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Sun L, Lian L, Yang R, Li T, Yang M, Zhao W, Huang H, Wang S. Sugar delivery at the tomato root and root galls after Meloidogyne incognita infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:451. [PMID: 38789940 PMCID: PMC11119304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liqiang Lian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Meng S, Zhang H, Wang S, Xu C, Liu Y, Xu T, He Y, Cui Y, Tan C, Li T, Qi M. Galactinol Regulates JA Biosynthesis to Enhance Tomato Cold Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2547-2559. [PMID: 38286812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Low temperatures can inhibit plant growth and development and reduce fruit yield. This study demonstrated that the expression of AnGolS1 from Ammopiptanthus nanus (A. nanus) encoding a galactinol synthase enhanced tomato cold tolerance. In AnGolS1-overexpressing plants, the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis substrates 13-hydroperoxylinolenicacid and 12,13-epoxylinolenicacid were significantly accumulated, and the expression levels of the ethylene response factor (SlERF4-7) and serine protease inhibitor (SlSPI5) were increased. We speculated that there may be correlations among galactinol, ethylene signaling, the protease inhibitor, protease, and JA levels. The expression levels of SlERF4-7 and SlSPI5 as well as the JA content were significantly increased under exogenous galactinol treatment. Additionally, the expression of SlSPI5 was reduced in SlERF4-7-silenced plants, and SlERF4-7 was confirmed to bind to the dehydration-responsive element (DRE) of the SlSPI5 promoter. These results suggest that SlSPI5 is a target gene of the SlERF4-7 transcription factor. In addition, SlSPI5 interacted with cysteine protease (SlCPase), while SlCPase interacted with lipoxygenase (SlLOX5) and allene oxide synthase (SlAOS2). When SlCPase was silenced, JA levels increased and plant cold tolerance was enhanced. Therefore, galactinol regulates JA biosynthesis to enhance tomato cold tolerance through the SlERF4-7-SlSPI5-SlCPase-SlLOX5/SlAOS2 model. Overall, our study provides new perspectives on the role of galactinol in the JA regulatory network in plant adaptation to low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuDong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization Xinjiang of Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - SiDa Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - HuiDong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - ChuanQiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - YuFeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Yi He
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - YiQing Cui
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - ChangHua Tan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - TianLai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - MingFang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Gu J, Chen C, Liu J, Zhang Z, Hua B, Miao M. The Sink-Source Relationship in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Is Modulated by DNA Methylation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:103. [PMID: 38202411 PMCID: PMC10780960 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of the sink-source relationship is of great importance for crop yield regulation. Cucumber is a typical raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO)-transporting crop. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification in plants, but its role in sink-source regulation has not been demonstrated in RFO-translocating species. Here, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS-seq) was conducted to compare the nonfruiting-node leaves (NFNLs) and leaves of fruit setting (FNLs) at the 12th node by removing all female flowers in other nodes of the two treatments. We found considerable differentially methylated genes enriched in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolic processes. Comparative transcriptome analysis between FNLs and NFNLs indicated that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with differentially methylated regions were involved in auxin, ethylene and brassinolide metabolism; sucrose metabolism; and RFO synthesis pathways related to sink-source regulation. Moreover, DNA methylation levels of six sink-source-related genes in the pathways mentioned above decreased in leaves after 5-aza-dC-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) treatment on FNLs, and stachyose synthase (CsSTS) gene expression, enzyme activity and stachyose content in RFO synthesis pathway were upregulated, thereby increasing fruit length and dry weight. Taken together, our findings proposed an up-to-date inference for the potential role of DNA methylation in the sink-source relationship, which will provide important references for further exploring the molecular mechanism of DNA methylation in improving the yield of RFO transport plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong 226541, China;
| | - Jiawen Gu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Jiexia Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
| | - Minmin Miao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (B.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Xiao Y, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu P, Wan S, Xu Q, Yu Y. Two galactinol synthases contribute to the drought response of Camellia sinensis. PLANTA 2023; 258:84. [PMID: 37736857 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 are involved in the transcriptional mechanism and play an important role in the drought response of tea plants. GolS is critical for the biosynthesis of galactinol and has been suggested to contribute to drought tolerance in various plants. However, whether GolS plays a role in drought response and the underlying transcriptional mechanism of GolS genes in response to drought stress in tea plants is still unclear. In this study, we found that drought stress promotes the accumulation of galactinol in tea leaves and that the expression of CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2, which encode proteins capable of catalyzing galactinol biosynthesis, is continuously and dramatically induced by drought stress. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 were more drought-tolerant than WT plants, as evidenced by increased cell membrane stability. In addition, the drought-responsive transcription factor CsWRKY2 has been shown to positively regulate the expression of CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 by directly binding to their promoters. Furthermore, CsVQ9 was found to interact with CsWRKY2 and promote its transcriptional function to activate CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 expression. Taken together, our findings provide insights not only into the positive role played by CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 in the drought response of tea plants but also into the transcriptional mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezi Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiying Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siqing Wan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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5
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Aidlin Harari O, Dekel A, Wintraube D, Vainer Y, Mozes-Koch R, Yakir E, Malka O, Morin S, Bohbot JD. A sucrose-specific receptor in Bemisia tabaci and its putative role in phloem feeding. iScience 2023; 26:106752. [PMID: 37234092 PMCID: PMC10206433 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, specialized feeding on the phloem sap (containing mainly the sugar sucrose) has evolved only in some hemipteran lineages. This feeding behavior requires an ability to locate feeding sites buried deeply within the plant tissue. To determine the molecular mechanism involved, we hypothesized that the phloem-feeding whitefly Bemisia tabaci relies on gustatory receptor (GR)-mediated sugar sensing. We first conducted choice assays, which indicated that B. tabaci adults consistently choose diets containing higher sucrose concentrations. Next, we identified four GR genes in the B. tabaci genome. One of them, BtabGR1, displayed significant sucrose specificity when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Silencing of BtabGR1 significantly interfered with the ability of B. tabaci adults to discriminate between non-phloem and phloem concentrations of sucrose. These findings suggest that in phloem feeders, sugar sensing by sugar receptors might allow tracking an increasing gradient of sucrose concentrations in the leaf, leading eventually to the location of the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Aidlin Harari
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amir Dekel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dor Wintraube
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuri Vainer
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rita Mozes-Koch
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Yakir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Osnat Malka
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan D. Bohbot
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Dai H, Zhang W, Hua B, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miao M. Cucumber STACHYOSE SYNTHASE is regulated by its cis-antisense RNA asCsSTS to balance source-sink carbon partitioning. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:435-452. [PMID: 36342214 PMCID: PMC9806573 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthate partitioning between source and sink is a key determinant of crop yield. In contrast to sucrose-transporting plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants mainly transport stachyose and stachyose synthase (CsSTS) synthesizes stachyose in the vasculature for loading. Therefore, CsSTS is considered a key regulator of carbon partitioning. We found that CsSTS expression and CsSTS enzyme activity were upregulated in the vasculature and downregulated in mesophyll tissues at fruiting. In situ hybridization and tissue enrichment experiments revealed that a cis-natural antisense noncoding transcript of CsSTS, named asCsSTS, is mainly expressed in mesophyll tissues. In vitro overexpression (OE), RNA interference (RNAi), and dual luciferase reporter experiments indicated that CsSTSs are negatively regulated by asCsSTS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that asCsSTS transcript localized in leaf cytoplasm, indicating that the regulation of CsSTS by asCsSTS is a posttranscriptional process. Further investigation revealed that this regulation occurred by reducing CsSTS transcript stability through a DICER-like protein-mediated pathway. Chemically induced OE and RNAi of asCsSTS led to promotion or inhibition, respectively, of assimilate export from leaves and altered fruit growth rates. Our results suggest that the regulation of CsSTSs between the mesophyll and vasculature reduces sugar storage in mesophyll tissue and promotes assimilate export from the leaf when the plant carries fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zihui Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Jinji Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
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Wang T, Wang Y, Zhao J, Kong J, Zhang L, Qi S, Chen J, Chen Z, Zeng W, Sun W. Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling of the RS Gene Family during the Withering Process of White Tea in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Reveal the Transcriptional Regulation of CsRS8. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010202. [PMID: 36613645 PMCID: PMC9820808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raffinose synthetase (RS) is a key enzyme in the process of raffinose (Raf) synthesis and is involved in plant development and stress responses through regulating Raf content. As a sweetener, Raf makes an important contribution to the sweet taste of white tea. However, studies on the identification, analysis and transcriptional regulation of CsRSs (Camellia sinensis RS genes) are still lacking. In this study, nine CsRSs were identified from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) genome database. The CsRSs were classified into five groups in the phylogenetic tree. Expression level analysis showed that the CsRSs varied in different parts of the tea plant. Transcriptome data showed that CsRSs could respond to persistent drought and cold acclimation. Except for CsRS5 and CsRS9, the expression pattern of all CsRSs increased at 12 h and decreased at 30 h during the withering process of white tea, consistent with the change trend of the Raf content. Furthermore, combining yeast one-hybrid assays with expression analysis, we found that CsDBB could potentially regulate the expression of CsRS8. Our results provide a new perspective for further research into the characterization of CsRS genes and the formation of the white tea flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiumei Kong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siyu Qi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (W.S.)
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8
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Ji T, Ma S, Liang M, Wang X, Gao L, Tian Y. Reference genes identification for qRT-PCR normalization of gene expression analysis in Cucumis sativus under Meloidogyne incognita infection and Pseudomonas treatment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1061921. [PMID: 36589116 PMCID: PMC9799720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
qRT-PCR is a common and key technical means to study gene expression in biological research. However, reliability and accuracy of quantification by qRT-PCR is entirely dependent on the identification of appropriate reference genes. Cucumber as an economical vegetable is widely cultivated worldwide and is subject to serious nematode infection, especially from M. incognita. Plant could employ beneficial soil bacteria in the rhizosphere to enhance plant adaptability to various stresses. In this study, the optimal reference genes in cucumber under M. incognita stress and Pseudomonas treatment were calculated and confirmed. A total of thirteen candidate reference genes were identified across three different treatments. Of these, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper programs combined RefFinder software identified EF1 and UBI are the most suitable reference gene in the root knot and whole root of cucumber infected M. incognita, respectively, and CACS is the most suitable reference gene in the whole root of cucumber treated by Pseudomonas. The work first validated the most suitable reference genes for the normalization gene expression in cucumber by nematode infected or Pseudomonas inoculated, and these results would facilitate the further research on M. incognita or Pseudomonas soil rhizosphere microbe interaction with cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lihong Gao
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Tian, ; Lihong Gao,
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9
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McKinley BA, Thakran M, Zemelis-Durfee S, Huang X, Brandizzi F, Rooney WL, Mansfield SD, Mullet JE. Transcriptional regulation of the raffinose family oligosaccharides pathway in Sorghum bicolor reveals potential roles in leaf sucrose transport and stem sucrose accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1062264. [PMID: 36570942 PMCID: PMC9785717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1062264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy sorghum hybrids are being developed with enhanced drought tolerance and high levels of stem sugars. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) contribute to plant environmental stress tolerance, sugar storage, transport, and signaling. To better understand the role of RFOs in sorghum, genes involved in myo-inositol and RFO metabolism were identified and relative transcript abundance analyzed during development. Genes involved in RFO biosynthesis (SbMIPS1, SbInsPase, SbGolS1, SbRS) were more highly expressed in leaves compared to stems and roots, with peak expression early in the morning in leaves. SbGolS, SbRS, SbAGA1 and SbAGA2 were also expressed at high levels in the leaf collar and leaf sheath. In leaf blades, genes involved in myo-inositol biosynthesis (SbMIPS1, SbInsPase) were expressed in bundle sheath cells, whereas genes involved in galactinol and raffinose synthesis (SbGolS1, SbRS) were expressed in mesophyll cells. Furthermore, SbAGA1 and SbAGA2, genes that encode neutral-alkaline alpha-galactosidases that hydrolyze raffinose, were differentially expressed in minor vein bundle sheath cells and major vein and mid-rib vascular and xylem parenchyma. This suggests that raffinose synthesized from sucrose and galactinol in mesophyll cells diffuses into vascular bundles where hydrolysis releases sucrose for long distance phloem transport. Increased expression (>20-fold) of SbAGA1 and SbAGA2 in stem storage pith parenchyma of sweet sorghum between floral initiation and grain maturity, and higher expression in sweet sorghum compared to grain sorghum, indicates these genes may play a key role in non-structural carbohydrate accumulation in stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Manish Thakran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - William L. Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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10
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Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Wan S, He J, Yu Y. Accumulation of Galactinol and ABA Is Involved in Exogenous EBR-Induced Drought Tolerance in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13391-13403. [PMID: 36218024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress severely limits growth and causes losses in the yield of tea plants. Exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) positively regulates drought responses in various plants. However, whether EBR could contribute to drought resistance in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms has not been investigated. Here, we found that EBR application is beneficial for the drought tolerance of tea plants. The transcriptome results revealed that EBR could contribute to tea plant drought resistance by promoting galactinol and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis gene expression. The content of galactinol was elevated by EBR and EBR-responsive CsDof1.1 positively regulated the expression of the galactinol synthase genes CsGolS2-1 and CsGolS2-2 to contribute to the accumulation of galactinol by directly binding to their promoters. Moreover, exogenous EBR was found to elevate the expression of genes related to ABA signal transduction and stomatal closure regulation, which resulted in the promotion of stomatal closure. In addition, EBR-responsive CsMYC2-2 is involved in ABA accumulation by binding to the promoters CsNCED1 and CsNCED2 to activate their expression. In summary, findings in this study provide knowledge into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of EBR-induced drought resistance in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yezi Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingqing Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siqing Wan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyuan He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Ren Z, Zhang D, Jiao C, Li D, Wu Y, Wang X, Gao C, Lin Y, Ruan Y, Xia Y. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified the mode of sucrose degradation as a metabolic marker for early vegetative propagation in bulbs of Lycoris. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:115-134. [PMID: 35942603 PMCID: PMC9826282 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation (VP) is an important practice for production in many horticultural plants. Sugar supply constitutes the basis of VP in bulb flowers, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. By performing a combined sequencing technologies coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach for metabolic analyses, we compared two Lycoris species with contrasting regeneration rates: high-regeneration Lycoris sprengeri and low-regeneration Lycoris aurea. A comprehensive multi-omics analyses identified both expected processes involving carbohydrate metabolism and transcription factor networks, as well as the metabolic characteristics for each developmental stage. A higher abundance of the differentially expressed genes including those encoding ethylene responsive factors was detected at bulblet initiation stage compared to the late stage of bulblet development. High hexose-to-sucrose ratio correlated to bulblet formation across all the species examined, indicating its role in the VP process in Lycoris bulb. Importantly, a clear difference between cell wall invertase (CWIN)-catalyzed sucrose unloading in high-regeneration species and the sucrose synthase-catalyzed pathway in low-regeneration species was observed at the bulblet initiation stage, which was supported by findings from carboxyfluorescein tracing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Collectively, the findings indicate a sugar-mediated model of the regulation of VP in which high CWIN expression or activity may promote bulblet initiation via enhancing apoplasmic unloading of sucrose or sugar signals, whereas the subsequent high ratio of hexose-to-sucrose likely supports cell division characterized in the next phase of bulblet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ming Ren
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Dan‐Qing Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Xiu‐Yun Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Cong Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Ye‐Fan Lin
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yong‐Ling Ruan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- Yazhou Bay LaboratorySanya572024China
| | - Yi‐Ping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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12
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Li G, Zhou C, Yang Z, Zhang C, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K. Low Nitrogen Enhances Apoplastic Phloem Loading and Improves the Translocation of Photoassimilates in Rice Leaves and Stems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:991-1007. [PMID: 35579477 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The grain filling of rice depends on photoassimilates from leaves and stems. Phloem loading is the first crucial step for the transportation of sucrose to grains. However, phloem loading mechanisms in rice leaves and stems and their response to nitrogen (N) remain unclear. Here, using a combination of electron microscopy, transportation of a phloem tracer and 13C labeling, phloem loading was studied in rice leaves and stems. The results showed that the sieve element-companion cell complex lacked a symplastic connection with surrounding parenchyma cells in leaves and stems. The genes expression and protein levels of sucrose transporter (SUTs) and sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) were detected in the vascular bundle of leaves and stems. A decrease in the 13C isotope remobilization from leaves to stems and panicles following treatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid indicated that rice leaves and stems actively transport sucrose into the phloem. Under low-N (LN) treatment, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in stems and activity of SPS in leaves increased; genes expression and protein levels of SUTs and SWEETs in leaves and stems increased; the 13C isotope reallocation in panicles increased. These indicated that LN enhanced apoplastic phloem loading in stems and leaves. This improved the translocation of photoassimilates and consequently increased grain filling percentage, grain weight and harvest index. This study provides evidence that rice leaves and stems utilize an apoplastic loading strategy and respond to N stimuli by regulating the genes expression and protein levels of SUTs and SWEETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chiyan Zhou
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zijun Yang
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qigen Dai
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhongyang Huo
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
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13
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Liu H, Liu X, Zhao Y, Nie J, Yao X, Lv L, Yang J, Ma N, Guo Y, Li Y, Yang X, Lin T, Sui X. Alkaline α-galactosidase 2 (CsAGA2) plays a pivotal role in mediating source-sink communication in cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1501-1518. [PMID: 35357489 PMCID: PMC9237694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are necessary for plant growth and fruit development. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) transports sugars, mainly raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), in the vascular bundle. As the dominant sugars in cucumber fruit, glucose and fructose are derived from sucrose, which is the product of RFO hydrolysis by α-galactosidase (α-Gal). Here, we characterized the cucumber alkaline α-galactosidase 2 (CsAGA2) gene and found that CsAGA2 has undergone human selection during cucumber domestication. Further experiments showed that the expression of CsAGA2 increases gradually during fruit development, especially in fruit vasculature. In CsAGA2-RNA interference (RNAi) lines, fruit growth was delayed because of lower hexose production in the peduncle and fruit main vascular bundle (MVB). In contrast, CsAGA2-overexpressing (OE) plants displayed bigger fruits. Functional enrichment analysis of transcriptional data indicated that genes related to sugar metabolism, cell wall metabolism, and hormone signaling were significantly downregulated in the peduncle and fruit MVBs of CsAGA2-RNAi plants. Moreover, downregulation of CsAGA2 also caused negative feedback regulation on source leaves, which was shown by reduced photosynthetic efficiency, fewer plasmodesmata at the surface between mesophyll cell and intermediary cell (IC) or between IC and sieve element, and downregulated gene expression and enzyme activities related to phloem loading, as well as decreased sugar production and exportation from leaves and petioles. The opposite trend was observed in CsAGA2-OE lines. Overall, we conclude that CsAGA2 is essential for cucumber fruit set and development through mediation of sugar communication between sink strength and source activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yalong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Authors for correspondence: (T.L.); (X.S.)
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14
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Sun L, Wang J, Lian L, Song J, Du X, Liu W, Zhao W, Yang L, Li C, Qin Y, Yang R. Systematic analysis of the sugar accumulation mechanism in sucrose- and hexose- accumulating cherry tomato fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:303. [PMID: 35729535 PMCID: PMC9215100 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar content is an important indicator of fruit quality. Except for a few wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose in the fruits, most cultivated tomato species accumulate hexose. Although several studies have focused on wild sucrose-accumulating tomato, the sucrose accumulation mechanism is still unclear. RESULTS Here, two homozygous inbred cherry tomato lines ('TB0023' and 'TB0278', which accumulated sucrose and hexose, respectively) were selected to analyze the sugar accumulation mechanism. Carbohydrate analysis, cytological observation, gene expression and enzyme activity analysis and proteomics methods were used in this study. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were absolutely dominant in the soluble sugar content of hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while sucrose and a certain proportion of hexose were the main forms of soluble sugar in sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit. The phloem unloading pathway of the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit switched from symplastic to apoplastic during fruit development, and the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato probably had a mixed unloading pathway involving the symplastic and apoplastic. High activity of acid invertase (AI), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and sugar transporters LeSUT1, SlSWEET2a and SlSWEET12c were important factors for hexose accumulation in the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while LeSUT2, SPS, SS, SlSWEET1b, SlSWEET5b, SlSWEET11b, SlSWEET7a, SlSWEET14 were responsible for solute sugar accumulation in the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato. CONCLUSIONS This study provides detailed evidence for elucidation of the tomato sugar accumulation mechanism from the perspective of cell structure, physiology and molecular biology, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of tomato quality and aiding the utilization of tomato genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Liqiang Lian
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Xueni Du
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Wenke Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Changbao Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Centre, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, Haidian District, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Dong Road, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
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15
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Lohaus G. Review primary and secondary metabolites in phloem sap collected with aphid stylectomy. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153645. [PMID: 35217406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem plays a central role in assimilate transport as well as in the transport of several secondary compounds. In order to study the chemical composition of phloem sap, different methods have been used for its collection, including stem incisions, EDTA-facilitated exudation or aphid stylectomy. Each collection method has several advantages and disadvantages and, unfortunately, the reported metabolite profiles and concentrations depend on the method used for exudate collection. This review therefore primarily focusses on sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions and further transported compounds like organic acids, nucleotides, phytohormons, defense signals, and lipophilic substances in the phloem sap obtained by aphid stylectomy to facilitate comparability of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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16
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Shen S, Ma S, Chen XM, Yi F, Li BB, Liang XG, Liao SJ, Gao LH, Zhou SL, Ruan YL. A transcriptional landscape underlying sugar import for grain set in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:228-242. [PMID: 35020972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing seed depends on sugar supply for its growth and yield formation. Maize (Zea mays L.) produces the largest grains among cereals. However, there is a lack of holistic understanding of the transcriptional landscape of genes controlling sucrose transport to, and utilization within, maize grains. By performing in-depth data mining of spatio-temporal transcriptomes coupled with histological and heterologous functional analyses, we identified transporter genes specifically expressed in the maternal-filial interface, including (i) ZmSWEET11/13b in the placento-chalazal zone, where sucrose is exported into the apoplasmic space, and (ii) ZmSTP3, ZmSWEET3a/4c (monosaccharide transporters), ZmSUT1, and ZmSWEET11/13a (sucrose transporters) in the basal endosperm transfer cells for retrieval of apoplasmic sucrose or hexoses after hydrolysis by extracellular invertase. In the embryo and its surrounding regions, an embryo-localized ZmSUT4 and a cohort of ZmSWEETs were specifically expressed. Interestingly, drought repressed those ZmSWEETs likely exporting sucrose but enhanced the expression of most transporter genes for uptake of apoplasmic sugars. Importantly, this drought-induced fluctuation in gene expression was largely attenuated by an increased C supply via controlled pollination, indicating that the altered gene expression is conditioned by C availability. Based on the analyses above, we proposed a holistic model on the spatio-temporal expression of genes that likely govern sugar transport and utilization across maize maternal and endosperm and embryo tissues during the critical stage of grain set. Collectively, the findings represent an advancement towards a holistic understanding of the transcriptional landscape underlying post-phloem sugar transport in maize grain and indicate that the drought-induced changes in gene expression are attributable to low C status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xian-Min Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Gui Liang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Research Center on Ecological Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sheng-Jin Liao
- Research Center of Agricultural Information & Technology, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Hong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shun-Li Zhou
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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17
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Wang X, Li S, Zhang X, Gao L, Ruan YL, Tian Y, Ma S. From Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides to Sucrose and Hexoses: Gene Expression Profiles Underlying Host-to-Nematode Carbon Delivery in Cucumis sativus Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823382. [PMID: 35251093 PMCID: PMC8892300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) induce specific feeding sites in cucumber roots where they absorb carbon nutrients from the host, thereby turning the feeding sites into a strong sink for assimilates. Nematode infection may alter host sugar metabolism in the roots of sucrose-transporting species. However, much less is known about the species translocating raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), such as cucumber. To address this knowledge gap, the dynamics of RFOs and sucrose metabolisms, two major sugar-metabolism processes, in cucumber roots during nematode infection at transcription and protein levels were analyzed. In the nematode-infected root, the expressions of RFO-synthesis genes, CsRS (Raffinose Synthase) and CsGolS1 (Galactinol Synthase 1), were upregulated at early stage, but were significantly decreased, along with CsSTS (Stachyose Synthase), at the late stage during nematode infection. By contrast, α-galactosidase hydrolyzed RFOs into sucrose and galactose, whose encoding genes was suppressed (CsaGA2) at early stage and then elevated (CsaGA2, 4, and CsAGA1) at the late stage of nematode infection. Consistently, stachyose level was significantly increased by ∼2.5 times at the early stage but reduced at the late stage of infection in comparison with the uninfected roots, with a similar trend found for raffinose and galactinol. Moreover, the genes encoding sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase, which are responsible for sucrose degrading, were differentially expressed. In addition, sugar transporter, CsSUT4, was enhanced significantly after nematode infection at early stage but was suppressed at the late stage. Based on the observation and in connection with the information from literature, the RFOs play a role in the protection of roots during the initial stage of infection but could be used by nematode as C nutrients at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Li Y, Liu H, Yao X, Sun L, Sui X. The Role of Sugar Transporter CsSWEET7a in Apoplasmic Phloem Unloading in Receptacle and Nectary During Cucumber Anthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:758526. [PMID: 35173746 PMCID: PMC8841823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During anthesis, there is an increased demand for carbohydrates due to pollen maturation and nectary secretion that warrants a systematic phloem unloading strategy for sugar partitioning. Sugar transporters are key components of the apoplasmic phloem unloading strategy and control the sugar flux needed for plant development. Currently, the phloem unloading strategy during anthesis has not been explored in cucumber, and the question of which sugar transporters are active during flower anthesis is poorly understood. In this study, a study utilizing the phloem-mobile symplasmic tracer carboxyfluorescein (CF) suggested that the phloem unloading was symplasmically isolated in the receptacle and nectary of cucumber flowers at anthesis. We also identified a hexose transporter that is highly expressed in cucumber flower, Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 7a (SWEET7a). CsSWEET7a was mainly expressed in receptacle and nectary tissues in both male and female flowers, where its expression level increased rapidly right before anthesis. At anthesis, the CsSWEET7a protein was specifically localized to the phloem region of the receptacle and nectary, indicating that CsSWEET7a may function in the apoplasmic phloem unloading during flower anthesis. Although cucumber mainly transports raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in the phloem, sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the major sugars in the flower receptacle and the nectary as well as in nectar at anthesis. In addition, the transcript levels of genes encoding soluble sugar hydrolases (α-galactosidase, sucrose synthase, cytoplasmic invertase, and cell wall invertase) were correlated with that of CsSWEET7a. These results indicated that CsSWEET7a may be involved in sugar partitioning as an exporter in the phloem of the receptacle and nectary to supply carbohydrates for flower anthesis and nectar secretion in cucumber.
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19
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Yadav UP, Evers JF, Shaikh MA, Ayre BG. Cotton phloem loads from the apoplast using a single member of its nine-member sucrose transporter gene family. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:848-859. [PMID: 34687198 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport are fundamental processes for allocating carbon from source organs to sink tissues. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) has a high sink demand for the cellulosic fibers that grow on the seed coat and for the storage reserves in the developing embryo, along with the demands of new growth in the shoots and roots. Addressing how cotton mobilizes resources from source leaves to sink organs provides insight into processes contributing to fiber and seed yield. Plasmodesmata frequencies between companion cells and flanking parenchyma in minor veins are higher than expected for an apoplastic loader, and cotton's close relatedness to Tilia spp. hints at passive loading. Suc was the only canonical transport sugar in leaves and constituted 87% of 14C-labeled photoassimilate being actively transported. [14C]Suc uptake coupled with autoradiography indicated active [14C]Suc accumulation in minor veins, suggesting Suc loading from the apoplast; esculin, a fluorescent Suc analog, did not accumulate in minor veins. Of the nine sucrose transporter (SUT) genes identified per diploid genome, only GhSUT1-L2 showed appreciable expression in mature leaves, and silencing GhSUT1-L2 yielded phenotypes characteristic of blocked phloem transport. Furthermore, only GhSUT1-L2 cDNA stimulated esculin and [14C]Suc uptake into yeast, and only the GhSUT1-L2 promoter caused uidA (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene expression in minor vein phloem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, these results argue that apoplastic phloem loading mediated by GhSUT1-L2 is the dominant mode of phloem loading in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - John F Evers
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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20
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Dai H, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Kong W, Miao M. Galactinol synthase 1 improves cucumber performance under cold stress by enhancing assimilate translocation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab063. [PMID: 35048123 PMCID: PMC9015895 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) predominately translocates raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in the phloem and accumulates RFOs in leaves. Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyzes the critical step of RFO biosynthesis, and determining the functional diversity of multiple GolS isoforms in cucumber is of scientific significance. In this study, we found that all four isoforms of CsGolS in the cucumber genome were upregulated by different abiotic stresses. β-glucuronidase staining and tissue separation experiments suggested that CsGolS1 is expressed in vascular tissues, whereas the other three CsGolSs are located in mesophyll cells. Further investigation indicates that CsGolS1 plays double roles in both assimilate loading and stress response in minor veins, which could increase the RFO concentration in the phloem sap and then improve assimilate transport under adverse conditions. Cold-induced minor vein-specific overexpression of CsGolS1 enhanced the assimilate translocation efficiency and accelerated the growth rates of sink leaves, fruits and whole plants under cold stress. Finally, our results demonstrate a previously unknown response to adverse environments and provide a potential biotechnological strategy to improve the stress resistance of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dai
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zihui Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiwen Kong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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21
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Paniagua C, Sinanaj B, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata and their role in the regulation of phloem unloading during fruit development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102145. [PMID: 34826657 PMCID: PMC8687135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit consumption is fundamental to a balanced diet. The contemporary challenge of maintaining a steady food supply to meet the demands of a growing population is driving the development of strategies to improve the production and nutritional quality of fruit. Plasmodesmata, the structures that mediate symplasmic transport between plant cells, play an important role in phloem unloading and distribution of sugars and signalling molecules into developing organs. Targeted modifications to the structures and functioning of plasmodesmata have the potential to improve fruit development; however, knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning plasmodesmata regulation in this context is scarce. In this review, we have compiled current knowledge on plasmodesmata and their structural characterisation during the development of fruit organs. We discuss key questions on phloem unloading, including the pathway shift from symplasmic to apoplastic that takes place during the onset of ripening as potential targets for improving fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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22
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Cai Y, Yin L, Tu W, Deng Z, Yan J, Dong W, Gao H, Xu J, Zhang N, Wang J, Zhu L, Meng Q, Zhang Y. Ectopic Expression of VvSUC27 Induces Stenospermocarpy and Sugar Accumulation in Tomato Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:759047. [PMID: 34868153 PMCID: PMC8637806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.759047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seedless fruits are favorable in the market because of their ease of manipulation. Sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs) are essential for carbohydrate metabolism in plants. Whether SUTs participate directly in causing stenospermocarpy, thereby increasing fruit quality, remains unclear. Three SUTs, namely, VvSUC11, VvSUC12, and VvSUC27 from Vitis vinifera, were characterized and ectopic expression in tomatoes. VvSUC11- and VvSUC12-overexpressing lines had similar flower and fruit phenotypes compared with those of the wild type. VvSUC27-overexpressing lines produced longer petals and pistils, an abnormal stigma, much less and shrunken pollen, and firmer seedless fruits. Moreover, produced fruits from all VvSUC-overexpressing lines had a higher soluble solid content and sugar concentration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed more genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport and showed downregulation of auxin- and ethylene-related signaling pathways during early fruit development in VvSUC27-overexpressing lines relative to that of the wild type. Our findings demonstrated that stenospermocarpy can be induced by overexpression of VvSUC27 through a consequential reduction in nutrient delivery to pollen at anthesis, with a subsequent downregulation of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and hormone signaling. These commercially desirable results provide a new strategy for bioengineering stenospermocarpy in tomatoes and in other fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Cai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crops Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenrui Tu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhefang Deng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxu Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- The State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Walker RP, Bonghi C, Varotto S, Battistelli A, Burbidge CA, Castellarin SD, Chen ZH, Darriet P, Moscatello S, Rienth M, Sweetman C, Famiani F. Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Grapevines, with Emphasis on Berries and Leaves, and Insights Gained from a Cross-Species Comparison. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7794. [PMID: 34360556 PMCID: PMC8345980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In grapevines, as in other plants, sucrose and its constituents glucose and fructose are fundamentally important and carry out a multitude of roles. The aims of this review are three-fold. First, to provide a summary of the metabolism and transport of sucrose in grapevines, together with new insights and interpretations. Second, to stress the importance of considering the compartmentation of metabolism. Third, to outline the key role of acid invertase in osmoregulation associated with sucrose metabolism and transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Simone D. Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 0Z4, Canada;
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Cenologie, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland;
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 5100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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24
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Li Y, Liu H, Yao X, Wang J, Feng S, Sun L, Ma S, Xu K, Chen LQ, Sui X. Hexose transporter CsSWEET7a in cucumber mediates phloem unloading in companion cells for fruit development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:640-654. [PMID: 33604597 PMCID: PMC8154047 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the fleshy fruit of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), the phloem flow is unloaded via an apoplasmic pathway, which requires protein carriers to export sugars derived from stachyose and raffinose into the apoplasm. However, transporter(s) involved in this process remain unidentified. Here, we report that a hexose transporter, CsSWEET7a (Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 7a), was highly expressed in cucumber sink tissues and localized to the plasma membrane in companion cells of the phloem. Its expression level increased gradually during fruit development. Down-regulation of CsSWEET7a by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in smaller fruit size along with reduced soluble sugar levels and reduced allocation of 14C-labelled carbon to sink tissues. CsSWEET7a overexpression lines showed an opposite phenotype. Interestingly, genes encoding alkaline α-galactosidase (AGA) and sucrose synthase (SUS) were also differentially regulated in CsSWEET7a transgenic lines. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that CsAGA2 co-localized with CsSWEET7a in companion cells, indicating cooperation between AGA and CsSWEET7a in fruit phloem unloading. Our findings indicated that CsSWEET7a is involved in sugar phloem unloading in cucumber fruit by removing hexoses from companion cells to the apoplasmic space to stimulate the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) metabolism so that additional sugars can be unloaded to promote fruit growth. This study also provides a possible avenue towards improving fruit production in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Sui X, Nie J, Liu H, Lin T, Yao X, Turgeon R. Complexity untwined: The structure and function of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) shoot phloem. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1163-1176. [PMID: 33713355 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit phloem is complex, with large sieve tubes on both sides of the xylem (bicollateral phloem), and extrafascicular elements that form an intricate web linking the rest of the vasculature. Little is known of the physical interconnections between these networks or their functional specialization, largely because the extrafascicular phloem strands branch and turn at irregular angles. Here, export in the phloem from specific regions of the lamina of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was mapped using carboxyfluorescein and 14 C as mobile tracers. We also mapped vascular architecture by conventional microscopy and X-ray computed tomography using optimized whole-tissue staining procedures. Differential gene expression in the internal (IP) and external phloem (EP) was analyzed by laser-capture microdissection followed by RNA-sequencing. The vascular bundles of the lamina form a nexus at the petiole junction, emerging in a predictable pattern, each bundle conducting photoassimilate from a specific region of the blade. The vascular bundles of the stem interconnect at the node, facilitating lateral transport around the stem. Elements of the extrafascicular phloem traverse the stem and petiole obliquely, joining the IP and EP of adjacent bundles. Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we found differences in gene expression patterns between the petiole and stem and between IP and EP, and we identified hub genes of tissue-specific modules. Genes related to transport were expressed primarily in the EP while those involved in cell differentiation and development as well as amino acid transport and metabolism were expressed mainly in the IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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26
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Li W, Zhang S, Wang H, Wang Y, Guo W, Yu Z, Ye Q. Translocation and residue of 14C-benzene kresoxim-methyl in mature cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144426. [PMID: 33421785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The broad application of strobilurin fungicide led to pathogen resistance, and toxic effects have been reported for several species. Benzene kresoxim-methyl (BKM) is a novel strobilurin fungicide mainly used to control the cucumber powdery mildew. However, information about the fate of BKM in agrofood systems and related human exposure is limited. In this study, greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the distribution, translocation, and residual of the 10% suspension concentrate (SC) commercial BKM formulations on mature cucumber plants using 14C tracer technology. After foliage and fruit application, 25.84% of the applied 14C-labeled BKM can be absorbed into mature cucumber plants at 21 days after treatment. The absorbed BKM transferred throughout the plant acropetally and basipetally, although over 81.13% of absorbed BKM remained in the labeled leaves. In the edible parts, 14.35% of the absorbed BKM remained in the pericarp of labeled fruits, only 0.027 mg kg-1 accumulated in the sarcocarp. The concentration of BKM in newborn fruits was 0.005 mg kg-1, indicating low dietary exposure. These findings develop a better understanding of the fate of BKM in the cucumber plants, provide guidance in the rational use of BKM and can be incorporated into food and environmental assessments of BKM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Lanoue J, Zheng J, Little C, Grodzinski B, Hao X. Continuous Light Does Not Compromise Growth and Yield in Mini-Cucumber Greenhouse Production with Supplemental LED Light. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:378. [PMID: 33671143 PMCID: PMC7921946 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous lighting (CL, 24 h) can reduce the light intensity/light capital costs used to achieve the desired amount of light for year-round greenhouse vegetable production in comparison to short photoperiods of lighting. However, growth under CL has led to leaf injury characterized by chlorosis unless a thermoperiod or alternating light spectrum during CL is used. To date, there is no literature relating to how cucumbers (Cucumissativus) respond to CL with LEDs in a full production cycle. Here, we evaluated a mini-cucumber cv. "Bonwell" grown under 4 supplemental lighting strategies: Treatment 1 (T1, the control) was 16 h of combined red light and blue light followed by 8 h of darkness. Treatment 2 (T2) had continuous (24 h) red light and blue light. Treatment 3 (T3) was 16 h of red light followed by 8 h of blue light. Treatment 4 (T4) was 12 h of red light followed by 12 h of blue light. All treatments had a supplemental daily light integral (DLI) of ~10 mol m-2 d-1. Plants from all treatments showed similar growth characteristics throughout the production cycle. However, plants grown under all three CL treatments had higher chlorophyll concentrations from leaves at the top of the canopy when compared to T1. The overall photosynthetic capacity, light use efficiency, and photosynthetic parameters related to light response curves (i.e., dark respiration, light compensation point, quantum yield, and photosynthetic maximum), as well as the quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII; Fv/Fm) were similar among the treatments. Plants grown under all CL treatments produced a similar yield compared to the control treatment (T1). These results indicate that mini-cucumber cv. "Bonwell" is tolerant to CL, and CL is a viable and economical lighting strategy for mini-cucumber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Celeste Little
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (J.Z.); (C.L.)
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Wu Y, Ren Z, Gao C, Sun M, Li S, Min R, Wu J, Li D, Wang X, Wei Y, Xia Y. Change in Sucrose Cleavage Pattern and Rapid Starch Accumulation Govern Lily Shoot-to-Bulblet Transition in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:564713. [PMID: 33519832 PMCID: PMC7840508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In bulb crops, bulbing is a key progress in micropropagation and is the feature that most distinguishes bulbous crops from other plants. Generally, bulbing involves a shoot-to-bulblet transition; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We explored this process by tracking the shoot-to-bulblet transition under different culture conditions. Rapid starch accumulation occurred at 15 days after transplanting (DAT) in the bulblet-inducing treatments as confirmed via histological observations and the significant elevation of starch synthesis related-gene transcription, including LohAGPS, LohAGPL, LohGBSS, LohSS, and LohSBE. However, for shoots that did not transition to bulblets and maintained the shoot status, much higher soluble sugars were detected. Interestingly, we observed a clear shift from invertase-catalyzed to sucrose synthase-catalyzed sucrose cleavage pattern based on the differential expression of LohCWIN and LohSuSy during the key transition stage (prior to and after bulbing at 0-15 DAT). Shoots that transitioned into bulblets showed significantly higher LohSuSy expression, especially LohSuSy4 expression, than shoots that did not transition. A symplastic phloem unloading pathway at the bulblet emergence stage (15 DAT) was verified via the 6(5)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate fluorescent tracer. We propose that starch is the fundamental compound in the shoot-to-bulblet transition and that starch synthesis is likely triggered by the switch from apoplastic to symplastic sucrose unloading, which may be related to sucrose depletion. Furthermore, this study is the first to provide a complete inventory of the genes involved in starch metabolism based on our transcriptome data. Two of these genes, LohAGPS1.2b and LohSSIIId, were verified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends cloning, and these data will provide additional support for Lilium research since whole genome is currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziming Ren
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Sun
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Min
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiong M, Liu C, Guo L, Wang J, Wu X, Li L, Bie Z, Huang Y. Compatibility Evaluation and Anatomical Observation of Melon Grafted Onto Eight Cucurbitaceae Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:762889. [PMID: 34745194 PMCID: PMC8563831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.762889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo) is one of the top 10 fruits in the world, and its production often suffers due to soil-borne diseases. Grafting is an effective way to solve this problem. However, graft incompatibility between scion and rootstock limits the application of melon grafting. In this study, the melon was grafted onto eight Cucurbitaceae species (cucumber, pumpkin, melon, luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon), and graft compatibility evaluation and anatomical observation were conducted. Taking melon homo-grafted plants as control, melon grafted onto cucumber and pumpkin rootstocks was compatible, while melon grafted onto luffa, wax gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, and watermelon rootstocks was incompatible based on the scion dry weight on day 42 after grafting. Meanwhile, we found that starch-iodine staining of scion stem base is an index to predict graft compatibility earlier, on day 14 after grafting. Further, microsection observations showed that there was more cell proliferation at graft junction of melon hetero-grafted combinations; vascular reconnection occurred in all graft combinations. However, excess callose deposited at graft junction resulted in the blockage of photosynthate transport, thus, leading to starch accumulation in scion stem base, and finally graft incompatibility. In addition, undegraded necrotic layer fragments were observed at graft junctions of melon grafted onto incompatible bitter gourd and watermelon rootstocks. The above results provide clues for the selection and breeding of compatible Cucurbitaceae rootstocks of melon and demonstrate that starch accumulation in scion base and callose deposition at graft junction is associated with melon graft compatibility.
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Ju C, Li X, He S, Shi L, Yu S, Wang F, Xu S, Cao D, Fang H, Yu Y. Root Uptake of Imidacloprid and Propiconazole Is Affected by Root Composition and Soil Characteristics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15381-15389. [PMID: 33320669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Residual pesticides in soil may be taken up by crops and negatively affect food safety. The uptake mechanism of imidacloprid and propiconazole was studied using wheat roots. The factors affecting root uptake were also studied with different crops and in different soils. Imidacloprid and propiconazole were taken up by wheat roots mainly through the symplastic and apoplastic pathways, respectively. Root protein and lipid contents were the main factors affecting the uptake and accumulation of imidacloprid and propiconazole by different crop roots, respectively. The uptake of imidacloprid and propiconazole in soil by wheat plants was linearly correlated with their concentrations in soil pore water, which were governed by soil characteristics. These results are helpful for understanding and estimating crop uptake of residual pesticides in soils.
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Fernie AR, Bachem CWB, Helariutta Y, Neuhaus HE, Prat S, Ruan YL, Stitt M, Sweetlove LJ, Tegeder M, Wahl V, Sonnewald S, Sonnewald U. Synchronization of developmental, molecular and metabolic aspects of source-sink interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:55-66. [PMID: 32042154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a multitude of strategies to adjust their growth according to external and internal signals. Interconnected metabolic and phytohormonal signalling networks allow adaption to changing environmental and developmental conditions and ensure the survival of species in fluctuating environments. In agricultural ecosystems, many of these adaptive responses are not required or may even limit crop yield, as they prevent plants from realizing their fullest potential. By lifting source and sink activities to their maximum, massive yield increases can be foreseen, potentially closing the future yield gap resulting from an increasing world population and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. To do so, a better understanding of the interplay between metabolic and developmental processes is required. In the past, these processes have been tackled independently from each other, but coordinated efforts are required to understand the fine mechanics of source-sink relations and thus optimize crop yield. Here, we describe approaches to design high-yielding crop plants utilizing strategies derived from current metabolic concepts and our understanding of the molecular processes determining sink development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Yrjö Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- University of Kaiserslautern Pflanzenphysiologie, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Maron L. Getting that sugar, one way or another. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:389-390. [PMID: 31033090 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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