during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with evidence for a pathogenic role in severe infection. However, little is known of the prevalence or clinical significance of ACE2 autoantibodies in late convalescence or following COVID-19 vaccination. In this study, we measured ACE2 autoantibodies in a cohort of 182 COVID-19 convalescent patients, 186 COVID-19 vaccine recipients, and 43 adolescents with post-mRNA vaccine myopericarditis using two ACE2 enzymatic immunoassays (EIAs). ACE2 IgM autoantibody EIA median optical densities (ODs) were lower in convalescent patients than pre-COVID-19 control samples with only 2/182 (1.1%) convalescents testing positive. Similarly, only 3/182 (1.6%) convalescent patients tested positive for ACE2 IgG, but patients with history of moderate-severe COVID-19 tended to have significantly higher median ODs than controls and mild COVID-19 patients. In contrast, ACE2 IgG antibodies were detected in 10/186 (5.4%) COVID-19 vaccine recipients after two doses of vaccination. Median ACE2 IgG EIA ODs of vaccine recipients were higher than controls irrespective of the vaccine platform used (inactivated or mRNA). ACE2 IgG ODs were not correlated with surrogate neutralizing antibody levels in vaccine recipients. ACE2 IgG levels peaked at day 56 post-first dose and declined within 12 months to baseline levels in vaccine recipients. Presence of ACE2 antibodies was not associated with adverse events following immunization including myopericarditis. One convalescent patient with ACE2 IgG developed Guillain-Barre syndrome, but causality was not established. ACE2 autoantibodies are observed in COVID-19 vaccine recipients and convalescent patients, but are likely innocuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yiu Hung Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianpiao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winston Jim Lam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Estie Hon Kiu Shun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joy Ka Yi Leung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Pui Chun Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua Sung Chih Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mike Yat Wah Kwan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Kapp S, Gerdtz M, Gefen A, Padula W, Alves P, Trevellini C, Ghosh A, Shea A, Cross A, Sousa I, Santamaria N. Clinical and cost effectiveness of a system for turning and positioning intensive care unit patients, when compared to usual care turning and positioning devices, for the prevention of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. A randomised controlled trial. Int Wound J 2023; 20:3567-3579. [PMID: 37295778 PMCID: PMC10588344 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure injuries affect 13.1% to 45.5% of patients in the intensive care unit and lead to pain and discomfort for patients, burden on healthcare providers, and unnecessary cost to the health system. Turning and positioning systems offer improvements on usual care devices, however the evidence of the effectiveness of such systems is still emerging. We conducted an investigator initiated, prospective, single centre, two group, non-blinded, randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a system for turning and positioning intensive care unit patients, when compared to usual care turning and positioning devices, for preventing PIs. The trial was prematurely discontinued after enrolment of 78 participants due to COVID-19 pandemic related challenges and lower than expected enrolment rate. The study groups were comparable on baseline characteristics and adherence to the interventions was high. Four participants developed a PI (in the sacral, ischial tuberosity or buttock region), n = 2 each in the intervention and control group. Each participant developed one PI. As the trial is underpowered, these findings do not provide an indication of the clinical effectiveness of the interventions. There was no participant drop-out or withdrawal and there were no adverse events, device deficiencies, or adverse device effects identified or reported. The results of our study (in particular those pertaining to enrolment, intervention adherence and safety) provide considerations for future trials that seek to investigate how to prevent PIs among ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Kapp
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Department of NursingThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Marie Gerdtz
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Department of NursingThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Amit Gefen
- The Herbert J. Berman Chair in Vascular Bioengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - William Padula
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Health Economics, School of PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- University of Southern CaliforniaSchaeffer Center for Health Policy & EconomicsLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paulo Alves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Center for interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS) ‐ Institute of Health SciencesPortoPortugal
| | | | - Angaj Ghosh
- The Northern HospitalEppingVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | - Ines Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Department of NursingThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nick Santamaria
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Department of NursingThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
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5
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Hui KPY, Chin AWH, Ehret J, Ng KC, Peiris M, Poon LLM, Wong KHM, Chan MCW, Hosegood I, Nicholls JM. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Commercial Aircraft Interior Surfaces with Implications for Effective Control Measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6598. [PMID: 37623181 PMCID: PMC10454724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2022 devastated many aspects of life and the economy, with the commercial aviation industry being no exception. One of the major concerns during the pandemic was the degree to which the internal aircraft environment contributed to virus transmission between humans and, in particular, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on contact surfaces in the aircraft cabin interior. METHOD In this study, the stability of various major strains of SARS-CoV-2 on interior aircraft surfaces was evaluated using the TCID50 assessment. RESULTS In contrast to terrestrial materials, SARS-CoV-2 was naturally less stable on common contact points in the aircraft interior, and, over a 4 h time period, there was a 90% reduction in culturable virus. Antiviral and surface coatings were extremely effective at mitigating the persistence of the virus on surfaces; however, their benefit was diminished by regular cleaning and were ineffective after 56 days of regular use and cleaning. Finally, successive strains of SARS-CoV-2 have not evolved to be more resilient to survival on aircraft surfaces. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 on interior aircraft surfaces are more than sufficient, and epidemiological evidence over the past three years has not found that surface spread is a major route of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P. Y. Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex W. H. Chin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John Ehret
- Qantas Airways Ltd., Qantas 10 Bourke Rd Mascot, Sydney, NSW 2020, Australia
| | - Ka-Chun Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Karen H. M. Wong
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China; (K.P.Y.H.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Hosegood
- Qantas Airways Ltd., Qantas 10 Bourke Rd Mascot, Sydney, NSW 2020, Australia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam HKG, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Feng Y, Yang M, Fan Z, Zhao W, Kim P, Zhou X. COVIDanno, COVID-19 annotation in human. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1129103. [PMID: 37497545 PMCID: PMC10366449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has caused a global health crisis. Despite ongoing efforts to treat patients, there is no universal prevention or cure available. One of the feasible approaches will be identifying the key genes from SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. SARS-CoV-2-infected in vitro model, allows easy control of the experimental conditions, obtaining reproducible results, and monitoring of infection progression. Currently, accumulating RNA-seq data from SARS-CoV-2 in vitro models urgently needs systematic translation and interpretation. To fill this gap, we built COVIDanno, COVID-19 annotation in humans, available at http://biomedbdc.wchscu.cn/COVIDanno/. The aim of this resource is to provide a reference resource of intensive functional annotations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among different time points of COVID-19 infection in human in vitro models. To do this, we performed differential expression analysis for 136 individual datasets across 13 tissue types. In total, we identified 4,935 DEGs. We performed multiple bioinformatics/computational biology studies for these DEGs. Furthermore, we developed a novel tool to help users predict the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection for a given sample. COVIDanno will be a valuable resource for identifying SARS-CoV-2-related genes and understanding their potential functional roles in different time points and multiple tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Feng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Fan
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pora Kim
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Guerrero-Romero F, Micke O, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Vormann J, Iotti S, Banjanin N, Rosanoff A, Baniasadi S, Pourdowlat G, Nechifor M. Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050735. [PMID: 37237547 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg/dL and dietary Mg intakes > 329 mg/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Juergen Vormann
- Institute for Prevention and Nutrition, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolina Banjanin
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Rosanoff
- CMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA
| | - Shadi Baniasadi
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Guitti Pourdowlat
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mihai Nechifor
- Department of Pharmacology, Gr. T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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8
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Kakavandi S, Zare I, VaezJalali M, Dadashi M, Azarian M, Akbari A, Ramezani Farani M, Zalpoor H, Hajikhani B. Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:110. [PMID: 37189112 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in the genome of this virus. S, M, H, and E proteins are structural proteins, and NSPs include accessory and replicase proteins. The structural and NSP components of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in its infectivity, and some of them may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with targets such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways by triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, and Eph receptors, which play important roles in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, and multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, lung malignancies, and leukemias. Several compounds such as polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, and ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a stronger affinity for human ACE2 than the spike protein of SARS-CoV, leading the current study to hypothesize that the newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds to human ACE2 more strongly than the primary strain. SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) viruses against structural and NSPs have become resistant to previous vaccines. Therefore, the review of recent studies and the performance of current vaccines and their effects on COVID-19 and related diseases has become a vital need to deal with the current conditions. This review examines the potential role of these SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the initiation of chronic diseases, and it is anticipated that these proteins could serve as components of an effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 and related diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran
| | - Maryam VaezJalali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Kaiser A. The Role of Spermidine and Its Key Metabolites in Important, Pathogenic Human Viruses and in Parasitic Infections Caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050803. [PMID: 37238673 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The triamine spermidine is a key metabolite of the polyamine pathway. It plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases caused by viral or parasitic infections. Spermidine and its metabolizing enzymes, i.e., spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, acetyl polyamine oxidase, and deoxyhypusine synthase, fulfill common functions during infection in parasitic protozoa and viruses which are obligate, intracellular parasites. The competition for this important polyamine between the infected host cell and the pathogen determines the severity of infection in disabling human parasites and pathogenic viruses. Here, we review the impact of spermidine and its metabolites in disease development of the most important, pathogenic human viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, Ebola, and in the human parasites Plasmodium and Trypanosomes. Moreover, state-of-the-art translational approaches to manipulate spermidine metabolism in the host and the pathogen are discussed to accelerate drug development against these threatful, infectious human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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10
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Milota T, Smetanova J, Bartunkova J. Clinical Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010109. [PMID: 36678457 PMCID: PMC9860966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused a worldwide pandemic, affecting more than 630 million individuals and causing 6.5 million deaths. In the general population, poorer outcomes have been associated with older age, chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases, and lymphopenia, highlighting the important role of cellular immunity in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 variants may have a significant impact on disease severity. There is a significant overlap with complications commonly found in inborn errors of immunity (IEI), such as primary antibody deficiencies. The results of various studies have provided ambiguous findings. Several studies identified risk factors in the general population with a minor impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, other studies have found a significant contribution of underlying immunodeficiency and immune-system dysregulation to the disease course. This ambiguity probably reflects the demographic differences and viral evolution. Impaired antibody production was associated with prolonged viral shedding, suggesting a critical role of humoral immunity in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. This may explain the poorer outcomes in primary antibody deficiencies compared to other IEIs. Understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and identifying risk factors may help us identify patients at high risk of severe COVID-19 for whom preventive measures should be introduced.
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11
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Bafadhel M, Faner R, Taillé C, Russell RE, Welte T, Barnes PJ, Agustí A. Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/166/220099. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0099-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused severe illness and mortality for millions worldwide. Despite the development, approval and rollout of vaccination programmes globally to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), treatments are still urgently needed to improve outcomes. Early in the pandemic it was observed that patients with pre-existing asthma or COPD were underrepresented among those with COVID-19. Evidence from clinical studies indicates that the inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) routinely taken for asthma and COPD could have had a protective role in preventing severe COVID-19 and, therefore, may be a promising treatment for COVID-19. This review summarises the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of ICS on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and explores the potential protective mechanisms.
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12
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Neuromasts and Olfactory Organs of Zebrafish Larvae Represent Possible Sites of SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Host Cell Entry. J Virol 2022; 96:e0141822. [PMID: 36448804 PMCID: PMC9769390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01418-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the acute respiratory disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has resulted in millions of deaths globally. Here, we explored the mechanism of host cell entry of a luciferase-ZsGreen spike (SARS-CoV-2)-pseudotyped lentivirus using zebrafish embryos/larvae as an in vivo model. Successful pseudovirus entry was demonstrated via the expression of the luciferase (luc) gene, which was validated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Treatment of larvae with chloroquine (a broad-spectrum viral inhibitor that blocks membrane fusion) or bafilomycin A1 (a specific inhibitor of vacuolar proton ATPases, which blocks endolysosomal trafficking) significantly reduced luc expression, indicating the possible involvement of the endolysosomal system in the viral entry mechanism. The pharmacological inhibition of two-pore channel (TPC) activity or use of the tpcn2dhkz1a mutant zebrafish line also led to diminished luc expression. The localized expression of ACE2 and TPC2 in the anterior neuromasts and the forming olfactory organs was demonstrated, and the occurrence of endocytosis in both locations was confirmed. Together, our data indicate that zebrafish embryos/larvae are a viable and tractable model to explore the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry, that the peripheral sense organs are a likely site for viral host cell entry, and that TPC2 plays a key role in the translocation of the virus through the endolysosomal system. IMPORTANCE Despite the development of effective vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, which help prevent the most life-threatening symptoms, full protection cannot be guaranteed, especially with the emergence of new viral variants. Moreover, some resistance to vaccination remains in certain age groups and cultures. As such, there is an urgent need for the development of new strategies and therapies to help combat this deadly disease. Here, we provide compelling evidence that the peripheral sensory organs of zebrafish possess several key components required for SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry. The nearly transparent larvae provide a most amenable complementary platform to investigate the key steps of viral entry into host cells, as well as its spread through the tissues and organs. This will help in the identification of key viral entry steps for therapeutic intervention, provide an inexpensive model for screening novel antiviral compounds, and assist in the development of new and more effective vaccines.
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13
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Pathak R, Eliscovich C, Mena I, Dixit U, García-Sastre A, Singer RH, Kalpana GV. Visualization of early RNA replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 by using single molecule RNA-FISH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.12.10.517707. [PMID: 36561180 PMCID: PMC9774214 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.10.517707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused a major global burden. Despite intensive research, the mechanism and dynamics of early viral replication are not completely understood including the kinetics of formation of plus stranded genomic and subgenomic RNAs (gRNA and sgRNA) starting from the RNA from the first virus that enters the cell. We employed single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (smRNA-FISH) to simultaneously detect viral gRNA and sgRNA in infected cells and carried out a time course analysis to determine the kinetics of their replication. We visualized the single molecules of gRNA within the cytoplasm of infected cells 30 minutes post-infection and detected the co-expression of gRNA and sgRNA within two hours post-infection. Furthermore, we observed the formation of a replication organelle (RO) from a single RNA, which led to the formation of multiple ROs within the same cells. Single molecule analysis indicated that while gRNA resided in the center of these ROs, the sgRNAs were found to radiate and migrate out of these structures. Our results also indicated that after the initial delay, there was a rapid but asynchronous replication, and the gRNA and sgRNAs dispersed throughout the cell within 4-5 hours post-infection forming multiple ROs that filled the entire cytoplasm. These results provide insight into the kinetics of early post-entry events of SARS-CoV-2 and the formation of RO, which will help to understand the molecular events associated with viral infection and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets that can curb the virus at a very early stage of replication to combat COVID-19. Author Summary SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to be a global burden. Soon after the entry, SARS-CoV-2 replicates by an elaborate process, producing genomic and subgenomic RNAs (gRNA and sgRNAs) within specialized structures called replication organelles (RO). Many questions including the timing of multiplication of gRNA and sgRNA, the generation, subcellular localization, and function of the ROs, and the mechanism of vRNA synthesis within ROs is not completely understood. Here, we have developed probes and methods to simultaneously detect the viral gRNA and a sgRNA at single cell single molecule resolution and have employed a method to scan thousands of cells to visualize the early kinetics of gRNA and sgRNA synthesis soon after the viral entry into the cell. Our results reveal that the replication is asynchronous and ROs are rapidly formed from a single RNA that enters the cell within 2 hours, which multiply to fill the entire cell cytoplasm within ~4 hours after infection. Furthermore, our studies provide a first glimpse of the gRNA and sgRNA synthesis within ROs at single molecule resolution. Our studies may facilitate the development of drugs that inhibit the virus at the earliest possible stages of replication to minimize the pathogenic impact of viral infection.
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14
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Stein SR, Ramelli SC, Grazioli A, Chung JY, Singh M, Yinda CK, Winkler CW, Sun J, Dickey JM, Ylaya K, Ko SH, Platt AP, Burbelo PD, Quezado M, Pittaluga S, Purcell M, Munster VJ, Belinky F, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Boritz EA, Lach IA, Herr DL, Rabin J, Saharia KK, Madathil RJ, Tabatabai A, Soherwardi S, McCurdy MT, Peterson KE, Cohen JI, de Wit E, Vannella KM, Hewitt SM, Kleiner DE, Chertow DS. SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy. Nature 2022; 612:758-763. [PMID: 36517603 PMCID: PMC9749650 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 during acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with some patients experiencing prolonged symptoms, termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (refs. 4,5). However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance are not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. Here we carried out complete autopsies on 44 patients who died with COVID-19, with extensive sampling of the central nervous system in 11 of these patients, to map and quantify the distribution, replication and cell-type specificity of SARS-CoV-2 across the human body, including the brain, from acute infection to more than seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, predominantly among patients who died with severe COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the brain, early in infection. Further, we detected persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including throughout the brain, as late as 230 days following symptom onset in one case. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA throughout the body, we observed little evidence of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside the respiratory tract. Our data indicate that in some patients SARS-CoV-2 can cause systemic infection and persist in the body for months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R. Stein
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sabrina C. Ramelli
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Alison Grazioli
- grid.419635.c0000 0001 2203 7304Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Manmeet Singh
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - James M. Dickey
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sung Hee Ko
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Andrew P. Platt
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Peter D. Burbelo
- grid.419633.a0000 0001 2205 0568National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Martha Quezado
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Madeleine Purcell
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Frida Belinky
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.280785.00000 0004 0533 7286Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Eli A. Boritz
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Izabella A. Lach
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Daniel L. Herr
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Medicine and Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Joseph Rabin
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Surgery and Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kapil K. Saharia
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ronson J. Madathil
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ali Tabatabai
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Shahabuddin Soherwardi
- grid.417209.90000 0004 0429 3816Hospitalist Department, TidalHealth Peninsula Regional, Salisbury, MD USA
| | - Michael T. McCurdy
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.416700.40000 0004 0440 9540Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center, Towson, MD USA
| | | | - Karin E. Peterson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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15
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Iacobucci I, Monaco V, Canè L, Bibbò F, Cioffi V, Cozzolino F, Guarino A, Zollo M, Monti M. Spike S1 domain interactome in non-pulmonary systems: A role beyond the receptor recognition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:975570. [PMID: 36225252 PMCID: PMC9550266 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.975570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which, since 2019 in China, has rapidly become a worldwide pandemic. The aggressiveness and global spread were enhanced by the many SARS-CoV-2 variants that have been isolated up to now. These mutations affect mostly the viral glycoprotein Spike (S), the capsid protein mainly involved in the early stages of viral entry processes, through the recognition of specific receptors on the host cell surface. In particular, the subunit S1 of the Spike glycoprotein contains the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and it is responsible for the interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Although ACE2 is the primary Spike host receptor currently studied, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is also able to infect cells expressing low levels of ACE2, indicating that the virus may have alternative receptors on the host cells. The identification of the alternative receptors can better elucidate the pathogenicity and the tropism of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we investigated the Spike S1 interactomes, starting from host membrane proteins of non-pulmonary cell lines, such as human kidney (HK-2), normal colon (NCM460D), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). We employed an affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to pull down, from the membrane protein extracts of all cell lines, the protein partners of the recombinant form of the Spike S1 domain. The purified interactors were identified by a shotgun proteomics approach. The lists of S1 potential interacting proteins were then clusterized according to cellular localization, biological processes, and pathways, highlighting new possible S1 intracellular functions, crucial not only for the entrance mechanisms but also for viral replication and propagation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bibbò
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (DMMBM), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Cioffi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (DMMBM), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Monti,
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16
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The Entero-Mammary Pathway and Perinatal Transmission of Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810306. [PMID: 36142219 PMCID: PMC9499685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease threatening pregnant women, which increases the possibility of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several recent studies have demonstrated the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the mother enterocytes, disturbing the gut microbiota diversity. The aim of this study was to characterize the entero-mammary microbiota of women in the presence of the virus during delivery. Fifty mother−neonate pairs were included in a transversal descriptive work. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal, mother rectal swabs (MRS) and neonate rectal swabs (NRS) collected from the pairs, and human colostrum (HC) samples collected from mothers. The microbiota diversity was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of V3-16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from HC, MRS, and NRS. Data were analyzed with QIIME2 and R. Our results indicate that several bacterial taxa are highly abundant in MRS positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. These bacteria mostly belong to the Firmicutes phylum; for instance, the families Bifidobacteriaceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Microbacteriaceae have been previously associated with anti-inflammatory effects, which could explain the capability of women to overcome the infection. All samples, both positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2, featured a high abundance of the Firmicutes phylum. Further data analysis showed that nearly 20% of the bacterial diversity found in HC was also identified in MRS. Spearman correlation analysis highlighted that some genera of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla were negatively correlated with MRS and NRS (p < 0.005). This study provides new insights into the gut microbiota of pregnant women and their potential association with a better outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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17
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Jackson RM, Hatton CF, Spegarova JS, Georgiou M, Collin J, Stephenson E, Verdon B, Haq IJ, Hussain R, Coxhead JM, Mudhar HS, Wagner B, Hasoon M, Davey T, Rooney P, Khan CMA, Ward C, Brodlie M, Haniffa M, Hambleton S, Armstrong L, Figueiredo F, Queen R, Duncan CJA, Lako M. Conjunctival epithelial cells resist productive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1699-1713. [PMID: 35750043 PMCID: PMC9222349 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival epithelial cells, which express viral-entry receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2), constitute the largest exposed epithelium of the ocular surface tissue and may represent a relevant viral-entry route. To address this question, we generated an organotypic air-liquid-interface model of conjunctival epithelium, composed of basal, suprabasal, and superficial epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, which could be maintained successfully up to day 75 of differentiation. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), with complementary imaging and virological assays, we observed that while all conjunctival cell types were permissive to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome expression, a productive infection did not ensue. The early innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in conjunctival cells was characterised by a robust autocrine and paracrine NF-κB activity, without activation of antiviral interferon signalling. Collectively, these data enrich our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the human ocular surface, with potential implications for the design of preventive strategies and conjunctival transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jackson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine F Hatton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Maria Georgiou
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bernard Verdon
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iram J Haq
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rafiqul Hussain
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Hardeep-Singh Mudhar
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS) Department of Histopathology, E-Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bart Wagner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Megan Hasoon
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tracey Davey
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Rooney
- NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue and Eye Services, Liverpool, UK
| | - C M Anjam Khan
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Ward
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francisco Figueiredo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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18
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Yen HL, Valkenburg S, Sia SF, Choy KT, Peiris JSM, Wong KHM, Crossland N, Douam F, Nicholls JM. Cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters and B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J transgenic mice. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:639-647. [PMID: 34467820 PMCID: PMC8721337 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211043084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several animal models have been developed to study the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate vaccines and therapeutic agents for this emerging disease. Similar to infection with SARS-CoV-1, infection of Syrian hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 results in moderate respiratory disease involving the airways and lung parenchyma but does not lead to increased mortality. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, we showed that the epithelium of the conducting airways of hamsters was the primary target for viral infection within the first 5 days of infection, with little evidence of productive infection of pneumocytes. At 6 days postinfection, antigen was cleared but parenchymal damage persisted, and the major pathological changes resolved by day 14. These findings are similar to those previously reported for hamsters with SARS-CoV-1 infection. In contrast, infection of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice resulted in pneumocyte damage, with viral particles and replication complexes in both type I and type II pneumocytes together with the presence of convoluted or cubic membranes; however, there was no evidence of virus replication in the conducting airways. The Syrian hamster is a useful model for the study of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination strategies, whereas infection of the K18-hCE2 transgenic mouse results in lethal disease with fatal neuroinvasion but with sparing of conducting airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Yen
- The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Sin Fun Sia
- The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Tim Choy
- The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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19
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Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of ARDS in Rat. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8418509. [PMID: 35756754 PMCID: PMC9226970 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8418509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the main causes of high mortality in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). In recent years, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the number of patients with ARDS has increased significantly. Unfortunately, until now, there are no effective treatments for ARDS caused by COVID-19. Many drugs are either ineffective or have a low effect. Currently, there have been reports of efficient use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of ARDS caused by COVID-19. We investigated the influence of freeze-dried human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HPMSCs) in ARDS rat model. All animals have received intratracheal injection of 6 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The rats were randomly divided into five groups: I: LPS, II: LPS+dexamethasone, III: LPS+HPMSCs, IV: HPMSC, and V: saline. ARDS observation time was short-term and amounted to 168 hours. The study has shown that HPMSCs are able to migrate and attach to damaged lung tissue, contributing to the resolution of pathology, restoration of function, and tissue repair in the alveolar space. Studies have also shown that the administration of HPMSCs in animals with ARDS model significantly reduced the levels of key cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Freeze-dried placental stem cell is a very promising biomaterial for the treatment of ARDS. The human placenta can be easily obtained because it is considered as a medical waste. At the same time, a huge number of MSCs can be obtained from the placental tissue, and there is no ethical controversy around their use. The freeze-dried MSCs from human placental tissue can be stored sterile at room temperature for a long time before use.
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20
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Mishra S, Gupta V, Rahman W, Gazala MP, Anil S. Association between Periodontitis and COVID-19 Based on Severity Scores of HRCT Chest Scans. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10060106. [PMID: 35735648 PMCID: PMC9222103 DOI: 10.3390/dj10060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A relationship between periodontitis and COVID-19 may exist, as highlighted by several hypothetical models. However, the evidence is limited. Hence, the present study was conducted to determine whether an association exists between periodontitis and COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were divided into three groups—mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19—based on the COVID-19 severity score of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest scans. Periodontal parameters—including the plaque index (PI), ratio of sites with gingival bleeding (BOP), pocket depth (PD), gingival recession (REC), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and mean numbers of mobile and missing teeth due to periodontitis—were recorded for all three groups. Statistical analyses were applied to the data. Results: Of 294 patients with COVID-19, approximately 50.68% (n = 149) had periodontitis, and the highest percentage (87.5%) was reported in the severe COVID-19 group. Additionally, severe and advanced stages of periodontitis (stage III–IV) were found to be significantly more frequent in subjects with severe COVID-19 than in the other two groups. The HRCT severity score (CT-SS) was moderately correlated with increased levels of periodontal parameters. Conclusions: Results of logistic regression analyses showed that the probability of developing severe COVID-19 was 2.81 times higher in patients with periodontitis. An association exists between periodontitis and severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Mishra
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur 492001, India; (S.M.); (V.G.); (W.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Vineeta Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur 492001, India; (S.M.); (V.G.); (W.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Waheda Rahman
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur 492001, India; (S.M.); (V.G.); (W.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - M. P. Gazala
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur 492001, India; (S.M.); (V.G.); (W.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 974-50406670
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21
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Chan KKP, Hui DSC. Contemporary Concise Review 2021: COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Respirology 2022; 27:661-668. [PMID: 35670259 PMCID: PMC9347613 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bats are likely the primary source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Minks are highly susceptible to infection by SARS‐CoV‐2. Transmission from asymptomatic individuals was estimated to account for over 50% of all transmissions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases. SARS‐CoV‐2 is evolving towards more efficient aerosol transmission. Remdesivir, baricitinib, tocilizumab and dexamethasone are frequently used for the treatment of patients with respiratory failure due to COVID‐19. There is a rising incidence of non‐tuberculous Mycobacterium pulmonary disease globally, with a higher prevalence in Asian countries than in the Western world. Protracted bacterial bronchitis is a common cause of chronic productive cough in childhood. Re‐emergence of respiratory syncytial virus may occur after the relaxation of infection control measures and the reopening of borders during COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K P Chan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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22
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El‐Hayek E, Kahwagi G, Issy N, Tawil C, Younis N, Abou‐Khalil R, Matar M, Hallit S. Factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection severity among a sample of Lebanese adults: Data from a cross‐sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e654. [PMID: 35620538 PMCID: PMC9125884 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Identification of factors responsible for severe illness related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) could help in the early management of patients with high risk, especially in developing countries with poor medical care systems. To date, no data have been published concerning the factors associated with COVID‐19 severity in Lebanon. In this study, we aimed at investigating the relation between sociodemographic variables, health status, and the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in a sample of Lebanese adults. Methods In our cross‐sectional study, 1052 patients (563 male and 489 female, with the median age of 42.83 ± 17.88 years), tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) between January and March 2021, were recruited from a hospital in Byblos, Lebanon. Basic demographic data, medical history, clinical data, and selfreported symptoms related to COVID‐19 were collected. Clinical classification of COVID‐19 severity was carried out according to the WHO interim guidance on May 27, 2020. Multi and bivariate regression analysis were performed. Results When comparing patients with moderate symptoms versus mild, the results showed that older age (aOR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.06) and having dyslipidemia (aOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.01–3.49) were significantly associated with higher odds of having moderate symptoms. When comparing patients with severe symptoms versus mild, older age (aOR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.06–1.10), higher body mass index (aOR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) and having respiratory diseases (aOR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.03–6.36) were significantly associated with higher odds of having severe symptoms, whereas female gender (aOR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32–0.98) was significantly associated with lower odds of having severe symptoms compared to males. Finally, when comparing patients with severe symptoms versus moderate, older age (aOR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05) was found to be significantly associated with higher odds of having severe symptoms. Conclusion Identification of risk factors may contribute to a better understanding of the COVID‐19 pathogenesis and provide clinical reference for early prognosis and management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissar El‐Hayek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Georges‐Junior Kahwagi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Nour Issy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Christina Tawil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Nabil Younis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Rony Abou‐Khalil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik‐Jounieh Jounieh Lebanon
| | - Madonna Matar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) Jounieh Lebanon
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Infectious Diseases Notre Dame Des Secours University Hospital Jbeil Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Infectious Diseases Notre Dame Des Secours University Hospital Jbeil Lebanon
- Research Department Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross Jal Eddib Lebanon
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities Effat University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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23
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Ninham B, Reines B, Battye M, Thomas P. Pulmonary surfactant and COVID-19: A new synthesis. QRB DISCOVERY 2022; 3:e6. [PMID: 37564950 PMCID: PMC10411325 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chapter 1 COVID-19 pathogenesis poses paradoxes difficult to explain with traditional physiology. For instance, since type II pneumocytes are considered the primary cellular target of SARS-CoV-2; as these produce pulmonary surfactant (PS), the possibility that insufficient PS plays a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis has been raised. However, the opposite of predicted high alveolar surface tension is found in many early COVID-19 patients: paradoxically normal lung volumes and high compliance occur, with profound hypoxemia. That 'COVID anomaly' was quickly rationalised by invoking traditional vascular mechanisms-mainly because of surprisingly preserved alveolar surface in early hypoxemic cases. However, that quick rejection of alveolar damage only occurred because the actual mechanism of gas exchange has long been presumed to be non-problematic, due to diffusion through the alveolar surface. On the contrary, we provide physical chemical evidence that gas exchange occurs by an process of expansion and contraction of the three-dimensional structures of PS and its associated proteins. This view explains anomalous observations from the level of cryo-TEM to whole individuals. It encompasses results from premature infants to the deepest diving seals. Once understood, the COVID anomaly dissolves and is straightforwardly explained as covert viral damage to the 3D structure of PS, with direct treatment implications. As a natural experiment, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has helped us to simplify and clarify not only the nature of dyspnea and its relationship to pulmonary compliance, but also the fine detail of the PS including such features as water channels which had heretofore been entirely unexpected. Chapter 2 For a long time, physical, colloid and surface chemistry have not intersected with physiology and cell biology as much as we might have hoped. The reasons are starting to become clear. The discipline of physical chemistry suffered from serious unrecognised omissions that rendered it ineffective. These foundational defects included omission of specific ion molecular forces and hydration effects. The discipline lacked a predictive theory of self-assembly of lipids and proteins. Worse, theory omitted any role for dissolved gases, O2, N2, CO2, and their existence as stable nanobubbles above physiological salt concentration. Recent developments have gone some way to explaining the foam-like lung surfactant structures and function. It delivers O2/N2 as nanobubbles, and efflux of CO2, and H2O nanobubbles at the alveolar surface. Knowledge of pulmonary surfactant structure allows an explanation of the mechanism of corona virus entry, and differences in infectivity of different variants. CO2 nanobubbles, resulting from metabolism passing through the molecular frit provided by the glycocalyx of venous tissue, forms the previously unexplained foam which is the endothelial surface layer. CO2 nanobubbles turn out to be lethal to viruses, providing a plausible explanation for the origin of 'Long COVID'. Circulating nanobubbles, stable above physiological 0.17 M salt drive various enzyme-like activities and chemical reactions. Awareness of the microstructure of Pulmonary Surfactant and that nanobubbles of (O2/N2) and CO2 are integral to respiratory and circulatory physiology provides new insights to the COVID-19 and other pathogen activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Ninham
- Materials Physics (formerly Department of Applied Mathematics), Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2600, Australia
- School of Science, University of New South Wales, Northcott Drive, Campbell, Canberra, ACT2612, Australia
| | - Brandon Reines
- Materials Physics (formerly Department of Applied Mathematics), Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2600, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5607 Baum Blvd, Pittsburgh, PA15206, USA
| | | | - Paul Thomas
- Materials Physics (formerly Department of Applied Mathematics), Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2600, Australia
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24
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Varlas VN, Borș RG, Pop AL, Năsui BA, Bacalbasa N, Bohîlțea R, Vlădăreanu R, Manolea C. Oncofertility and COVID-19: At the Crossroads between Two Time-Sensitive Fields. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051221. [PMID: 35268312 PMCID: PMC8911324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 infection has dominated our lives and left its mark on it. The impact on fertility is major, and the long-term consequences may be disastrous. When we talk about oncofertility, we are talking about those patients worried about the delay in receiving medical services (possible cancelation of surgery, decreased availability of medical services, reorientation of medical resources) due to COVID-19. Finally, patients’ worsening biological and reproductive statuses, associated with high levels of anxiety and depression, are closely related to social restrictions, economic impact, reorientation of medical resources, health policies, and fears of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aim: We reviewed the current literature on fertility during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on cancer patients. Specifically, how cancer treatment can affect fertility, the options to maintain fertility potential, and the recovery options available after treatment are increasingly common concerns among cancer patients. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using two main central databases (PubMed®/MEDLINE, and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies using keywords SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oncofertility, young cancer patient, cryopreservation, assisted reproductive techniques (ART), psychosocial, telemedicine. Results: In the present study, 45 papers were included, centered on the six main topics related to COVID-19. Conclusions: Fertility preservation (FP) should not be discontinued, but instead practiced with adjustments to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients requires screening for COVID-19 before FP procedures, among both patients and medical staff in FP clinics, to prevent infection that would rapidly worsen the condition and lead to severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Nicolae Varlas
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Georgiana Borș
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Anca Lucia Pop
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdana Adriana Năsui
- Department of Community Health, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cantacuzino Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Bohîlțea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Radu Vlădăreanu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Clinical Hospital, 17 Mărăști Blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Manolea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (A.L.P.); (N.B.); (R.V.); (C.M.)
- Assisted Reproduction Department, Columna Medical Center, 021522 Bucharest, Romania
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25
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Complications Post-COVID-19 and Risk Factors among Patients after Six Months of a SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:49-67. [PMID: 36417267 PMCID: PMC9620887 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In October 2020, we conducted a population-based prospective cohort study to determine post-COVID-19 complications, recovery, return to usual health, and associated risk factors in 536 cases of COVID-19 outbreak in Borriana (Spain) by administering an epidemiological questionnaire via phone interviews. A total of 484 patients participated (90.3%), age mean 37.2 ± 17.1 years, and 301 females (62.2%). Mild illness was the most common COVID-19 manifestation. After six months, 160 patients (33.1%) suffered at least one complication post-COVID-19, and 47 (29.4%) of them sought medical assistance. The most frequent persistent symptoms were hair loss, fatigue, loss of smell or taste, and headache. Risk factors associated with a complication were female sex (adjusted relative risk, [aRR] = 1.93 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-2.65), age 35 years and above (aRR = 1.50 95% CI 1.14-1.99), B blood group (aRR = 1.51 95% CI 1.04-2.16), current smoker (RR = 1.61 95% CI 1.02-2.54), and at least a COVID-19 exposure (aRR = 2.13 95% CI 1.11-4.09). Male sex, age younger than 35 years, and low COVID-19 exposures were associated with better recovery and return to usual health. A third of patients presented persistent symptoms compatible with the long-COVID-19 syndrome. In conclusion, an active medical follow-up of post-COVID-19 patients must be implemented.
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26
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Terrier O, Si-Tahar M, Ducatez M, Chevalier C, Pizzorno A, Le Goffic R, Crépin T, Simon G, Naffakh N. Influenza viruses and coronaviruses: Knowns, unknowns, and common research challenges. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010106. [PMID: 34969061 PMCID: PMC8718010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines in a record time after the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a remarkable achievement, partly based on the experience gained from multiple viral outbreaks in the past decades. However, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis also revealed weaknesses in the global pandemic response and large gaps that remain in our knowledge of the biology of coronaviruses (CoVs) and influenza viruses, the 2 major respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we review current knowns and unknowns of influenza viruses and CoVs, and we highlight common research challenges they pose in 3 areas: the mechanisms of viral emergence and adaptation to humans, the physiological and molecular determinants of disease severity, and the development of control strategies. We outline multidisciplinary approaches and technological innovations that need to be harnessed in order to improve preparedeness to the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Inserm U1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- RNA Biology and Influenza Virus Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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27
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Wang Q, Liu L. On the Critical Role of Human Feces and Public Toilets in the Transmission of COVID-19: Evidence from China. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 75:103350. [PMID: 34540563 PMCID: PMC8433098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The surprising spread speed of the COVID-19 pandemic creates an urgent need for investigating the transmission chain or transmission pattern of COVID-19 beyond the traditional respiratory channels. This study therefore examines whether human feces and public toilets play a critical role in the transmission of COVID-19. First, it develops a theoretical model that simulates the transmission chain of COVID-19 through public restrooms. Second, it uses stabilized epidemic data from China to empirically examine this theory, conducting an empirical estimation using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) model with appropriate instrumental variables (IVs). This study confirms that the wastewater directly promotes the transmission of COVID-19 within a city. However, the role of garbage in this transmission chain is more indirect in the sense that garbage has a complex relationship with public toilets, and it promotes the transmission of COVID-19 within a city through interaction with public toilets and, hence, human feces. These findings have very strong policy implications in the sense that if we can somehow use the ratio of public toilets as a policy instrument, then we can find a way to minimize the total number of infections in a region. As shown in this study, pushing the ratio of public toilets (against open defecation) to the local population in a city to its optimal level would help to reduce the total infection in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Wang
- School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, P.R China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, P.R China
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28
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Guo Y, Wang B, Gao H, Gao L, Hua R, Xu JD. ACE2 in the Gut: The Center of the 2019-nCoV Infected Pathology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:708336. [PMID: 34631794 PMCID: PMC8493804 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.708336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019-nCoV is a rapidly contagious pneumonia caused by the recently discovered coronavirus. Although generally the most noticeable symptoms are concentrated in the lungs, the disorders in the gastrointestinal tract are of great importance in the diagnosis of 2019-nCoV. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an important regulator of many physiological functions, including blood pressure and nutrients absorption, is recently identified as a vital entry for 2019-nCoV to enter host cells. In this review, we summarize its functions both physiologically and pathologically. We also elaborate its conflicting roles from the clews of contemporary researches, which may provide significant indications for pharmacological investigations and clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine "5+3" Program, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine "5+3" Program, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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29
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Insel PA, Blaschke TF, Amara SG, Meyer UA. Introduction to the Theme "New Insights, Strategies, and Therapeutics for Common Diseases". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:19-24. [PMID: 34606327 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091421-094627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reviews in Volume 62 of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT) cover a diverse range of topics. A theme that encompasses many of these reviews is their relevance to common diseases and disorders, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and Down syndrome. Other reviews highlight important aspects of therapeutics, including placebos and patient-centric approaches to drug formulation. The reviews with this thematic focus, as well as other reviews in this volume, emphasize new mechanistic insights, experimental and therapeutic strategies, and novel insights regarding topics in the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology. As the editors of ARPT, we believe that these reviews help advance those disciplines and, even more importantly, have the potential to improve the health care of the world's population. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | | | - Susan G Amara
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Urs A Meyer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Sridhar S, Nicholls J. Pathophysiology of infection with SARS-CoV-2-What is known and what remains a mystery. Respirology 2021; 26:652-665. [PMID: 34041821 PMCID: PMC8242464 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has caused extensive disruption and mortality since its recent emergence. Concomitantly, there has been a race to understand the virus and its pathophysiology. The clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 are manifold and not restricted to the respiratory tract. Extrapulmonary manifestations involving the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, cardiovascular and renal systems have been widely reported. However, the pathophysiology of many of these manifestations is controversial with questionable support for direct viral invasion and an abundance of alternative explanations such as pre‐existing medical conditions and critical illness. Prior research on SARS‐Co‐V and NL63 was rapidly leveraged to identify angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor as the key cell surface receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2. The distribution of ACE2 has been used as a starting point for estimating vulnerability of various tissue types to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Sophisticated organoid and animal models have been used to demonstrate such infectivity of extrapulmonary tissues in vitro, but the clinical relevance of these findings remains uncertain. Clinical autopsy studies are typically small and inevitably biased towards patients with severe COVID‐19 and prolonged hospitalization. Technical issues such as delay between time of death and autopsy, use of inappropriate antibodies for paraffin‐embedded tissue sections and misinterpretation of cellular structures as virus particles on electron micrograph images are additional problems encountered in the extant literature. Given that SARS‐CoV‐2 is likely to circulate permanently in human populations, there is no doubt that further work is required to clarify the pathobiology of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - John Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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