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Huang X, Yang S, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Shen L, Zhang Q, Qiu A, Guan D, He S. Temperature-dependent action of pepper mildew resistance locus O 1 in inducing pathogen immunity and thermotolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2064-2083. [PMID: 38011680 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases tend to be more serious under conditions of high-temperature/high-humidity (HTHH) than under moderate conditions, and hence disease resistance under HTHH is an important determinant for plant survival. However, how plants cope with diseases under HTHH remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the pathosystem consisting of pepper (Capsicum annuum) and Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt) as a model to examine the functions of the protein mildew resistance locus O 1 (CaMLO1) and U-box domain-containing protein 21 (CaPUB21) under conditions of 80% humidity and either 28 °C or 37 °C. Expression profiling, loss- and gain-of-function assays involving virus-induced gene-silencing and overexpression in pepper plants, and protein-protein interaction assays were conducted, and the results showed that CaMLO1 acted negatively in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum at 28 °C but positively at 37 °C. In contrast, CaPUB21 acted positively in immunity at 28 °C but negatively at 37 °C. Importantly, CaPUB21 interacted with CaMLO1 under all of the tested conditions, but only the interaction in response to R. solanacearum at 37 °C or to exposure to 37 °C alone led to CaMLO1 degradation, thereby turning off defence responses against R. solanacearum at 37 °C and under high-temperature stress to conserve resources. Thus, we show that CaMLO1 and CaPUB21 interact with each other and function distinctly in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum in an environment-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lei Shen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qixiong Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Zeng H, Zhu Q, Yuan P, Yan Y, Yi K, Du L. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein-mediated plant responses to biotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3680-3703. [PMID: 37575022 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration have been well documented to act as cellular signals in coupling environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with astonishing accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are extensively characterized as important classes of Ca2+ sensors. The spatial-temporal coordination between Ca2+ transients, CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins is critical for plant responses to environmental stresses. Ca2+ -loaded CaMs/CMLs interact with and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins, such as ion transporters (including channels, pumps, and antiporters), transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes and proteins with unknown biological functions. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying how CaMs/CMLs are involved in the regulation of plant responses to diverse biotic stresses including pathogen infections and herbivore attacks. Recent discoveries of crucial functions of CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins in biotic stress resistance revealed through physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses have been described, and intriguing insights into the CaM/CML-mediated regulatory network are proposed. Perspectives for future directions in understanding CaM/CML-mediated signalling pathways in plant responses to biotic stresses are discussed. The application of accumulated knowledge of CaM/CML-mediated signalling in biotic stress responses into crop cultivation would improve crop resistance to various biotic stresses and safeguard our food production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Park JH, Kim H. Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 for Enhanced Disease Resistance in Hot Peppers: A Comparative Study on CaMLO2-Gene-Editing Efficiency across Six Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16775. [PMID: 38069102 PMCID: PMC10706117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Capsicum annuum Mildew Locus O (CaMLO2) gene is vital for plant defense responses against fungal pathogens like powdery mildew, a significant threat to greenhouse pepper crops. Recent advancements in genome editing, particularly using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, have unlocked unprecedented opportunities for modifying disease-resistant genes and improving crop characteristics. However, the application of CRISPR technology in pepper cultivars has been limited, and the regeneration process remains challenging. This study addresses these limitations by investigating the feasibility of using the validated CaMLO2 genetic scissors system in six commercial hot pepper cultivars. We assessed the gene-editing efficiency of the previously reported high-efficiency Cas9/CaMLO2single-guide RNA (sgRNA)1-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and the low-efficiency Cas9/CaMLO2sgRNA2-RNP systems by extending their application from the bell pepper 'Dempsey' and the hot pepper 'CM334' to six commercial hot pepper cultivars. Across the six cultivars, CaMLO2sgRNA1 demonstrated an editing efficiency ranging from 6.3 to 17.7%, whereas CaMLO2sgRNA2 exhibited no editing efficiency, highlighting the superior efficacy of sgRNA1. These findings indicate the potential of utilizing the verified Cas9/CaMLO2sgRNA1-RNP system to achieve efficient gene editing at the CaMLO2 locus in different Capsicum annuum cultivars regardless of their cultivar genotypes. This study provides an efficacious genome-editing tool for developing improved pepper cultivars with CaMLO2-mediated enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeong Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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4
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Bishnoi R, Kaur S, Sandhu JS, Singla D. Genome engineering of disease susceptibility genes for enhancing resistance in plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 37338599 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Introgression of disease resistance genes (R-genes) to fight against an array of phytopathogens takes several years using conventional breeding approaches. Pathogens develop mechanism(s) to escape plants immune system by evolving new strains/races, thus making them susceptible to disease. Conversely, disruption of host susceptibility factors (or S-genes) provides opportunities for resistance breeding in crops. S-genes are often exploited by phytopathogens to promote their growth and infection. Therefore, identification and targeting of disease susceptibility genes (S-genes) are gaining more attention for the acquisition of resistance in plants. Genome engineering of S-genes results in targeted, transgene-free gene modification through CRISPR-Cas-mediated technology and has been reported in several agriculturally important crops. In this review, we discuss the defense mechanism in plants against phytopathogens, tug of war between R-genes and S-genes, in silico techniques for identification of host-target (S-) genes and pathogen effector molecule(s), CRISPR-Cas-mediated S-gene engineering, its applications, challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Bishnoi
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Sehgeet Kaur
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jagdeep Singh Sandhu
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Deepak Singla
- Bioinformatics Centre, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
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Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF. Mapping of the bs5 and bs6 non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1061803. [PMID: 37275256 PMCID: PMC10235544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a major disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in warm and humid production environments. Use of genetically resistant cultivars is an effective approach to manage bacterial spot. Two recessive resistance genes, bs5 and bs6, confer non-race-specific resistance against bacterial spot. The objective of our study was to map these two loci in the pepper genome. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to initially map the position of the two resistances. Segregating populations for bs5 and bs6 were developed by crossing susceptible Early CalWonder (ECW) with near-isogenic lines ECW50R (bs5 introgression) or ECW60R (bs6 introgression). Following fine-mapping, bs5 was delimited to a ~535 Kbp interval on chromosome 3, and bs6 to a ~666 Kbp interval in chromosome 6. We identified 14 and 8 candidate resistance genes for bs5 and bs6, respectively, based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent. This research enhances marker-assisted selection of bs5 and bs6 in breeding programs and is a crucial step towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca Wente
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gerald V. Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Upinder S. Gill
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - C. Eduardo Vallejos
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John P. Hart
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michael R. Mazourek
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robert E. Stall
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Sharma A, Abrahamian P, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Vallad GE, Jones JB. Future of Bacterial Disease Management in Crop Production. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:259-282. [PMID: 35790244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases are a constant threat to crop production globally. Current management strategies rely on an array of tactics, including improved cultural practices; application of bactericides, plant activators, and biocontrol agents; and use of resistant varieties when available. However, effective management remains a challenge, as the longevity of deployed tactics is threatened by constantly changing bacterial populations. Increased scrutiny of the impact of pesticides on human and environmental health underscores the need for alternative solutions that are durable, sustainable, accessible to farmers, and environmentally friendly. In this review, we discuss the strengths and shortcomings of existing practices and dissect recent advances that may shape the future of bacterial disease management. We conclude that disease resistance through genome modification may be the most effective arsenal against bacterial diseases. Nonetheless, more research is necessary for developing novel bacterial disease management tactics to meet the food demand of a growing global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Peter Abrahamian
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, USA
- Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Renato Carvalho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, USA
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
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7
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MLO Proteins from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Related Species in the Broad Phylogenetic Context. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121588. [PMID: 35736740 PMCID: PMC9229925 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
MLO proteins are a family of transmembrane proteins in land plants that play an important role in plant immunity and host–pathogen interactions, as well as a wide range of development processes. Understanding the evolutionary history of MLO proteins is important for understanding plant physiology and health. In the present work, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on a large set of MLO protein sequences from publicly available databases, specifically emphasising MLOs from the tomato plant and related species. As a result, 4886 protein sequences were identified and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. In comparison to previous findings, we identified nine phylogenetic clades, revealed the internal structure of clades I and II as additional clades and showed the presence of monocotyledon species in all MLO clades. We identified a set of 19 protein motifs that allowed for the identification of particular clades. Sixteen SlMLO proteins from tomato were located in the phylogenetic tree and identified in relation to homologous sequences from other Solanaceae species. The obtained results could be useful for further work on the use of MLO proteins in the study of mildew resistance in Solanaceae and other plant families.
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N-Methyltransferase CaASHH3 Acts as a Positive Regulator of Immunity against Bacterial Pathogens in Pepper. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126492. [PMID: 35742935 PMCID: PMC9224371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins with conserved SET domain play a critical role in plant immunity. However, the means of organization and functions of these proteins are unclear, particularly in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Herein, we functionally characterized CaASHH3, a member of class II (the ASH1 homologs H3K36) proteins in pepper immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). The CaASHH3 was localized in the nucleus, and its transcript levels were significantly enhanced by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) and exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethephon (ETH), and abscisic acid (ABA). Knockdown of CaASHH3 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) compromised peppers’ resistance to RSI. Furthermore, silencing of CaASHH3 impaired hypersensitive-response (HR)-like cell death response due to RSI and downregulated defense-associated marker genes, including CaPR1, CaNPR1, and CaABR1. The CaASHH3 protein was revealed to affect the promoters of CaNPR1, CaPR1, and CaHSP24. Transiently over-expression of CaASHH3 in pepper leaves elicited HR-like cell death and upregulated immunity-related marker genes. To further study the role of CaASHH3 in plant defense in vivo, CaASHH3 transgenic plants were generated in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of CaASHH3 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced innate immunity against Pst DC3000. Furthermore, CaASHH3 over-expressing transgenic A. thaliana plants exhibited upregulated transcriptional levels of immunity-associated marker genes, such as AtNPR1, AtPR1, and AtPR2. These results collectively confirm the role of CaASHH3 as a positive regulator of plant cell death and pepper immunity against bacterial pathogens, which is regulated by signaling synergistically mediated by SA, JA, ET, and ABA.
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9
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Kim C, Park J, Choi G, Kim S, Vo KTX, Jeon J, Kang S, Lee Y. A rice gene encoding glycosyl hydrolase plays contrasting roles in immunity depending on the type of pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:400-416. [PMID: 34839574 PMCID: PMC8828457 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Because pathogens use diverse infection strategies, plants cannot use one-size-fits-all defence and modulate defence responses based on the nature of pathogens and pathogenicity mechanism. Here, we report that a rice glycoside hydrolase (GH) plays contrasting roles in defence depending on whether a pathogen is hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic. The Arabidopsis thaliana MORE1 (Magnaporthe oryzae resistance 1) gene, encoding a member of the GH10 family, is needed for resistance against M. oryzae and Alternaria brassicicola, a fungal pathogen infecting A. thaliana as a necrotroph. Among 13 rice genes homologous to MORE1, 11 genes were induced during the biotrophic or necrotrophic stage of infection by M. oryzae. CRISPR/Cas9-assisted disruption of one of them (OsMORE1a) enhanced resistance against hemibiotrophic pathogens M. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae but increased susceptibility to Cochliobolus miyabeanus, a necrotrophic fungus, suggesting that OsMORE1a acts as a double-edged sword depending on the mode of infection (hemibiotrophic vs. necrotrophic). We characterized molecular and cellular changes caused by the loss of MORE1 and OsMORE1a to understand how these genes participate in modulating defence responses. Although the underlying mechanism of action remains unknown, both genes appear to affect the expression of many defence-related genes. Expression patterns of the GH10 family genes in A. thaliana and rice suggest that other members also participate in pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ju‐Young Park
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Gobong Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural GenomicsSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech InstituteKyung Hee UniversityYonginKorea
| | - Jong‐Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech InstituteKyung Hee UniversityYonginKorea
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yong‐Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural GenomicsSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Center for Fungal Genetic ResourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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10
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Reimer JJ, Thiele B, Biermann RT, Junker-Frohn LV, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Usadel B, Wormit A. Tomato leaves under stress: a comparison of stress response to mild abiotic stress between a cultivated and a wild tomato species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:177-206. [PMID: 34677706 PMCID: PMC8553704 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most produced crop plants on earth and growing in the fields and greenhouses all over the world. Breeding with known traits of wild species can enhance stress tolerance of cultivated crops. In this study, we investigated responses of the transcriptome as well as primary and secondary metabolites in leaves of a cultivated and a wild tomato to several abiotic stresses such as nitrogen deficiency, chilling or warmer temperatures, elevated light intensities and combinations thereof. The wild species responded different to varied temperature conditions compared to the cultivated tomato. Nitrogen deficiency caused the strongest responses and induced in particular the secondary metabolism in both species but to much higher extent in the cultivated tomato. Our study supports the potential of a targeted induction of valuable secondary metabolites in green residues of horticultural production, that will otherwise only be composted after fruit harvest. In particular, the cultivated tomato showed a strong induction in the group of mono caffeoylquinic acids in response to nitrogen deficiency. In addition, the observed differences in stress responses between cultivated and wild tomato can lead to new breeding targets for better stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Reimer
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, PtJ, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robin T Biermann
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Laura V Junker-Frohn
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Bioinformatics (IBG-4), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Bioinformatics (IBG-4), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Chair of Biological Data Science, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Bioeconomy Science Center, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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11
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Pépin N, Hebert FO, Joly DL. Genome-Wide Characterization of the MLO Gene Family in Cannabis sativa Reveals Two Genes as Strong Candidates for Powdery Mildew Susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:729261. [PMID: 34589104 PMCID: PMC8475652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.729261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is increasingly being grown around the world for medicinal, industrial, and recreational purposes. As in all cultivated plants, cannabis is exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including powdery mildew (PM). This fungal disease stresses cannabis plants and reduces flower bud quality, resulting in significant economic losses for licensed producers. The Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family encodes plant-specific proteins distributed among conserved clades, of which clades IV and V are known to be involved in susceptibility to PM in monocots and dicots, respectively. In several studies, the inactivation of those genes resulted in durable resistance to the disease. In this study, we identified and characterized the MLO gene family members in five different cannabis genomes. Fifteen Cannabis sativa MLO (CsMLO) genes were manually curated in cannabis, with numbers varying between 14, 17, 19, 18, and 18 for CBDRx, Jamaican Lion female, Jamaican Lion male, Purple Kush, and Finola, respectively (when considering paralogs and incomplete genes). Further analysis of the CsMLO genes and their deduced protein sequences revealed that many characteristics of the gene family, such as the presence of seven transmembrane domains, the MLO functional domain, and particular amino acid positions, were present and well conserved. Phylogenetic analysis of the MLO protein sequences from all five cannabis genomes and other plant species indicated seven distinct clades (I through VII), as reported in other crops. Expression analysis revealed that the CsMLOs from clade V, CsMLO1 and CsMLO4, were significantly upregulated following Golovinomyces ambrosiae infection, providing preliminary evidence that they could be involved in PM susceptibility. Finally, the examination of variation within CsMLO1 and CsMLO4 in 32 cannabis cultivars revealed several amino acid changes, which could affect their function. Altogether, cannabis MLO genes were identified and characterized, among which candidates potentially involved in PM susceptibility were noted. The results of this study will lay the foundation for further investigations, such as the functional characterization of clade V MLOs as well as the potential impact of the amino acid changes reported. Those will be useful for breeding purposes in order to develop resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Pépin
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Francois Olivier Hebert
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Institut National des Cannabinoïdes, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David L. Joly
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
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12
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Toporek SM, Branham SE, Katawczik ML, Keinath AP, Patrick Wechter W. QTL mapping of resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis clade 1, mating type A2, in Cucumis melo. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2577-2586. [PMID: 33950283 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This is the first identification of QTLs underlying resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis in Cucumis melo using a genetically characterized isolate. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal organism of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), is one of the largest threats to cucurbit production in the eastern USA. Currently, no Cucumis melo (melon) cultivars have significant levels of resistance. Additionally, little is understood about the genetic basis of resistance in C. melo. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs; N = 169) generated from a cross between the resistant melon breeding line MR-1 and susceptible cultivar Ananas Yok'neam were phenotyped for CDM resistance in both greenhouse and growth chamber studies. A high-density genetic linkage map with 5,663 binned SNPs created from the RIL population was utilized for QTL mapping. Nine QTLs, including two major QTLs, were associated with CDM resistance. Of the major QTLs, qPcub-10.1 was stable across growth chamber and greenhouse tests, whereas qPcub-8.2 was detected only in growth chamber tests. qPcub-10.1 co-located with an MLO-like protein coding gene, which has been shown to confer resistance to powdery mildew and Phytophthora in other plants. This is the first screening of C. melo germplasm with a genetically characterized P. cubensis isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Toporek
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Sandra E Branham
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Melanie L Katawczik
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Anthony P Keinath
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - W Patrick Wechter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA.
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13
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Park SI, Kim HB, Jeon HJ, Kim H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Capsicum annuum Gene Editing in Two Cultivars, Hot Pepper CM334 and Bell Pepper Dempsey. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3921. [PMID: 33920210 PMCID: PMC8070316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are the most widespread and cultivated species of Solanaceae in subtropical and temperate countries. These vegetables are economically attractive worldwide. Although whole-genome sequences of peppers and genome-editing tools are currently available, the precision editing of peppers is still in its infancy because of the lack of a stable pepper transformation method. Here, we employed three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains-AGL1, EHA101, and GV3101-to investigate which Agrobacterium strain could be used for pepper transformation. Hot pepper CM334 and bell pepper Dempsey were chosen in this study. Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 induced the highest number of calli in cv. Dempsey. All three strains generated similar numbers of calli for cv. CM334. We optimized a suitable concentration of phosphinothricin (PPT) to select a CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector (pBAtC) for both pepper types. Finally, we screened transformed calli for PPT resistance (1 and 5 mg/L PPT for cv. CM334 and Dempsey, respectively). These selected calli showed different indel frequencies from the non-transformed calli. However, the primary indel pattern was consistent with a 1-bp deletion at the target locus of the C. annuumMLO gene (CaMLO2). These results demonstrate the different sensitivity between cv. CM334 and Dempsey to A. tumefaciens-mediated callus induction, and a differential selection pressure of PPT via pBAtC binary vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-il Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Bin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hyun-Ji Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (H.-B.K.); (H.-J.J.)
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Wang L, Somera TS, Hargarten H, Honaas L, Mazzola M. Comparative Analysis of the Apple Root Transcriptome as Affected by Rootstock Genotype and Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment: Implications for Plant Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040763. [PMID: 33917441 PMCID: PMC8067487 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) soil amendment has been utilized as an effective strategy to control the biological complex of organisms, which includes oomycetes, fungi, and parasitic nematodes, that incites the phenomenon termed apple replant disease. Soil-borne disease control attained in response to Brassicaceae SM amendment is reliant on multiple chemical and biological attributes, including specific SM-generated modifications to the soil/rhizosphere microbiome. In this study, we conducted a comparative analyses of apple root gene expression as influenced by rootstock genotype combined with a seed meal (SM) soil amendment. Apple replant disease (ARD) susceptible (M.26) and tolerant (G.210) rootstocks cultivated in SM-amended soil exhibited differential gene expression relative to corresponding non-treated control (NTC) orchard soil. The temporal dynamics of gene expression indicated that the SM-amended soil system altered the trajectory of the root transcriptome in a genotype-specific manner. In both genotypes, the expression of genes related to plant defense and hormone signaling were altered in SM-amended soil, suggesting SM-responsive phytohormone regulation. Altered gene expression was temporally associated with changes in rhizosphere microbiome density and composition in the SM-treated soil. Gene expression analysis across the two rootstocks cultivated in the pathogen-infested NTC soil showed genotype-specific responses indicative of different defensive strategies. These results are consistent with previously described resistance mechanisms of ARD “tolerant” rootstock cultivars and also add to our understanding of the multiple mechanisms by which SM soil amendment and the resulting rhizosphere microbiome affect apple rootstock physiology. Future studies which assess transcriptomic and metagenomic data in parallel will be important for illuminating important connections between specific rhizosphere microbiota, gene-regulation, and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Tracey S. Somera
- USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA; (T.S.S.); (H.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Heidi Hargarten
- USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA; (T.S.S.); (H.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Loren Honaas
- USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA; (T.S.S.); (H.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Mark Mazzola
- USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA; (T.S.S.); (H.H.); (L.H.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-670-1189
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15
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Kieu NP, Lenman M, Wang ES, Petersen BL, Andreasson E. Mutations introduced in susceptibility genes through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing confer increased late blight resistance in potatoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4487. [PMID: 33627728 PMCID: PMC7904907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of pathogen-resistant cultivars is expected to increase yield and decrease fungicide use in agriculture. However, in potato breeding, increased resistance obtained via resistance genes (R-genes) is hampered because R-gene(s) are often specific for a pathogen race and can be quickly overcome by the evolution of the pathogen. In parallel, susceptibility genes (S-genes) are important for pathogenesis, and loss of S-gene function confers increased resistance in several plants, such as rice, wheat, citrus and tomatoes. In this article, we present the mutation and screening of seven putative S-genes in potatoes, including two DMR6 potato homologues. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, which conferred co-expression of two guide RNAs, tetra-allelic deletion mutants were generated and resistance against late blight was assayed in the plants. Functional knockouts of StDND1, StCHL1, and DMG400000582 (StDMR6-1) generated potatoes with increased resistance against late blight. Plants mutated in StDND1 showed pleiotropic effects, whereas StDMR6-1 and StCHL1 mutated plants did not exhibit any growth phenotype, making them good candidates for further agricultural studies. Additionally, we showed that DMG401026923 (here denoted StDMR6-2) knockout mutants did not demonstrate any increased late blight resistance, but exhibited a growth phenotype, indicating that StDMR6-1 and StDMR6-2 have different functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the mutation and screening of putative S-genes in potatoes, including two DMR6 potato homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Phuong Kieu
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Eu Sheng Wang
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen's vej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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16
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Kim H, Choi J, Won KH. A stable DNA-free screening system for CRISPR/RNPs-mediated gene editing in hot and sweet cultivars of Capsicum annuum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:449. [PMID: 33004008 PMCID: PMC7528386 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-free, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based genome editing is a simple, convincing, and promising tool for precision crop breeding. The efficacy of designed CRISPR-based genome editing tools is a critical prerequisite for successful precision gene editing in crops. RESULTS This study demonstrates that soil-grown leaf- or callus-derived pepper protoplasts are a useful system for screening of efficient guide RNAs for CRISPR/Cas9 or CRISPR/Cas12a (Cpf1). CRISPR/Cas9 or Cpf1 were delivered as CRISPR/RNP complexes of purified endonucleases mixed with the designed single guide RNA, which can edit the target gene, CaMLO2 in two pepper cultivars with whole genome sequenced, Capsicum annuum 'CM334' and C. annuum 'Dempsey'. The designed guide RNAs (sgRNAs for Cas9 or crRNAs for Cpf1) are conserved for CaMLO2 in both CM334 and Dempsey and cleave CaMLO2 in vitro. CRISPR/Cas9- or /Cpf1-RNP complexes were transfected into purely isolated protoplasts of the hot pepper CM334 and sweet pepper Dempsey by PEG-mediated delivery. Targeted deep sequencing analysis indicated that the targeted CaMLO2 gene was differentially edited in both cultivars, depending on the applied CRISPR/RNPs. CONCLUSIONS Pepper protoplast-based CRISPR guide-RNA selection is a robust method to check the efficacy of designed CRISPR tools and is a prerequisite for regenerating edited plants, which is a critical time-limiting procedure. The rapid and convincing selection of guide RNA against a target genome reduces the laborious efforts for tissue culture and facilitates effective gene editing for pepper improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Jisun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kang-Hee Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
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18
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Yang S, Shi Y, Zou L, Huang J, Shen L, Wang Y, Guan D, He S. Pepper CaMLO6 Negatively Regulates Ralstonia solanacearum Resistance and Positively Regulates High Temperature and High Humidity Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1223-1238. [PMID: 32343804 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant mildew-resistance locus O (MLO) proteins influence susceptibility to powdery mildew. However, their roles in plant responses to other pathogens and heat stress remain unclear. Here, we showed that CaMLO6, a pepper (Capsicum annuum) member of MLO clade V, is a protein targeted to plasma membrane and probably endoplasmic reticulum. The transcript expression level of CaMLO6 was upregulated in the roots and leaves of pepper plants challenged with high temperature and high humidity (HTHH) and was upregulated in leaves but downregulated in roots of plants infected with the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. CaMLO6 was also directly upregulated by CaWRKY40 upon HTHH but downregulated by CaWRKY40 upon R. solanacearum infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaMLO6 significantly decreased pepper HTHH tolerance and R. solanacearum susceptibility. Moreover, CaMLO6 overexpression enhanced the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants to R. solanacearum and their tolerance to HTHH, effects that were associated with the expression of immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes, respectively. These results suggest that CaMLO6 acts as a positive regulator in response to HTHH but a negative regulator in response to R. solanacearum. Moreover, CaMLO6 is transcriptionally affected by R. solanacearum and HTHH; these transcriptional responses are at least partially regulated by CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Longyun Zou
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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19
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CaCML13 Acts Positively in Pepper Immunity Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection Forming Feedback Loop with CabZIP63. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114186. [PMID: 32545368 PMCID: PMC7312559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-signaling—which requires the presence of calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins—is crucial for the regulation of plant immunity against pathogen attack. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially the roles of CMLs involved in plant immunity remains largely uninvestigated. In the present study, CaCML13, a calmodulin-like protein of pepper that was originally found to be upregulated by Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI) in RNA-seq, was functionally characterized in immunity against RSI. CaCML13 was found to target the whole epidermal cell including plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. We also confirmed that CaCML13 was upregulated by RSI in pepper roots by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The silencing of CaCML13 significantly enhanced pepper plants’ susceptibility to RSI accompanied with downregulation of immunity-related CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1 and CabZIP63. In contrast, CaCML13 transient overexpression induced clear hypersensitivity-reaction (HR)-mimicked cell death and upregulation of the tested immunity-related genes. In addition, we also revealed that the G-box-containing CaCML13 promoter was bound by CabZIP63 and CaCML13 was positively regulated by CabZIP63 at transcriptional level. Our data collectively indicate that CaCML13 act as a positive regulator in pepper immunity against RSI forming a positive feedback loop with CabZIP63.
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20
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Shi J, Wan H, Zai W, Xiong Z, Wu W. Phylogenetic Relationship of Plant MLO Genes and Transcriptional Response of MLO Genes to Ralstonia solanacearum in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E487. [PMID: 32365643 PMCID: PMC7291212 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum disease resistance factor, MLO is involved in a variety of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. To figure out the structural features, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns of MLO genes, we investigated the genome and transcriptome sequencing data of 28 plant species using bioinformatics tools. A total of 197 MLO genes were identified. They possessed 5-7 transmembrane domains, but only partially contained a calmodulin-binding domain. A total of 359 polymorphic sites and 142 haplotypes were found in 143 sequences, indicating the rich nucleotide diversity of MLO genes. The MLO genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes or scaffolds and were mainly located at the ends, forming clusters (24.1% genes), tandem duplicates (5.7%), and segment duplicates (36.2%). The MLO genes could be classified into three groups by phylogenetic analysis. The angiosperm genes were mainly in subgroup IA, Selaginella moellendorffii genes were in subgroup IA and IIIB, Physcomitrella patens genes were in subgroup IB and IIIA, and almost all algae genes were in group II. About half of the MLO genes had homologs within and across species. The Ka/Ks values were all less than 1, varying 0.01-0.78, suggesting that purifying selection had occurred in MLO gene evolution. In tomato, RNA-seq data indicated that SlMLO genes were highly expressed in roots, followed by flowers, buds, and leaves, and also regulated by different biotic stresses. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that SlMLO genes could respond to tomato bacterial wilt, with SlMLO1, SlMLO2, SlMLO4, and SlMLO6 probably involved in the susceptibility response, whereas SlMLO14 and SlMLO16 being the opposite. These results lay a foundation for the isolation and application of related genes in plant disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Hongjian Wan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Wenshan Zai
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zili Xiong
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China; (W.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Weiren Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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21
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Qari SH, Al Surhanee AA, Yasin G, Alamri S, Hashem M, M Al-Saadi A. Plant hypersensitive response vs pathogen ingression: Death of few gives life to others. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104224. [PMID: 32360524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a defense action against pathogen ingression. Typically, HR is predictable with the appearance of the dead, brown cells along with visible lesions. Although death during HR can be limited to the cells in direct contact with pathogens, yet cell death can also spread away from the infection site. The variety in morphologies of plant cell death proposes involvement of different pathways for triggering HR. It is considered that, despite the differences, HR in plants performs the resembling functions like that of animal programmed cell death (PCD) for confining pathogen progression. HR, in fact, crucially initiates systemic signals for activation of defense in distal plant parts that ultimately results in systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Therefore, HR can be separated from other local immune actions/responses at the infection site. HR comprises of serial events inclusive of transcriptional reprograming, Ca2+ influx, oxidative bursts and phyto-hormonal signaling. Although a lot of work has been done on HR in plants but many questions regarding mechanisms and consequences of HRs remain unaddressed.We have summarized the mechanistic roles and cellular events of plant cells during HR in defense regulation. Roles of different genes during HR have been discussed to clarify genetic control of HR in plants. Generally existing ambiguities about HR and programmed cell death at the reader level has been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Sameer Hasan Qari
- Biology Department, Al-jumum University College, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameena A Al Surhanee
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau ud din Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research center for advance materials science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004 Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Assuit University, Botany and Microbiology department, Assuit. 71516, Egypt
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22
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Parisi M, Alioto D, Tripodi P. Overview of Biotic Stresses in Pepper ( Capsicum spp.): Sources of Genetic Resistance, Molecular Breeding and Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2587. [PMID: 32276403 PMCID: PMC7177692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the major vegetable crops grown worldwide largely appreciated for its economic importance and nutritional value. This crop belongs to the large Solanaceae family, which, among more than 90 genera and 2500 species of flowering plants, includes commercially important vegetables such as tomato and eggplant. The genus includes over 30 species, five of which (C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens) are domesticated and mainly grown for consumption as food and for non-food purposes (e.g., cosmetics). The main challenges for vegetable crop improvement are linked to the sustainable development of agriculture, food security, the growing consumers' demand for food. Furthermore, demographic trends and changes to climate require more efficient use of plant genetic resources in breeding programs. Increases in pepper consumption have been observed in the past 20 years, and for maintaining this trend, the development of new resistant and high yielding varieties is demanded. The range of pathogens afflicting peppers is very broad and includes fungi, viruses, bacteria, and insects. In this context, the large number of accessions of domesticated and wild species stored in the world seed banks represents a valuable resource for breeding in order to transfer traits related to resistance mechanisms to various biotic stresses. In the present review, we report comprehensive information on sources of resistance to a broad range of pathogens in pepper, revisiting the classical genetic studies and showing the contribution of genomics for the understanding of the molecular basis of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Parisi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy;
| | - Daniela Alioto
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Tripodi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy;
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23
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Noman A, Hussain A, Adnan M, Khan MI, Ashraf MF, Zainab M, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, He S. A novel MYB transcription factor CaPHL8 provide clues about evolution of pepper immunity againstsoil borne pathogen. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Mildew Resistance Locus O Genes CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 Are Negative Modulators of the Cucumis sativus Defense Response to Corynespora cassiicola. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194793. [PMID: 31561602 PMCID: PMC6801717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynespora leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola is one of the major diseases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, the resistance mechanisms and signals of cucumber to C. cassiicola are unclear. Here, we report that the mildew resistance locus O (MLO) genes, CsMLO1 and CsMLO2, are both negative modulators of the cucumber defense response to C. cassiicola. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 are localized in the plasma membrane. Expression analysis indicated that the transcript levels of CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 are linked to the defense response to C. cassiicola. Transient overexpression of either CsMLO1 or CsMLO2 in cucumber cotyledons reduced resistance to C. cassiicola, whereas silencing of either CsMLO1 or CsMLO2 enhanced resistance to C. cassiicola. The relationships of pathogenesis-related proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated genes, and abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes to the overexpression and silencing of CsMLO1/CsMLO2 in non-infested cucumber plants were investigated. The results indicated that CsMLO1 mediated resistance against C. cassiicola by regulating the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and ROS-associated genes, as well as through ABA signaling pathway-associated genes. The CsMLO2-mediated resistance against C. cassiicola primarily involves regulation of the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins. Our findings will guide strategies to enhance the resistance of cucumber to corynespora leaf spot.
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25
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Yu G, Wang X, Chen Q, Cui N, Yu Y, Fan H. Cucumber Mildew Resistance Locus O Interacts with Calmodulin and Regulates Plant Cell Death Associated with Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2995. [PMID: 31248151 PMCID: PMC6627319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced cell death is closely related to plant disease susceptibility and resistance. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) mildew resistance locus O (CsMLO1) and calmodulin (CsCaM3) genes, as molecular components, are linked to nonhost resistance and hypersensitive cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that CsMLO1 interacts with CsCaM3 via yeast two-hybrid, firefly luciferase (LUC) complementation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments. A subcellular localization analysis of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion reveals that CsCaM3 is transferred from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana, and CsCaM3 green fluorescence is significantly attenuated via the coexpression of CsMLO1 and CsCaM3. CsMLO1 negatively regulates CsCaM3 expression in transiently transformed cucumbers, and hypersensitive cell death is disrupted by CsCaM3 and/or CsMLO1 expression under Corynespora cassiicola infection. Additionally, CsMLO1 silencing significantly enhances the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes (CsPO1, CsRbohD, and CsRbohF), defense marker genes (CsPR1 and CsPR3) and callose deposition-related gene (CsGSL) in infected cucumbers. These results suggest that the interaction of CsMLO1 with CsCaM3 may act as a cell death regulator associated with plant immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qiumin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Na Cui
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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26
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Qiu A, Wu J, Lei Y, Cai Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Guan D, He S. CaSK23, a Putative GSK3/SHAGGY-Like Kinase of Capsicum annuum, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Pepper's Response to Ralstonia solanacearum Attack. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092698. [PMID: 30208566 PMCID: PMC6163794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3-like kinases have been mainly implicated in the brassinosteroids (BR) pathway and, therefore, in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses; however, their roles in plant immunity remain poorly understood. Herein, we present evidence that CaSK23, a putative GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase in pepper, acts as a negative regulator in pepper’s response to Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) inoculation (RSI). Data from quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the constitutively-expressed CaSK23 in pepper leaves was down-regulated by RSI, as well as by exogenously-applied salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasomonate (MeJA). Silencing of CaSK23 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) decreased the susceptibility of pepper plants to RSI, coupled with up-regulation of the tested genes encoding SA-, JA-, and ethylene (ET)-dependent pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. In contrast, ectopic overexpression (OE) of CaSK23 conferred a compromised resistance of tobacco plants to RSI, accompanied by down-regulation of the tested immunity-associated SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent PR genes. In addition, transient overexpression of CaSK23 in pepper plants consistently led to down-regulation of the tested SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent PR genes. We speculate that CaSK23 acts as a negative regulator in pepper immunity and its constitutive expression represses pepper immunity in the absence of pathogens. On the other hand, its decreased expression derepresses immunity when pepper plants are attacked by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yufen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yiting Cai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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27
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Langner T, Kamoun S, Belhaj K. CRISPR Crops: Plant Genome Editing Toward Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:479-512. [PMID: 29975607 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing by sequence-specific nucleases (SSNs) has revolutionized biology by enabling targeted modifications of genomes. Although routine plant genome editing emerged only a few years ago, we are already witnessing the first applications to improve disease resistance. In particular, CRISPR-Cas9 has democratized the use of genome editing in plants thanks to the ease and robustness of this method. Here, we review the recent developments in plant genome editing and its application to enhancing disease resistance against plant pathogens. In the future, bioedited disease resistant crops will become a standard tool in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Langner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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28
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Li R, Li R, Chen D, Wang T, Justice A, Li L, Zhao W. Mildew Resistance Locus O Gene Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Pattern in Mulberry (Morus multicaulis) and Its Prokaryotic Expression in E. coli. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Phillips AZ, Berry JC, Wilson MC, Vijayaraghavan A, Burke J, Bunn JI, Allen TW, Wheeler T, Bart RS. Genomics-enabled analysis of the emergent disease cotton bacterial blight. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007003. [PMID: 28910288 PMCID: PMC5614658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton bacterial blight (CBB), an important disease of (Gossypium hirsutum) in the early 20th century, had been controlled by resistant germplasm for over half a century. Recently, CBB re-emerged as an agronomic problem in the United States. Here, we report analysis of cotton variety planting statistics that indicate a steady increase in the percentage of susceptible cotton varieties grown each year since 2009. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from the current outbreak cluster with race 18 Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm) strains. Illumina based draft genomes were generated for thirteen Xcm isolates and analyzed along with 4 previously published Xcm genomes. These genomes encode 24 conserved and nine variable type three effectors. Strains in the race 18 clade contain 3 to 5 more effectors than other Xcm strains. SMRT sequencing of two geographically and temporally diverse strains of Xcm yielded circular chromosomes and accompanying plasmids. These genomes encode eight and thirteen distinct transcription activator-like effector genes. RNA-sequencing revealed 52 genes induced within two cotton cultivars by both tested Xcm strains. This gene list includes a homeologous pair of genes, with homology to the known susceptibility gene, MLO. In contrast, the two strains of Xcm induce different clade III SWEET sugar transporters. Subsequent genome wide analysis revealed patterns in the overall expression of homeologous gene pairs in cotton after inoculation by Xcm. These data reveal important insights into the Xcm-G. hirsutum disease complex and strategies for future development of resistant cultivars. Cotton bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), significantly limited cotton yields in the early 20th century but has been controlled by classical resistance genes for more than 50 years. In 2011, the pathogen re-emerged with a vengeance. In this study, we compare diverse pathogen isolates and cotton varieties to further understand the virulence mechanisms employed by Xcm and to identify promising resistance strategies. We generate fully contiguous genome assemblies for two diverse Xcm strains and identify pathogen proteins used to modulate host transcription and promote susceptibility. RNA-Sequencing of infected cotton reveals novel putative gene targets for the development of durable Xcm resistance. Together, the data presented reveal contributing factors for CBB re-emergence in the U.S. and highlight several promising routes towards the development of durable resistance including classical resistance genes and potential manipulation of susceptibility targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Z. Phillips
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Berry
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Wilson
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | | | - Jillian Burke
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - J. Imani Bunn
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tom W. Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Terry Wheeler
- Texas AgriLife Research, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Bart
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Noman A, Liu Z, Aqeel M, Zainab M, Khan MI, Hussain A, Ashraf MF, Li X, Weng Y, He S. Basic leucine zipper domain transcription factors: the vanguards in plant immunity. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1779-1791. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Deshmukh R, Singh VK, Singh BD. Mining the Cicer arietinum genome for the mildew locus O (Mlo) gene family and comparative evolutionary analysis of the Mlo genes from Medicago truncatula and some other plant species. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:239-253. [PMID: 27900493 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mildew locus O (Mlo) gene family is ubiquitous in land plants. Some members of this gene family are involved in negative regulation of powdery mildew resistance, while others are involved in several other biological functions. Mlo proteins have characteristic seven transmembrane domains and a calmodulin-binding domain at their C-termini, and are associated with plasma membrane. The Mlo gene family has been studied in several economically important cereals, but little information is available on this gene family in the important legumes, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Cicer arietinum L. We carried out a comprehensive and comparative investigation of the Mlo gene family in these two species using the genome sequences available at the M. truncatula genome database (Mt v4.0) and NCBI (C. arietinum). A genome-wide homology-based search using Arabidopsis Mlo proteins as query identified 16 MtMlo (M. truncatula Mlo) and 14 CarMlo (C. arietinum Mlo) genes. The MtMlo and CarMlo genes had comparable gene structure, protein sequence and topology. Their chromosomal locations indicated the occurrence of extensive reorganization in the genomes of the two species after their divergence from the common ancestor. A multiple sequence alignment of 53 Mlo proteins from these two and several other species showed a highly conserved sequence block of seven amino acids, viz., L-ETPTW, towards their N-termini. The evolutionary phylogenetic analysis grouped the MtMlo and CarMlo members into four clusters, and most of the MtMlo and CarMlo members formed one-to-one ortholog pairs. The ka/ks analyses indicated that the MtMlo and CarMlo genes are subjected to intense purifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Deshmukh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - V K Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brahma Deo Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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32
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Kusch S, Panstruga R. mlo-Based Resistance: An Apparently Universal "Weapon" to Defeat Powdery Mildew Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:179-189. [PMID: 28095124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0255-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of one or more of the appropriate Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) genes are an apparently reliable "weapon" to protect plants from infection by powdery mildew fungi, as they confer durable broad-spectrum resistance. Originally detected as a natural mutation in an Ethiopian barley landrace, this so-called mlo-based resistance has been successfully employed in European barley agriculture for nearly four decades. More recently, mlo-mediated resistance was discovered to be inducible in virtually every plant species of economic or scientific relevance. By now, mlo resistance has been found (as natural mutants) or generated (by induced mutagenesis, gene silencing, and targeted or nontargeted gene knock-out) in a broad range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. Here, we review features of mlo resistance in barley, discuss approaches to identify the appropriate Mlo gene targets to induce mlo-based resistance, and consider the issue of pleiotropic effects often associated with mlo-mediated immunity, which can harm plant yield and quality. We portray mlo-based resistance as an apparently universal and effective weapon to defeat powdery mildew disease in a multitude of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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33
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Han SW, Hwang BK. Molecular functions of Xanthomonas type III effector AvrBsT and its plant interactors in cell death and defense signaling. PLANTA 2017; 245:237-253. [PMID: 27928637 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas effector AvrBsT interacts with plant defense proteins and triggers cell death and defense response. This review highlights our current understanding of the molecular functions of AvrBsT and its host interactor proteins. The AvrBsT protein is a member of a growing family of effector proteins in both plant and animal pathogens. Xanthomonas type III effector AvrBsT, a member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family, suppresses plant defense responses in susceptible hosts, but triggers cell death signaling leading to hypersensitive response (HR) and defense responses in resistant plants. AvrBsT interacts with host defense-related proteins to trigger the HR cell death and defense responses in plants. Here, we review and discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular functions of AvrBsT and its host interactor proteins in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Pepper arginine decarboxylase1 (CaADC1), pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase1 (CaALDH1), pepper heat shock protein 70a (CaHSP70a), pepper suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1 (CaSGT1), pepper SNF1-related kinase1 (SnRK1), and Arabidopsis acetylated interacting protein1 (ACIP1) have been identified as AvrBsT interactors in pepper and Arabidopsis. Gene expression profiling, virus-induced gene silencing, and transient transgenic overexpression approaches have advanced the functional characterization of AvrBsT-interacting proteins in plants. AvrBsT is localized in the cytoplasm and forms protein-protein complexes with host interactors. All identified AvrBsT interactors regulate HR cell death and defense responses in plants. Notably, CaSGT1 physically binds to both AvrBsT and pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase1 (CaPIK1) in the cytoplasm. During infection with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain Ds1 (avrBsT), AvrBsT is phosphorylated by CaPIK1 and forms the active AvrBsT-CaSGT1-CaPIK1 complex, which ultimately triggers HR cell death and defense responses. Collectively, the AvrBsT interactor proteins are involved in plant cell death and immunity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Nguyen VNT, Vo KTX, Park H, Jeon JS, Jung KH. A Systematic View of the MLO Family in Rice Suggests Their Novel Roles in Morphological Development, Diurnal Responses, the Light-Signaling Pathway, and Various Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1413. [PMID: 27729915 PMCID: PMC5037229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) family is unique to plants, containing genes that were initially identified as a susceptibility factor to powdery mildew pathogens. However, little is known about the roles and functional diversity of this family in rice, a model crop plant. The rice genome has 12 potential MLO family members. To achieve systematic functional assignments, we performed a phylogenomic analysis by integrating meta-expression data obtained from public sources of microarray data and real-time expression data into a phylogenic tree. Subsequently, we identified 12 MLO genes with various tissue-preferred patterns, including leaf, root, pollen, and ubiquitous expression. This suggested their functional diversity for morphological agronomic traits. We also used these integrated transcriptome data within a phylogenetic context to estimate the functional redundancy or specificity among OsMLO family members. Here, OsMLO12 showed preferential expression in mature pollen; OsMLO4, in the root tips; OsMLO10, throughout the roots except at the tips; and OsMLO8, expression preferential to the leaves and trinucleate pollen. Of particular interest to us was the diurnal expression of OsMLO1, OsMLO3, and OsMLO8, which indicated that they are potentially significant in responses to environmental changes. In osdxr mutants that show defects in the light response, OsMLO1, OsMLO3, OsMLO8, and four calmodulin genes were down-regulated. This finding provides insight into the novel functions of MLO proteins associated with the light-responsive methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. In addition, abiotic stress meta-expression data and real-time expression analysis implied that four and five MLO genes in rice are associated with responses to heat and cold stress, respectively. Upregulation of OsMLO3 by Magnaporthe oryzae infection further suggested that this gene participates in the response to pathogens. Our analysis has produced fundamental information that will enhance future studies of the diverse developmental or physiological phenomena mediated by the MLO family in this model plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van N. T. Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Kieu T. X. Vo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Exercise Nutrition and Biochem Lab, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
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Rispail N, Rubiales D. Genome-wide identification and comparison of legume MLO gene family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32673. [PMID: 27596925 PMCID: PMC5011691 DOI: 10.1038/srep32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MLO proteins are highly conserved proteins with seven trans-membrane domains. Specific MLO genes have been linked to plant disease susceptibility. Others are involved in plant reproduction and in root thigmomorphogenesis. Functions of the remaining MLOs are still unknown. Here we performed a genome-wide survey of the MLO family in eight legume species from different clades of the Papillionoideae sub-family. A total of 118 MLO sequences were identified and characterized. Their deduced protein sequences shared the characteristics of MLO proteins. The total number of MLO genes per legume species varied from 13 to 20 depending on the species. Legume MLOs were evenly distributed over their genomes and tended to localize within syntenic blocks conserved across legume genomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sequences clustered in seven well-defined clades. Comparison of MLO protein sequences revealed 34 clade-specific motifs in the variable regions of the proteins. Comparative analyses of the MLO family between legume species also uncovered several evolutionary differences between the tropical legume species from the Phaseoloid clades and the other legume species. Altogether, this study provides interesting new features on the evolution of the MLO family. It also provides valuable clues to identify additional MLO genes from non-sequenced species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rispail
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Choi DS, Lim CW, Hwang BK. Proteomics and functional analyses of Arabidopsis nitrilases involved in the defense response to microbial pathogens. PLANTA 2016; 244:449-465. [PMID: 27095107 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics and functional analyses of the Arabidopsis - Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato interactions reveal that Arabidopsis nitrilases are required for plant defense and R gene-mediated resistant responses to microbial pathogens. A high-throughput in planta proteome screen has identified Arabidopsis nitrilase 2 (AtNIT2), which was de novo-induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) infection. The AtNIT2, AtNIT3, and AtNIT4 genes, but not AtNIT1, were distinctly induced in Arabidopsis leaves by Pst infection. Notably, avirulent Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2) infection led to significant induction of AtNIT2 and AtNIT4 in leaves. Pst DC3000 and Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2) significantly grew well in leaves of nitrilase transgenic (nit2i-2) and mutant (nit1-1 and nit3-1) lines compared to the wild-type leaves. In contrast, NIT2 overexpression in nit2 mutants led to significantly high growth of the two Pst strains in leaves. The nitrilase transgenic and mutant lines exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis infection. The nit2 mutation enhanced Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2) growth in salicylic acid (SA)-deficient NahG transgenic and sid2 and npr1 mutant lines. Infection with Pst DC3000 or Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2) induced lower levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in nit2i and nit2i NahG plants than in wild-type plants, but did not alter the IAA level in NahG transgenic plants. This suggests that Arabidopsis nitrilase 2 is involved in IAA signaling of defense and R gene-mediated resistance responses to Pst infection. Quantification of SA in these transgenic and mutant plants demonstrates that Arabidopsis nitrilase 2 is not required for SA-mediated defense response to the virulent Pst DC3000 but regulates SA-mediated resistance to the avirulent Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2). These results collectively suggest that Arabidopsis nitrilase genes are involved in plant defense and R gene-mediated resistant responses to microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Wang X, Ma Q, Dou L, Liu Z, Peng R, Yu S. Genome-wide characterization and comparative analysis of the MLO gene family in cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:106-19. [PMID: 26986931 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, MLO (Mildew Locus O) gene encodes a plant-specific seven transmembrane (TM) domain protein involved in several cellular processes, including susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM). In this study, a genome-wide characterization of the MLO gene family in G. raimondii L., G. arboreum L. and G. hirsutum L. was performed. In total, 22, 17 and 38 homologous sequences were identified for each species, respectively. Gene organization, including chromosomal location, gene clustering and gene duplication, was investigated. Homologues related to PM susceptibility in upland cotton were inferred by phylogenetic relationships with functionally characterized MLO proteins. To conduct a comparative analysis between MLO candidate genes from G. raimondii L., G. arboreum L. and G. hirsutum L., orthologous relationships and conserved synteny blocks were constructed. The transcriptional variation of 38 GhMLO genes in response to exogenous application of salt, mannitol (Man), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) was monitored. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the functions of MLO genes in PM susceptibility and phytohormone signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Anyang Institute of Technology, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Qifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Lingling Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Anyang Institute of Technology, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Renhai Peng
- Anyang Institute of Technology, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
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Portieles R, Canales E, Chacon O, Silva Y, Hernández I, López Y, Rodríguez M, Terauchi R, Matsumura H, Borroto C, Walton JD, Santos R, Borrás-Hidalgo O. Expression of a Nicotiana tabacum pathogen-induced gene is involved in the susceptibility to black shank. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:534-541. [PMID: 32480483 DOI: 10.1071/fp15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many host genes induced during compatible plant-pathogen interactions constitute targets of pathogen virulence factors that act to suppress host defenses. In order to identify Nicotiana tabacum L. genes for pathogen-induced proteins involved in susceptibility to the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, we used SuperSAGE technology combined with next-generation sequencing to identify transcripts that were differentially upregulated during a compatible interaction. We identified a pathogen-induced gene (NtPIP) that was rapidly induced only during the compatible interaction. Virus-induced gene silencing of NtPIP reduced the susceptibility of N. tabacum to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Additionally, transient expression of NtPIP in the resistant species Nicotiana megalosiphon Van Heurck & Mull. Arg. compromised the resistance to P. parasitica var. nicotianae. This pathogen-induced protein is therefore a positive regulator of the susceptibility response against an oomycete pathogen in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Portieles
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Eduardo Canales
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmani Chacon
- Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera de Tumbadero 8, PO Box 6063, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yussuan Silva
- Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera de Tumbadero 8, PO Box 6063, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ingrid Hernández
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yunior López
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mayra Rodríguez
- Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Center, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Carlos Borroto
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA 48824
| | - Ramon Santos
- Centro de Bioplantas, Carretera de Morón Km 9, Ciego de Avila, C. P. 69450, Cuba
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Dees MW, Lysøe E, Alsheikh M, Davik J, Brurberg MB. Resistance to Streptomyces turgidiscabies in potato involves an early and sustained transcriptional reprogramming at initial stages of tuber formation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:703-13. [PMID: 26416294 PMCID: PMC6638500 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Common scab, caused by species from the bacterial genus Streptomyces, is an important disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops worldwide. Early tuberization is a critical period for pathogen infection; hence, studies of host gene expression responses during this developmental stage can be important to expand our understanding of the infection process and to identify putative resistance genes. In an infection experiment with the highly susceptible potato cultivar Saturna and the relatively resistant cultivar Beate, transcription profiles were obtained by RNA sequencing at two developmental stages: the early hook stage and the early tuber formation stage. Our results indicate that 'Beate' mounts an early and sustained response to infection by S. turgidiscabies, whereas the defence response by 'Saturna' ceases before the early tuber formation stage. Most pronounced were the putative candidate defence-associated genes uniquely expressed in 'Beate'. We observed an increase in alternative splicing on pathogen infection at the early hook stage for both cultivars. A significant down-regulation of genes involved in the highly energy-demanding process of ribosome biogenesis was observed for the infected 'Beate' plants at the early hook stage, which may indicate an allocation of resources that favours the expression of defence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Wiken Dees
- NIBIO, The Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Lysøe
- NIBIO, The Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Muath Alsheikh
- Graminor Breeding Ltd, 2322, Ridabu, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Jahn Davik
- NIBIO, The Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1430, Ås, Norway
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40
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Sun K, Wolters AMA, Vossen JH, Rouwet ME, Loonen AEHM, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of six susceptibility genes results in potato late blight resistance. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:731-42. [PMID: 27233778 PMCID: PMC5023794 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to commercial potato production worldwide. Significant costs are required for crop protection to secure yield. Many dominant genes for resistance (R-genes) to potato late blight have been identified, and some of these R-genes have been applied in potato breeding. However, the P. infestans population rapidly accumulates new virulent strains that render R-genes ineffective. Here we introduce a new class of resistance which is based on the loss-of-function of a susceptibility gene (S-gene) encoding a product exploited by pathogens during infection and colonization. Impaired S-genes primarily result in recessive resistance traits in contrast to recognition-based resistance that is governed by dominant R-genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many S-genes have been detected in screens of mutant populations. In the present study, we selected 11 A. thalianaS-genes and silenced orthologous genes in the potato cultivar Desiree, which is highly susceptible to late blight. The silencing of five genes resulted in complete resistance to the P. infestans isolate Pic99189, and the silencing of a sixth S-gene resulted in reduced susceptibility. The application of S-genes to potato breeding for resistance to late blight is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A Wolters
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Rouwet
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies E H M Loonen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Shen L, Liu Z, Yang S, Yang T, Liang J, Wen J, Liu Y, Li J, Shi L, Tang Q, Shi W, Hu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Lin W, Wang R, Yu H, Mou S, Hussain A, Cheng W, Cai H, He L, Guan D, Wu Y, He S. Pepper CabZIP63 acts as a positive regulator during Ralstonia solanacearum or high temperature-high humidity challenge in a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2439-51. [PMID: 26936828 PMCID: PMC4809298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CaWRKY40 is known to act as a positive regulator in the response of pepper (Capsicum annuum) to Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI) or high temperature-high humidity (HTHH), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we report that CabZIP63, a pepper bZIP family member, participates in this process by regulating the expression of CaWRKY40. CabZIP63 was found to localize in the nuclei, be up-regulated by RSI or HTHH, bind to promoters of both CabZIP63(pCabZIP63) and CaWRKY40(pCaWRKY40), and activate pCabZIP63- and pCaWRKY40-driven β-glucuronidase expression in a C- or G-box-dependent manner. Silencing of CabZIP63 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in pepper plants significantly attenuated their resistance to RSI and tolerance to HTHH, accompanied by down-regulation of immunity- or thermotolerance-associated CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, and CaHSP24. Hypersensitive response-mediated cell death and expression of the tested immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes were induced by transient overexpression (TOE) of CabZIP63, but decreased by that of CabZIP63-SRDX. Additionally, binding of CabZIP63 to pCaWRKY40 was up-regulated by RSI or HTHH, and the transcript level of CaWRKY40 and binding of CaWRKY40 to the promoters of CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1 and CaHSP24 were up-regulated by TOE of CabZIP63. On the other hand, CabZIP63 was also up-regulated transcriptionally by TOE of CaWRKY40. The data suggest collectively that CabZIP63 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of CaWRKY40 at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, forming a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40 during pepper's response to RSI or HTHH. Altogether, our data will help to elucidate the underlying mechanism of crosstalk between pepper's response to RSI and HTHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lanping Shi
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiong Hu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Cailing Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yangwen Zhang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Rongzhang Wang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Huanxin Yu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Li He
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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Deshmukh R, Singh VK, Singh BD. Comparative analysis of genome-wide Mlo gene family in Cajanus cajan and Phaseolus vulgaris. Genetica 2016; 144:229-41. [PMID: 26961357 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Mlo gene was discovered in barley because the mutant 'mlo' allele conferred broad-spectrum, non-race-specific resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. The Mlo genes also play important roles in growth and development of plants, and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Mlo gene family has been characterized in several crop species, but only a single legume species, soybean (Glycine max L.), has been investigated so far. The present report describes in silico identification of 18 CcMlo and 20 PvMlo genes in the important legume crops Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., respectively. In silico analysis of gene organization, protein properties and conserved domains revealed that the C. cajan and P. vulgaris Mlo gene paralogs are more divergent from each other than from their orthologous pairs. The comparative phylogenetic analysis classified CcMlo and PvMlo genes into three major clades. A comparative analysis of CcMlo and PvMlo proteins with the G. max Mlo proteins indicated close association of one CcMlo, one PvMlo with two GmMlo genes, indicating that there was no further expansion of the Mlo gene family after the separation of these species. Thus, most of the diploid species of eudicots might be expected to contain 15-20 Mlo genes. The genes CcMlo12 and 14, and PvMlo11 and 12 are predicted to participate in powdery mildew resistance. If this prediction were verified, these genes could be targeted by TILLING or CRISPR to isolate powdery mildew resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Deshmukh
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - V K Singh
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - B D Singh
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Bahieldin A, Alqarni DAM, Atef A, Gadalla NO, Al-matary M, Edris S, Al-Kordy MA, Makki RM, Al-Doss AA, Sabir JSM, Mutwakil MHZ, El-Domyati FM. Suppression of PCD-related genes affects salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. C R Biol 2016; 339:105-14. [PMID: 27052474 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at examining a natural exciting phenomenon suggesting that suppression of genes inducing programmed cell death (PCD) might confer tolerance against abiotic stresses in plants. PCD-related genes were induced in tobacco under oxalic acid (OA) treatment (20 mM), and plant cells were characterized to confirm the incidence of PCD. The results indicated that PCD was triggered 24 h after the exposure to OA. Then, RNAs were extracted from tobacco cells 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after treatment for deep sequencing. RNA-Seq analyses were done with a special emphasis to clusters whose PCD-related genes were upregulated after 2 h of OA exposure. Accordingly, 23 tobacco PCD-related genes were knocked down via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), whereas our results indicated the influence of five of them on inducing or suppressing PCD. Knockout T-DNA insertion mutants of these five genes in Arabidopsis were tested under salt stress (0, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl), and the results indicated that a mutant of an antiapoptotic gene, namely Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), whose VIGS induced PCD in tobacco, was salt sensitive, while a mutant of an apoptotic gene, namely mildew resistance locus O (Mlo), whose VIGS suppressed PCD, was salt tolerant as compared to the WT (Col) control. These data support our hypothesis that retarding PCD-inducing genes can result in higher levels of salt tolerance, while retarding PCD-suppressing genes can result in lower levels of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dhafer A M Alqarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Atef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour O Gadalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-matary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A Al-Kordy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania M Makki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Doss
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Z Mutwakil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fotouh M El-Domyati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Kim NH, Lee DH, Choi DS, Hwang BK. The pepper GNA-related lectin and PAN domain protein gene, CaGLP1, is required for plant cell death and defense signaling during bacterial infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:307-15. [PMID: 26706081 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins, commonly referred to as lectins or agglutinins, function in defense responses to microbial pathogens. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) GNA-related lectin and PAN-domain protein gene CaGLP1 was isolated and functionally characterized from pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv). CaGLP1 contained an amine-terminus prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site, a Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-related lectin domain responsible for the recognition of high-mannose N-glycans, and a carboxyl-terminus PAN/apple domain. RNA gel blot and immunoblot analyses determined that CaGLP1 was strongly induced in pepper by compatible and incompatible Xcv infection. CaGLP1 protein localized primarily to the plasma membrane and exhibited mannose-binding specificity. CaGLP1-silenced pepper plants were more susceptible to compatible or incompatible Xcv infection compared with that of non-silenced control plants. CaGLP1 silencing in pepper leaves did not accumulate H2O2 and induce cell death during incompatible Xcv infection. Defense-related CaDEF1 (defensin) gene expression was significantly reduced in CaGLP1-silenced pepper plants. CaGLP1-overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Defense-related AtPDF1.2 expression was elevated in CaGLP1-overexpression lines. Together, these results suggest that CaGLP1 is required for plant cell death and defense responses through the reactive oxygen species burst and downstream defense-related gene expression in response to bacterial pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Dong Hyuk Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8751, USA
| | - Du Seok Choi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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Down-regulation of Arabidopsis DND1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew. Transgenic Res 2015; 25:123-38. [PMID: 26577903 PMCID: PMC4762934 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple susceptibility genes (S), identified in Arabidopsis, have been shown to be functionally conserved in crop plants. Mutations in these S genes result in resistance to different pathogens, opening a new way to achieve plant disease resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Defense No Death1 (DND1) in susceptibility of tomato and potato to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). In Arabidopsis, the dnd1 mutant has broad-spectrum resistance against several fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. However this mutation is also associated with a dwarfed phenotype. Using an RNAi approach, we silenced AtDND1 orthologs in potato and tomato. Our results showed that silencing of the DND1 ortholog in both crops resulted in resistance to the pathogenic oomycete P. infestans and to two powdery mildew species, Oidium neolycopersici and Golovinomyces orontii. The resistance to P. infestans in potato was effective to four different isolates although the level of resistance (complete or partial) was dependent on the aggressiveness of the isolate. In tomato, DND1-silenced plants showed a severe dwarf phenotype and autonecrosis, whereas DND1-silenced potato plants were not dwarfed and showed a less pronounced autonecrosis. Our results indicate that S gene function of DND1 is conserved in tomato and potato. We discuss the possibilities of using RNAi silencing or loss-of-function mutations of DND1 orthologs, as well as additional S gene orthologs from Arabidopsis, to breed for resistance to pathogens in crop plants.
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Lim CW, Baek W, Lim S, Han SW, Lee SC. Expression and Functional Roles of the Pepper Pathogen-Induced bZIP Transcription Factor CabZIP2 in Enhanced Disease Resistance to Bacterial Pathogen Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:825-33. [PMID: 25738319 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-14-0313-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A pepper bZIP transcription factor gene, CabZIP2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Transient expression analysis of the CabZIP2-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the CabZIP2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. The acidic domain in the N-terminal region of CabZIP2 that is fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeast. Transcription of CabZIP2 is induced in pepper plants inoculated with virulent or avirulent strains of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. The CabZIP2 gene is also induced by defense-related hormones such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethylene. To elucidate the in vivo function of the CabZIP2 gene in plant defense, virus-induced gene silencing in pepper and overexpression in Arabidopsis were used. CabZIP2-silenced pepper plants were susceptible to infection by the virulent strain of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, which was accompanied by reduced expression of defense-related genes such as CaBPR1 and CaAMP1. CabZIP2 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Together, these results suggest that CabZIP2 is involved in bacterial disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- 1 Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhee Baek
- 1 Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Lim
- 1 Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- 2 Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- 1 Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Lim CW, Han SW, Hwang IS, Kim DS, Hwang BK, Lee SC. The Pepper Lipoxygenase CaLOX1 Plays a Role in Osmotic, Drought and High Salinity Stress Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:930-42. [PMID: 25657344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, lipoxygenases (LOXs) are involved in various physiological processes, including defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous study had shown that the pepper 9-LOX gene, CaLOX1, plays a crucial role in cell death due to pathogen infection. Here, the function of CaLOX1 in response to osmotic, drought and high salinity stress was examined using CaLOX1-overexpressing (CaLOX1-OX) Arabidopsis plants. Changes in the temporal expression pattern of the CaLOX1 gene were observed when pepper leaves were treated with drought and high salinity, but not when treated with ABA, the primary hormone in response to drought stress. During seed germination and seedling development, CaLOX1-OX plants were more tolerant to ABA, mannitol and high salinity than wild-type plants. In contrast, expression of the ABA-responsive marker genes RAB18 and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX Arabidopsis plants than in wild-type plants. In response to high salinity, CaLOX1-OX plants exhibited enhanced tolerance, compared with the wild type, which was accompanied by decreased accumulation of H2O2 and high levels of RD20, RD29A, RD29B and P5CS gene expression. Similarly, CaLOX1-OX plants were also more tolerant than wild-type plants to severe drought stress. H2O2 production and the relative increase in lipid peroxidation were lower, and the expression of COR15A, DREB2A, RD20, RD29A and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX plants, relative to wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that CaLOX1 plays a crucial role in plant stress responses by modulating the expression of ABA- and stress-responsive marker genes, lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea These author contributed equally to this work
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea These author contributed equally to this work
| | - In Sun Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea Present address: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science & Technology, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea Present address: The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Qin B, Zheng F, Zhang Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of a Mlo gene in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:78-85. [PMID: 25506769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mlo gene encodes a plant-specific seven-transmembrane domain protein involved in a variety of cellular processes. In this study, a novel Mlo gene from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), designated HbMlo1, was cloned by RT-PCR in rubber tree. The ORF of HbMlo1 was 1551bp in length, encoding a putative protein of 516 amino acids. HbMlo1 was a typical Mlo protein with seven-transmembrane domain. Sequence comparison between HbMlo1 and other Mlo proteins demonstrated that HbMlo1 shared the highest similarity with the Cucumis melo CmMlo1 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtMlo1 with 75.1% and 71.3% sequence identity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HbMlo1, CmMlo1, AtMlo1, AtMlo13, and AtMlo15 formed into the phylogenetic clade II with 100% bootstrap support value. HbMlo1 transcript exhibited tissue specificity, and it was preferentially expressed in leaf. Furthermore, the amount of HbMlo1 transcript was significantly induced by various phytohormones (including ethephon, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and gibberellic acid), H2O2, and wounding treatments. Under drought stress, HbMlo1 exhibited a complex pattern of regulation. However, HbMlo1 expression did not significantly change during powdery mildew infection. These results suggested that HbMlo1 might play a role in phytohormone signaling and abiotic stress response processes in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China.
| | - Fucong Zheng
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Choi HW, Hwang BK. Molecular and cellular control of cell death and defense signaling in pepper. PLANTA 2015; 241:1-27. [PMID: 25252816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) provides a good experimental system for studying the molecular and functional genomics underlying the ability of plants to defend themselves against microbial pathogens. Cell death is a genetically programmed response that requires specific host cellular factors. Hypersensitive response (HR) is defined as rapid cell death in response to a pathogen attack. Pepper plants respond to pathogen attacks by activating genetically controlled HR- or disease-associated cell death. HR cell death, specifically in incompatible interactions between pepper and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, is mediated by the molecular genetics and biochemical machinery that underlie pathogen-induced cell death in plants. Gene expression profiles during the HR-like cell death response, virus-induced gene silencing and transient and transgenic overexpression approaches are used to isolate and identify HR- or disease-associated cell death genes in pepper plants. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, cytosolic calcium ion and defense-related hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid are involved in the execution of pathogen-induced cell death in plants. In this review, we summarize recent molecular and cellular studies of the pepper cell death-mediated defense response, highlighting the signaling events of cell death in disease-resistant pepper plants. Comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the cellular functions of pepper cell death response genes will aid the development of novel practical approaches to enhance disease resistance in pepper, thereby helping to secure the future supply of safe and nutritious pepper plants worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Almeida NF, Leitão ST, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Winter P, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Allelic diversity in the transcriptomes of contrasting rust-infected genotypes of Lathyrus sativus, a lasting resource for smart breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:376. [PMID: 25522779 PMCID: PMC4331309 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a valuable resource for potentially durable partial resistance to rust. To gain insight into the resistance mechanism and identify potential resistance genes, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptome assemblies from control and Uromyces pisi inoculated leafs of a susceptible and a partially rust-resistant grass pea genotype by RNA-seq. RESULTS 134,914 contigs, shared by both libraries, were used to analyse their differential expression in response to rust infection. Functional annotation grouped 60.4% of the contigs present in plant databases (37.8% of total) to 33 main functional categories, being "protein", "RNA", "signalling", "transport" and "stress" the most represented. Transcription profiles revealed considerable differences in regulation of major phytohormone signalling pathways: whereas Salicylic and Abscisic Acid pathways were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Jasmonate and Ethylene pathways were down-regulated in the susceptible one. As potential Resistance-genes we identified a mildew resistance locus O (MLO)-like gene, and MLO-related transcripts. Also, several pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant and exclusively down regulated in the susceptible genotype. Pathogen effectors identified in both inoculated libraries, as e.g. the rust Rtp1 transcript, may be responsible for the down-regulation of defence-related transcripts. The two genotypes contained 4,892 polymorphic contigs with SNPs unevenly distributed between different functional categories. Protein degradation (29.7%) and signalling receptor kinases (8.2%) were the most diverged, illustrating evolutionary adaptation of grass pea to the host/pathogens arms race. CONCLUSIONS The vast array of novel, resistance-related genomic information we present here provides a highly valuable resource for future smart breeding approaches in this hitherto under-researched, valuable legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Felipe Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Susana Trindade Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | - Björn Rotter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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