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Yahia EM, Hernández-Oñate MA, Ojeda-Contreras AJ, Mercado-Ruiz J, Cordero-Chávez L, Trillo-Hernández EA, Tiznado-Hernández ME. Changes in the expression of genes encoding xanthophyl acyltransferases during the postharvest ripening of avocado (Persea americana) fruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5860-5868. [PMID: 38385790 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocado fruit is rich in xanthophylls, which have been related to positive effects on human health. Xanthophyl acetyltransferases (XATs) are enzymes catalyzing the esterification of carboxylic acids to the hydroxyl group of the xanthophyll molecule. This esterification is thought to increase the lipophilic nature of the xanthophyll and its stability in a lipophilic environment. Studies on XATs in fruits are very scarce, and no studies had been carried out in avocado fruit during postharvest. The objective of this work was to investigate the changes in the expression of genes encoding XAT, during avocado fruit ripening. RESULTS Avocado fruits were obtained from a local market and stored at 15 °C for 8 days. The fruit respiration rate, ethylene production, and fruit peel's color space parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured during storage. Fruit mesocarp samples were taken after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from fruit mesocarp, and the quantification of the two genes designated as COGE_ID: 936743791 and COGE_ID: 936800185 encoding XATs was performed with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using actin as a reference gene. The presence of a climacteric peak and large changes in color were recorded during postharvest. The two genes studied showed a large expression after 3 days of fruit storage. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that during the last stages of ripening in avocado fruit there was an active esterification of xanthophylls with carboxylic acids, which suggests the presence of esterified xanthophylls in the fruit mesocarp. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhadi-M Yahia
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Mercado-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo-Antonio Trillo-Hernández
- Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos-Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
- Estancias Posdoctorales-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Coordinación de Apoyos a Becarios e Investigadores, Dirección de Posgrado, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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2
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Li X, Zheng M, Gan Q, Long J, Fan H, Wang X, Guan Z. The formation and evolution of flower coloration in Brassica crops. Front Genet 2024; 15:1396875. [PMID: 38881796 PMCID: PMC11177764 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1396875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The flower coloration of Brassica crops possesses significant application and economic value, making it a research hotspot in the field of genetics and breeding. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research on color variation and creation of Brassica crops. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutional processes of flower colors are poorly understood. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of flower color formation in plants, emphasizing the molecular basis and regulation mechanism of flavonoids and carotenoids. By summarizing the recent advances on the genetic mechanism of flower color formation and regulation in Brassica crops, it is clearly found that carotenoids and anthocyanins are major pigments for flower color diversity of Brassica crops. Meantime, we also explore the relationship between the emergence of white flowers and the genetic evolution of Brassica chromosomes, and analyze the innovation and multiple utilization of Brassica crops with colorful flowers. This review aims to provide theoretical support for genetic improvements in flower color, enhancing the economic value and aesthetic appeal of Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Research Center for Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Selection and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingmin Zheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Research Center for Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Selection and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qingqin Gan
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Research Center for Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Selection and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Research Center for Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Selection and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Research Center for Protection and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Selection and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhilin Guan
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Requena-Ramírez MD, Rodríguez-Suárez C, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Lutein esterification increases carotenoid retention in durum wheat grain. A step further in breeding and improving the commercial and nutritional quality during grain storage. Food Chem 2024; 435:137660. [PMID: 37832338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid esterification is a common mechanism for carotenoid sequestration, accumulation and storage in plants. Carotenoids are responsible for the bright yellow colour of pasta. Therefore, carotenoid retention during storage is of great importance in the durum wheat food chain. In this work, we investigated the role of carotenoid esterification on carotenoid retention in durum wheat using two consecutive storage experiments. Firstly, we compared two landraces and two durum wheat varieties as a preliminary work. We then compared individuals derived from the BGE047535×'Athoris' cross contrasting for esterification ability. Our results show that carotenoid esterification leads to a higher carotenoid retention during storage in durum wheat. Thus, the use of the carotenoid esterification would be useful as an extra strategy to ongoing efforts to improve carotenoid retention in the durum wheat food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sergio G Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Alameda del Obispo, s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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4
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Liu Y, Ye J, Zhu M, Atkinson RG, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Lu J, Cao Z, Peng J, Shi C, Xie Z, Larkin RM, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Chen C, Wang R, Luo X, Cheng Y, Deng X, Zeng Y. Multi-omics analyses reveal the importance of chromoplast plastoglobules in carotenoid accumulation in citrus fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:924-943. [PMID: 37902994 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplasts act as a metabolic sink for carotenoids, in which plastoglobules serve as versatile lipoprotein particles. PGs in chloroplasts have been characterized. However, the features of PGs from non-photosynthetic plastids are poorly understood. We found that the development of chromoplast plastoglobules (CPGs) in globular and crystalloid chromoplasts of citrus is associated with alterations in carotenoid storage. Using Nycodenz density gradient ultracentrifugation, an efficient protocol for isolating highly purified CPGs from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) pulp was established. Forty-four proteins were defined as likely comprise the core proteome of CPGs using comparative proteomics analysis. Lipidome analysis of different chromoplast microcompartments revealed that the nonpolar microenvironment within CPGs was modified by 35 triacylglycerides, two sitosterol esters, and one stigmasterol ester. Manipulation of the CPG-localized gene CsELT1 (esterase/lipase/thioesterase) in citrus calli resulted in increased lipids and carotenoids, which is further evidence that the nonpolar microenvironment of CPGs contributes to carotenoid accumulation and storage in the chromoplasts. This multi-feature analysis of CPGs sheds new light on the role of chromoplasts in carotenoid metabolism, paving the way for manipulating carotenoid content in citrus fruit and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, Guilin, 541004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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5
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Ezquerro M, Burbano-Erazo E, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Overlapping and specialized roles of tomato phytoene synthases in carotenoid and abscisic acid production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2021-2036. [PMID: 37474108 PMCID: PMC10602605 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are plastidial isoprenoids required for photoprotection and phytohormone production in all plants. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), carotenoids also provide color to flowers and ripe fruit. Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the first and main flux-controlling step of the carotenoid pathway. Three genes encoding PSY isoforms are present in tomato, PSY1 to PSY3. Mutants have shown that PSY1 is the isoform providing carotenoids for fruit pigmentation, but it is dispensable in photosynthetic tissues. No mutants are available for PSY2 or PSY3, but their expression profiles suggest a main role for PSY2 in leaves and PSY3 in roots. To further investigate isoform specialization with genetic tools, we created gene-edited lines defective in PSY1 and PSY2 in the MicroTom background. The albino phenotype of lines lacking both PSY1 and PSY2 confirmed that PSY3 does not contribute to carotenoid biosynthesis in shoot tissues. Our work further showed that carotenoid production in tomato shoots relies on both PSY1 and PSY2 but with different contributions in different tissues. PSY2 is the main isoform for carotenoid biosynthesis in leaf chloroplasts, but PSY1 is also important in response to high light. PSY2 also contributes to carotenoid production in flower petals and, to a lesser extent, fruit chromoplasts. Most interestingly, our results demonstrate that fruit growth is controlled by abscisic acid (ABA) specifically produced in the pericarp from PSY1-derived carotenoid precursors, whereas PSY2 is the main isoform associated with ABA synthesis in seeds and salt-stressed roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ezquerro
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Esteban Burbano-Erazo
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
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6
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Li R, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Jing J, Ge X, Zhao L, Yi B, Tu J, Fu T, Wen J, Shen J. Xanthophyll esterases in association with fibrillins control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of rapeseed (Brassica juncea). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:285-301. [PMID: 37194444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis, stabilization, and storage of carotenoids are vital processes in plants that collectively contribute to the vibrant colors observed in flowers and fruits. Despite its importance, the carotenoid storage pathway remains poorly understood and lacks thorough characterization. We identified two homologous genes, BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2, belonging to the esterase/lipase/thioesterase (ELT) family of acyltransferases. We showed that BjPCs in association with fibrillin gene BjFBN1b control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of Brassica juncea. Through genetic, high-resolution mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy analyses, we demonstrated that both BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2 can promote the accumulation of esterified xanthophylls, facilitating the formation of carotenoid-enriched plastoglobules (PGs) and ultimately producing yellow pigments in flowers. The elimination of BjPCs led to the redirection of metabolic flux from xanthophyll ester biosynthesis to lipid biosynthesis, resulting in white flowers for B. juncea. Moreover, we genetically verified the function of two fibrillin genes, BjA01.FBN1b and BjB05.FBN1b, in mediating PG formation and demonstrated that xanthophyll esters must be deposited in PGs for stable storage. These findings identified a previously unknown carotenoid storage pathway that is regulated by BjPCs and BjFBN1b, while offering unique opportunities for improving the stability, deposition, and bioavailability of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinyu Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jing Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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7
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Naeem M, Zhao W, Ahmad N, Zhao L. Beyond green and red: unlocking the genetic orchestration of tomato fruit color and pigmentation. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:243. [PMID: 37453947 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit color is a genetic trait and a key factor for consumer acceptability and is therefore receiving increasing importance in several breeding programs. Plant pigments offer plants with a variety of colored organs that attract animals for pollination, favoring seed dispersers and conservation of species. The pigments inside plant cells not only play a light-harvesting role but also provide protection against light damage and exhibit nutritional and ecological value for health and visual pleasure in humans. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a leading vegetable crop; its fruit color formation is associated with the accumulation of several natural pigments, which include carotenoids in the pericarp, flavonoids in the peel, as well as the breakdown of chlorophyll during fruit ripening. To improve tomato fruit quality, several techniques, such as genetic engineering and genome editing, have been used to alter fruit color and regulate the accumulation of secondary metabolites in related pathways. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based systems have been extensively used for genome editing in many crops, including tomatoes, and promising results have been achieved using modified CRISPR systems, including CAS9 (CRISPR/CRISPR-associated-protein) and CRISPR/Cas12a systems. These advanced tools in biotechnology and whole genome sequencing of various tomato species will certainly advance the breeding of tomato fruit color with a high degree of precision. Here, we attempt to summarize the current advancement and effective application of genetic engineering techniques that provide further flexibility for fruit color formation. Furthermore, we have also discussed the challenges and opportunities of genetic engineering and genome editing to improve tomato fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Guan Z, Li X, Yang J, Zhao J, Wang K, Hu J, Zhang B, Liu K. The mechanism of white flower formation in Brassica rapa is distinct from that in other Brassica species. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:133. [PMID: 37204504 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A single nucleotide (G) deletion in the third exon of BraA02.PES2-2 (Bra032957) leads to the conversion of flower color from yellow to white in B. rapa, and knockout mutants of its orthologous genes in B. napus showed white or pale yellow flowers. Brassica rapa (2n = 20, AA) is grown worldwide as an important crop for edible oil and vegetables. The bright yellow flower color and long-lasting flowering period give it aesthetic qualities appealing to countryside tourists. However, the mechanism controlling the accumulation of yellow pigments in B. rapa has not yet been completely revealed. In this study, we characterized the mechanism of white flower formation using a white-flowered natural B. rapa mutant W01. Compared to the petals of yellow-flowered P3246, the petals of W01 have significantly reduced content of yellowish carotenoids. Furthermore, the chromoplasts in white petals of W01 are abnormal with irregularly structured plastoglobules. Genetic analysis indicated that the white flower was controlled by a single recessive gene. By combining BSA-seq with fine mapping, we identified the target gene BraA02.PES2-2 (Bra032957) homologous to AtPES2, which has a single nucleotide (G) deletion in the third exon. Seven homologous PES2 genes including BnaA02.PES2-2 (BnaA02g28340D) and BnaC02.PES2-2 (BnaC02g36410D) were identified in B. napus (2n = 38, AACC), an allotetraploid derived from B. rapa and B. oleracea (2n = 18, CC). Knockout mutants of either one or two of BnaA02.PES2-2 and BnaC02.PES2-2 in the yellow-flowered B. napus cv. Westar by the CRISPR/Cas9 system showed pale-yellow or white flowers. The knock-out mutants of BnaA02.PES2-2 and BnaC02.PES2-2 had fewer esterified carotenoids. These results demonstrated that BraA02.PES2-2 in B. rapa, and BnaA02.PES2-2 and BnaC02.PES2-2 in B. napus play important roles in carotenoids esterification in chromoplasts that contributes to the accumulation of carotenoids in flower petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330046, China
| | - Jianshun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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9
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Yang C, Qin J, Xie F, Zhou K, Xi W. Red light-transmittance bagging promotes carotenoid accumulation through xanthophylls esterification during the ripening of blood orange fruit. Food Chem 2023; 404:134578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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D'Ambrosio C, Stigliani AL, Rambla JL, Frusciante S, Diretto G, Enfissi EMA, Granell A, Fraser PD, Giorio G. A xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid regulates carotenogenesis in tomato chromoplasts. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111575. [PMID: 36572066 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids possess important biological functions that make them essential components of the human diet. β-Carotene and some other carotenoids have vitamin A activity while lutein and zeaxanthin, typically referred to as the macular pigments, are involved in good vision and in delaying the onset of age-related eye diseases. In order to create a zeaxanthin-producing tomato fruit, two transgenic lines, one with a high β-carotene cyclase activity and the other with a high β-carotene hydroxylase activity, have been genetically crossed. Ripe fruits from the resulting progeny contained significant levels of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and xanthophyll esters. However, their zeaxanthin content was not as high as expected, and the total level of carotenoids was only 25% of the carotenoids found in ripe fruits of the comparator line. Targeted transcript analysis and apocarotenoids determinations indicated that transcriptional regulation of the pathway or degradation of synthesized carotenoids were not responsible for the low carotenoid content of hybrid fruits which instead appeared to result from a substantial reduction of carotenoid biosynthesis. Notably, the content of an unidentified hydroxylated cyclic (C13) apocarotenoid was 13 times higher in the hybrid fruits than in the control fruits. Furthermore, a GC-MS-based metabolite profiling demonstrated a perturbation of carotenogenesis in ripening hybrid fruits compatible with a block of the pathway. Moreover, carotenoid profiling on leaf, fruit, and petal samples from a set of experimental lines carrying the hp3 mutation, in combination with the two transgenes, indicated that the carotenoid biosynthesis in petal and fruit chromoplasts could be regulated. Altogether the data were consistent with the hypothesis of the regulation of the carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts through a mechanism of feedback inhibition mediated by a xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid. This chromoplast-specific post-transcriptional mechanism was disclosed in transgenic fruits of HU hybrid owing to the abnormal production of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, the more probable precursors of the apocarotenoid signal. A model describing the regulation of carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina D'Ambrosio
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Adriana Lucia Stigliani
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - José L Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Universitat Jaume I., Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Giovanni Giorio
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy.
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11
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Zita W, Bressoud S, Glauser G, Kessler F, Shanmugabalaji V. Chromoplast plastoglobules recruit the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and contribute to carotenoid accumulation during tomato fruit maturation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277774. [PMID: 36472971 PMCID: PMC9725166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit maturation is associated with a developmental transition from chloroplasts (in mature green fruit) to chromoplasts (in red fruit). The hallmark red color of ripe tomatoes is due to carotenogenesis and accumulation of the red carotenoid lycopene inside chromoplasts. Plastoglobules (PG) are lipid droplets in plastids that are involved in diverse lipid metabolic pathways. In tomato, information on the possible role of PG in carotogenesis and the PG proteome is largely lacking. Here, we outline the role of PG in carotenogenesis giving particular attention to tomato fruit PG proteomes and metabolomes. The proteome analysis revealed the presence of PG-typical FBNs, ABC1K-like kinases, and metabolic enzymes, and those were decreased in the PG of tomato chromoplasts compared to chloroplasts. Notably, the complete β-carotene biosynthesis pathway was recruited to chromoplast PG, and the enzymes PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1 (PSY-1), PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS), ZETA-CAROTENE DESATURASE (ZDS), and CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) were enriched up to twelvefold compared to chloroplast PG. We profiled the carotenoid and prenyl lipid changes in PG during the chloroplast to chromoplast transition and demonstrated large increases of lycopene and β-carotene in chromoplast PG. The PG proteome and metabolome are subject to extensive remodeling resulting in high accumulation of lycopene during the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition. Overall, the results indicate that PGs contribute to carotenoid accumulation during tomato fruit maturation and suggest that they do so by functioning as a biosynthetic platform for carotenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Zita
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ségolène Bressoud
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Hao P, Liu H, Lin B, Ren Y, Huang L, Jiang L, Hua S. BnaA03.ANS Identified by Metabolomics and RNA-seq Partly Played Irreplaceable Role in Pigmentation of Red Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) Petal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:940765. [PMID: 35909732 PMCID: PMC9330612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.940765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colorful flowers of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) have been a hotspot for researchers, but the underlying mechanisms of pigment formation still need to be clarified. In this study, two stages of unopened rapeseed petals with red, white, and yellow colors were selected to identify the metabolites and genes involved in red pigment formation. Metabolomic analysis showed that flavonoids enriched the most co-differentially accumulated metabolites among all categories, and showed higher accumulation in red petal rapeseed than in white and yellow petal ones. RNA-seq analysis showed that among co-differentially expressed genes involved in red pigment formation, genes involved in anthocyanin (belonging to flavonoids) biosynthesis pathway were largely regulated by ANS, DFR, and UF3GT. The expression of those genes was higher in red petals of rapeseed than in white and yellow petals ones as well. Results of RNA interference of BnaA03.ANS in red rapeseed altered petal colors from raspberry red to beige red and zinc yellow under different interference levels, with the contents of pelargonidin, cyanidin, lutein, neoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene significantly decreased. However, overexpression of BnaA03.ANS in yellow rapeseed petals did not change the color of yellow petals. This study confirmed the important function of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins on red pigment formation, and for the first time, identified the irreplaceable role of BnaA03.ANS on red-flowered rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hao
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Liu
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Yongding Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Longyan, Longyan, China
| | - Baogang Lin
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Ren
- Huzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Development Center/Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Ma H, Cao L, Wei Z, Zheng J, Zou S, Zhao L, Li Y, Hu Q, Han D. Type I diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a xanthophyll acyltransferase. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Simkin AJ, Kapoor L, Doss CGP, Hofmann TA, Lawson T, Ramamoorthy S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:23-42. [PMID: 35064531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leepica Kapoor
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanja A Hofmann
- OSFC, Scrivener Drive, Pinewood, Ipswich, IP8 3SU, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Kapoor L, Simkin AJ, George Priya Doss C, Siva R. Fruit ripening: dynamics and integrated analysis of carotenoids and anthocyanins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:27. [PMID: 35016620 PMCID: PMC8750800 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits are vital food resources as they are loaded with bioactive compounds varying with different stages of ripening. As the fruit ripens, a dynamic color change is observed from green to yellow to red due to the biosynthesis of pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Apart from making the fruit attractive and being a visual indicator of the ripening status, pigments add value to a ripened fruit by making them a source of nutraceuticals and industrial products. As the fruit matures, it undergoes biochemical changes which alter the pigment composition of fruits. RESULTS The synthesis, degradation and retention pathways of fruit pigments are mediated by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. Manipulation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms during fruit ripening suggests ways to enhance the desired pigments in fruits by biotechnological interventions. Here we report, in-depth insight into the dynamics of a pigment change in ripening and the regulatory mechanisms in action. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the role of pigments as an asset to a ripened fruit as they augment the nutritive value, antioxidant levels and the net carbon gain of fruits; pigments are a source for fruit biofortification have tremendous industrial value along with being a tool to predict the harvest. This report will be of great utility to the harvesters, traders, consumers, and natural product divisions to extract the leading nutraceutical and industrial potential of preferred pigments biosynthesized at different fruit ripening stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leepica Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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16
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Li P, Lv S, Zhang D, Su T, Xin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Zhang F. The Carotenoid Esterification Gene BrPYP Controls Pale-Yellow Petal Color in Flowering Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. subsp. parachinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844140. [PMID: 35592555 PMCID: PMC9111173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid esterification plays indispensable roles in preventing degradation and maintaining the stability of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying carotenoid esterification, especially in floral organs, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a natural mutant flowering Chinese cabbage (Caixin, Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) with visually distinguishable pale-yellow petals controlled by a single recessive gene. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the chromoplasts in the yellow petals were surrounded by more fully developed plastoglobules compared to the pale-yellow mutant. Carotenoid analyses further revealed that, compared to the pale-yellow petals, the yellow petals contained high levels of esterified carotenoids, including lutein caprate, violaxanthin dilaurate, violaxanthin-myristate-laurate, 5,6epoxy-luttein dilaurate, lutein dilaurate, and lutein laurate. Based on bulked segregation analysis and fine mapping, we subsequently identified the critical role of a phytyl ester synthase 2 protein (PALE YELLOW PETAL, BrPYP) in regulating carotenoid pigmentation in flowering Chinese cabbage petals. Compared to the yellow wild-type, a 1,148 bp deletion was identified in the promoter region of BrPYP in the pale-yellow mutant, resulting in down-regulated expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring beta-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by yellow (BrPYP Y ::GUS) and pale-yellow type (BrPYP PY ::GUS) promoters were subsequently constructed, revealing stronger expression of BrPYP Y ::GUS both in the leaves and petals. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of BrPYP significantly altered petal color from yellow to pale yellow. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of carotenoid esterification, suggesting a role of phytyl ester synthase in carotenoid biosynthesis of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuancang Yu,
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- Fenglan Zhang,
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17
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Rodríguez-Suárez C, Requena-Ramírez MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. The breeder's tool-box for enhancing the content of esterified carotenoids in wheat: From extraction and profiling of carotenoids to marker-assisted selection of candidate genes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:99-125. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Pires EDO, Di Gioia F, Rouphael Y, Ferreira ICFR, Caleja C, Barros L, Petropoulos SA. The Compositional Aspects of Edible Flowers as an Emerging Horticultural Product. Molecules 2021; 26:6940. [PMID: 34834031 PMCID: PMC8619536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible flowers are becoming very popular, as consumers are seeking healthier and more attractive food products that can improve their diet aesthetics and diversify their dietary sources of micronutrients. The great variety of flowers that can be eaten is also associated with high variability in chemical composition, especially in bioactive compounds content that may significantly contribute to human health. The advanced analytical techniques allowed us to reveal the chemical composition of edible flowers and identify new compounds and effects that were not known until recently. Considering the numerous species of edible flowers, the present review aims to categorize the various species depending on their chemical composition and also to present the main groups of compounds that are usually present in the species that are most commonly used for culinary purposes. Moreover, special attention is given to those species that contain potentially toxic or poisonous compounds as their integration in human diets should be carefully considered. In conclusion, the present review provides useful information regarding the chemical composition and the main groups of chemical compounds that are present in the flowers of the most common species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleomar de O. Pires
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Caleja
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (E.d.O.P.J.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece
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19
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Lewis ER, Nogueira M, Enfissi EMA, Fraser PD. The esterification of xanthophylls in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) chromoplasts; the role of a non-specific acyltransferase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112912. [PMID: 34450419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The esterification of carotenoids has been associated with high-level accumulation, greater stability and potentially improved dietary bioavailability. Engineering the formation of ketocarotenoids into tomato fruit has resulted in the esterification of these non-endogenous metabolites. A genotype of tomato was created that contains; (i) the mutant pale yellow petal (pyp)1-1 allele, which is responsible for the absence of carotenoid esters in tomato flowers and (ii) the heterologous enzymes for ketocarotenoid formation. Analysis of the resulting progeny showed altered quantitative and qualitative differences in esterified carotenoids. For example, in ripe fruit tissues, in the presence of the pyp mutant allele, non-endogenous ketocarotenoid esters were absent while their free forms accumulated. These data demonstrate the involvement of the PYP gene product in the esterification of diverse xanthophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marilise Nogueira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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20
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Torres-Montilla S, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Making extra room for carotenoids in plant cells: New opportunities for biofortification. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 84:101128. [PMID: 34530006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection and provide colors in the yellow to red range to non-photosynthetic organs such as petals and ripe fruits. They are also the precursors of biologically active molecules not only in plants (including hormones and retrograde signals) but also in animals (including retinoids such as vitamin A). A carotenoid-rich diet has been associated with improved health and cognitive capacity in humans, whereas the use of carotenoids as natural pigments is widespread in the agrofood and cosmetic industries. The nutritional and economic relevance of carotenoids has spurred a large number of biotechnological strategies to enrich plant tissues with carotenoids. Most of such approaches to alter carotenoid contents in plants have been focused on manipulating their biosynthesis or degradation, whereas improving carotenoid sink capacity in plant tissues has received much less attention. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms influencing carotenoid storage in plants has substantially grown in the last years, opening new opportunities for carotenoid biofortification. Here we will review these advances with a particular focus on those creating extra room for carotenoids in plant cells either by promoting the differentiation of carotenoid-sequestering structures within plastids or by transferring carotenoid production to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Challenges and Potential in Increasing Lutein Content in Microalgae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051068. [PMID: 34063406 PMCID: PMC8156089 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on enhancing lutein content in microalgae has made significant progress in recent years. However, strategies are needed to address the possible limitations of microalgae as practical lutein producers. The capacity of lutein sequestration may determine the upper limit of cellular lutein content. The preliminary estimation presented in this work suggests that the lutein sequestration capacity of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) of microalgae is most likely below 2% on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). Due to its nature as a structural pigment, higher lutein content might interfere with the LHC in fulfilling photosynthetic functions. Storing lutein in a lipophilic environment is a mechanism for achieving high lutein content but several critical barriers must be overcome such as lutein degradation and access to lipid droplet to be stored through esterification. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis in chloroplasts, as well as carotenoid trafficking through chloroplast membranes and carotenoid esterification, may provide insight for new approaches to achieve high lutein contents in algae. In the meantime, building the machinery for esterification and sequestration of lutein and other hydroxyl-carotenoids in model microorganisms, such as yeast, with synthetic biology technology provides a promising option.
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Yang S, Tian X, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhao Y, Su H, Zhao X, Tian B, Yuan Y, Zhang XW. Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Identification of a White Flower Gene BrWF3 in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646222. [PMID: 34025693 PMCID: PMC8138439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is an important trait in plants. However, genes responsible for the white flower trait in Chinese cabbage are rarely reported. In this study, we constructed an F2 population derived from the Y640-288 (white flower) and Y641-87 (yellow flower) lines for the fine mapping of the white flower gene BrWF3 in Chinese cabbage. Genetic analysis indicated that BrWF3 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using BSA-seq and KASP assays, BrWF3 was fine-mapped to an interval of 105.6 kb. Functional annotation, expression profiling, and sequence variation analyses confirmed that the AtPES2 homolog, Bra032957, was the most likely candidate gene for BrWF3. Carotenoid profiles and transmission electron microscopy analysis suggested that BrWF3 might participate in the production of xanthophyll esters (particularly violaxanthin esters), which in turn disrupt chromoplast development and the formation of plastoglobules (PGs). A SNP deletion in the third exon of BrWF3 caused the loss of protein function, and interfered with the normal assembly of PGs, which was associated with reduced expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid metabolism. Furthermore, we developed and validated the functional marker TXBH83 for BrWF3. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying flower color pigmentation and reveal valuable information for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gutbrod P, Reichert S, Gutbrod K, Hamai A, Bréhélin C, Ngando-Ebongue G, Dörmann P. Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112684. [PMID: 33581596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis; family Arecaceae) represents the most important oil crop for food and feed production and for biotechnological applications. Two types of oil can be extracted from palm fruits, the mesocarp oil which is rich in palmitic acid and in carotenoids (provitamin A) and tocochromanols (vitamin E), and the kernel oil with high amounts of lauric and myristic acid. We identified fatty acid phytyl esters (FAPEs) in the mesocarp and kernel tissues of mature fruits, mostly esterified with oleic acid and very long chain fatty acids. In addition, fatty acid geranylgeranyl esters (FAGGEs) accumulated in mesocarp and kernels to even larger amounts. In contrast, FAPEs and FAGGEs amounts and fatty acid composition in leaves were very similar. Analysis of wild accessions of African Oil Palm from Cameroon revealed a considerable variation in the amounts and composition of FAPEs and FAGGEs in mesocarp and kernel tissues. Exogenous supplementation of phytol or geranylgeraniol to mesocarp slices resulted in the incorporation of these alcohols into FAPEs and FAGGEs, respectively, indicating that they are synthesized via enzymatic reactions. Three candidate genes of the esterase/lipase/thioesterase (ELT) family were identified in the Oil Palm genome. The genes are differentially expressed in mesocarp tissue with EgELT1 showing the highest expression. Geranylgeraniol from FAGGE might be recycled and used as a substrate for the synthesis of carotenoids and tocotrienols during fruit development. Thus, FAPEs and FAGGEs in the mesocarp and kernel of Oil Palm provide an additional metabolic source for fatty acids and phytol or geranylgeraniol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie Reichert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amazigh Hamai
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Georges Ngando-Ebongue
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Center for Oil Palm Research (IRAD-CEREPAH) of La Dibamba, P.O. Box 243, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Salt Stress Orchestrating the Accumulation of Specialized Metabolites in Lycium barbarum L. Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094414. [PMID: 33922536 PMCID: PMC8122869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress seriously affects yield and quality of crops. The fruit of Lycium barbarum (LBF) is extensively used as functional food due to its rich nutrient components. It remains unclear how salt stress influences the quality of LBF. In this study, we identified 71 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 1396 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among ripe LBF with and without 300 mM of NaCl treatment. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the metabolomic changes caused by salt stress were strongly related to oxidoreductases; hydrolases; and modifying enzymes, in particular, acyltransferases, methyltransferases and glycosyltransferases. Further analysis revealed that salt stress facilitated flavonoid glycosylation and carotenoid esterification by boosting the expression of structural genes in the biosynthetic pathways. These results suggested that salt stress prompts the modification of flavonoids and carotenoids to alleviate ROS damage, which in turn improves the quality of LBF. Our results lay a solid foundation for uncovering the underlying molecular mechanism of salt stress orchestrating LBF quality, and the candidate genes identified will be a valuable gene resource for genetic improvement of L. barbarum.
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Fujii H, Nonaka K, Minamikawa MF, Endo T, Sugiyama A, Hamazaki K, Iwata H, Omura M, Shimada T. Allelic composition of carotenoid metabolic genes in 13 founders influences carotenoid composition in juice sac tissues of fruits among Japanese citrus breeding population. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246468. [PMID: 33539435 PMCID: PMC7861536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To enrich carotenoids, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in juice sac tissues of fruits via molecular breeding in citrus, allele mining was utilized to dissect allelic variation of carotenoid metabolic genes and identify an optimum allele on the target loci characterized by expression quantitative trait (eQTL) analysis. SNPs of target carotenoid metabolic genes in 13 founders of the Japanese citrus breeding population were explored using the SureSelect target enrichment method. An independent allele was determined based on the presence or absence of reliable SNPs, using trio analysis to confirm inheritability between parent and offspring. Among the 13 founders, there were 7 PSY alleles, 7 HYb alleles, 11 ZEP alleles, 5 NCED alleles, and 4 alleles for the eQTL that control the transcription levels of PDS and ZDS among the ancestral species, indicating that some founders acquired those alleles from them. The carotenoid composition data of 263 breeding pedigrees in juice sac tissues revealed that the phenotypic variance of carotenoid composition was similar to that in the 13 founders, whereas the mean of total carotenoid content increased. This increase in total carotenoid content correlated with the increase in either or both β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin in juice sac tissues. Bayesian statistical analysis between allelic composition of target genes and carotenoid composition in 263 breeding pedigrees indicated that PSY-a and ZEP-e alleles at PSY and ZEP loci had strong positive effects on increasing the total carotenoid content, including β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, in juice sac tissues. Moreover, the pyramiding of these alleles also increased the β-cryptoxanthin content. Interestingly, the offset interaction between the alleles with increasing and decreasing effects on carotenoid content and the epistatic interaction among carotenoid metabolic genes were observed and these interactions complexed carotenoid profiles in breeding population. These results revealed that allele composition would highly influence the carotenoid composition in citrus fruits. The allelic genotype information for the examined carotenoid metabolic genes in major citrus varieties and the trio-tagged SNPs to discriminate the optimum alleles (PSY-a and ZEP-e) from the rest would promise citrus breeders carotenoid enrichment in fruit via molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujii
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Fruit and Tea Tree Science, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nonaka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Fruit and Tea Tree Science, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mai F. Minamikawa
- Laboratory of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Endo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Fruit and Tea Tree Science, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Aiko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hamazaki
- Laboratory of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Laboratory of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Omura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shimada
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Fruit and Tea Tree Science, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Salava H, Thula S, Mohan V, Kumar R, Maghuly F. Application of Genome Editing in Tomato Breeding: Mechanisms, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E682. [PMID: 33445555 PMCID: PMC7827871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly face the changing climatic conditions that cause biotic and abiotic stress responses. The abiotic stresses are the primary constraints affecting crop yield and nutritional quality in many crop plants. The advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput approaches have enabled the researchers to use genome editing tools for the functional characterization of many genes useful for crop improvement. The present review focuses on the genome editing tools for improving many traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and nutritional aspects of tomato. Many candidate genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity stress have been successfully manipulated by gene modification and editing techniques such as RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9). In this regard, the genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is a fast and efficient technology that can be exploited to explore the genetic resources for the improvement of tomato and other crop plants in terms of stress tolerance and nutritional quality. The review presents examples of gene editing responsible for conferring both biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato simultaneously. The literature on using this powerful technology to improve fruit quality, yield, and nutritional aspects in tomato is highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of genome editing, public and political acceptance in tomato are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Salava
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Sravankumar Thula
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Liu Y, Ye S, Yuan G, Ma X, Heng S, Yi B, Ma C, Shen J, Tu J, Fu T, Wen J. Gene silencing of BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP confers orange color in Brassica napus flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:932-949. [PMID: 32808386 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is currently cultivated as an important ornamental crop in China. Flower color has attracted much attention in rapeseed genetics and breeding. Here, we characterize an orange-flowered mutant of B. napus that exhibits an altered carotenoid profile in its petals. As revealed by map-based cloning, the change in color from yellow to orange is attributed to the loss of BnaC09.ZEP (zeaxanthin epoxidase) and a 1695-bp deletion in BnaA09.ZEP. HPLC analysis, genetic complementation and CRISPR/Cas9 experiments demonstrated that BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP have similar functions, and the abolishment of both genes led to a substantial increase in lutein content and a sharp decline in violaxanthin content in petals but not leaves. BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP are predominantly expressed in floral tissues, whereas their homologs, BnaA07.ZEP and BnaC07.ZEP, mainly function in leaves, indicating redundancy and tissue-specific diversification of BnaZEP function. Transcriptome analysis in petals revealed differences in the expression of carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes between the mutant and its complementary lines. Flavonoid profiles in the petals of complementary lines were greatly altered compared to the mutant, indicating potential cross-talk between the regulatory networks underlying the carotenoid and flavonoid pathways. Additionally, our results indicate that there is functional compensation by BnaA07.ZEP and BnaC07.ZEP in the absence of BnaA09.ZEP and BnaC09.ZEP. Cloning and characterization of BnaZEPs provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying flower pigmentation in B. napus and would facilitate breeding of B. napus varieties with higher ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenhua Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gaigai Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangping Heng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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29
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Karniel U, Koch A, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Development of zeaxanthin-rich tomato fruit through genetic manipulations of carotenoid biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2292-2303. [PMID: 32320515 PMCID: PMC7589248 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenated carotenoid zeaxanthin provides numerous benefits to human health due to its antioxidant properties. Especially it is linked to protecting, together with the xanthophyll lutein, the retina in the human eye by filtering harmful blue light thus delaying the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent cause of blindness in developed countries. Despite its high nutritional value, zeaxanthin is less available than other substantial carotenoids in our diet. To solve this shortage, we chose to develop a new food source that would contain a high concentration of natural zeaxanthin. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was selected as the target plant since it is the second largest vegetable crop grown worldwide and its fruit characteristically synthesizes and accumulates a high concentration of carotenoids. We employed two genetic approaches in order to enhance zeaxanthin biosynthesis in tomato fruit: a transgenic metabolic engineering and classical genetic breeding. A nontransgenic tomato line, named 'Xantomato', was generated whose fruit accumulated zeaxanthin at a concentration of 39 μg/g fresh weight (or 577 μg/g dry weight), which comprised ca. 50% of total fruit carotenoids compared to zero in the wild type. This is the highest concentration of zeaxanthin reached in a primary crop. Xantomato can potentially increase zeaxanthin availability in the human diet and serve as raw material for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Karniel
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Amit Koch
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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30
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Zacarías-García J, Lux PE, Carle R, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. Characterization of the Pale Yellow Petal/Xanthophyll Esterase gene family in citrus as candidates for carotenoid esterification in fruits. Food Chem 2020; 342:128322. [PMID: 33092926 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In orange-pigmented citrus fruits, the xanthophyll esters are the predominant carotenoids, but their biosynthetic origin is currently unknown. In this work, seven PYP/XES (Pale Yellow Petal/ Xanthophyll esterase) genes were identified in Citrus genomes, but only PYP1-4 and 6 contained the structural domains essential for activity. The PYP/XES expression profiles in sweet orange and in other Citrus species such as lemon, mandarin and pummelo with marked differences in fruit pigmentation and content of xanthophylls esters, showed the upregulation of PYP1,2 and 6 genes during ripening only in orange-pigmented fruits. Moreover, transcript levels of PYP1, 2 and 6 genes in peel and pulp of sweet orange were accompanied by the accumulation of xanthophyll esters during ripening. This work reports for the first time the PYP/XES gene family in Citrus and strongly suggests its involvement in xanthophyll esterification in citrus fruit tissues and its influence in carotenoid accumulation and fruit pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zacarías-García
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Chair Food Biofunctionality, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
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Iijima L, Kishimoto S, Ohmiya A, Yagi M, Okamoto E, Miyahara T, Tsujimoto T, Ozeki Y, Uchiyama N, Hakamatsuka T, Kouno T, Cano EA, Shimizu M, Nishihara M. Esterified carotenoids are synthesized in petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and accumulate in differentiated chromoplasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15256. [PMID: 32938985 PMCID: PMC7495429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although yellow and orange petal colors are derived from carotenoids in many plant species, this has not yet been demonstrated for the order Caryophyllales, which includes carnations. Here, we identified a carnation cultivar with pale yellow flowers that accumulated carotenoids in petals. Additionally, some xanthophyll compounds were esterified, as is the case for yellow flowers in other plant species. Ultrastructural analysis showed that chromoplasts with numerous plastoglobules, in which flower-specific carotenoids accumulate, were present in the pale yellow petals. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses indicated that the expression levels of genes for carotenoid biosynthesis and esterification in pale yellow and pink petals (that accumulate small amounts of carotenoids) were similar or lower than in green petals (that accumulate substantial amounts of carotenoids) and white petals (that accumulate extremely low levels of carotenoids). Pale yellow and pink petals had a considerably lower level of expression of genes for carotenoid degradation than white petals, suggesting that reduced degradation activity caused accumulation of carotenoids. Our results indicate that some carnation cultivars can synthesize and accumulate esterified carotenoids. By manipulating the rate of biosynthesis and esterification of carotenoids in these cultivars, it should be feasible to produce novel carnation cultivars with vivid yellow flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Iijima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Sanae Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yagi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Emi Okamoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Taira Miyahara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsujimoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kouno
- Japan Agribio Company Limited, 110-5 Itayamachi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-0928, Japan
| | - Emilio A Cano
- Barberet & Blanc S. A., Camino Viejo 205, 30890, Puerto Lumbreras, Murcia, Spain
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
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32
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Sun S, Wang X, Wang K, Cui X. Dissection of complex traits of tomato in the post-genome era. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1763-1776. [PMID: 31745578 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the main advances of dissection of complex traits in tomato by omics, the genes identified to control complex traits and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato breeding. Complex traits are believed to be under the control of multiple genes, each with different effects and interaction with environmental factors. Advance development of sequencing and molecular technologies has enabled the recognition of the genomic structure of most organisms and the identification of a nearly limitless number of markers that have made it to accelerate the speed of QTL identification and gene cloning. Meanwhile, multiomics have been used to identify the genetic variations among different tomato species, determine the expression profiles of genes in different tissues and at distinct developmental stages, and detect metabolites in different pathways and processes. The combination of these data facilitates to reveal mechanism underlying complex traits. Moreover, mutants generated by mutagens and genome editing provide relatively rich genetic variation for deciphering the complex traits and exploiting them in tomato breeding. In this article, we present the main advances of complex trait dissection in tomato by omics since the release of the tomato genome sequence in 2012. We provide further insight into some tomato complex traits because of the causal genetic variations discovered so far and explore the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 for the modification of tomato complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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33
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Watkins JL, Pogson BJ. Prospects for Carotenoid Biofortification Targeting Retention and Catabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:501-512. [PMID: 31956035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in developing countries there has been a large effort towards increasing the carotenoid content of staple foods via biofortification. Common strategies used for carotenoid biofortification include altering flux through the biosynthesis pathway to direct synthesis to a specific product, generally β-carotene, or via increasing the expression of genes early in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Recently, carotenoid biofortification strategies are turning towards increasing the retention of carotenoids in plant tissues either via altering sequestration within the cell or via downregulating enzymes known to cause degradation of carotenoids. To date, little attention has focused on increasing the stability of carotenoids, which may be a promising method of increasing carotenoid content in staple foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Watkins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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34
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Wen X, Heller A, Wang K, Han Q, Ni Y, Carle R, Schweiggert R. Carotenogenesis and chromoplast development during ripening of yellow, orange and red colored Physalis fruit. PLANTA 2020; 251:95. [PMID: 32274590 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of specific ultrastructural chromoplastidal elements during ripening of fruits of three different colored Physalis spp. is closely related to their distinct carotenoid profiles. The accumulation of color-determining carotenoids within the chromoplasts of ripening yellow, orange, and red fruit of Physalis pubescens L., Physalis peruviana L., and Physalis alkekengi L., respectively, was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) as well as light and transmission electron microscopy. Both yellow and orange fruit gradually accumulated mainly β-carotene and lutein esters at variable levels, explaining their different colors at full ripeness. Upon commencing β-carotene biosynthesis, large crystals appeared in their chromoplasts, while large filaments protruding from plastoglobules were characteristic elements of chromoplasts of orange fruit. In contrast to yellow and orange fruit, fully ripe red fruit contained almost no β-carotene, but esters of both β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at very high levels. Tubule bundles and unusual disc-like crystallites were predominant carotenoid-bearing elements in red fruit. Our study supports the earlier hypothesis that the predominant carotenoid type might shape the ultrastructural carotenoid deposition form, which is considered important for color, stability and bioavailability of the contained carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kunli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qianyun Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanying Ni
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80257, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Chair of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Institute of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
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35
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Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the white flower gene Brwf in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6080. [PMID: 32269266 PMCID: PMC7142070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower color can be applied to landscaping and identification of the purity of seeds in hybrid production. However, the molecular basis of white flower trait remains largely unknown in Brassica rapa. In this study, an F2 population was constructed from the cross between 15S1040 (white flower) and 92S105 (yellow flower) for fine mapping of white flower genes in B. rapa. Genetic analysis indicated that white flower trait is controlled by two recessive loci, Brwf1 and Brwf2. Using InDel and SNP markers, Brwf1 was mapped to a 49.6-kb region on chromosome A01 containing 9 annotated genes, and among them, Bra013602 encodes a plastid-lipid associated protein (PAP); Brwf2 was located in a 59.3-kb interval on chromosome A09 harboring 12 annotated genes, in which Bra031539 was annotated as a carotenoid isomerase gene (CRTISO). The amino acid sequences of BrPAP and BrCRTISO were compared between two yellow-flowered and three white-flowered lines and critical amino acid mutations of BrPAP and BrCRTISO were identified between yellow-flowered and white-flowered lines. Therefore, Bra013602 and Bra031539 were predicted as potential candidates for white flower trait. Our results provide a foundation for further identification of Brwf and increase understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white flower formation in Chinese cabbage.
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36
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Triacylglycerol and phytyl ester synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6216-6222. [PMID: 32123083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915930117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are unicellular prokaryotic algae that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, similar to plants. The cells harbor thylakoid membranes composed of lipids related to those of chloroplasts in plants to accommodate the complexes of photosynthesis. The occurrence of storage lipids, including triacylglycerol or wax esters, which are found in plants, animals, and some bacteria, nevertheless remained unclear in cyanobacteria. We show here that the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 accumulates both triacylglycerol and wax esters (fatty acid phytyl esters). Phytyl esters accumulate in higher levels under abiotic stress conditions. The analysis of an insertional mutant revealed that the acyltransferase slr2103, with sequence similarity to plant esterase/lipase/thioesterase (ELT) proteins, is essential for triacylglycerol and phytyl ester synthesis in Synechocystis The recombinant slr2103 enzyme showed acyltransferase activity with phytol and diacylglycerol, thus producing phytyl esters and triacylglycerol. Acyl-CoA thioesters were the preferred acyl donors, while acyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein), free fatty acids, or galactolipid-bound fatty acids were poor substrates. The slr2103 protein sequence is unrelated to acyltransferases from bacteria (AtfA) or plants (DGAT1, DGAT2, PDAT), and therefore establishes an independent group of bacterial acyltransferases involved in triacylglycerol and wax ester synthesis. The identification of the gene slr2103 responsible for triacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria opens the possibility of using prokaryotic photosynthetic cells in biotechnological applications.
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37
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Zheng X, Giuliano G, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants: citius, altius, fortius. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158664. [PMID: 32068105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable for human health, required as precursors of vitamin A and efficient antioxidants. However, these plant pigments that play a vital role in photosynthesis are represented at insufficient levels in edible parts of several crops, which creates a need for increasing their content or optimizing their composition through biofortification. In particular, vitamin A deficiency, a severe health problem affecting the lives of millions in developing countries, has triggered the development of a series of high-provitamin A crops, including Golden Rice as the best-known example. Further carotenoid-biofortified crops have been generated by using genetic engineering approaches or through classical breeding. In this review, we depict carotenoid metabolism in plants and provide an update on the development of carotenoid-biofortified plants and their potential to meet needs and expectations. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using natural variation for carotenoid biofortification and the potential of gene editing tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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38
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Kishimoto S, Oda-Yamamizo C, Ohmiya A. Heterologous expression of xanthophyll esterase genes affects carotenoid accumulation in petunia corollas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1299. [PMID: 31992834 PMCID: PMC6987204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of carotenoids in petals are xanthophylls and most of these xanthophylls are esterified with fatty acids. Although petunia (Petunia x hybrida) is an important ornamental plant, it cannot accumulate enough carotenoids to have deep-yellow flowers. Our previous study suggested that low esterification activity causes low carotenoid accumulation in petunia corollas. Here, we introduced xanthophyll esterase (XES) from the petals of Ipomoea obscura, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and marigold (Tagetes erecta) into a pale-yellow-flowered cultivar of petunia to see whether these affect carotenoid accumulation in petunia corollas. Carotenoid contents and the proportions of esterified xanthophylls were elevated in the corollas of XES-overexpressing (XES-OX) transformants. Expression analysis showed that the transcript levels of endogenous carotenoid biosynthetic genes, which included geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 2, ζ-carotene desaturase, and lycopene β-ring cyclase in corolla tubes were upregulated in XES-OX plants. In addition, we discovered a difference in the composition of esterified xanthophylls among XES-OX plants, which may be caused by differences in the substrate specificity of their respective XESs. We conclude that esterification is an important process for carotenoid accumulation and XES is a useful tool for the quantitative and qualitative control of carotenoid accumulation in petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.,Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
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39
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Sun T, Li L. Toward the 'golden' era: The status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110331. [PMID: 31779888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments to plants and important natural products to humans. Carotenoids as both primary and specialized metabolites fulfill multifaceted functions in plants. As such, carotenoid accumulation (a net process of biosynthesis, degradation and sequestration) is subjected to complicated regulation throughout plant life cycle in response to developmental and environmental signals. Investigation of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolic genes remains the focus in understanding the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation. While discovery of bona fide carotenoid metabolic regulators is still challenging, the recent progress of identification of various transcription factors and regulators helps us to construct hierarchical regulatory network of carotenoid accumulation. The elucidation of carotenoid regulatory mechanisms at protein level and in chromoplast provides some insights into post-translational regulation of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid sequestration in plastid sink. This review briefly describes the pathways and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. It also discusses the opportunities to expand toolbox for further shedding light upon the intrinsic regulation of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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40
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Lux PE, Carle R, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ, Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB. Genuine Carotenoid Profiles in Sweet Orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Navel] Peel and Pulp at Different Maturity Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13164-13175. [PMID: 31665598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diesters of violaxanthin, β-citraurin, and antheraxanthin, were characterized. Whereas chloroplast-specific pigments, such as (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene, predominated in the flavedo of green-ripe fruit, a highly complex pattern of xanthophyll esters was found in the mature oranges. Total carotenoid contents of flavedo were approximately 9-fold higher [12 605 μg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)] than those in the endocarp (1354 μg/100 g of FW) at the fully mature stage. The mature endocarp abundantly contained violaxanthin mono- and diesters, in addition to diverse antheraxanthin esters, which were exclusively detected in this fruit fraction. Likewise, β-citraurin esters were found to be unique flavedo constituents of mature fruit. Therefore, they may support the detection of fraudulent use of peel fractions during orange juice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Lux
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Chair Food Biofunctionality , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Post Office Box 80257, Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - María-Jesús Rodrigo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7 , 46980 Paterna , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Department of Beverage Research, Chair Analysis & Technology of Plant-Based Foods , Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Straße 1 , 65366 Geisenheim , Germany
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41
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Mattera MG, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Carotenoid content in tritordeum is not primarily associated with esterification during grain development. Food Chem 2019; 310:125847. [PMID: 31732244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tritordeums show a significant proportion of lutein esters which increases carotenoid stability and retention throughout the food chain. Esterification is a common means of carotenoid sequestration. A putative association between lutein esters formation acting as a metabolic sink during early stages of grain development and the high carotenoid content of tritordeums is analyzed in this work. Compared to wheat, tritordeums accumulated significantly higher lutein contents from 20 days post anthesis (dpa) but lutein esters were not detected until 36 dpa. Thus esterification is not acting as a metabolific sink before 36 dpa. The presence of lutein esters at late stages of grain development may have a complementary role in carotenoid accumulation by reducing and/or counteracting their catabolism. The differences for lutein esterification among tritordeums suggest the existence of diversity for xanthophyll acyl transferases that could be exploited to increase lutein retention in this cereal and through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mattera
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Hornero-Méndez
- Departament of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - S G Atienza
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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42
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Chaudhary J, Alisha A, Bhatt V, Chandanshive S, Kumar N, Mir Z, Kumar A, Yadav SK, Shivaraj SM, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Mutation Breeding in Tomato: Advances, Applicability and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E128. [PMID: 31091747 PMCID: PMC6572636 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induced mutagenesis is one of the most effective strategies for trait improvement without altering the well-optimized genetic background of the cultivars. In this review, several currently accessible methods such as physical, chemical and insertional mutagenesis have been discussed concerning their efficient exploration for the tomato crop improvement. Similarly, challenges for the adaptation of genome-editing, a newly developed technique providing an opportunity to induce precise mutation, have been addressed. Several efforts of genome-editing have been demonstrated in tomato and other crops, exploring its effectiveness and convenience for crop improvement. Descriptive data compiled here from such efforts will be helpful for the efficient exploration of technological advances. However, uncertainty about the regulation of genome-edited crops is still a significant concern, particularly when timely trait improvement in tomato cultivars is needed. In this regard, random approaches of induced mutagenesis are still promising if efficiently explored in breeding applications. Precise identification of casual mutation is a prerequisite for the molecular understanding of the trait development as well as its utilization for the breeding program. Recent advances in sequencing techniques provide an opportunity for the precise detection of mutagenesis-induced sequence variations at a large scale in the genome. Here, we reviewed several novel next-generation sequencing based mutation mapping approaches including Mutmap, MutChromeSeq, and whole-genome sequencing-based mapping which has enormous potential to accelerate the mutation breeding in tomato. The proper utilization of the existing well-characterized tomato mutant resources combined with novel mapping approaches would inevitably lead to rapid enhancement of tomato quality and yield. This article provides an overview of the principles and applications of mutagenesis approaches in tomato and discusses the current progress and challenges involved in tomato mutagenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA.
| | - Alisha Alisha
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
| | - Vacha Bhatt
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
| | - Sonali Chandanshive
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
| | - Zahoor Mir
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi 110001, Inida.
| | - Satish K Yadav
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India.
| | - S M Shivaraj
- Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab 140308, India.
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Berry HM, Rickett DV, Baxter CJ, Enfissi EMA, Fraser PD. Carotenoid biosynthesis and sequestration in red chilli pepper fruit and its impact on colour intensity traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2637-2650. [PMID: 30820539 PMCID: PMC6506829 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of diverse natural variation has been a key progenitor of crop breeding over the last decade. However, commercial practice is now turning to the use of accessions with less extreme phenotypes as genetic donors. In the present study, the carotenoid formation in a red-fruited discovery panel of Capsicum annuum (chilli pepper) has been characterized. The data indicated that colour intensity correlated with the amount of capsanthin and its esters, along with transcript levels of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and phytoene synthase-1 (PSY-1) genes. Quantification of carotenoids through development and ripening suggested the presence of separate biosynthesis and accumulation phases. Subplastid fractionation demonstrated the differential sequestration of pigments in high- and low-intensity lines and revealed the PSY protein to be most active in the membrane fractions when abundance was highest in the fibril fractions. Carotenoid accumulation was associated with the esterification of xanthophylls, expression of a putative carotenoid acyl transferase, and increased fibril content within the plastid. Interrogation of TEM images and carotenoid analysis of subplastid fractions suggest that the plastoglobuli are likely to be the progenitor of the characteristic fibrils found in pepper fruit. Collectively, these data provide an insight into the underpinning molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms associated with the synthesis and sequestration of carotenoids in chromoplast-containing fruits, in addition to providing potential tools and resources for the breeding of high red colour intensity pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Charles J Baxter
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylcholine is found only in the outer envelope. Chloroplasts are the major site for fatty acid synthesis. In Arabidopsis, a certain proportion of glycerolipids is entirely synthesized in the chloroplast (prokaryotic lipids). Fatty acids are also exported to the endoplasmic reticulum and incorporated into lipids that are redistributed to the chloroplast (eukaryotic lipids). MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and PG establish the thylakoid membranes and are integral constituents of the photosynthetic complexes. Phosphate deprivation induces phospholipid degradation accompanied by the increase in DGDG, SQDG, and GlcADG. During freezing and drought stress, envelope membranes are stabilized by the conversion of MGDG into oligogalactolipids. Senescence and chlorotic stress lead to lipid and chlorophyll degradation and the deposition of acyl and phytyl moieties as fatty acid phytyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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Han F, Cui H, Zhang B, Liu X, Yang L, Zhuang M, Lv H, Li Z, Wang Y, Fang Z, Song J, Zhang Y. Map-based cloning and characterization of BoCCD4, a gene responsible for white/yellow petal color in B. oleracea. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:242. [PMID: 30909886 PMCID: PMC6434876 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brassica oleracea exhibits extensive phenotypic diversity. As an important trait, petal color varies among different B. oleracea cultivars, enabling the study of the genetic basis of this trait. In a previous study, the gene responsible for petal color in B. oleracea was mapped to a 503-kb region on chromosome 3, but the candidate gene has not yet been identified. Results In the present study, we report that the candidate gene was further delineated to a 207-kb fragment. BoCCD4, a homolog of the Arabidopsis carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) gene, was selected for evaluation as the candidate gene. Sequence analysis of the YL-1 inbred line revealed three insertions/deletions and 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region of BoCCD4. Functional complementation showed that BoCCD4 from the white-petal inbred line 11–192 can rescue the yellow-petal trait of YL-1. Expression analysis revealed that BoCCD4 is exclusively expressed in petal tissue of white-petal plants, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that CCD4 homologs may share evolutionarily conserved roles in carotenoid metabolism. These findings demonstrate that BoCCD4 is responsible for white/yellow petal color variation in B. oleracea. Conclusions This study demonstrated that function loss of BoCCD4, a homolog of Arabidopsis CCD4, is responsible for yellow petal color in B. oleracea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5596-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Han
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huilin Cui
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianghua Song
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, #12 Zhong Guan Cun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Kishimoto S, Oda-Yamamizo C, Ohmiya A. Comparison of petunia and calibrachoa in carotenoid pigmentation of corollas. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:117-126. [PMID: 31086489 PMCID: PMC6507714 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is an important ornamental plant with a wide range of corolla colors. Although pale-yellow-flowered cultivars, with a low amount of carotenoids in their corollas, are now available, no deep-yellow-flowered cultivars exist. To find why petunia cannot accumulate enough carotenoids to have deep-yellow flowers, we compared carotenoid profiles and expression of carotenoid metabolic genes between pale-yellow-flowered petunia and deep-yellow-flowered calibrachoa (Calibrachoa hybrida), a close relative. The carotenoid contents and the ratios of esterified xanthophylls to total xanthophylls in petunia corollas were significantly lower than those in calibrachoa, despite similar carotenoid components. A lower esterification rate of trans-xanthophylls than of cis-xanthophylls in petunia suggests that petunia xanthophyll esterase (XES) has low substrate specificity for trans-xanthophylls, which are more abundant than cis-xanthophylls in petunia corolla. The expression of genes encoding key enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis was lower and that of a carotenoid catabolic gene was higher in petunia. XES expression was significantly lower in petunia. The results suggest that low biosynthetic activity, high cleavage activity, and low esterification activity cause low carotenoid accumulation in petunia corollas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852,
Japan
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852,
Japan
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS),
5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083,
Japan
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO),
Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852,
Japan
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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48
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Xiong C, Luo D, Lin A, Zhang C, Shan L, He P, Li B, Zhang Q, Hua B, Yuan Z, Li H, Zhang J, Yang C, Lu Y, Ye Z, Wang T. A tomato B-box protein SlBBX20 modulates carotenoid biosynthesis by directly activating PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1, and is targeted for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:279-294. [PMID: 30101463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play important roles in many biological processes, such as light harvesting, photoprotection and visual attraction in plants. However, the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that SlBBX20, a B-box (BBX) zinc-finger transcription factor, is a positive regulator of carotenoid accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Overexpression of SlBBX20 leads to dark green fruits and leaves and higher levels of carotenoids relative to the wild-type. Interactions between SlBBX20 and DE-ETIOLATED 1 (SlDET1) lead to the ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of SlBBX20. Moreover, deficiencies in the components of the CUL4-DDB1-DET1 complex enhanced the stability of the SlBBX20 protein. Thus, we conclude that SlBBX20 is a substrate of the CUL4-DDB1-DET1 E3 ligase. SlBBX20 can activate the expression of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1, encoding a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, by directly binding to a G-box motif in its promoter, which results in the elevated levels of carotenoids in SlBBX20 overexpression lines. We identified a key regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis and demonstrated that the stability of SlBBX20 is regulated by ubiquitination. These findings provide us a new target for the genetic improvement of the nutritional quality of tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qiaomei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zilv Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Damayanti F, Lombardo F, Masuda JI, Shinozaki Y, Ichino T, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Wang N, Fukuda N, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Functional Disruption of the Tomato Putative Ortholog of HAWAIIAN SKIRT Results in Facultative Parthenocarpy, Reduced Fertility and Leaf Morphological Defects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1234. [PMID: 31681360 PMCID: PMC6801985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of plant microRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate developmental processes by integrating internal and environmental cues. Recently, the Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) gene has been described for its role in miRNA biogenesis. We have isolated in a forward genetic screen a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) line mutated in the putative ortholog of HWS. We show that the tomato hws-1 mutant exhibits reduction in leaflet serration, leaflet fusion, some degree of floral organ fusion, and alteration in miRNA levels, similarly to the original A. thaliana hws-1 mutant. We also describe novel phenotypes for hws such as facultative parthenocarpy, reduction in fertility and flowering delay. In slhws-1, the parthenocarpy trait is influenced by temperature, with higher parthenocarpy rate in warmer environmental conditions. Conversely, slhws-1 is able to produce seeds when grown in cooler environment. We show that the reduction in seed production in the mutant is mainly due to a defective male function and that the levels of several miRNAs are increased, in accordance with previous HWS studies, accounting for the abnormal leaf and floral phenotypes as well as the altered flowering and fruit development processes. This is the first study of HWS in fleshy fruit plant, providing new insights in the function of this gene in fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Damayanti
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fabien Lombardo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Masuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shinozaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Innovation Center, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Ezura,
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50
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Biosynthesis and biomedical perspectives of carotenoids with special reference to human health-related applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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