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Yamashita M, Iwamoto S, Ochiai M, Yamamoto A, Sudo K, Narushima R, Nagasaka T, Saito A, Oba M, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Yamamoto K. Pathogenicity of genotype 2.1 classical swine fever virus isolated from Japan in 2019 in pigs. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:267-280. [PMID: 38946035 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) re-emerged in Japan in 2018 for the first time in 26 years. The disease has been known to be caused by a moderately pathogenic virus, rather than the highly pathogenic virus that had occurred in the past. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains unknown. This study conducted an experimental challenge on specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs in a naïve state for 2, 4, and 6 weeks and confirmed the disease state during each period by clinical observation, virus detection, and pathological necropsy. We revealed the pathological changes and distribution of pathogens and virus-specific antibodies at each period after virus challenge. These results were comprehensively analyzed and approximately 70% of the pigs recovered, especially at 4- and 6-week post-virus challenge. This study provides useful information for future countermeasures against CSF by clarifying the pathogenicity outcomes in unvaccinated pigs with moderately pathogenic genotype 2.1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Yamashita
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Iwamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ochiai
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasumi Sudo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
- Livestock Industry Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Narushima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Nagasaka
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Saito
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
- Exotic Diseases Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang L, Tang R, Liang D, Wang W, Min K, Luo T, Li X. Uncovering the Interaction between TRAF1 and MAVS in the RIG-I Pathway to Enhance the Upregulation of IRF1/ISG15 during Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection. Cells 2024; 13:1165. [PMID: 38995016 PMCID: PMC11240745 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which poses a threat to swine production. The activation of host innate immunity through linker proteins such as tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) is crucial for the induction of the NF-κB pathway. Recent research has revealed the involvement of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in the interaction with TRAF2, 3, 5, and 6 to activate both the NF-κB and IRF3 pathways. This study revealed that CSFV infection led to the upregulation of TRAF1 mRNA and protein levels; moreover, TRAF1 overexpression inhibited CSFV replication, while TRAF1 knockdown promoted replication, highlighting its importance in the host response to CSFV infection. Additionally, the expression of RIG-I, MAVS, TRAF1, IRF1, and ISG15 were detected in PK-15 cells infected with CSFV, revealing that TRAF1 plays a role in regulating IRF1 and ISG15 within the RIG-I pathway. Furthermore, Co-IP, GST pull-down, and IFA analyses demonstrated that TRAF1 interacted with MAVS and co-localized in the cytoplasm during CSFV infection. Ultimately, TRAF1 acted as a novel member of the TRAF family, bound to MAVS as a linker molecule, and functioned as a mediator downstream of MAVS in the RIG-I/MAVS pathway against CSFV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rongze Tang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dongli Liang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kaijun Min
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guaxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (R.T.); (D.L.); (W.W.); (K.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guaxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
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3
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Li X, Song Y, Wang X, Fu C, Zhao F, Zou L, Wu K, Chen W, Li Z, Fan J, Li Y, Li B, Zeng S, Liu X, Zhao M, Yi L, Chen J, Fan S. The regulation of cell homeostasis and antiviral innate immunity by autophagy during classical swine fever virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2164217. [PMID: 36583373 PMCID: PMC9848339 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2164217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CSFV (classical swine fever virus) is currently endemic in developing countries in Asia and has recently re-emerged in Japan. Under the pressure of natural selection pressure, CSFV keeps evolving to maintain its ecological niche in nature. CSFV has evolved mechanisms that induce immune depression, but its pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. In this study, using transcriptomics and metabolomics methods, we found that CSFV infection alters innate host immunity by activating the interferon pathway, inhibiting host inflammation, apoptosis, and remodelling host metabolism in porcine alveolar macrophages. Moreover, we revealed that autophagy could alter innate immunity and metabolism induced by CSFV infection. Enhanced autophagy further inhibited CSFV-induced RIG-I-IRF3 signal transduction axis and JAK-STAT signalling pathway and blocked type I interferon production while reducing autophagy inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway and apoptosis in CSFV infection cells. Furthermore, the level of CSFV infection-induced glycolysis and the content of lactate and pyruvate, as well as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, a derivative of glycolysis converted to serine, was altered by autophagy. We also found that silencing HK2 (hexokinase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolytic metabolism, could induce autophagy but reduce the interferon signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway, and inhibition of apoptosis induced by CSFV infection. In addition, inhibited cellular autophagy by silencing ATG5 or using 3-Methyladenine, could backfill the inhibitory effect of silencing HK2 on the cellular interferon signalling pathway, NF-κB signalling pathway, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linke Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Shuangqi Fan College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Chen WT, Liu HM, Chang CY, Deng MC, Huang YL, Chang YC, Chang HW. Cross-reactivities and cross-neutralization of different envelope glycoproteins E2 antibodies against different genotypes of classical swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1169766. [PMID: 37180072 PMCID: PMC10172653 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1169766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), wreaking havoc on global swine production. The virus is divided into three genotypes, each comprising 4-7 sub-genotypes. The major envelope glycoprotein E2 of CSFV plays an essential role in cell attachment, eliciting immune responses, and vaccine development. In this study, to study the cross-reaction and cross-neutralizing activities of antibodies against different genotypes (G) of E2 glycoproteins, ectodomains of G1.1, G2.1, G2.1d, and G3.4 CSFV E2 glycoproteins from a mammalian cell expression system were generated. The cross-reactivities of a panel of immunofluorescence assay-characterized serum derived from pigs with/without a commercial live attenuated G1.1 vaccination against different genotypes of E2 glycoproteins were detected by ELISA. Our result showed that serum against the LPCV cross-reacted with all genotypes of E2 glycoproteins. To evaluate cross-neutralizing activities, hyperimmune serum from different CSFV E2 glycoprotein-immunized mice was also generated. The result showed that mice anti-E2 hyperimmune serum exhibited better neutralizing abilities against homologous CSFV than heterogeneous viruses. In conclusion, the results provide information on the cross-reactivity of antibodies against different genogroups of CSFV E2 glycoproteins and suggest the importance of developing multi-covalent subunit vaccines for the complete protection of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- College of Bioresources and Agriculture, Animal Health Research Institute, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hui-Wen Chang,
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5
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Xia YJ, Xu L, Zhao JJ, Li YX, Wu RZ, Song XP, Zhao QZ, Liu YB, Wang Q, Zhang QY. Development of a quadruple PCR-based gene microarray for detection of vaccine and wild-type classical swine fever virus, African swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Virol J 2022; 19:201. [PMID: 36447230 PMCID: PMC9708128 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF), African swine fever (ASF), and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) are acute, virulent, and contagious viral diseases currently hampering the pig industry in China, which result in mummification or stillbirths in piglets and mortality in pigs. Diagnostic assays for the differentiation of infection and vaccination of CSFV, in addition to the detection of ASFV and APPV, are urgently required for better prevention, control, and elimination of these viral diseases in China. METHODS A quadruple PCR-based gene microarray assay was developed in this study to simultaneously detect wild-type and vaccine CSFV strains, ASFV and APPV according to their conserved regions. Forty-two laboratory-confirmed samples, including positive samples of 10 other swine viral diseases, were tested using this assay to confirm its high specificity. RESULTS This assay's limit of detections (LODs) for the wild-type and vaccine CSFV were 6.98 and 6.92 copies/µL. LODs for ASFV and APPV were 2.56 × 10 and 1.80 × 10 copies/µL, respectively. When compared with standard RT-PCR or qPCR for CSFV (GB/T 26875-2018), ASFV (MARR issue No.172), or APPV (CN108611442A) using 219 clinical samples, the coincidence was 100%. The results showed that this assay with high sensitivity could specifically distinguish ASFV, APPV, and CSFV, including CSFV infection and immunization. CONCLUSION This assay provides a practical, simple, economic, and reliable test for the rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of the three viruses and may have good prospects for application in an epidemiological investigation, prevention, and control and elimination of these three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-ju Xia
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-jie Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xi Li
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-zhi Wu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-peng Song
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-zu Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-bing Liu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-yi Zhang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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6
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Generation of PCBP1-deficient pigs using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. iScience 2022; 25:105268. [PMID: 36274935 PMCID: PMC9579030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a classic swine fever pathogen, causes severe economic losses worldwide. Poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1), which interacts with Npro of CSFV, plays a vital role in CSFV growth. We are the first to report the generation of PCBP1-deficient pigs via gene-editing technology. The PCBP1-deficient pigs exhibited normal birth weight and reproductive-performance traits and developed normally. Viral challenge experiments indicated that primary cells isolated from F0- and F1-generation pigs exhibited significantly reduced CSFV infection. Additional mechanistic exploration further confirmed that the PCBP1 deficiency-mediated antiviral effect is related to the activation of type I interferon (IFN). Besides showing that a gene-editing strategy could be used to generate PCBP1-deficient pigs, our study introduces a valuable animal model for further investigating the infection mechanisms of CSFV that will help to develop better antiviral solutions. Reduced CSFV infection in PCBP1-deficient cells is related to activated ISGs expression PCBP1-deficient pigs were successfully generated via gene-editing technology Primary cells isolated from PCBP1-deficient pigs exhibited reduced CSFV infection
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7
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Li F, Li B, Niu X, Chen W, Li Y, Wu K, Li X, Ding H, Zhao M, Chen J, Yi L. The Development of Classical Swine Fever Marker Vaccines in Recent Years. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040603. [PMID: 35455351 PMCID: PMC9026404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe disease that has caused serious economic losses for the global pig industry and is widely prevalent worldwide. In recent decades, CSF has been effectively controlled through compulsory vaccination with a live CSF vaccine (C strain). It has been successfully eradicated in some countries or regions. However, the re-emergence of CSF in Japan and Romania, where it had been eradicated, has brought increased attention to the disease. Because the traditional C-strain vaccine cannot distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA), this makes it difficult to fight CSF. The emergence of marker vaccines is considered to be an effective strategy for the decontamination of CSF. This paper summarizes the progress of the new CSF marker vaccine and provides a detailed overview of the vaccine design ideas and immunization effects. It also provides a methodology for the development of a new generation of vaccines for CSF and vaccine development for other significant epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinni Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.); +86-20-8528-8017 (L.Y.)
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (X.N.); (W.C.); (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.L.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.); +86-20-8528-8017 (L.Y.)
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8
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Nguyen NH, Thi Phuong BN, Nguyen TQ, Do Tien D, Nguyen Thi MD, Nguyen MN. Genotypic diversity of CSFV field strains: A silent risk reduces vaccination efficacy of CSFV vaccines in Vietnam. Virology 2022; 571:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Rab22a cooperates with Rab5 and NS4B in classical swine fever virus entry process. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Yao J, Su L, Wang Q, Gao L, Xie J, He Y, Shu X, Song C, Chai J, Zhang Y, Yang S. Epidemiological investigation and phylogenetic analysis of Classical Swine Fever virus in Yunnan province from 2015 to 2021. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e57. [PMID: 35920121 PMCID: PMC9346530 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the causative agent of classical swine fever (CFS), is a highly contagious disease that poses a serious threat to Chinese pig populations. Objectives Many provinces of China, such as Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning provinces, have reported epidemics of CSFV, while the references to the epidemic of CSFV in Yunnan province are rare. This study examined the epidemic characteristics of the CSFV in Yunnan province. Methods In this study, 326 tissue samples were collected from different regions in Yunnan province from 2015 to 2021. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), sequences analysis, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the pathogenic detection and analysis of these 326 clinical specimens. Results Approximately 3.37% (11/326) of specimens tested positive for the CSFV by RT-PCR, which is lower than that of other regions of China. Sequence analysis of the partial E2 sequences of eleven CSFV strains showed that they shared 89.0–100.0% nucleotide (nt) and 95.0–100.0% amino acid (aa) homology, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel isolates belonged to the subgenotypes 2.1c and 2.1d, with subgenotype 2.1c being predominant. Conclusions The CSFV was sporadic in China’s Yunnan province from 2015 to 2021. Both 2.1c and 2.1d subgenotypes were found in this region, but 2.1c was dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Linlin Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qiaoping Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiarui Xie
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xianghua Shu
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunlian Song
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jun Chai
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yifang Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
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11
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Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus envelope protein genes E2 and E rns circulating in Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105140. [PMID: 34781037 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an RNA virus that incurs severe economic costs to swine industries worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity among CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam, with a focus on their genetic variants relative to four vaccine strains. Samples from clinical cases were collected from different provinces of Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. 21 CSFV-positive samples were selected for amplification and sequencing of the full-length Erns and E2 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of these two genes showed that most CSFV strains circulating in Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 belong to subgroup 2.1c, whereas the remaining strains cluster into subgroup 2.2. All CSFV field strains in this study were genetically distant from group 1 strains. Analysis of the E2 and Erns genes indicated that all CSFV field strains have low sequence identity with the vaccine strains (80-83.5% and 82.3-86% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively). Likewise, amino acid-level sequence analysis showed 87.3-91.1% and 87.6-91.6% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively. Together, our findings indicate that CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam belong to subtypes 2.2 and 2.1c, and we also provide novel insights into the epidemiology, molecular characteristics, genetic diversity, and evolution of these circulating CSFV strains.
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12
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Efficiency Comparison of a Novel E2 Subunit Vaccine and a Classic C-Strain Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080148. [PMID: 34437470 PMCID: PMC8402791 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important viral diseases in swine, causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. In China, CSF is one of the key diseases that needs to be controlled; the government has implemented control measures, and vaccination with C-strain vaccines (C-vacs) has been compulsory since the 1950s. C-vacs do not allow the differentiation of field virus-infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). In 2012, China proposed a goal of eradicating CSF. Additionally, a baculovirus-expressed E2 subunit vaccine (E2-vac) was licensed in 2018. However, the C-vac and E2-vac characteristics have not been compared. Here, we demonstrate that both the C-vac and E2-vac provide complete protection against CSF in pigs. The E2-vac allows DIVA, and the E2 antibody responses of stimulated pigs are developed earlier and are stronger than the C-vac antibody responses. Therefore, the E2-vac is a new candidate licensed vaccine to completely eradicate CSF on pig farms.
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13
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Liu ZH, Xu HL, Han GW, Tao LN, Lu Y, Zheng SY, Fang WH, He F. Self-Assembling Nanovaccine Enhances Protective Efficacy Against CSFV in Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689187. [PMID: 34367147 PMCID: PMC8334734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious pathogen, which pose continuous threat to the swine industry. Though most attenuated vaccines are effective, they fail to serologically distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals, hindering CSFV eradication. Beneficially, nanoparticles (NPs)-based vaccines resemble natural viruses in size and antigen structure, and offer an alternative tool to circumvent these limitations. Using self-assembling NPs as multimerization platforms provides a safe and immunogenic tool against infectious diseases. This study presented a novel strategy to display CSFV E2 glycoprotein on the surface of genetically engineered self-assembling NPs. Eukaryotic E2-fused protein (SP-E2-mi3) could self-assemble into uniform NPs as indicated in transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). SP-E2-mi3 NPs showed high stability at room temperature. This NP-based immunization resulted in enhanced antigen uptake and up-regulated production of immunostimulatory cytokines in antigen presenting cells (APCs). Moreover, the protective efficacy of SP-E2-mi3 NPs was evaluated in pigs. SP-E2-mi3 NPs significantly improved both humoral and cellular immunity, especially as indicated by the elevated CSFV-specific IFN-γ cellular immunity and >10-fold neutralizing antibodies as compared to monomeric E2. These observations were consistent to in vivo protection against CSFV lethal virus challenge in prime-boost immunization schedule. Further results revealed single dose of 10 μg of SP-E2-mi3 NPs provided considerable clinical protection against lethal virus challenge. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that this NP-based technology has potential to enhance the potency of subunit vaccine, paving ways for nanovaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hui Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Wei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Tao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su-Ya Zheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Huan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Wang X, Yang Y, Yang X, Liu X, Wang X, Gao L, Yang C, Lan R, Bi J, Zhao Q, Yang G, Wang J, Lin Y, Liu J, Yin G. Classical swine fever virus infection suppresses claudin-1 expression to facilitate its replication in PK-15 cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:105012. [PMID: 34062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most epidemic viral diseases in swine industry. The causative pathogen is CSF virus (CSFV), a small enveloped RNA virus of Flaviviridae family. Claudin-1 was reported to be involved in the infections of a number of viruses, including many from Flaviviridae family, but no studies have investigated the role of porcine claudin-1 during CSFV infection in PK-15 cells. In this study, on the one hand, we demonstrated that CSFV infection reduced the claudin-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels; on the other hand, CSFV infection was enhanced after claudin-1 knockdown, but inhibited by claudin-1 overexpression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, negative correlation was demonstrated between the claudin-1 expression and CSFV titer. In conclusion, claudin-1 might be a barrier for CSFV infection in PK-15 cells, while CSFV bypasses the barrier through lysosome mediated degradation of claudin-1, which could be repressed by bafilomycin A1. Although the elaborate mechanisms how claudin-1 plays its roles in CSFV infection require further investigations, this study may advance our understanding of the molecular host-pathogen interaction mechanisms underlying CSFV infection and suggests enhancement of porcine claudin-1 as a potential preventive or therapeutic strategy for CSF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu'ai Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Gao
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Lan
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Junlong Bi
- Institute of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, 546 Lucheng South Rd, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnna, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chuxiong, 675000, Yunnan, China
| | - Guishu Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gefen Yin
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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15
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Zhu X, Liu M, Wu X, Ma W, Zhao X. Phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates from China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2255-2261. [PMID: 34003359 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is a severe disease that causes huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. In China, CSF has been under control due to extensive vaccination since 1954. However, there are still sporadic CSF outbreaks in China. Here, we isolated 27 CSFV strains from three Chinese provinces (Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia) from 2011 to 2018. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length envelope glycoprotein E2 coding region revealed that 25 out of 27 CSFV isolates clustered within subgroups 2.1 and 2.2, while two strains from Gansu belonged to subgroup 1.1. The sequence identity among these 27 isolates varied from 79.3% to 99.8% (nucleotides) and from 83.1% to 99.7% (amino acids). Further analysis based on the E2 amino acid sequences showed that these new isolates have consistent amino acid substitutions, including R31K and N34S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mingjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xujin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuanduo Zhao
- Yangling Bodeyue Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Genotyping and Molecular Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolated in China during 2016-2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040664. [PMID: 33921513 PMCID: PMC8069065 DOI: 10.3390/v13040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). For decades the disease has been controlled in China by a modified live vaccine (C-strain) of genotype 1. The emergent genotype 2 strains have become predominant in China in the past years that are genetically distant from the vaccine strain. Here, we aimed to evaluate the current infectious status of CSF, and for this purpose 24 isolates of CSFV were identified from different areas of China during 2016–2018. Phylogenetic analysis of NS5B, E2 and full genome revealed that the new isolates were clustered into subgenotype 2.1d and 2.1b, while subgenotype 2.1d was predominant. Moreover, E2 and Erns displayed multiple variations in neutralizing epitope regions. Furthermore, the new isolates exhibited capacity to escape C-strain-derived antibody neutralization compared with the Shimen strain (genotype 1). Potential positive selection sites were identified in antigenic regions of E2 and Erns, which are related with antibody binding affinity. Recombination events were predicted in the new isolates with vaccine strains in the E2 gene region. In conclusion, the new isolates showed molecular variations and antigenic alterations, which provide evidence for the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants and emphasize the need of updated strategies for CSF control.
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17
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Bazarragchaa E, Isoda N, Kim T, Tetsuo M, Ito S, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y. Efficacy of Oral Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar and Estimation of the Disease Dynamics in the Quantitative Approach. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020319. [PMID: 33672749 PMCID: PMC7924559 DOI: 10.3390/v13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in the wild boar population has been spreading in Japan, alongside outbreaks on pigs, since classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in September 2018. The vaccination using oral bait vaccine was initially implemented in Gifu prefecture in March 2019. In the present study, antibodies against CSFV in wild boar were assessed in 1443 captured and dead wild boars in Gifu prefecture. After the implementation of oral vaccination, the increase of the proportion of seropositive animals and their titer in wild boars were confirmed. Quantitative analysis of antigen and antibodies against CSFV in wild boar implies potential disease diversity in the wild boar population. Animals with status in high virus replication (Ct < 30) and non- or low-immune response were confirmed and were sustained at a certain level after initial oral vaccination. Through continuous vaccination periods, the increase of seroprevalence among wild boar and the decrease of CSFV-positive animals were observed. The epidemiological analysis based on the quantitative virological outcomes could provide more information on the efficacy of oral vaccination and dynamics of CSF in the wild boar population, which will help to improve the implementation of control measures for CSF in countries such as Japan and neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhbold Bazarragchaa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5208 (N.I.); +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.)
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Madoka Tetsuo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan; (E.B.); (T.K.); (M.T.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5208 (N.I.); +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.)
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Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:154. [PMID: 33671909 PMCID: PMC7918945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Carmen L. Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;
| | - María T. Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
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Zhang L, Zhao D, Jin M, Song M, Liu S, Guo K, Zhang Y. Rab18 binds to classical swine fever virus NS5A and mediates viral replication and assembly in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:489-501. [PMID: 32419589 PMCID: PMC7239025 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1767356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a positive-sense RNA virus, hijacks cell host proteins for its own replication. Rab18, a small Rab GTPase, regulates intracellular membrane-trafficking events between various compartments in cells and is involved in the life cycle of multiple viruses. However, the effect of Rab18 on the production of CSFV remains uncertain. In this study, we showed that knockdown of Rab18 by lentiviruses inhibited CSFV production, while overexpression of Rab18 by lentiviruses enhanced CSFV production. Subsequent experiments revealed that the negative-mutant Rab18-S22 N inhibited CSFV infection, while the positive-mutant Rab18-Q67 L enhanced CSFV infection. Furthermore, we showed that CSFV RNA replication and virion assembly, measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and confocal microscopy, were reduced in cells lacking Rab18 expression. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation, GST-pulldown, and confocal microscopy assays revealed that Rab18 bound to the viral protein NS5A. Further, NS5A was shown to be redistributed in Rab18 knockdown cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate Rab18 as a novel host factor required for CSFV RNA replication and particle assembly by interaction with the viral protein NS5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengzhao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanchuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Wang Q, Liu H, Xu L, Li J, Wu H, Yang C, Chen X, Deng Y, Sun Y, Tu C, Chen N, Gong W, Chen G. Different clinical presentations of subgenotype 2.1 strain of classical swine fever infection in weaned piglets and adults, and long-term cross-protection conferred by a C-strain vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108915. [PMID: 33309157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is an important swine disease in China, and sporadic outbreaks with mild clinical signs despite compulsory vaccination have raised questions about the virulence and pathogenicity of prevalent subgenotype 2.1 strains, and the ability of C-strain vaccines to cross-protect against them. To investigate this, three field isolates were evaluated in experimentally infected piglets and compared with the highly virulent reference Shimen strain. Clinical signs for the field strains ranged from mild to severe, and mortality ranged from 0 to 80 %. These data show differences in virulence among the subgenotype 2.1 field isolates and support the use of field strain GD191 as a genotype 2 challenge virus to assess efficacy of C-strain vaccines. In contrast to the historical genotype 1 strain, which caused acute infection with significant virus shedding in non-vaccinated animals, the subgenotype 2.1 GD191 strain produced different clinical manifestations in weaned piglets and adults. Adult pigs showed subclinical infection with viral shedding, whereas weaned piglets showed overt signs of infection. Efficacy of, and duration of immunity conferred by a C-strain vaccine were assessed using the reference Shimen strain and field isolate GD191 at 12 and 15 months after vaccination. A robust antibody response and sterilising protection were seen in all vaccinated animals and lasted up to 15 months post-vaccination. This study confirms that C-strain vaccines confer both clinical and virological protection against the historical genotype 1 Shimen strain and cross-protection against the prevalent genotype 2 field strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Wu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Deng
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Hao G, Zhang H, Chen H, Qian P, Li X. Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Classical Swine Fever Virus Subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d Strains from China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100821. [PMID: 33036431 PMCID: PMC7600237 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious and devastating disease. The traditional live attenuated C-strain vaccine is widely used to control disease outbreaks in China. Since 2000, subgenotype 2.1 has become dominant in China. Here, we isolated subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains from CSF-suspected pigs. The genetic variations and pathogenesis of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains were investigated experimentally. We aimed to evaluate and compare the replication characteristics and clinical signs of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains with those of the typical highly virulent CSFV SM strain. In PK-15 cells, the three CSFV isolates exhibited similar replication levels but significantly lower replication levels compared with the CSFV SM strain. The experimental animal infection model showed that the pathogenicity of subgenotype 2.1c and 2.1d strains was less than that of the CSFV SM strain. According to the clinical scoring system, subgenotype 2.1c (GDGZ-2019) and 2.1d (HBXY-2019 and GXGG-2019) strains were moderately virulent. This study showed that the pathogenicity of CSFV field strains will aid in the understanding of CSFV biological characteristics and the related epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genxi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (P.Q.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-27-87282608 (P.Q.)
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.H.); (H.Z.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (P.Q.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-27-87282608 (P.Q.)
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Shimizu Y, Hayama Y, Murato Y, Sawai K, Yamaguchi E, Yamamoto T. Epidemiology of Classical Swine Fever in Japan-A Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2018-2019. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:573480. [PMID: 33195567 PMCID: PMC7536261 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.573480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of classical swine fever (CSF) outbreaks in Japan. The first case was confirmed in September 2018, 26 years after the last known case. Outbreaks occurred on 39 farms, 34 commercial farms, and 5 non-commercial farms, between September 2018 and August 2019. In this study, a descriptive analysis was conducted of the epidemiological data on the characteristics of the affected farms, clinical manifestations, intra-farm transmission, association with infected wild boars, and control measures implemented on the farms. Twenty-eight of the 34 affected commercial farms were farrow-to-finish farms. It was assumed that the major risk factors were frequent human-pig interactions and the movement of pigs between farms. Fever and leukopenia were commonly observed in infected pigs. In 12 out of 18 farms where clinical manifestations among fattening pigs was the reason for notification, death was the most frequent clinical manifestation, but the proportion of dead animals did not exceed 0.5% of the total number of animals at most of the affected farms. Therefore, the clinical form of CSF in Japan was considered to be sub-acute. Twenty-three of the 29 farms (79%) with pigs at multiple stages (i.e., piglets, fattening pigs, and sows), had infection across the multiple stages. Many of these farms were within 5 km of the site where the first infected wild boars had been discovered, suggesting that infected wild boars were the source of infection. Infections still occurred at farms that had implemented measures at their farm boundaries to prevent the introduction of the virus into their farms, such as disinfection of vehicles and people, changing boots of the workers, and installation of perimeter fences. It is necessary to continue to strengthen biosecurity measures for farms located in areas with infected wild boars and to continue monitoring the distribution of infected wild boars so that any abnormalities can be reported and inspected at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Shimizu
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murato
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sawai
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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23
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Yamada M, Ikezawa M. Toward better control of classical swine fever in wild boars: susceptibility of boar-pig hybrids to a recent Japanese isolate and effectiveness of a bait vaccine. Vet Res 2020; 51:96. [PMID: 32736657 PMCID: PMC7393845 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the pathogenicity of a recent Japanese classical swine fever virus (CSFV) to wild boars via an experimental infection using boar-pig hybrids as an alternative to wild boars. We also investigated the effectiveness of a bait vaccine against the CSFV. Naïve boar-pig hybrids and pigs showed clinical signs such as fever, leucopenia, anorexia and conjunctivitis following the experimental infection. In contrast, the boar-pig hybrids administered the bait vaccine did not show any clinical signs. Our data indicated that boar-pig hybrids and domestic pigs have similar susceptibility to the recent Japanese CSFV. Additionally, the bait vaccine is effective against the CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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24
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Bohórquez JA, Muñoz-González S, Pérez-Simó M, Muñoz I, Rosell R, Coronado L, Domingo M, Ganges L. Foetal Immune Response Activation and High Replication Rate during Generation of Classical Swine Fever Congenital Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040285. [PMID: 32295279 PMCID: PMC7238013 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) induces trans-placental transmission and congenital viral persistence; however, the available information is not updated. Three groups of sows were infected at mid-gestation with either a high, moderate or low virulence CSFV strains. Foetuses from sows infected with high or low virulence strain were obtained before delivery and piglets from sows infected with the moderate virulence strain were studied for 32 days after birth. The low virulence strain generated lower CSFV RNA load and the lowest proportion of trans-placental transmission. Severe lesions and mummifications were observed in foetuses infected with the high virulence strain. Sows infected with the moderately virulence strain showed stillbirths and mummifications, one of them delivered live piglets, all CSFV persistently infected. Efficient trans-placental transmission was detected in sows infected with the high and moderate virulence strain. The trans-placental transmission occurred before the onset of antibody response, which started at 14 days after infection in these sows and was influenced by replication efficacy of the infecting strain. Fast and solid immunity after sow vaccination is required for prevention of congenital viral persistence. An increase in the CD8+ T-cell subset and IFN-alpha response was found in viremic foetuses, or in those that showed higher viral replication in tissue, showing the CSFV recognition capacity by the foetal immune system after trans-placental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Iván Muñoz
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Departament d’Agricultura, Ramadería, Pesca, Alimentació I Medi Natural i Rural (DAAM), 08007 Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Mayabeque 32700, Cuba
| | - Mariano Domingo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària (SDPV), Departament de Sanitat I d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.B.); (S.M.-G.); (M.P.-S.); (I.M.); (R.R.); (L.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Zheng G, Li LF, Zhang Y, Qu L, Wang W, Li M, Yu S, Zhou M, Luo Y, Sun Y, Munir M, Li S, Qiu HJ. MERTK is a host factor that promotes classical swine fever virus entry and antagonizes innate immune response in PK-15 cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:571-581. [PMID: 32172658 PMCID: PMC7144274 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1738278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family. To date, the host factors required for CSFV entry remain poorly characterized. To identify the functional membrane protein(s) involved in CSFV infection, we analyzed the transcriptomic data from previous studies describing gene expression profiles for CSFV, and found twelve novel candidate proteins. One of these proteins, MERTK, significantly reduced CSFV protein expression by RNA interference screening using a recombinant CSFV that contains a luciferase reporter to measure CSFV protein expression. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that either anti-MERTK antibodies or soluble MERTK ectodomain could reduce CSFV infection in PK-15 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, MERTK interacted with the E2 protein of CSFV and facilitated virus entry. After virus entry, MERTK downregulates of mRNA expression of IFN-β and promotes CSFV infection. Interestingly, the soluble MERTK ectodomain could also reduce the infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), another pestivirus. Taken together, our results suggested that MERTK is a CSFV entry factor that synergistically dampens innate immune responses in PK-15 cells and is also involved in BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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26
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Li C, Wang Y, Zheng H, Dong W, Lv H, Lin J, Guo K, Zhang Y. Antiviral activity of ISG15 against classical swine fever virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages via inhibition of autophagy by ISGylating BECN1. Vet Res 2020; 51:22. [PMID: 32093773 PMCID: PMC7038623 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) for defense against numerous viral infections, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of ISGs on CSFV infection are rarely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α treatment induces upregulation of ISG15 and thus attenuates CSFV replication. To determine whether ISG15 is critical for controlling CSFV replication, we established porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with stable overexpression or knockdown of ISG15. Overexpression of Flag-ISG15 significantly prevented CSFV replication, whereas loss of ISG15 led to abnormal proliferation of CSFV. Furthermore, upregulated ISG15 promoted beclin-1 (BECN1) ISGylation and dysfunction and subsequently inhibited autophagy, which is indispensable for CSFV replication. In addition, HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), which functions to catalyze conjugation of ISG15 protein, was confirmed to interact with BECN1. Collectively, these results indicate that IFN-α restricts CSFV replication through ISG15-mediated BECN1 ISGylation and autophagy inhibition, providing insight into the mechanism of CSFV replication control by type I IFN. This mechanism may not be the only antiviral mechanism of ISG15; nonetheless, this study may contribute to the development of CSFV treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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27
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Isoda N, Baba K, Ito S, Ito M, Sakoda Y, Makita K. Dynamics of Classical Swine Fever Spread in Wild Boar in 2018-2019, Japan. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020119. [PMID: 32069897 PMCID: PMC7169391 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolongation of the classic swine fever (CSF) outbreak in Japan in 2018 was highly associated with the persistence and widespread of the CSF virus (CSFV) in the wild boar population. To investigate the dynamics of the CSF outbreak in wild boar, spatiotemporal analyses were performed. The positive rate of CSFV in wild boar fluctuated dramatically from March to June 2019, but finally stabilized at approximately 10%. The Euclidean distance from the initial CSF notified farm to the farthest infected wild boar of the day constantly increased over time since the initial outbreak except in the cases reported from Gunma and Saitama prefectures. The two-month-period prevalence, estimated using integrated nested Laplace approximation, reached >80% in half of the infected areas in March–April 2019. The area affected continued to expand despite the period prevalence decreasing up to October 2019. A large difference in the shapes of standard deviational ellipses and in the location of their centroids when including or excluding cases in Gunma and Saitama prefectures indicates that infections there were unlikely to have been caused simply by wild boar activities, and anthropogenic factors were likely involved. The emergence of concurrent space–time clusters in these areas after July 2019 indicated that CSF outbreaks were scattered by this point in time. The results of this epidemiological analysis help explain the dynamics of the spread of CSF and will aid in the implementation of control measures, including bait vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Isoda
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (N.I.); (S.I.)
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Kairi Baba
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (N.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Mitsugi Ito
- Akabane Animal Clinic, Co. Ltd., 55 Ishizoe, Akabane-Cho, Tahara 441-3502, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-388-4761
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Tong W, Zheng H, Li GX, Gao F, Shan TL, Zhou YJ, Yu H, Jiang YF, Yu LX, Li LW, Kong N, Tong GZ, Li JC. Recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) protects against both virulent pseudorabies virus and CSFV. Antiviral Res 2019; 173:104652. [PMID: 31751590 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Both classical swine fever (CSF) and pseudorabies are highly contagious, economically significant diseases of swine in China. Although vaccination with the C-strain against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is widely carried out and severe outbreaks of CSF seldom occur in China, CSF is sporadic in many pig herds and novel sub-subgenotypes of CSFV endlessly emerge. Thus, new measures are needed to eradicate CSFV from Chinese farms. The emergence of a pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant also posed a new challenge for the control of swine pseudorabies. Here, the recombinant PRV strain JS-2012-ΔgE/gI-E2 expressing E2 protein of CSFV was developed by inserting the E2 expression cassette into the intergenic region between the gG and gD genes of the gE/gI-deletion PRV variant strain JS-2012-ΔgE/gI. The recombinant virus was stable when passaged in vitro. A single vaccination of JS-2012-ΔgE/gI-E2 via intramuscular injection fully protected against lethal challenges of PRV and CSFV. Vaccination of piglets with the recombinant JS-2012-ΔgE/gI-E2 in the presence of high levels of maternally derived antibodies (Abs) to PRV can provide partial protection against lethal challenge of CSFV. Vaccination of the recombinant PRV JS-2012-ΔgE/gI-E2 strain did not induce the production of Abs to the gE protein of PRV or to the CSFV proteins other than E2. Thus, JS-2012-ΔgE/gI-E2 appears to be a promising recombinant marker vaccine candidate against PRV and CSFV for the control and eradication of the PRV variant and CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tong-Ling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi-Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ling-Xue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Ji-Chang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhu E, Chen W, Qin Y, Ma S, Fan S, Wu K, Li W, Fan J, Yi L, Ding H, Chen J, Zhao M. Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy to Sustain Viral Replication in vivo and in vitro. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2545. [PMID: 31798542 PMCID: PMC6861840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated autophagy plays significant roles in replication and pathogenesis of many animal viruses. However, the relationship between ER stress, autophagy, and viral replication during in vivo and in vitro infection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) remains unclear. In this study, we established a pig model for CSFV infection and found that viral loads of CSFV differed in 10 kinds of infected organs, and that the degree of tissue lesions was to some extent positively correlated with CSFV replication in vivo. Next, we found that CSFV infection not only induced ER stress and subsequently activated three unfolded protein responses (UPR) pathways including protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6) pathways, but also triggered complete autophagy in main immune organs and partial nonimmune organs exhibiting severer pathological injuries and higher viral loads. However, only the IRE1 pathway and no autophagy were activated in some other nonimmune organs with slighter pathologies and lower viral loads. These results indicate a potential link between CSFV-induced ER stress and autophagy, both of which are associated with the CSFV replication in vivo. We further performed in vitro experiments and found that CSFV infection activates the PERK and IRE1 pathways and autophagy in cultured porcine kidney cell lines (PK-15) and macrophage cell lines (3D4/2), and pharmacological regulation of ER stress remarkably changed autophagic activities induced by CSFV, suggesting that CSFV-induced autophagy can be mediated by ER stress possibly via the PERK and IRE1 pathway. Furthermore, treatment with ER stress regulators significantly altered copy numbers of NS5B genes, expression of Npro proteins, and viral titers in CSFV-infected cells or in cells treated with autophagy regulators prior to CSFV infection, suggesting the requirement of ER stress-mediated autophagy for CSFV replication in vitro. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CSFV induces ER stress-mediated autophagy to sustain its replication in vivo and in vitro, which may be one of the potential strategies exploited by CSFV for immune evasion. This finding will provide new insights into mechanisms of replication and pathogenesis of CSFV, and development of new strategies for controlling CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindai Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ito S, Jurado C, Bosch J, Ito M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Role of Wild Boar in the Spread of Classical Swine Fever in Japan. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040206. [PMID: 31653072 PMCID: PMC6963481 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since September 2018, nearly 900 notifications of classical swine fever (CSF) have been reported in Gifu Prefecture (Japan) affecting domestic pig and wild boar by the end of August 2019. To determine the epidemiological characteristics of its spread, a spatio-temporal analysis was performed using actual field data on the current epidemic. The spatial study, based on standard deviational ellipses of official CSF notifications, showed that the disease likely spread to the northeast part of the prefecture. A maximum significant spatial association estimated between CSF notifications was 23 km by the multi-distance spatial cluster analysis. A space-time permutation analysis identified two significant clusters with an approximate radius of 12 and 20 km and 124 and 98 days of duration, respectively. When the area of the identified clusters was overlaid on a map of habitat quality, approximately 82% and 75% of CSF notifications, respectively, were found in areas with potential contact between pigs and wild boar. The obtained results provide information on the current CSF epidemic, which is mainly driven by wild boar cases with sporadic outbreaks on domestic pig farms. These findings will help implement control measures in Gifu Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Jurado
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mitsugi Ito
- Akabane Animal Clinic, Co. Ltd., 55 Ishizoe, Akabane-cho, Tahara, Aichi-ken, 441-3502, Japan.
| | | | - Norikazu Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0018, Japan.
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31
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Coronado L, Rios L, Frías MT, Amarán L, Naranjo P, Percedo MI, Perera CL, Prieto F, Fonseca-Rodriguez O, Perez LJ. Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2362-2382. [PMID: 31306567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is considered one of the most important infectious diseases with devasting consequences for the pig industry. Recent reports describe the emergence of new CSFV strains resulting from the action of positive selection pressure, due mainly to the bottleneck effect generated by ineffective vaccination. Even though a decrease in the genetic diversity of the positively selected CSFV strains has been observed by several research groups, there is little information about the effect of this selective force on the virulence degree, antigenicity and pathogenicity of this type of strains. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the positive selection pressure on these three parameters of CSFV strains, emerged as result of the bottleneck effects induced by improper vaccination in a CSF-endemic area. Moreover, the effect of the positively selected strains on the epidemiological surveillance system was assessed. By the combination of in vitro, in vivo and immunoinformatic approaches, we revealed that the action of the positive selection pressure induces a decrease in virulence and alteration in pathogenicity and antigenicity. However, we also noted that the evolutionary process of CSFV, especially in segregated microenvironments, could contribute to the gain-fitness event, restoring the highly virulent pattern of the circulating strains. Besides, we denoted that the presence of low virulent strains selected by bottleneck effect after inefficient vaccination can lead to a relevant challenge for the epidemiological surveillance of CSF, contributing to under-reports of the disease, favouring the perpetuation of the virus in the field. In this study, B-cell and CTL epitopes on the E2 3D-structure model were also identified. Thus, the current study provides novel and significant insights into variation in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity experienced by CSFV strains after the positive selection pressure effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laymara Amarán
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - María Irian Percedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Felix Prieto
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Lester J Perez
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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32
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Kameyama KI, Nishi T, Yamada M, Masujin K, Morioka K, Kokuho T, Fukai K. Experimental infection of pigs with a classical swine fever virus isolated in Japan for the first time in 26 years. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1277-1284. [PMID: 31292349 PMCID: PMC6785620 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) in Japan, 2018, CSFV JPN/1/2018 was isolated from an infected pig sample. In this study, we carried out a comparative experimental
infection in pigs using this strain and the highly virulent ALD strain and compared outcomes, including clinical manifestation, virus shedding patterns and antibody responses. Although pigs
inoculated orally or intramuscularly with JPN/1/2018 developed hyperthermia and had decreased leucocyte numbers, they survived for the whole experimental period and showed less severe
clinical signs than those infected with the ALD strain. We confirmed the presence of characteristic multifocal infarction of the margin of the spleen that arises following infection with
JPN/1/2018, albeit that this finding was not observed in all infected pigs. Both viruses efficiently spread to contact pigs in a similar manner, suggesting in transmissibility between the
two strains. Viral RNAs were detected in all clinical samples, especially whole blood samples, before the pigs developed hyperthermia until at least approximately 2 weeks after inoculation.
Our findings will be valuable for the investigations into epidemic events occurring in Japan and for establishing diagnostic strategies and control measures against CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kameyama
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kokuho
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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33
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Postel A, Nishi T, Kameyama KI, Meyer D, Suckstorff O, Fukai K, Becher P. Reemergence of Classical Swine Fever, Japan, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1228-1231. [PMID: 30870139 PMCID: PMC6537743 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In September 2018, classical swine fever reemerged in Japan after 26 years, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. The causative virus belongs to the 2.1 subgenotype, which caused repeated outbreaks in eastern and Southeast Asia. Intensive surveillance of swine and vaccination of wild boars will help control and eradicate this disease in Japan.
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34
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Zhou B. Classical Swine Fever in China-An Update Minireview. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:187. [PMID: 31249837 PMCID: PMC6584753 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically important viral diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, it is highly contagious, with high morbidity and mortality rates; as such, it is an OIE-listed disease. Owing to a nationwide policy of vaccinations of pigs, CSF is well-controlled in China, with large-scale outbreaks rarely seen. Sporadic outbreaks are however still reported every year. In order to cope with future crises and to eradicate CSF, China should strengthen and support biosecurity measures such as the timely reporting of suspected disease, technologies for reliable diagnoses, culling infected herds, and tracing possible contacts, as well as continued vaccination and support of research into drug and genetic therapies. This mini-review summarizes the epidemiology of and control strategies for CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Gong W, Li J, Wang Z, Sun J, Mi S, Lu Z, Cao J, Dou Z, Sun Y, Wang P, Yuan K, Zhang L, Zhou X, He S, Tu C. Virulence evaluation of classical swine fever virus subgenotype 2.1 and 2.2 isolates circulating in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 232:114-120. [PMID: 31030834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains an important pig disease in China, where it usually presents with mild or atypical clinical manifestations, with large scale outbreaks rarely seen. This has led to speculation about the possible circulation of viral strains of low virulence. To investigate this possibility, five field isolates within the predominant genotype 2 (2.1b, 2.1c, 2.1 h and 2.2) were evaluated and compared by experimental infection of naturally farrowed but colostrum-deprived piglets. All infected piglets displayed clinical signs, including persistent high fever, depression, anorexia, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, constipation, and hesitant gait. Typical pathological lesions, including pulmonary edema, hemorrhagic or cellulosic exudation, and swelling and hemorrhage of lymph nodes, were observed. Viremia and Erns protein expression in the blood of all infected animals were detectable from 3 to 5 days post infection (DPI), their presence correlating with the onset of fever, clinical signs and leukopenia. E2 antibody did not develop in any of the field CSFV-infected piglets during the disease course, while Erns antibody was detectable in 4-56% of infected animals at various time points. Mortalities ranged from 20 to 80% within 21 DPI, progressing to 100% by 43 DPI. Based on clinical scores and fatalities within 21 DPI, 2 of the 5 field isolates were classified as of moderate virulence and 3 of high virulence; i.e., no field isolates of low virulence were identified. The study has provided data supporting the use of these isolates as challenge viruses to evaluate the efficacy of current CSF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Zunbao Wang
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Jiumeng Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zongji Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
| | - Jian Cao
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Zhihua Dou
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Pengjiang Wang
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xubin Zhou
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Sun He
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi, PR China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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36
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Li C, Zheng H, Wang Y, Dong W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Antiviral Role of IFITM Proteins in Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020126. [PMID: 30704088 PMCID: PMC6409519 DOI: 10.3390/v11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 are host effectors against a broad range of RNA viruses whose roles in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection had not yet been reported. We investigated the effect of these proteins on CSFV replication in mammalian cells. The proteins were overexpressed and silenced using lentiviruses. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the distribution of these proteins in the cells, and immunofluorescence colocalization analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between IFITMs and the CSFV endosomal pathway, including early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. IFITM1, IFITM2, or IFITM3 overexpression significantly inhibited CSFV replication, whereas protein knockdown enhanced CSFV replication. In porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), IFITM1 was mainly located at the cell surface, whereas IFITM2 and IFITM3 were mainly located in the cytoplasm. Following CSFV infection, the distribution of IFITM1 changed. IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 colocalization with Lamp1, IFITM2 with Rab5 and Rab7, and IFITM3 with Rab7 were observed in CSFV-infected cells. Collectively, these results provide insights into the possible mechanisms associated with the anti-CSFV action of the IFITM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | | | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yaru Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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37
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Wang J, Sun Y, Meng XY, Li LF, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang W, Yu S, Yin C, Li S, Qiu HJ. Comprehensive evaluation of the host responses to infection with differentially virulent classical swine fever virus strains in pigs. Virus Res 2018; 255:68-76. [PMID: 29953916 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection causes most variable clinical syndromes from chronic or latent infection to acute death, and it is generally acknowledged that the course of disease is affected by both virus and host factors. To compare host immune responses to differentially virulent CSFV strains in pigs, fifteen 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free pigs were randomly divided into four groups and inoculated with the CSFV Shimen strain (a highly virulent strain), the HLJZZ2014 strain (a moderately virulent strains), C-strain (an avirulent strain), and DMEM (mock control), respectively. Infection with the Shimen or HLJZZ2014 strain resulted in fever, clinical signs and histopathological lesions, which were not observed in the C-strain-inoculated pigs, though low viral genome copies were detected in the peripheral blood and tissue samples. The data showed that the virulence of the strains affected the outcome of duration and intensity of the disease rather than the tissue tropism of the virus. Furthermore, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, differentiation of T-cells, and the secretion of cytokines associated with inflammation or apoptosis such as interferon alpha (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were induced by the virulent CSFV infection, the differences reflected in onset and extent of the regulation. Taken together, our results revealed that the major differences among the three strains resided in the kinetics of host response to the infection: severe and immediate with the highly virulent strain, while progressive and delayed with the moderately virulent one. This comparative study will help to dissect the pathogenesis of CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xing-Yu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaoxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Caixia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Zhang H, Leng C, Tian Z, Liu C, Chen J, Bai Y, Li Z, Xiang L, Zhai H, Wang Q, Peng J, An T, Kan Y, Yao L, Yang X, Cai X, Tong G. Complete genomic characteristics and pathogenic analysis of the newly emerged classical swine fever virus in China. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:204. [PMID: 29940930 PMCID: PMC6019732 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most devastating and highly contagious viral diseases in the world. Since late 2014, outbreaks of a new sub-genotype 2.1d CSF virus (CSFV) had caused substantial economic losses in numbers of C-strain vaccinated swine farms in China. The objective of the present study was to explore the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of the newly emerged CSFV isolates in China during 2014-2015. RESULTS All the new 8 CSFV isolates belonged to genetic sub-genotype 2.1d. Some genomic variations or deletions were found in the UTRs and E2 of these new isolates. In addition, the pathogenicity of HLJ1 was less than Shimen, suggesting the HLJ1 of sub-genotype 2.1d may be a moderated pathogenic isolate and the C-strain vaccine can supply complete protection. CONCLUSIONS The new CSFV isolates with unique genomic characteristics and moderate pathogenicity can be epidemic in many large-scale C-strain vaccinated swine farms. This study provides the information should be merited special attention on establishing prevention and control policies for CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061 China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Jiazeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Hongyue Zhai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061 China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061 China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061 China
| | - Xufu Yang
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Kang K, Kim H, Kang SC, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Genetic evolution of classical swine fever virus under immune environments conditioned by genotype 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:735-745. [PMID: 29319233 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) based on genotype 1 strains, particularly C-strain, have been used to prevent and control classical swine fever virus (CSFV) worldwide. Nevertheless, a shift in the predominant CSFV strains circulating in the field from genotype 1 or 3 to genotype 2 is seen. Genotype 2 is genetically distant from the vaccine strains and was recently reported during outbreaks after vaccine failure; this has raised concerns that vaccination has influenced viral evolution. In Korea in 2016, there was an unexpected CSF outbreak in a MLV-vaccinated commercial pig herd. The causative CSFV strain was genetically distinct from previously isolated Korean strains but similar to recent Chinese strains exhibiting enhanced capacity to escape neutralization; this suggests the need for global cooperative research on the evolution of CSFV. We analysed global E2 sequences, using bioinformatics tools, revealing the evolutionary pathways of CSFV. Classical swine fever virus genotypes 1 and 2 experienced different degrees and patterns of evolutionary growth. Whereas genotype 1 stayed relatively conserved over time, the genetic diversity of genotype 2 has progressively expanded, with few fluctuations. It was determined that genotype 2 evolved under lower immune pressures and at a higher evolutionary rate than genotype 1. Further, several selected codons, under diversifying selection in genotype 1 but under purifying selection in genotype 2, correspond to antigenic determinants, which could lead to evasion of vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings provide evidence that evolutionary changes in CSFV are the result of the disproportionate usage of the CSF MLVs in endemic areas; this underscores the need to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the substantial risk associated with the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Kang
- Sooje Animal Hospital, Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H Kim
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - S C Kang
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - J A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Y S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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Complex Virus-Host Interactions Involved in the Regulation of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication: A Minireview. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070171. [PMID: 28678154 PMCID: PMC5537663 DOI: 10.3390/v9070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs in many countries. Viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on the cellular factors for replication. Fundamental aspects of CSFV-host interactions have been well described, such as factors contributing to viral attachment, modulation of genomic replication and translation, antagonism of innate immunity, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. However, those host factors that participate in the viral entry, assembly, and release largely remain to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the virus-host interactions involved in the life cycle of CSFV and analyze the potential mechanisms of viral entry, assembly, and release. We conclude with future perspectives and highlight areas that require further understanding.
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