1
|
Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang Y, Kuang Q, Zheng X, Xu Y, Feng Y, Xiang Q, Zhang G, Zhou P. Monoclonal antibody development for early detection of ASFV I73R protein: Identification of a linear antigenic epitope. Virology 2024; 597:110145. [PMID: 38941747 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), which was first identified in northern China in 2018, causes high mortality in pigs. Since the I73R protein in ASFV is abundantly expressed during the early phase of virus replication, it can be used as a target protein for early diagnosis. In this study, the I73R protein of ASFV was expressed, and we successfully prepared a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), 8G11D7, that recognizes this protein. Through both indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, we demonstrated that 8G11D7 can detect ASFV strains. By evaluating the binding of the antibody to a series of I73R-truncated peptides, the definitive epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody 8G11D7 was determined to be 58 DKTNTIYPP 66. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the antigenic epitope had a high antigenic index and conservatism. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of ASFV protein structure and function, helping establish ASFV-specific detection method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinxin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuai L, Sun J, Peng Q, Zhao X, Yuan B, Liu S, Bi Y, Shi Y. Cryo-EM structure of DNA polymerase of African swine fever virus. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae739. [PMID: 39189451 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most important causative agents of animal diseases and can cause highly fatal diseases in swine. ASFV DNA polymerase (DNAPol) is responsible for genome replication and highly conserved in all viral genotypes showing an ideal target for drug development. Here, we systematically determined the structures of ASFV DNAPol in apo, replicating and editing states. Structural analysis revealed that ASFV DNAPol had a classical right-handed structure and showed the highest similarity to the structure of human polymerase delta. Intriguingly, ASFV DNAPol has a much longer fingers subdomain, and the thumb and palm subdomain form a unique interaction that has never been seen. Mutagenesis work revealed that the loss of this unique interaction decreased the enzymatic activity. We also found that the β-hairpin of ASFV DNAPol is located below the template strand in the editing state, which is different from the editing structures of other known B family DNAPols with the β-hairpin above the template strand. It suggests that B family DNAPols have evolved two ways to facilitate the dsDNA unwinding during the transition from replicating into editing state. These findings figured out the working mechanism of ASFV DNAPol and will provide a critical structural basis for the development of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kuai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Junqing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Qi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Xuejin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Venkateswaran D, Prakash A, Nguyen QA, Salman M, Suntisukwattana R, Atthaapa W, Tantituvanont A, Lin H, Songkasupa T, Nilubol D. Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2187. [PMID: 39123713 PMCID: PMC11311002 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhithya Venkateswaran
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anwesha Prakash
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roypim Suntisukwattana
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waranya Atthaapa
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., Singapore 718847, Singapore
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, 50/2 Kasetklang, Phahonyothin 45-15, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwon T, Gebhardt JT, Lyoo EL, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Woodworth JC, Paulk CB, Jones CK, Richt JA. Development and optimization of sampling techniques for environmental samples from African swine fever virus-contaminated surfaces with no organic contaminants. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1425928. [PMID: 39091398 PMCID: PMC11292794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1425928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious diseases in domestic pigs and wild boars with up to 100% mortality. ASF virus (ASFV) is a causative agent responsible for ASF and highly resistant in environments, which creates a significant challenge for the control and eradication of the virus. Despite the geographical expansion of ASFV and international movement of products to sustain the swine production system, there is limited knowledge on the use of environmental samples to perform surveillance to prevent the introduction of ASFV into ASFV-free areas and for control of transmission in affected areas. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimize sampling techniques for environmental samples for ASFV detection. The stainless steel surfaces were contaminated with ASFV-infected blood, swabbed using different devices, and then processed through different techniques. The environmental samples were processed and tested using qPCR analysis. The results showed that the use of pre-moistened gauze surgical sponges, sweeping pads, and sponge sticks resulted in increased sensitivity, when compared to either dry sampling devices or Dacron swab. In particular, the combination of the sponge stick and the commercial nucleic acid preservative supported the best detection of ASFV DNA on the clean stainless steel surfaces evaluated. Pre-incubation for the short period of time and centrifugation at low speed were sufficient to provide satisfactory diagnostic sensitivity of ASFV detection using qPCR for environmental samples. Our findings contribute to the development of techniques for environmental samples for ASFV surveillance to prevent the introduction and dissemination of ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jordan T. Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Eu Lim Lyoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jason C. Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Chad B. Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Cassandra K. Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nga BTT, Auer A, Padungtod P, Dietze K, Globig A, Rozstalnyy A, Hai TM, Depner K. Evaluation of Selective Culling as a Containment Strategy for African Swine Fever at a Vietnamese Sow Farm. Pathogens 2024; 13:567. [PMID: 39057794 PMCID: PMC11279537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective culling, also known as the "tooth extraction approach", is a strategy for controlling African swine fever (ASF) by removing only sick and suspect animals instead of the entire herd in Vietnam. This method prioritizes preserving healthy animals, particularly valuable breeding pigs. Despite its implementation in various forms, no standardized protocol based on scientific principles has been established. Farms typically adapt this strategy based on their understanding, which can vary significantly. In implementing of selective culling that is not based on scientific principles, there is a significant risk of spreading the disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the consequences of selective culling as currently implemented in Vietnam. Our analysis on a large sow farm revealed that current practices rely heavily on clinical observations without laboratory confirmations. This approach allows ASF-infected animals to remain on the farm longer, potentially exacerbating the spread of the virus. Thus, selective culling poses a substantial risk by potentially exacerbating the spread of disease. Our findings emphasize that early diagnosis of ASF and systematic removal of infected pigs are critical components for the effective implementation of selective culling strategies and that a high level of fragmentation to minimize contact between animals plays a key role. The optimal approach is to test conspicuous animals and separate them. Under no circumstances should suspect animals be left in the herd for several days before they become severely ill and succumb to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi To Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Agathe Auer
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Representation in Vietnam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andriy Rozstalnyy
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Tran Minh Hai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fernandez-Colorado CP, Kim WH, Flores RA, Min W. African Swine Fever in the Philippines: A Review on Surveillance, Prevention, and Control Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1816. [PMID: 38929435 PMCID: PMC11200829 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease of swine, has posed a significant global threat to the swine industry. As an archipelago, the Philippines has a geographic advantage when it comes to the risk of ASF transmission. However, since its introduction to the Philippines in 2019, it has proliferated not only in backyard and commercial farms but also in wild pig populations. While certain parts of the country were more affected than others, the epidemiologic features of ASF necessitate that all affected areas must be closely monitored and that confirmed cases be treated with the utmost care. With the very limited data on ASF epidemiology and surveillance in the Philippines, future efforts to combat ASF must place even greater emphasis on improved prevention and control strategies. It is worth mentioning that the government's efforts toward comprehensive ASF surveillance and epidemiological investigation into the possible ASFV sources or transmission pathways are the most important measures in the prevention and control of ASF outbreaks. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current swine industry and ASF situation in the Philippines, which includes its epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherry P. Fernandez-Colorado
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
| | - Rochelle A. Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Šlapeta J, Ward MP. Embedding research and enquiry in Australian DVM curriculum. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:324-328. [PMID: 38653562 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Research and enquiry (R&E) is an integral part of veterinary training. It is a foundation of evidence-based practice. In the University of Sydney Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree R&E culminates in a cap-stone experience in Year 3: a 'professionally focused project', a student-driven and academic supported individual research project. The project provides an authentic experience within a veterinary discipline. Students work with an academic advisor who provides guidance for developing and achieving meaningful educational and professional goals. Successful advising depends upon a shared understanding of, and commitment to, the advising process by students, advisors and the university. The R&E mission can be broadly defined as - veterinarians recognise that evidence-based approach to practice, which is based on the scientific method, leads to the generation of new knowledge that underpins the veterinary medical profession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chootip J, Hansoongnern P, Thangthamniyom N, Theerawatanasirikul S, Chankeeree P, Kaewborisuth C, Lekcharoensuk P. Small ubiquitin-like modifier-tag and modified protein purification significantly increase the quality and quantity of recombinant African swine fever virus p30 protein. Vet World 2024; 17:1157-1167. [PMID: 38911078 PMCID: PMC11188891 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1157-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim African swine fever (ASF) is a highly virulent and contagious viral disease caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). It has a significant impact on swine production throughout the world, while existing vaccines and specific treatments remain ineffective. ASFV p30 is a potent antigenic protein that induces protective antibodies immediately after infection; however, most recombinant p30 is insoluble. This study aimed to improve the solubility, yield, and purity of recombinant p30 by tagging it with a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and modifying the protein purification process. Materials and Methods SUMO fused with ASFV p30 (SUMO-p30) and p30 alone were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. SUMO-p30 and p30 solubility and expression levels were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Protein purification was modified by combining ammonium sulfate precipitation method with affinity chromatography. In addition, large-scale production of all versions of p30 were compared using SDS-PAGE and western blotting, and the purified p30 was used to develop the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The solubility and expression levels of SUMO-p30 were dramatically enhanced compared with that of p30. Modification of the purification process significantly increased purified and soluble SUMO-p30 and p30 yields by 6.59 and 1.02 μg/mL, respectively. Large-scale production confirmed that this procedure increased the quantity of recombinant p30 while maintaining protein purity and immunogenicity. The p30-based indirect ELISA was able to discriminate between positive and negative serum samples with statistically significant differences in mean optical density 450 values (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrates the enhancement of solubility, purity, and yield of ASFV p30 expressed in E.coli by SUMO fusion tagging and combining ammonium sulfate precipitation with affinity chromatography for protein purification. These positive effects were sustained in large-scale production. Cleavage and removal of hexahistidine-SUMO tag from the fusion protein by protease may not be suitable when handling a large amount of the protein. However, the SUMO-fused p30 retained strong immunoreactivity to convalescent swine serum, indicating its application in immunization and diagnostic purposes. The expression and purification procedures in this study could be applied to increase solubility, quality, and quantity of other recombinant proteins as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jullada Chootip
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Payuda Hansoongnern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute of Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Milton AAP, Das S, Momin KM, Prasad MCB, Khan S, Priya GB, Ghatak S, Sen A, Baruah KK. Development of a novel sensitive single-tube nested PCR assay for the detection of African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:107. [PMID: 38647708 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal and contagious viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). It has caused significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses a serious threat to food security worldwide. Diagnostic tests with high sensitivity are essential for the effective management of ASF. Here, we describe a single-tube nested PCR (STN-PCR) assay for the detection of ASFV in which two consecutive amplification steps are carried out within a single tube. Two pairs of primers (outer and inner) were designed to target the p72 gene of ASFV. The primer concentrations, annealing temperatures, and number of amplification cycles were optimized to ensure the consecutive utilization of outer and inner primer pairs during amplification while minimizing the likelihood of amplicon contamination. In comparison with two conventional endpoint PCR assays (one of which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health), the newly developed STN-PCR assay demonstrated a 100-fold improvement in the limit of detection (LOD), detecting 100 copies of ASFV genomic DNA, whereas the endpoint PCR assays could detect no fewer than 10,000 copies. The clinical performance of the STN-PCR assay was validated using 95 tissue samples suspected of being positive for ASFV, and the assay showed 100% specificity. A Cohen's kappa value of 0.91 indicated perfect agreement between the assays. This new STN-PCR assay is a potentially valuable tool that will facilitate the control of ASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Das
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - M C B Prasad
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sabia Khan
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - G Bhuvana Priya
- College of Agriculture (CAU, Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - K K Baruah
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Petrini S, Brutti A, Casciari C, Calderone D, Pela M, Giammarioli M, Righi C, Feliziani F. High-Pressure Processing of Different Tissue Homogenates from Pigs Challenged with the African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:638. [PMID: 38675978 PMCID: PMC11053747 DOI: 10.3390/v16040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a disease that is a growing threat to the global swine industry. Regulations and restrictions are placed on swine movement to limit the spread of the virus. However, these are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if high-pressure processing (HPP) sanitization techniques would be effective against the ASF virus. Here, it was hypothesized that HPP could inactivate or reduce ASF virus infectivity in tissue homogenates. To test this hypothesis, 30 aliquots of each homogenate (spleen, kidney, loin) were challenge-infected with the Turin/83 strain of ASF, at a 10 7.20 median hemadsorption dose (HAD)50/mL. Subsequently, eight aliquots of each homogenate were treated with 600 millipascal (600 MPa) HPP for 3, 5, and 7 min. Six untreated aliquots were used as the controls. Virological results showed a reduction in the viral titer of more than 7-log. These results support the validity of the study hypothesis since HPP treatment was effective in inactivating ASFV in artificially prepared samples. Overall, this study suggests the need for further investigation of other ASFV-contaminated meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Andrea Brutti
- SSICA Stazione Sperimentale per l’Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, Fondazione di Ricerca Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Cristina Casciari
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Davide Calderone
- Associazione Industriali delle Carni e dei Salumi (ASSICA), 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (C.R.); (F.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi K, Qian X, Shi Y, Wei H, Pan Y, Long F, Zhou Q, Mo S, Hu L, Li Z. A triplex crystal digital PCR for the detection of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1351596. [PMID: 38628942 PMCID: PMC11019002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1351596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in pigs. It keeps spreading around the world, posing a severe socioeconomic risk and endangering biodiversity and domestic food security. ASF first outbroke in China in 2018, and has spread to most provinces nationwide. Genotypes I and II ASF virus (ASFV) as the etiological pathogens have been found in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the ASFV B646L gene, F1055L gene, and E183L gene were designed to detect universal, genotype I, and genotype II strains, respectively. A triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) was established on the basis of optimizing various reaction conditions. The assay demonstrated remarkably sensitive with low limits of detection (LODs) of 5.120, 4.218, 4.588 copies/reaction for B646L, F1055L, and E183L gene, respectively; excellent repeatability with 1.24-2.01% intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) and 1.32-2.53% inter-assay CVs; good specificity for only detection of genotypes I and II ASFV, without cross-reactivity with PCV2, PRV, SIV, PRRSV, PEDV, FMDV, and CSFV. The triplex cdPCR was used to test 1,275 clinical samples from Guangxi province of China, and the positivity rates were 5.05, 3.22, and 1.02% for genotype I, genotype II, and co-infection of genotypes I and II, respectively. These 1,275 clinical samples were also detected using a reported reference triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the agreements of detection results between these two methods were more than 98.98%. In conclusion, the developed triplex cdPCR could be used as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method to detect and differentiate genotypes I and II strains of ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang L, Li D. - Invited Review - Current status, challenges and prospects for pig production in Asia. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:742-754. [PMID: 38419542 PMCID: PMC11016695 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Asia is not only the primary region for global pig production but also the largest consumer of pork worldwide. Although the pig production in Asia has made great progress in the past, it still is confronted with numerous challenges. These challenges include: inadequate land and feed resources, a substantial number of small-scale pig farms, escalating pressure to ensure environmental conservation, control of devastating infectious diseases, as well as coping with high temperatures and high humidity. To solve these problems, important investments of human and financial capital are required to promote large-scale production systems, exploit alternative feed resources, implement precision feeding, and focus on preventive medicine and vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics, improve pig breeding, and increase manure recycling. Implementation of these techniques and management practices will facilitate development of more environmentally-friendly and economically sustainable pig production systems in Asia, ultimately providing consumers with healthy pork products around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Q, Liu L, Guo S, Li L, Yu Y, Liu Z, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Characterization of the monoclonal antibody and the immunodominant B-cell epitope of African swine fever virus pA104R by using mouse model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0140123. [PMID: 38305163 PMCID: PMC10913377 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) structural protein pA104R is the only histone-like protein encoded by eukaryotic viruses. pA104R is an essential DNA-binding protein required for DNA replication and genome packaging of ASFV, which are vital for pathogen survival and proliferation. pA104R is an important target molecule for diagnosing, treating, and immune prevention of ASFV. This study characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against pA104R and found them to recognize natural pA104R in ASFV strains with different genotypes, showing high conservation. Confirmation analyses of pA104R epitopes using mAbs indicated the presence of immunodominant B-cell epitopes, and further characterization showed the high antigenic index and surface accessibility coefficients of the identified epitope. Furthermore, the pA104R protein functions through the polar interactions between the binding amino acid sites; however, these interactions may be blocked by the recognition of generated mAbs. Characterizing the immunodominant B-cell epitope of the ASFV critical proteins, such as pA104R, may contribute to developing sensitive diagnostic tools and vaccine candidate targets.IMPORTANCEAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly pathogenic, lethal, and contagious viral disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. As no effective vaccine or other treatments have been developed, the control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) relies heavily on virus detection and diagnosis. A potential serological target is the structural protein pA104R. However, the molecular basis of pA104R antigenicity remains unclear, and a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against this protein is still unavailable. In this study, mAbs against pA104R were characterized and found to recognize natural pA104R in ASFV strains with different genotypes. In addition, confirmation analyses of pA104R epitopes using mAbs indicated the presence of immunodominant B-cell epitopes, and further characterization showed the high antigenic index and surface accessibility coefficients of the identified epitope. Characteristics of the immunodominant B-cell epitope of ASFV proteins, such as pA104R, may contribute to developing sensitive diagnostic tools and identifying vaccine candidate targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixinjie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifeng Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhankui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jin J, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhang S, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhang A, Zhang G, Sun A, Zhuang G. Establishment and characterization of a novel indirect ELISA method based on ASFV antigenic epitope-associated recombinant protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127311. [PMID: 37865977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is an acute and highly lethal disease in pigs caused by African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). Viral proteins have been commonly used as antigenic targets for the development of ASF diagnostic methods. However, the prokaryotic expression of viral proteins has deficiencies such as instability, insolubility, and high cost in eukaryotic situations. This study screened and verified ASFV-encoded p72, p54, and p30 protein antigenic epitopes. Subsequently, a novel antigenic epitope-associated recombinant protein was designed based on an ideal structural protein and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Western blot analysis indicated that the recombinant protein could specifically react with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) of p72 and polyclonal antibodies of p54 and p30, respectively. Next, an ASF indirect ELISA (iELISA) method was established based on the recombinant protein, which has no specific reaction with sera of other important pig viral diseases. Meanwhile, it shows a sensitivity to detecting dilutions of ASF-positive reference serum up to 1:6400. The clinical sample detection results showed a high coincidence rate of 98 % with a commercial competition ELISA kit. In conclusion, we established a novel specific, and sensitive ASF serologic detection method that opens new avenues for ASF serodiagnostic method development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang L, Ganges L, Dixon LK, Bu Z, Zhao D, Truong QL, Richt JA, Jin M, Netherton CL, Benarafa C, Summerfield A, Weng C, Peng G, Reis AL, Han J, Penrith ML, Mo Y, Su Z, Vu Hoang D, Pogranichniy RM, Balaban-Oglan DA, Li Y, Wang K, Cai X, Shi J. 2023 International African Swine Fever Workshop: Critical Issues That Need to Be Addressed for ASF Control. Viruses 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 38275939 PMCID: PMC10819980 DOI: 10.3390/v16010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2023 International African Swine Fever Workshop (IASFW) took place in Beijing, China, on 18-20 September 2023. It was jointly organized by the U.S.-China Center for Animal Health (USCCAH) at Kansas State University (KSU) and the Chinese Veterinary Drug Association (CVDA) and sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA-FAS), Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, and Zoetis Inc. The objective of this workshop was to provide a platform for ASF researchers around the world to unite and share their knowledge and expertise on ASF control and prevention. A total of 24 outstanding ASF research scientists and experts from 10 countries attended this meeting. The workshop included presentations on current ASF research, opportunities for scientific collaboration, and discussions of lessons and experiences learned from China/Asia, Africa, and Europe. This article summarizes the meeting highlights and presents some critical issues that need to be addressed for ASF control and prevention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linda K. Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (L.K.D.); (C.L.N.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam;
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.J.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Federal Department of Home Affairs, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Federal Department of Home Affairs, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Postfach, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Changjiang Weng
- National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China;
| | - Guiqing Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.J.); (G.P.)
| | - Ana L. Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (L.K.D.); (C.L.N.); (A.L.R.)
| | - Jun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100107, China;
| | - Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Yupeng Mo
- Dekang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Group, Chengdu 610225, China;
| | | | - Dang Vu Hoang
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - David-Adrian Balaban-Oglan
- Romanian Association of Swine Veterinarians, 013821 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kewen Wang
- Swine Unit, Zoetis China, Beijing 102208, China;
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- Chinese Veterinary Drug Association, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jishu Shi
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barrado-Gil L, García-Dorival I, Galindo I, Alonso C, Cuesta-Geijo MÁ. Insights into the function of ESCRT complex and LBPA in ASFV infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1163569. [PMID: 38125905 PMCID: PMC10731053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1163569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is strongly dependent on an intact endocytic pathway and a certain cellular membrane remodeling for infection, possibly regulated by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). The ESCRT machinery is mainly involved in the coordination of membrane dynamics; hence, several viruses exploit this complex and its accessory proteins VPS4 and ALIX for their own benefit. In this work, we found that shRNA-mediated knockdown of VPS4A decreased ASFV replication and viral titers, and this silencing resulted in an enhanced expression of ESCRT-0 component HRS. ASFV infection slightly increased HRS expression but not under VPS4A depletion conditions. Interestingly, VPS4A silencing did not have an impact on ALIX expression, which was significantly overexpressed upon ASFV infection. Further analysis revealed that ALIX silencing impaired ASFV infection at late stages of the viral cycle, including replication and viral production. In addition to ESCRT, the accessory protein ALIX is involved in endosomal membrane dynamics in a lysobisphosphatydic acid (LBPA) and Ca2+-dependent manner, which is relevant for intraluminal vesicle (ILV) biogenesis and endosomal homeostasis. Moreover, LBPA interacts with NPC2 and/or ALIX to regulate cellular cholesterol traffic, and would affect ASFV infection. Thus, we show that LBPA blocking impacted ASFV infection at both early and late infection, suggesting a function for this unconventional phospholipid in the ASFV viral cycle. Here, we found for the first time that silencing of VPS4A and ALIX affects the infection later on, and blocking LBPA function reduces ASFV infectivity at early and later stages of the viral cycle, while ALIX was overexpressed upon infection. These data suggested the relevance of ESCRT-related proteins in ASFV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Departmento Biotecnología, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao P, Zhou L, Wu J, Weng W, Wang H, Ye M, Qu Y, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Riding apoptotic bodies for cell-cell transmission by African swine fever virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309506120. [PMID: 37983498 PMCID: PMC10691326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309506120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a devastating pathogen to the worldwide swine industry, mainly targets macrophage/monocyte lineage, but how the virus enters host cells has remained unclear. Here, we report that ASFV utilizes apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) for infection and cell-cell transmission. We show that ASFV induces cell apoptosis of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at the late stage of infection to productively shed ApoBDs that are subsequently swallowed by neighboring PAMs to initiate a secondary infection as evidenced by electron microscopy and live-cell imaging. Interestingly, the virions loaded within ApoBDs are exclusively single-enveloped particles that are devoid of the outer layer of membrane and represent a predominant form produced during late infection. The in vitro purified ApoBD vesicles are capable of mediating virus infection of naive PAMs, but the transmission can be significantly inhibited by blocking the "eat-me" signal phosphatidyserine on the surface of ApoBDs via Annexin V or the efferocytosis receptor TIM4 on the recipient PAMs via anti-TIM4 antibody, whereas overexpression of TIM4 enhances virus infection. The same treatment however did not affect the infection by intracellular viruses. Importantly, the swine sera to ASFV exert no effect on the ApoBD-mediated transmission but can partially act on the virions lacking the outer layer of membrane. Thus, ASFV has evolved to hijack a normal cellular pathway for cell-cell spread to evade host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing100125, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlian Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajin Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing100125, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu Y, Wang A, Yan W, Li J, Meng X, Chen L, Li S, Tong W, Kong N, Yu L, Yu H, Shan T, Xu J, Tong G, Zheng H. Identification of Linear Epitopes in the C-Terminal Region of ASFV p72 Protein. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2846. [PMID: 38137990 PMCID: PMC10746095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, which is induced by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global pig industry due to its high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite the severity of the disease, there is a lack of effective vaccines and drugs against the ASFV. The p72 protein, constituting 31 to 33% of the total virus particle mass, serves as the primary capsid protein of ASFV. It is a crucial antigen for the development of ASF subunit vaccines and serological diagnostic methods. In this investigation, 27 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated through mouse immunization with the truncated C-terminal p72 protein expressed by Escherichia coli. Among these, six mAbs exhibited binding to the p72 trimer, with their respective recognized epitopes identified as 542VTAHGINLIDKF553, 568GNAIKTP574, and 584FALKPREEY592. All three epitopes were situated within the interval sequences of functional units of the C-terminal jelly-roll barrel of p72. Notably, two epitopes, 568GNAIKTP574 and 584FALKPREEY592, were internal to the p72 trimer, while the epitope 542VTAHGINLIDKF553 was exposed on the surface of the trimer and consistently conserved across all ASFV genotypes. These findings enhance our comprehension of the antigenic function and structure of the p72 protein, facilitating the utilization of p72 in the development of diagnostic techniques for ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Anchen Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Wanwan Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Junbo Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Songnan Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Jiaping Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Riera E, Fernández-Sesma MH, Vigara-Astillero G, Revilla Y. Signal peptide and N-glycosylation of N-terminal-CD2v determine the hemadsorption of African swine fever virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0103023. [PMID: 37768082 PMCID: PMC10617588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01030-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of the current major animal epidemic worldwide. This disease affects domestic pigs and wild boars, has spread since 2007 through Russia, Eastern Europe, and more recently to Western European countries, and since 2018 emerged in China, from where it spread throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, outbreaks have appeared in the Caribbean, threatening the Americas. It is estimated that more than 900,000 animals have died directly or indirectly from ASFV since 2021 alone. One of the features of ASFV infection is hemoadsorption (HAD), which has been linked to virulence, although the molecular and pathological basis of this hypothesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we have analyzed and identified the key players responsible of HAD, contributing to the identification of new determinants of ASFV virulence, the understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, and the rational development of new vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta H. Fernández-Sesma
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Olesen AS, Lohse L, Johnston CM, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ. Increased Presence of Circulating Cell-Free, Fragmented, Host DNA in Pigs Infected with Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2133. [PMID: 37896910 PMCID: PMC10612093 DOI: 10.3390/v15102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar, often with high case fatality rates. The virus replicates in the circulating cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and within lymphoid tissues. The infection leads to high fever and a variety of clinical signs. In this study, it was observed that ASFV infection in pigs resulted in a >1000-fold increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), derived from the nuclei of host cells in the serum. This change occurred in parallel with the increase in circulating ASFV DNA. In addition, elevated levels (about 30-fold higher) of host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in the serum from ASFV-infected pigs. For comparison, the release of the cellular enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a commonly used marker of cellular damage, was also found to be elevated during ASFV infection, but later and less consistently. The sera from pigs infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which causes a clinically similar disease to ASFV, were also tested but, surprisingly, this infection did not result in the release of cfDNA, mtDNA, or LDH. It was concluded that the level of cfDNA in the serum is a sensitive host marker of virulent ASFV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qian X, Hu L, Shi K, Wei H, Shi Y, Hu X, Zhou Q, Feng S, Long F, Mo S, Li Z. Development of a triplex real-time quantitative PCR for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278714. [PMID: 37929278 PMCID: PMC10620837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified in 1921 and is extensively prevalent around the world nowadays, which has a significant negative impact on the swine industry. In China, genotype II ASFV was first discovered in 2018, and has spread quickly to different provinces in a very short time; genotype I ASFV was first found in 2020, and has been reported in several provinces since then. To establish an accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV, three primers and probes were designed targeting the ASFV B646L gene for different genotypes, the F1055L gene for genotype I, and the E183L gene for genotype II, and a triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for differential detection of genotypes I and II ASFV was developed after optimizing the reaction conditions. The assay showed high sensitivity, and the limits of detection (LOD) of the B646L, F1055L, and E183L genes were 399.647 copies/reaction, 374.409 copies/reaction, and 355.083 copies/reaction, respectively; the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were 0.22-1.88% and 0.16-1.68%, respectively, showing that this method had good repeatability; the assay could detect only ASFV, without cross-reactivity with other swine viruses including PRRSV, PEDV, PDCoV, CSFV, PRV, and PCV2, showing excellent specificity of this method. A total of 3,519 clinical samples from Guangxi province, southern China, were tested by the developed assay, and 8.16% (287/3,519) samples were found to be positive for ASFV, of which 0.17% (6/3,519) samples were positive for genotype I, 7.19% (253/3,519) samples for genotype II, and 0.80% (28/3,519) samples for genotypes I and II. At the same time, these clinical samples were also tested by a previously reported multiplex qPCR, and the agreement between these two methods was more than 99.94%. In summary, the developed triplex qPCR provided a fast, specific and accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu Z, Liu Q, Tian X, Li L, Wu W, Gao W, Li X. Resumption of production operations during the silent disposal period of African swine fever outbreaks: a case study. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37817220 PMCID: PMC10563274 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Batch production, a widely implemented production model in large-scale pig farms, was characterized by its long-term duration, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. Nevertheless, the recent occurrence of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in China has necessitated the implementation of discreet mating operations within this model, leading to disruptions in production cycles and substantial indirect losses. CASE PRESENTATION This study implemented a novel operational procedure, which involved the division of risk areas for zone management and allowed mating operations, in 12 farms experiencing ASF outbreaks. Another 12 farms were used as a control group, employing the old procedure. Subsequently, the prognoses of both the old and new procedures were calculated and analyzed. The findings indicate that the new method resulted in an enhanced retention rate and reduced non-productive days (NPD), without impacting the positive detection rate and disposal time. Consequently, this approach significantly mitigated economic losses (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The efficacy of the novel procedure in mitigating the indirect economic losses stemming from ASF outbreaks, through the reduction of NPD while maintaining retention rates and disposition days, has been substantiated. This methodology has demonstrated feasibility in extensive pig farming operations and exhibits promise for broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, 316 Jinshi Road, Chengdu, 610100, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co.,Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, P. R. China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ito S, Kawaguchi N, Bosch J, Aguilar-Vega C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273417. [PMID: 37841468 PMCID: PMC10569053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pakotiprapha D, Kuhaudomlarp S, Tinikul R, Chanarat S. Bridging the Gap: Can COVID-19 Research Help Combat African Swine Fever? Viruses 2023; 15:1925. [PMID: 37766331 PMCID: PMC10536364 DOI: 10.3390/v15091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite being harmless to humans, ASF poses significant challenges to the swine industry, due to sudden losses and trade restrictions. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled global research effort, yielding remarkable advancements across scientific disciplines. In this review, we explore the potential technological spillover from COVID-19 research into ASF. Specifically, we assess the applicability of the diagnostic tools, vaccine development strategies, and biosecurity measures developed for COVID-19 for combating ASF. Additionally, we discuss the lessons learned from the pandemic in terms of surveillance systems and their implications for managing ASF. By bridging the gap between COVID-19 and ASF research, we highlight the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological spillovers in the battle against ASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shi K, Zhao K, Wei H, Zhou Q, Shi Y, Mo S, Long F, Hu L, Feng S, Mo M. Triplex Crystal Digital PCR for the Detection and Differentiation of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1092. [PMID: 37764900 PMCID: PMC10534775 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, characterized by a high fever and internal bleeding. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is prevalent worldwide and has led to significant economic losses in the global pig industry. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes. After optimizing the reaction conditions of the annealing temperature, primer concentration and probe concentration, triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) and triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were developed for the detection and differentiation of the wild-type ASFV strain and the MGF505-2R and/or I177L gene-deleted ASFV strains. The results indicate that both triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR were highly specific, sensitive and repeatable. The assays could detect only the B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses (i.e., PRRSV, CSFV, PCV2, PCV3, PEDV, PDCoV and PRV). The limit of detection (LOD) of triplex cdPCR was 12 copies/reaction, and the LOD of triplex qPCR was 500 copies/reaction. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeatability and reproducibility were less than 2.7% for triplex cdPCR and less than 1.8% for triplex qPCR. A total of 1510 clinical tissue samples were tested with both methods, and the positivity rates of ASFV were 14.17% (214/1510) with triplex cdPCR and 12.98% (196/1510) with triplex qPCR, with a coincidence rate of 98.81% between the two methods. The positivity rate for the MGF505-2R gene-deleted ASFV strains was 0.33% (5/1510), and no I177L gene-deleted ASFV strain was found. The results indicate that triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR developed in this study can provide rapid, sensitive and accurate methods for the detection and differentiation of the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao H, Wang G, Dong H, Wu S, Du Y, Wan B, Ji P, Wu Y, Jiang D, Zhuang G, Duan H, Zhang G, Zhang A. Identification of a Linear B Cell Epitope on p54 of African Swine Fever Virus Using Nanobodies as a Novel Tool. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0336222. [PMID: 37191526 PMCID: PMC10269858 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03362-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has received great attention from the swine industry due to the pandemic and the lack of vaccines or effective treatments. In the present study, 13 African swine fever virus (ASFV) p54-specific nanobodies (Nbs) were successfully screened based on Bactrian camel immunization of p54 protein and phage display technology, and their reactivity with the p54 C-terminal domain (p54-CTD) was determined; however, only Nb8-horseradish peroxidase (Nb8-HRP) exhibited the best reactivity. Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results indicated that Nb8-HRP specifically reacted with ASFV-infected cells. Then, the possible epitopes of p54 were identified using Nb8-HRP. The results showed that Nb8-HRP could recognize p54-CTD truncated mutant p54-T1. Then, 6 overlapping peptides covering p54-T1 were synthesized to determine the possible epitopes. Dot blot and peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results suggested that one novel minimal linear B cell epitope, 76QQWVEV81, which had never been reported before, was identified. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis revealed that 76QQWV79 was the core binding site for Nb8. Epitope 76QQWVEV81 was highly conserved among genotype II ASFV strains and could react with inactivated ASFV antibody-positive serum from naturally infected pigs, indicating that it was a natural linear B cell epitope. These findings provide valuable insights for vaccine design and p54 as an effective diagnostic tool. IMPORTANCE The ASFV p54 protein plays an important role in inducing neutralization antibodies in vivo after viral infection and is often used as a candidate protein for subunit vaccine development. The full understanding of the p54 protein epitope provides a sufficient theoretical basis for p54 as a vaccine candidate protein. The present study uses a p54-specific nanobody as a probe to identify a highly conserved antigenic epitope, 76QQWVEV81, among different ASFV strains, and it can induce humoral immune responses in pigs. This is the first report using virus-specific nanobodies as a tool to identify some special epitopes that cannot be recognized by conventional monoclonal antibodies. This study opens up nanobodies as a new tool for identifying epitopes and also provides a theoretical basis for understanding p54-induced neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaijie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haoxin Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuya Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lu W, Bai Y, Zhang S, Zhao X, Jin J, Zhu X, Wang R, Wu Y, Zhang A, Zhang G, Zhuang G, Sun A. An Intracellular Epitope of ASFV CD2v Protein Elicits Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1967. [PMID: 37370477 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes high mortality in domestic pigs. ASFV encodes an important protein target for subunit vaccine development, CD2v, but its most effective immunological regions are not known. Herein, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named IF3 by immunizing mice against the intracellular region of the CD2v protein (CD2v-IR). 1F3 specifically recognized CD2v, which is expressed transiently in transfected Sf9 cells and also in inactivated ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells. The epitope recognized by 1F3 is 264EPSPREP270, which is highly conserved in ASFV genotypes. Immunization of mice with this epitope elicited an increased IgG response, including IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, and also increased CD8+ T cells and cytokine expression. Overall, these results indicate that this epitope induces both humoral and cellular immune responses that may be used for ASFV-related subunit vaccine design and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- Laboratory of Indigenous Cattle Germplasm Innovation, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sykes AL, Galvis JA, O'Hara KC, Corzo C, Machado G. Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105962. [PMID: 37354739 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the proximity of African swine fever (ASF) to the U.S., there is an urgent need to better understand the possible dissemination pathways of the virus within the U.S. swine industry and to evaluate mitigation strategies. Here, we extended PigSpread, a farm-level spatially-explicit stochastic compartmental transmission model incorporating six transmission routes including between-farm swine movements, vehicle movements, and local spread, to model the dissemination of ASF. We then examined the effectiveness of control actions similar to the ASF national response plan. The average number of secondary infections during the first 60 days of the outbreak was 49 finisher farms, 17 nursery farms, 5 sow farms, and less than one farm in other production types. The between-farm movements of swine were the predominant route of ASF transmission with an average contribution of 71.1%, while local spread and movement of vehicles were less critical with average contributions of 14.6% and 14.4%. We demonstrated that the combination of quarantine, depopulation, movement restrictions, contact tracing, and enhanced surveillance, was the most effective mitigation strategy, resulting in an average reduction of 79.0% of secondary cases by day 140 of the outbreak. Implementing these control actions led to a median of 495,619 depopulated animals, 357,789 diagnostic tests, and 54,522 movement permits. Our results suggest that the successful elimination of an ASF outbreak is likely to require the deployment of all control actions listed in the ASF national response plan for more than 140 days, as well as estimating the resources needed for depopulation, testing, and movement permits under these controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abagael L Sykes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Galvis
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen C O'Hara
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cesar Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu Y, Shen Z, Xie Z, Song Y, Li Y, Liang R, Gong L, Di D, Liu J, Liu J, Chen Z, Yu W, Lv L, Zhong Q, Liao X, Tian C, Wang R, Song Q, Wang H, Peng G, Chen H. African swine fever virus I73R is a critical virulence-related gene: A potential target for attenuation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210808120. [PMID: 37023125 PMCID: PMC10104517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that causes a fatal disease in pigs, posing a threat to the global pig industry. Whereas some ASFV proteins have been found to play important roles in ASFV-host interaction, the functional roles of many proteins are still largely unknown. In this study, we identified I73R, an early viral gene in the replication cycle of ASFV, as a key virulence factor. Our findings demonstrate that pI73R suppresses the host innate immune response by broadly inhibiting the synthesis of host proteins, including antiviral proteins. Crystallization and structural characterization results suggest that pI73R is a nucleic-acid-binding protein containing a Zα domain. It localizes in the nucleus and inhibits host protein synthesis by suppressing the nuclear export of cellular messenger RNA (mRNAs). While pI73R promotes viral replication, the deletion of the gene showed that it is a nonessential gene for virus replication. In vivo safety and immunogenicity evaluation results demonstrate that the deletion mutant ASFV-GZΔI73R is completely nonpathogenic and provides effective protection to pigs against wild-type ASFV. These results reveal I73R as a virulence-related gene critical for ASFV pathogenesis and suggest that it is a potential target for virus attenuation. Accordingly, the deletion mutant ASFV-GZΔI73R can be a potent live-attenuated vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Lang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510642, China
| | - Dongdong Di
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Jianqi Liu
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Chuanwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510642, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gilbert M, Dvornicky-Raymond Z, Bodgener J. Disease threats to tigers and their prey. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contraction of the global tiger population over the last 100 years into small, often isolated subpopulations has made them increasingly vulnerable to the impact of disease. Despite this, the health of wild tigers continues to be insufficiently funded and explored. For example, canine distemper virus (CDV), has been associated with localized declines and increased risk of extinction, and yet has received little research attention in most tiger range countries. The emergence of new pathogenic threats has posed fresh challenges, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), which has the potential to devastate wild boar populations, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) with implications for tiger conservation that remain unknown. The objective of this review is to synthesize current research on the health of tigers and their prey that impacts the conservation of tigers in the wild. Published sources are interpreted based on three mechanisms through which disease can affect the viability of tiger populations: (1) by reducing the survival of adult tigers, (2) by reducing breeding productivity, and (3) by reducing the carrying capacity of tiger habitat through decreased prey abundance. Examples of CDV, SARS-CoV2, carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and ASFV are used to illustrate these processes and inform discussion of research and mitigation priorities.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoo DS, Cho KH, Hong SK, Kang HE, Park JY. Data-driven risk assessment of the incursion of African swine fever virus via pig products brought illegally into South Korea by travelers based on the temporal relationship between outbreaks in China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:994749. [PMID: 37077945 PMCID: PMC10106568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.994749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2018, Asian countries have been affected by the African swine fever (ASF) virus, with major socioeconomic consequences. Moreover, the number of people traveling in Asian countries has been increasing, leading to an inevitable increase in the risk of ASF spread through livestock products carried by travelers. China and South Korea have close geo-economic ties and numerous international travelers. After the ASF outbreak in China in 2018, many illegally imported pig products (IIPPs) that were confiscated from travelers from China at the port of entry in South Korea tested positive for ASF. The detection of ASF virus (ASFV)-positive IIPPs highlights the need to further assess the risk of incursion by travelers and review the existing prevention strategies. Here, we investigated the temporal relationship between ASF outbreaks in China and the detection of ASFV-positive IIPPs in randomly confiscated samples from all ports of entry, such as flights and ships to South Korea, from 2018 to 2019 using a cross-correlation analysis. Based on the significantly correlated temporal lags between the bivariate time-series data, a risk assessment model, using the Bayesian framework, was built to estimate the distribution of the parameters for the risk assessment model and the monthly probability of ASF being introduced via IIPPs from China to South Korea. ASF outbreaks in China were significantly associated with the detection of ASFV-positive IIPPs in South Korea 5 months later. Hence, the monthly probability of ASFV-infected pig products imported from China via a traveler to South Korea was estimated to be 2.00 × 10−5, corresponding to a 0.98 mean monthly probability of at least one ASF-infected pig product arriving at ports of entry via travelers, from 2018 to 2019. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to estimate the risk of ASF introduction via pig products carried by international travelers to all ports from neighboring countries in the Asian region using commonly exchanged observed data. The data presented in this study can be used to refine the intervention strategies to combat the spread of transboundary animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Yoo
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jee-Yong Park
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu H, Ren Y, Wang T, Shan H, Wong KW. Fuzzy model for quantitative assessment of the epidemic risk of African Swine Fever within Australia. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105884. [PMID: 36848867 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) has spread rapidly across different continents since 2007 and caused huge biosecurity threats and economic losses. Establishing an effective risk assessment model is of great importance for ASF prevention, especially for those ASF-free countries such as Australia. With a vast territory and an economy heavily relying on primary industry, Australia faces a threat from the spread of ASF. Although ordinary quarantine measures have been well-performed throughout Australia, there is still a need to develop an effective risk assessment model to understand the spread of ASF due to the strong transmission ability of ASF. In this paper, via a comprehensive literature review, and analyzing the transmission factors of ASF, we provide a fuzzy model to assess the epidemic risk of Australian states and territories, under the assumption that ASF has entered Australia. As demonstrated in this work, although the pandemic risk of ASF in Australia is relatively low, there is a risk of irregular and scattered outbreaks, with Victoria (VIC) and New South Wales (NSW) - Australia Capital Territory (NSW-ACT) showed the highest risk. The reliability of this model was also systematically tested by a conjoint analysis model. To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze the ASF epidemic risk in a country using fuzzy modeling. This work can provide an understanding of the risk ASF transmission within Australia based on the fuzzy modeling, the same methodology can also provide insights and useful information for the establishment of fuzzy models to perform the ASF risk assessment for other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, PR China; Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - YongLin Ren
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Kok Wai Wong
- Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhou X, Fan J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhu R, Yue H, Qi Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen T, Zhang S, Hu R. Evaluation of African Swine Fever Virus E111R Gene on Viral Replication and Porcine Virulence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040890. [PMID: 37112870 PMCID: PMC10143872 DOI: 10.3390/v15040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with up to a 100% case fatality rate. The development of a vaccine for ASFV is hampered by the fact that the function of many genes in the ASFV genome still needs to be discovered. In this study, the previously unreported E111R gene was analyzed and identified as an early-expressed gene that is highly conserved across the different genotypes of ASFV. To further explore the function of the E111R gene, a recombinant strain, SY18ΔE111R, was constructed by deleting the E111R gene of the lethal ASFV SY18 strain. In vitro, the replication kinetics of SY18ΔE111R with deletion of the E111R gene were consistent with those of the parental strain. In vivo, high-dose SY18ΔE111R (105.0 TCID50), administered intramuscularly to pigs, caused the same clinical signs and viremia as the parental strain (102.0 TCID50), with all pigs dying on days 8–11. After being infected with a low dose of SY18ΔE111R (102.0 TCID50) intramuscularly, pigs showed a later onset of disease and 60% mortality, changing from acute to subacute infection. In summary, deletion of the E111R gene has a negligible effect on the lethality of ASFV and does not affect the viruses’ ability to replicate, suggesting that E111R could not be the priority target of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou X, Fan J, Guo X, Chen T, Yang J, Zhang Y, Mi L, Zhang F, Miao F, Li M, Hu R. Comparison of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus Strain SY18 Challenge Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040858. [PMID: 37112838 PMCID: PMC10142125 DOI: 10.3390/v15040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral haemorrhagic disease found in domestic and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). A highly virulent strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of newly developed vaccine candidates. The ASFV strain SY18 was isolated from the first ASF case in China and is virulent in pigs of all ages. To evaluate the pathogenesis of ASFV SY18 following intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) infections, a challenge trial was conducted in landrace pigs, with intramuscular (IM) injection as a control. The results showed that the incubation period of IN administration with 40–1000 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) was 5–8 days, which was not significantly different from that of IM inoculation with 200 TCID50. A significantly longer incubation period, 11–15 days, was observed in IO administration with 40–5000 TCID50. Clinical features were similar among all infected animals. Symptoms, including high fever (≥40.5 °C), anorexia, depression, and recumbency, were observed. No significant differences were detected in the duration of viral shedding during fever. There was no significant difference in disease outcome, and all animals succumbed to death. This trial showed that IN and IO infections could be used for the efficacy evaluation of an ASF vaccine. The IO infection model, similar to that of natural infection, is highly recommended, especially for the primary screening of candidate vaccine strains or vaccines with relatively weak immune efficacy, such as live vector vaccines and subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaopan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang S, Miao C, Liu W, Zhang G, Shao J, Chang H. Structure and function of African swine fever virus proteins: Current understanding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1043129. [PMID: 36846791 PMCID: PMC9950752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1043129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal double-stranded DNA virus that is responsible for African swine fever (ASF). ASFV was first reported in Kenya in 1921. Subsequently, ASFV has spread to countries in Western Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, as well as to China in 2018. ASFV epidemics have caused serious pig industry losses around the world. Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to the development of an effective ASF vaccine, including the production of inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Progress has been made, but unfortunately, no ASF vaccine has prevented epidemic spread of the virus in pig farms. The complex ASFV structure, comprising a variety of structural and non-structural proteins, has made the development of ASF vaccines difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to fully explore the structure and function of ASFV proteins in order to develop an effective ASF vaccine. In this review, we summarize what is known about the structure and function of ASFV proteins, including the most recently published findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hien ND, Nguyen LT, Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Hoang LT, Stevenson MA. Descriptive epidemiology and spatial analysis of African swine fever epidemics in Can Tho, Vietnam, 2019. Prev Vet Med 2023; 211:105819. [PMID: 36571907 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of African swine fever (ASF) and to identify factors that increased commune-level risk for ASF in Can Tho, a province in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. In 2019, a total of 2377 of the 5220 pig farms in Can Tho were ASF positive, an incidence risk of 46 (95% CI 44-47) ASF positive farms for every 100 farms at risk. Throughout the outbreak ASF resulted in either the death or culling of 59,529 pigs out of a total population size of 124,516 (just under half of the total pig population, 48%). After the first detection in Can Tho in May 2019, ASF spread quickly across all districts with an estimated dissemination ratio (EDR) of greater than one up until the end of July 2019. A mixed-effects Poisson regression model was developed to identify risk factors for ASF. One hundred unit increases in the number of pigs per square kilometre was associated with a 1.28 (95% CrI 1.05-1.55) fold increase in commune-level ASF incidence rate. One unit increases in the number of pig farms per square kilometre was associated with a 0.91 (95% CrI 0.84-0.99) decrease in commune-level ASF incidence rate. Mapping spatially contiguous communes with elevated (unaccounted-for) ASF risk provide a means for generating hypotheses for continued disease transmission. We propose that the analyses described in this paper might be run on an ongoing basis during an outbreak and disease control efforts modified in light of the information provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duc Hien
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Can Tho Sub-Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 30/4 street, Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
| | - Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Le Trung Hoang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Can Tho Sub-Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 30/4 street, Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bohorquez JA, Lanka S, Rosell R, Pérez-Simó M, Alberch M, Rodriguez F, Ganges L, Maddox CW. Efficient detection of African Swine Fever Virus using minimal equipment through a LAMP PCR method. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1114772. [PMID: 36779186 PMCID: PMC9911463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) currently represents the biggest threat to the porcine industry worldwide, with high economic impact and severe animal health and welfare concerns. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe and Asia since ASFV was reintroduced into the continent in 2007 and, in 2021, ASFV was detected in the Caribbean, raising alarm about the reemergence of the virus in the Americas. Given the lack of vaccines against ASFV, control of the virus relies on molecular surveillance, which can be delayed due to the need for sample shipment to specialized laboratories. Isothermal PCR techniques, such as LAMP, have become increasingly attractive as point-of-care diagnostic tools given the minimal material expense, equipment, and training required. The present study aimed to develop a LAMP assay for the detection of ASFV. Four LAMP primer sets were designed, based on a consensus sequence for the ASFV p72 gene, and were tested using a synthetic plasmid containing the cloned ASFV p72 target gene as a positive control. Two primer sets, were selected for further validation, given their very short time for amplification. Both primer sets showed thermal stability, amplifying the ASFV DNA at temperatures between 60-70°C and proved to have an analytical limit of detection as low as one ASFV-plasmid DNA copy/µL, using both fluorometric and colorimetric methods. The selected primers did not yield false positive or cross reactive results with other common swine pathogens, showing high specificity. Testing of DNA-spiked samples showed that LAMP amplification was not affected by the nature of the matrices, including oral fluids, tonsils, blood, or rectal swabs. The primer sets were able to detect the two more prevalent ASFV genotypes in the field. Taken together, the results show that ASFV-LAMP-BG2 and ASFV-LAMP-BG3 would be a useful tool for rapid, highly sensitive on-site diagnostic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alejandro Bohorquez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Carol W. Maddox,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oberin M, Hillman A, Ward MP, Holley C, Firestone S, Cowled B. The Potential Role of Wild Suids in African Swine Fever Spread in Asia and the Pacific Region. Viruses 2022; 15:61. [PMID: 36680101 PMCID: PMC9867030 DOI: 10.3390/v15010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) in Asia and the Pacific is currently dominated by ASF virus transmission within and between domestic pig populations. The contribution made by wild suids is currently not well understood; their distribution, density and susceptibility to the virus has raised concerns that their role in the epidemiology of ASF in the region might be underestimated. Whilst in the Republic of Korea wild suids are considered important in the spread and maintenance of ASF virus, there is an apparent underreporting to official sources of the disease in wild suids from other countires and regions. A review of the current literature, an analysis of the official reporting resources and a survey of the World Organisation of Animal Health Member delegates in Asia and the Pacific were used to assess the potential role of wild suids in ASF outbreaks, and also to gain insight into what ASF management or control strategies are currently implemented for wild suids. Applying appropriate population control and management strategies can be increased in some areas, especially to assist in the conservation of endangered endemic wild suids in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalene Oberin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Alison Hillman
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Caitlin Holley
- The World Organisation for Animal Health, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Simon Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan Cowled
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
O-2-Alkylated Cytosine Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonamidate Prodrugs Display Pan-Genotype Antiviral Activity against African Swine Fever Virus. mSphere 2022; 7:e0037822. [PMID: 36317894 PMCID: PMC9769911 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00378-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease with case fatality rates approaching 100% in domestic pigs. ASFV is responsible for substantial economic losses, but despite ongoing efforts, no vaccine or antiviral agent is currently available. Attempts to control the spread of ASFV are dependent on early detection, adherence to biosecurity measures, and culling of infected herds. However, an effective antiviral agent may be used in lieu of or in conjunction with a vaccine to effectively curb ASFV outbreaks. The dose-dependent antiviral activities of two amidate prodrugs (compounds 1a and 1b) of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine [(R)-O-2-alkylated FPMPC] against ASFV isolates of four different genotypes were determined. Both compounds were found to inhibit ASFV progeny virus output by >90% at noncytotoxic concentrations (<25 μM) in primary porcine macrophages. Analysis of viral transcription and viral protein synthesis indicated that these acyclic nucleotide analogues inhibited late gene expression. Interestingly, time-of-addition studies suggest different viral targets of the compounds, which may be attributed to their differing amino acid prodrug moieties. In view of their promising antiviral activity, these nucleotide analogues merit further evaluation as potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents against ASFV infection and their antiviral efficacy in vivo should be considered. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease. Since its transcontinental spread to Georgia in 2007, ASFV has continued to spread across the globe into countries previously without infection. It is responsible for substantial losses in the domestic pig population and presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. Despite ongoing efforts, there are no vaccines currently available; in their absence, antiviral agents may be a viable alternative. The significance of our research is in identifying the pan-genotype antiviral activity of prodrugs of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine, which will drive further research on the development of these compounds as antivirals against ASFV.
Collapse
|
45
|
Goulding LV, Kiss E, Goatley L, Vrancken R, Goris NEJ, Dixon L. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of nucleoside analogue cHPMPC against African swine fever virus replication. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105433. [PMID: 36252822 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a haemorrhagic disease affecting wild boar and domestic pigs which can result in morbidity and fatality rates of up to 100%. ASFV is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and codes for its replication and transcription machinery. No vaccine is widely available and control depends on early detection, culling of infected herds and adherence to biosecurity measures. In this study the small molecule nucleoside analogue, cyclic cidofovir (cHPMPC), was evaluated for its ability to inhibit replication of four different ASFV genotypes in primary porcine macrophages. Time of addition studies demonstrated that cHPMPC effectively inhibits ASFV replication and late gene expression when added pre-infection or early post-infection but not when added at late times, suggesting the drug target may be the virus DNA polymerase, or the RNA polymerase involved in late transcription. Oral administration of cHPMPC delayed onset of clinical signs and significantly reduced viral titres in blood and tissues of treated pigs. These results indicate that cHPMPC is a promising compound for further development to control ASFV outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang P, Nie T, Ma J, Chen H. Identification of suitable areas for African swine fever occurrence in china using geographic information system-based multi-criteria analysis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
47
|
Attreed SE, Silva C, Abbott S, Ramirez-Medina E, Espinoza N, Borca MV, Gladue DP, Diaz-San Segundo F. A Highly Effective African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Elicits a Memory T Cell Response in Vaccinated Swine. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121438. [PMID: 36558773 PMCID: PMC9783822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and lethal vector-borne disease in suids. Recently, a live attenuated virus strain, developed using the currently circulating, virulent Georgia strain (ASFV-G) with a single gene deletion (ASFV-G-ΔI177L), resulted in an effective vaccine. Nevertheless, protective immune response mechanisms induced by this candidate are poorly understood. In this study, Yorkshire crossbred swine intramuscularly vaccinated with 106 50% hemadsorption dose (HAD50) of ASFV-G-ΔI177L or a vehicle control were challenged at 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G. Analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells following inoculation and challenge revealed that CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ central memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62L+CCR7+, Tcm) decreased significantly by 28 dpi in ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccinated swine compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Conversely, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62-CCR7-, Tem) increased significantly among ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccined swine by 28 dpi compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Additionally, the percentage of natural killer (NK), CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ Tem and CD8+ Tcm and Tem positive for IFNγ increased significantly following inoculation, surpassing that of controls by 28 dpi or earlier. These results suggest that NK and memory T cells play a role in protective immunity and suggest that studying these cell populations may be a surrogate immunity marker in ASF vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Attreed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Christina Silva
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Sophia Abbott
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Assavacheep P, Thanawongnuwech R. Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1048861. [PMID: 36504860 PMCID: PMC9732666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The "repopulate swine farm" policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pornchalit Assavacheep
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Pornchalit Assavacheep
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tiwari S, Dhakal T, Kim TS, Lee DH, Jang GS, Oh Y. Climate Change Influences the Spread of African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:606. [PMID: 36356083 PMCID: PMC9698898 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an inevitable and urgent issue in the current world. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a re-emerging viral animal disease. This study investigates the quantitative association between climate change and the potential spread of ASFV to a global extent. ASFV in wild boar outbreak locations recorded from 1 January 2019 to 29 July 2022 were sampled and investigated using the ecological distribution tool, the Maxent model, with WorldClim bioclimatic data as the predictor variables. The future impacts of climate change on ASFV distribution based on the model were scoped with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) bioclimatic data for 2050 and 2070. The results show that precipitation of the driest month (Bio14) was the highest contributor, and annual mean temperature (Bio1) was obtained as the highest permutation importance variable on the spread of ASFV. Based on the analyzed scenarios, we found that the future climate is favourable for ASFV disease; only quantitative ratios are different and directly associated with climate change. The current study could be a reference material for wildlife health management, climate change issues, and World Health Organization sustainability goal 13: climate action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Thakur Dhakal
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
| | - Gab-Sue Jang
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Blood-sucking ticks are obligate parasites and vectors of a variety of human and animal viruses. Some tick-borne viruses have been identified as pathogens of infectious diseases in humans or animals, potentially imposing significant public health burdens and threats to the husbandry industry. Therefore, identifying the profiles of tick-borne viruses will provide valuable information about the evolution and pathogen ecology of tick-borne viruses. In this study, we investigated the viromes of parasitic ticks collected from the body surfaces of herbivores in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, two regions in northwest China. By using a metatranscriptomic approach, 17 RNA viruses with high diversity in genomic organization and evolution were identified. Among them, nine are proposed to be novel species. The classified viruses belonged to six viral families, including Phenuiviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Lispiviridae, Chuviridae, and Reoviridae, and unclassified viruses were also identified. In addition, although some viruses from different sampling locations shared significant similarities, the abundance and diversity of viruses notably varied among the different collection locations. This study demonstrates the diversity of tick-borne viruses in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and provides informative data for further study of the evolution and pathogenicity of these RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Ticks are widely distributed in pastoral areas in northwestern China and act as vectors that carry and transmit a variety of pathogens, especially viruses. Our study revealed the diversity of tick viruses in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and uncovered the phylogenetic relationships of some RNA viruses, especially the important zoonotic tick-borne severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in Inner Mongolia. These data suggest a complex and diverse evolutionary history and potential ecological factors associated with pathogenic viruses. The pathogenicity of these tick-borne viruses currently remains unclear. Therefore, future research should focus on evaluating the transmissability and pathogenicity of these tick-borne viruses.
Collapse
|