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Kirshenbaum JS, Pagliaccio D, Bitran A, Xu E, Auerbach RP. Why do adolescents attempt suicide? Insights from leading ideation-to-action suicide theories: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:266. [PMID: 38937430 PMCID: PMC11211511 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents, and recent suicide theories have sought to clarify the factors that facilitate the transition from suicide ideation to action. Specifically, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS), Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model (IMV), and Three Step Theory (3ST) have highlighted risk factors central to the formation of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors, which is necessary for suicide death. However, these models were initially developed and tested among adults, and given core socioemotional and neurodevelopmental differences in adolescents, the applicability of these models remains unclear. Directly addressing this gap in knowledge, this systematic review aimed to (1) describe the evidence of leading ideation-to-action theories (i.e., IPTS, IMV, 3ST) as they relate to suicide risk among adolescents, (2) integrate ideation-to-action theories within prevailing biological frameworks of adolescent suicide, and (3) provide recommendations for future adolescent suicide research. Overall, few studies provided a complete test of models in adolescent samples, and empirical research testing components of these theories provided mixed support. Future research would benefit from integrating neurodevelopmental and developmentally sensitive psychosocial frameworks to increase the applicability of ideation-to-action theories to adolescents. Further, utilizing real-time monitoring approaches may serve to further clarify the temporal association among risk factors and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn S Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alma Bitran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Wang P, Ouyang M, Yin Y, Li B. Mother phubbing and adolescents' problematic SNS use: the mediating role of perceived burdensomeness and the moderating role of need to belong. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1098707. [PMID: 37359861 PMCID: PMC10289230 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a rapidly growing academic interest on parental phubbing, however, little research has explored the association between mother phubbing and adolescent problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU), the underlying mediating and moderating effects in this relationship are also in need to be uncovered. The present study examined whether mother phubbing would be positively related to adolescent PSNSU, whether perceived burdensomeness would mediate this relationship, and whether need to belong would moderate the associations between mother phubbing and adolescent PSNSU. The hypothesized research model was examined among 3,915 Chinese adolescents (47% of them were boys, mean age = 16.42 ± 0.77 years). The results showed that mother phubbing was positively associated with adolescent PSNSU and perceived burdensomeness mediated this association. Furthermore, need to belong moderated the relationship between perceived burdensomeness and PSNSU, the relationship between mother phubbing and perceived burdensomeness, and the relationship between mother phubbing and PSNSU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingkun Ouyang
- School of Education Science, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Biao Li
- School of Journalism and Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Shah Z, Wei L. Interpersonal risk communication matters more than media risk communication in its impact on individuals' trust and preventive behaviors during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2022; 82:103369. [PMID: 36267112 PMCID: PMC9569931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey study from 1496 respondents was conducted to investigate how interpersonal risk communication and media risk communication foster individuals' interpersonal trust and trust in scientists during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Findings reveal that interpersonal risk communication is significantly related to interpersonal trust and trust in scientists, but have no direct association with preventive behaviors. Media risk communication is significantly associated with preventive behaviors and increases individuals' trust in scientists while having no effect on interpersonal trust. Preventive behaviors are significantly influenced by both interpersonal trust and trust in scientists. In addition, trust mediated the association between risk communication and preventive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Shah
- College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wei
- College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Levi-Belz Y, Ben-Yaish T. Prolonged Grief Symptoms among Suicide-Loss Survivors: The Contribution of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710545. [PMID: 36078261 PMCID: PMC9518413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide-loss survivors (SLSs) are a population with unique characteristics that place them at increased risk for developing grief complications and painful feelings of guilt that may impact their supportive social environment. However, no studies to date have examined the role of intrapersonal and interpersonal variables that may contribute to prolonged grief symptoms (PGS) as outlined by the new DSM-5 criteria. The present study aimed to extend knowledge regarding the role of interpersonal variables, such as perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and self-disclosure, in determining the impact of guilt on the development of PGS among SLSs. METHOD This study is part of a longitudinal study, though, in this study, we used a cross-sectional examination of the recently completed fourth measurement. Study participants included 152 SLSs aged 22 to 76 who completed questionnaires measuring guilt, depression, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, self-disclosure, and PGS using the Prolonged Grief-Revised Inventory. Participants' demographics and loss-related characteristics, such as time since suicide and participant's age at the time of suicide, were examined. RESULTS Confirming the hypotheses, intrapersonal variables (i.e., guilt and depression), as well as interpersonal variables (i.e., perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and self-disclosure), contributed significantly to PGS beyond sociodemographic and loss-related factors. Perceived burdensomeness significantly moderated the contribution of guilt to PGS: for participants with high burdensomeness levels, guilt contributed to PGS more strongly than for participants with low burdensomeness. CONCLUSION Guilt is an important contributor to PGS among SLSs, and perceived burdensomeness plays a critical role in moderating this contribution. In light of these findings, it can be suggested that SLSs with high levels of guilt should receive special attention and may benefit from therapeutic interventions focusing on reducing maladaptive cognitions that elicit intense guilt or perceived burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Levi-Belz
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 40250, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-9-8983028; Fax: +972-9-8983022
| | - Tamir Ben-Yaish
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 40250, Israel
- Clinical Psychology of Adulthood and Aging M.A. Program, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 40250, Israel
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Kassing F, Dodd CG, Palmer LE, Hill RM. Comfort Expressing Emotions and Suicide Ideation: Evidence of Indirect Effects Via Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:886-895. [PMID: 33126840 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1841053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation strategies and related constructs have been implicated both as risk and protective factors in a range of mental health outcomes among young adults. To expand upon this previous research, we examined comfort expressing four discrete emotions (i.e., love, happiness, sadness, and anger) as factors that protect against suicide ideation in young adults, within the context of the interpersonal theory of suicide. METHOD The sample consisted of 449 college students (73.1% female, 70.6% Hispanic, Mage = 20.5 years) taking part in a larger study of mood and well-being. Students were recruited from a psychology participant pool and completed self-report measures at a single time point for course credit. Comfort expressing emotions and suicide ideation were assessed using the Measure of Verbally Expressed Emotion (MoVEE) and Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ), respectively. Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were assessed using the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ). RESULTS Preliminary analyses revealed negative associations between comfort expressing all four emotions and suicide ideation (rs = -.13 to -.26). Results from structural equation modeling supported indirect effects from comfort expressing happiness and sadness to suicide ideation, via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. An indirect effect was also identified from comfort expressing love to suicide ideation, via thwarted belongingness. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that comfort expressing emotions (particularly sadness and happiness) is a protective factor against suicide ideation for young adults. These findings suggest that suicide-prevention efforts may wish to focus on increasing comfort expressing emotions to trusted support networks as potential intervention targets.HIGHLIGHTSComfort expressing emotions is negatively associated with suicide ideation.Comfort expressing emotions is associated with belongingness and burdensomeness.Comfort expressing emotions may be a potential target for suicide prevention.
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Graves M, Penner F, Sharp C. Interpersonal trust in adolescents with psychiatric disorders and borderline pathology. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2021; 9:176-186. [PMID: 34805011 PMCID: PMC8596190 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2021-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescents with features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) may experience deficits in interpersonal trust; however, a simultaneous comparison of interpersonal trust among adolescents with BPD, other psychiatric disorders, and no psychiatric conditions (healthy controls) has never been conducted. Objective: The aims of this study were to 1) explore differences in interpersonal trust (emotional trust, honesty beliefs, and reliability beliefs) between these three groups, and 2) examine the incremental value of BPD features in association with interpersonal trust over and above internalizing and externalizing. Method: Adolescents (N = 445, 67.9% female, Mage = 15.13) recruited from two psychiatric hospitals (psychiatric sample, n = 280) and community organizations (healthy sample, n = 165) completed measures of BPD features, interpersonal trust, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Psychiatric adolescents also completed an interview assessing BPD (n = 83 BPD). ANCOVA and hierarchical linear regression were used for analyses. Results: Emotional trust differed significantly across all three groups, with the lowest level of emotional trust in adolescents with BPD. Reliability was also lower in the two psychiatric groups relative to healthy controls. BPD features were significantly, inversely associated with emotional trust and reliability beliefs when controlling for internalizing and externalizing pathology. Post-hoc analyses testing specificity of the three forms of trust found that lower emotional trust predicted BPD diagnosis over and above the other two forms of trust. Conclusions: Findings highlight emotional trust as a correlate and important target of intervention for adolescents with BPD, and add to knowledge on interpersonal trust deficits for adolescents with psychiatric disorders more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Penner
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Revisión y análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Confianza interpersonal para niños argentinos. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
En el año 2004, Sacchi publicó una escala para evaluar la confianza interpersonal en niños y niñas argentinos (ESCI-niños). Su trabajo constituyó la primera iniciativa realizada en el país para abordar el estudio sistemático de esta variable que resulta crucial para el desempeño social saludable. No obstante, los resultados psicométricos preliminares no fueron completamente adecuados y la autora sugirió retomar su análisis en futuras investigaciones. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar y analizar psicométricamente la ESCI-niños a fin de aportar nuevas evidencias de su confiabilidad y validez. Primeramente, se reemplazó la escala de respuesta Si-No por una de cinco puntos, y se eliminaron los ítems de relleno. En segundo lugar, se administró el instrumento a 343 niños y niñas (M= 10,93; DE= 1,24), estudiantes desde cuarto a séptimo grado de la escolaridad primaria en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio indicó una estructura binaria “Confianza-Desconfianza”. Cada factor incluye 8 ítems y presenta una consistencia interna admisible para población infantil (ω Confianza= .69; ω Desconfianza= .67). Para estudiar la validez nomológica, la ESCI-niños fue correlacionada con una medida de apego, observándose relaciones significativas entre Confianza y Apego Seguro (r = .27; p < .001), y entre Desconfianza y estilos de Apego Evitativo (r = .32; p < .001) y Ansioso/Ambivalente (r = .32; p < .001). Se concluye que la ESCI-niños muestra un funcionamiento aceptable en población infantil argentina, aunque sería recomendable continuar explorando otras propiedades psicométricas. Se discuten limitaciones y orientaciones para futuros estudios
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Rubio A, Oyanedel JC, Bilbao M, Mendiburo-Seguel A, López V, Páez D. Suicidal Ideation Mediates the Relationship Between Affect and Suicide Attempt in Adolescents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:524848. [PMID: 33414735 PMCID: PMC7782311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide, as one of the leading causes of death for the adolescent population, both in Chile and globally, remains a complex and elusive phenomenon. This research studies the association between positive and negative affect in relation with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, given that affectivity is a fundamental basis on which people make evaluations on their satisfaction with life. First, it examines the reliability, structure, and validity of Watson's positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) scale in a representative random sample of Chilean high school students (N = 4,568). The scale evidences strong reliability coefficients and a confirmatory factor analysis, excluding one positive (excited) and one negative (nervous) item. The scale shows a satisfactory goodness of fit. Secondly, it investigates the association of PANAS positive and negative affect scores with suicidal ideation as well as reported attempt in adolescents, controlling for the potential effect of age and sex (N = 420 high school students). Low positive and high negative affect, but not sex and age, show a significant association with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation totally mediates the association of affect with suicide attempt, as expected. Results are discussed regarding prevention and it considers how positive and negative affect can be relevant as indicators for prevention and treatment using widely available technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rubio
- Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Oyanedel
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marian Bilbao
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Verónica López
- Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Dario Páez
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
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Gossip is a fearful thing: the impact of negative workplace gossip on knowledge hiding. JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jkm-04-2020-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The crucial role of knowledge sharing in an organization has become even more crucial lately, resulting in garnering more attention by scholars. In reality, while several organizations expect their employees to share knowledge with colleagues actively, many choose to hide their knowledge when asked for help. This study aims to explore whether negative workplace gossip (NWG) affects employee knowledge hiding (KH), as well as analyzes whether relational identification (RI) and interpersonal trust (IT) play a chain mediating role between the two, and discusses whether forgiveness climate (FC) could be used as a boundary condition in the relationships mentioned above.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the conservation of resource (COR) theory and the cognitive–affective personality system (CAPS) theory, the authors surveyed 326 employees in China at 2 time-points and explored the correlation between NWG and KH, as well as the underlying mechanism. Using confirmatory factor analysis, bootstrapping method and structural equation model, the authors validated the research hypotheses.
Findings
The findings revealed the following: NWG negatively correlates with KH; RI and IT play a mediation role between NWG and KH, respectively, and both variables also play a chain mediation role in the relationship mentioned above; and FC moderates the negative impact of NWG on RI, further moderating the chain mediation between RI and IT and between NWG and KH.
Originality/value
First, this study established the correlation between NWG and KH, as well as analyzed the internal mechanism between the two. Besides, this study adds to scholars’ understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which these effects could occur. Second, this study demonstrated the moderating effect of FC – a situational feature that has been neglected in previous studies. Furthermore, this study can not only complement the situational factors ignored in previous studies but also broaden the application scope of CAPS. Finally, this study effectively combines COR and CAPS, which provides a basis for the application of these two theories in the future.
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Yu Z, Xu L, Sun L, Zhang J, Qin W, Li J, Ding G, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xie S. Association between interpersonal trust and suicidal ideation in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of 7070 subjects in Shandong, China. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:206. [PMID: 31269989 PMCID: PMC6610842 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Suicidal ideation is an important public health issue due to devastating mortality. In the meantime, interpersonal trust was found to be negatively associated with mental disorder and physical health. Although there is increasing evidence that interpersonal trust is a significant predictor of suicidal ideation, evidence of this association is still lacking in the developing world. The aim of this study was to test the association between interpersonal trust and suicidal ideation among older adults in China. METHODS Using a multi-stage stratified sampling strategy, 7070 older adults aged 60 and above from Shandong Province, China were recruited in this study. Socio-demographic characteristics, health status, family relationship, psychological distress, interpersonal trust and suicidal ideation in the last 12 months were obtained through face to face interviews. The association between interpersonal trust and suicidal ideation was assessed using multiple logistic regression models adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health status, family relationship and psychological distress. RESULTS 7.1% of participants reported suicidal ideation in the past 12 months, which was related to gender, resident area, marital status, educational level, self-rated economic, chronic disease, self-rated health status and family relationship within 1 month, psychological distress and interpersonal trust. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health status, family relationship and psychological distress, interpersonal mistrust was associated with two times odds of suicidal ideation when compared to interpersonal trust CONCLUSIONS: The interpersonal trust was associated with suicidal ideation among elderly in Shandong, China. Intervention approaches regarding inducing and promoting interpersonal trust should be developed to prevent suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Yu
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Long Sun
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Wenzhe Qin
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Jiajia Li
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Gan Ding
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Qian Wang
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Jing Zhu
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Su Xie
- 0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37NHC, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012 China ,0000 0004 1761 1174grid.27255.37Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, 250012 China
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