1
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Tsai SY. Lost in translation: challenges of current pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00138-2. [PMID: 38880726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A healthy lifespan relies on independent living, in which active skeletal muscle is a critical element. The cost of not recognizing and acting earlier on unhealthy or aging muscle could be detrimental, since muscular weakness is inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Sarcopenia is characterized by a decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength and is associated with aging. Exercise is the only effective therapy to delay sarcopenia development and improve muscle health in older adults. Although numerous interventions have been proposed to reduce sarcopenia, none has yet succeeded in clinical trials. This review evaluates the biological gap between recent clinical trials targeting sarcopenia and the preclinical studies on which they are based, and suggests an alternative approach to bridge the discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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A noninvasive test for estimating myosin heavy chain of the vastus lateralis in females with mechanomyography. Med Eng Phys 2023; 111:103946. [PMID: 36792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined relationships between percent myosin heavy chain (%MHC) expression and mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS). Fifteen females (age ± SD=21.3 ± 5.3 yrs) completed isometric trapezoidal contractions at 30% and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). MMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis (VL). Participants gave a muscle biopsy of the VL post-testing. MMGRMS-torque relationships during the linearly varying segments were log-transformed and linear regressions were applied to calculate b terms (slopes). For the steady torque segment, MMGRMS was averaged. Correlations were performed for type I%MHC with the MMG variables. Multiple regression was utilized to examine prediction equations for type I%MHC. Type I%MHC was significantly correlated with the b terms during the increasing segment of the 70% MVC (p = 0.003; r = -0.718), and MMGRMS during steady torque at 30% (p = 0.008; r = -0.652) and 70% MVC (p = 0.040; r = -0.535). Type I%MHC reduced the linearity of the MMGRMS-torque relationship during the high-intensity linearly increasing segment, and MMGRMS at a low- and high-intensity steady torque. A combination of MMG variables estimated type I%MHC expression with 81.2% accuracy. MMG recorded during a low- and high-intensity isometric trapezoidal contraction may offer a simple, noninvasive test for estimating type I%MHC expression of the VL in sedentary females.
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3
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Viecelli C, Ewald CY. The non-modifiable factors age, gender, and genetics influence resistance exercise. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1005848. [PMID: 36172603 PMCID: PMC9510838 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass and force are key for movement, life quality, and health. It is well established that resistance exercise is a potent anabolic stimulus increasing muscle mass and force. The response of a physiological system to resistance exercise is composed of non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender, genetics) and modifiable factors (i.e., exercise, nutrition, training status, etc.). Both factors are integrated by systemic responses (i.e., molecular signaling, genetic responses, protein metabolism, etc.), consequently resulting in functional and physiological adaptations. Herein, we discuss the influence of non-modifiable factors on resistance exercise: age, gender, and genetics. A solid understanding of the role of non-modifiable factors might help to adjust training regimes towards optimal muscle mass maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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4
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Kojić F, Arsenijević R, Ilić V, Đurić S. Relationship between hypertrophy, strength gains and tensiomyography adaptations: a moderator role of contraction duration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2223-2231. [PMID: 35831629 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate how the relationship between resistance training-induced hypertrophy, strength, and passive contractile adaptations is affected by contraction duration. Twenty university students (11 males) were randomly assigned to either the fast eccentric/fast concentric phase group (F/F; 1 s both phases) or the slow eccentric/fast concentric phase group (S/F; 4 s and 1 s, respectively). Both experimental groups completed a 7-week biceps curl training programme with a total of 14 sessions (2 days/week). Elbow flexor muscle thickness (MT), one-repetition maximum (1RM), and tensiomyographic (TMG) parameters (radial displacement-Dm and contraction time-Tc) were assessed. The percentage change (∆) in MT correlated significantly with the ∆1RM only in the S/F group (r = 0.712, p < 0.05). Both groups demonstrated significant negative associations between ∆MT and ∆Dm (r = 0.717-0.760, p < 0.01). Conversely, no significance was found between ∆MT and ∆Tc (F/F: r = -0.398, p = 0.255; S/F: r = 0.410, p = 0.239), ∆1RM and ∆Tc (F/F: r = -0.278, p = 0.436; S/F: r = 0.223, p = 0.536), nor ∆1RM and ∆Dm (F/F: r = - 0.131, p = 0.719; S/F: r = - 0.351, p = 0.320). The main findings indicate that the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gains is significantly stronger when resistance training was paced with slower eccentric contractions comparing to fast ones. On the other hand, reduced Dm values indicate increase in MT regardless of contraction duration, while strength gains are not correlated with corresponding TMG changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kojić
- Teachers Education Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radenko Arsenijević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Prishtina, Leposavic, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Đurić
- Liberal Arts Department, General Education, American University of the Middle East, Al-Egaila, Block 3, Street No. 106, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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5
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Vann CG, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, Smith MA, Haun CT, Rumbley MN, Mumford PW, Montgomery NT, Ruple BA, McKendry J, Mcleod J, Bashir A, Beyers RJ, Brook MS, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Beck DT, McDonald JR, Young KC, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. Effects of High-Volume Versus High-Load Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Growth and Molecular Adaptations. Front Physiol 2022; 13:857555. [PMID: 35360253 PMCID: PMC8962955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.857555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of higher-load (HL) versus (lower-load) higher-volume (HV) resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and muscle-level molecular adaptations. Trained men (n = 15, age: 23 ± 3 years; training experience: 7 ± 3 years) performed unilateral lower-body training for 6 weeks (3× weekly), where single legs were randomly assigned to HV and HL paradigms. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were obtained prior to study initiation (PRE) as well as 3 days (POST) and 10 days following the last training bout (POSTPR). Body composition and strength tests were performed at each testing session, and biochemical assays were performed on muscle tissue after study completion. Two-way within-subject repeated measures ANOVAs were performed on most dependent variables, and tracer data were compared using dependent samples t-tests. A significant interaction existed for VL muscle cross-sectional area (assessed via magnetic resonance imaging; interaction p = 0.046), where HV increased this metric from PRE to POST (+3.2%, p = 0.018) whereas HL training did not (-0.1%, p = 0.475). Additionally, HL increased leg extensor strength more so than HV training (interaction p = 0.032; HV < HL at POST and POSTPR, p < 0.025 for each). Six-week integrated non-myofibrillar protein synthesis (iNon-MyoPS) rates were also higher in the HV versus HL condition, while no difference between conditions existed for iMyoPS rates. No interactions existed for other strength, VL morphology variables, or the relative abundances of major muscle proteins. Compared to HL training, 6 weeks of HV training in previously trained men optimizes VL hypertrophy in lieu of enhanced iNon-MyoPS rates, and this warrants future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan A. Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Petey W. Mumford
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | | | - Bradley A. Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adil Bashir
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ronald J. Beyers
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
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6
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Soares MN, Eggelbusch M, Naddaf E, Gerrits KHL, van der Schaaf M, van den Borst B, Wiersinga WJ, van Vugt M, Weijs PJM, Murray AJ, Wüst RCI. Skeletal muscle alterations in patients with acute Covid-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:11-22. [PMID: 34997689 PMCID: PMC8818659 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-related symptoms are common in both acute coronavirus disease (Covid)-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19 (PASC). In this narrative review, we discuss cellular and molecular pathways that are affected and consider these in regard to skeletal muscle involvement in other conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, critical illness myopathy, and post-viral fatigue syndrome. Patients with severe Covid-19 and PASC suffer from skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. Histological sections present muscle fibre atrophy, metabolic alterations, and immune cell infiltration. Contributing factors to weakness and fatigue in patients with severe Covid-19 include systemic inflammation, disuse, hypoxaemia, and malnutrition. These factors also contribute to post-intensive care unit (ICU) syndrome and ICU-acquired weakness and likely explain a substantial part of Covid-19-acquired weakness. The skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance associated with PASC are more obscure. Direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 viral infiltration into skeletal muscle or an aberrant immune system likely contribute. Similarities between skeletal muscle alterations in PASC and chronic fatigue syndrome deserve further study. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific factors and generic consequences of acute disease likely underlie the observed skeletal muscle alterations in both acute Covid-19 and PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madu N Soares
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Eggelbusch
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elie Naddaf
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karin H L Gerrits
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merem Medical Rehabilitation, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Marike van der Schaaf
- Department of Rehabilitation, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Borst
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele van Vugt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Bissas A, Paradisis GP, Nicholson G, Walker J, Hanley B, Havenetidis K, Cooke CB. Development and Maintenance of Sprint Training Adaptations: An Uphill-Downhill Study. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:90-98. [PMID: 32032229 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bissas, A, Paradisis, GP, Nicholson, G, Walker, J, Hanley, B, Havenetidis, K, and Cooke, CB. Development and maintenance of sprint training adaptations: an uphill-downhill study. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 90-98, 2022-We examined the development of performance adaptations resulting from an uphill-downhill training program and monitored the decline of adaptations during detraining. Twenty-eight men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 sprint training groups who trained 3 times per week for 6 weeks and a control group (C). The uphill-downhill group (U+D) trained on an 80-m platform with 3° slopes, whereas the horizontal (H) group trained on flat track. Subjects were tested for maximal running speed (MRS), associated kinematics, and leg strength before and after training, with U+D subjects also tested after weeks 2 and 4 of training, and after a 3-week detraining period. The U+D group increased their MRS by 3.7% (from 8.75 ± 0.72 to 9.07 ± 0.64 m·s-1, p < 0.05), their stride rate by 3.1% (from 4.21 ± 0.21 to 4.34 ± 0.18 Hz, p < 0.05), and their knee extensors' maximum isometric force by 21% (from 2,242 ± 489 to 2,712 ± 498 N, p < 0.05) after training. The time course of changes showed declines for weeks 1-4 (1.4-5.1%), but an ascending trend of improvement compensated all losses by the end of week 6 (p < 0.05). During detraining, no decreases occurred. No changes were observed for the H and C groups. The minimum period to produce positive effects was 6 weeks, with a very good standard of performance maintained 3 weeks after training. U+D training will prove useful for all athletes requiring fast adaptations, and it can fit into training mesocycles because of its low time demands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgos P Paradisis
- Athletics Sector, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gareth Nicholson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Walker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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8
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Yamazaki K, Inoue K, Miyamoto N. Passive and active muscle elasticity of medial gastrocnemius is related to performance in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:447-457. [PMID: 34797438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on the association between muscle material properties and sprint performance. We aimed to identify whether and how the elasticity of passive and active muscle of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) is related to sprint performance. METHODS MG shear wave speed was measured under passive and active (20%, 50%, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) conditions, with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in 18 male sprinters. Passive and active ankle joint stiffness was assessed by applying a short-range fast stretch during 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% MVC of plantar flexion. Additionally, rate of torque development (RTD) during explosive plantar flexion was measured. RESULTS Passive and active MG shear wave speed was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. Passive MG shear wave speed was positively correlated with RTD, and RTD was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. MG shear wave speed at 50% and 80% MVC showed a positive correlation with ankle joint stiffness at the corresponding contraction level, and ankle joint stiffness at 50% and 80% MVC showed negative correlations with 100-m race time. These correlations were significant even after controlling for MVC torque. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that passive and active muscle elasticity of plantar flexor is important to achieve superior sprint performance. Specifically, high elasticity of passive MG could be related to superior sprint performance through high explosive torque production. In contrast, high elasticity of active MG at moderate-to-high intensity is likely related to high sprint performance through high ankle joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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9
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Kalakoutis M, Di Giulio I, Douiri A, Ochala J, Harridge SDR, Woledge RC. Methodological considerations in measuring specific force in human single skinned muscle fibres. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13719. [PMID: 34286921 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemically skinned fibres allow the study of human muscle contractile function in vitro. A particularly important parameter is specific force (SF), that is, maximal isometric force divided by cross-sectional area, representing contractile quality. Although SF varies substantially between studies, the magnitude and cause of this variability remains puzzling. Here, we aimed to summarize and explore the cause of variability in SF between studies. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases in June 2020, yielding 137 data sets from 61 publications which studied healthy, young adults. Five-fold differences in mean SF data were observed. Adjustments to the reported data for key methodological differences allowed between-study comparisons to be made. However, adjustment for fibre shape, swelling and sarcomere length failed to significantly reduce SF variance (I2 = 96%). Interestingly, grouping papers based on shared authorship did reveal consistency within research groups. In addition, lower SF was found to be associated with higher phosphocreatine concentrations in the fibre activating solution and with Triton X-100 being used as a skinning agent. Although the analysis showed variance across the literature, the ratio of SF in single fibres containing myosin heavy chain isoforms IIA or I was found to be consistent across research groups. In conclusion, whilst the skinned fibre technique is reliable for studying in vitro force generation of single fibres, the composition of the solution used to activate fibres, which differs between research groups, is likely to heavily influence SF values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeljohn Kalakoutis
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London London UK
| | - Irene Di Giulio
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London London UK
| | - Abdel Douiri
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences King’s College London London UK
| | - Julien Ochala
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London London UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stephen D. R. Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London London UK
| | - Roger C. Woledge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London London UK
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10
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Candidate Genes of Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111682. [PMID: 34828287 PMCID: PMC8625318 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
All biological processes associated with high sports performance, including energy metabolism, are influenced by genetics. DNA sequence variations in such genes, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), could confer genetic advantages that can be exploited to achieve optimal athletic performance. Ignorance of these features can create genetic “barriers” that prevent professional athletes from pursuing a career in sports. Predictive Genomic DNA Profiling reveals single nucleotide variations (SNV) that may be associated with better suitability for endurance, strength and speed sports. (1) Background: To conduct a research on candidate genes associated with regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism among athletes. (2) Methods: We have searched for articles in SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Clinical keys, PubMed, e-LIBRARY databases for the period of 2010–2020 using keywords and keywords combinations; (4) Conclusions: Identification of genetic markers associated with the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles can help sports physicians and coaches develop personalized strategies for selecting children, teenagers and young adults for endurance, strength and speed sports (such as jogging, middle or long distance runs). However, the multifactorial aspect of sport performances, including impact of genetics, epigenetics, environment (training and etc.), is important for personalized strategies for selecting of athletes. This approach could improve sports performance and reduce the risk of sports injuries to the musculoskeletal system.
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11
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Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Pierce KC. Periodization and Block Periodization in Sports: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training-A Provocative and Challenging Narrative. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2351-2371. [PMID: 34132223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, MH, Hornsby, WG, Haff, GG, Fry, AC, Suarez, DG, Liu, J, Gonzalez-Rave, JM, and Pierce, KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training-a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2351-2371, 2021-Periodization can be defined as a logical sequential, phasic method of manipulating fitness and recovery phases to increase the potential for achieving specific performance goals while minimizing the potential for nonfunctional over-reaching, overtraining, and injury. Periodization deals with the micromanagement of timelines and fitness phases and is cyclic in nature. On the other hand, programming deals with the micromanagement of the training process and deals with exercise selection, volume, intensity, etc. Evidence indicates that a periodized training process coupled with appropriate programming can produce superior athletic enhancement compared with nonperiodized process. There are 2 models of periodization, traditional and block. Traditional can take different forms (i.e., reverse). Block periodization has 2 subtypes, single goal or factor (individual sports) and multiple goals or factors (team sports). Both models have strengths and weaknesses but can be "tailored" through creative programming to produce excellent results for specific sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - William G Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Sciences Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Washington, Australia
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Dylan G Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Junshi Liu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jose M Gonzalez-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain; and
| | - Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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12
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Lean Body Mass and Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Adaptations Among College Age Males with Different Strength Levels across 11 Weeks of Block Periodized Programmed Resistance Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094735. [PMID: 33946754 PMCID: PMC8124523 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The block periodization training paradigm has been shown to produce enhanced gains in strength and power. The purpose of this study is to assess resistance training induced alterations in lean body mass and cross-sectional area using a block periodization training model among individuals (n = 15) of three differing strength levels (high, moderate and low) based on one repetition maximum back squat relative to body weight. A 3 × 5 mixed-design ANOVA was used to examine within-and between-subject changes in cross-sectional area (CSA), lean body mass (LBM), lean body mass adjusted (LBMadjusted) and total body water (TBW) over an 11-week resistance training program. LBMadjusted is total body water subtracted from lean body mass. The ANOVA revealed no statistically significant between-group differences in any independent variable (p > 0.05). Within-group effects showed statistically significant increases in cross-sectional area (p < 0.001), lean body mass (p < 0.001), lean body mass adjusted (p ˂ 0.001) and total body water (p < 0.001) from baseline to post intervention: CSA: 32.7 cm2 ± 8.6; 36.3 cm2 ± 7.2, LBM: 68.0 kg ± 9.5; 70.6 kg ± 9.4, LBMadjusted: 20.4 kg ± 3.1; 21.0 kg ± 3.3 and TBW: 49.8 kg ± 6.9; 51.7 kg ± 6.9. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest subjects experienced an increase in both lean body mass and total body water, regardless of strength level, over the course of the 11-week block periodized program. Gains in lean body mass and cross-sectional area may be due to edema at the early onset of training.
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13
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Nakatani M, Murata K, Kanehisa H, Takai Y. Force-velocity relationship profile of elbow flexors in male gymnasts. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10907. [PMID: 33777517 PMCID: PMC7971080 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The theoretical maximum force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) of athletes calculated from the relationship between force and velocity (F-V relationship) and the slope of the F-V relationship, reflect their competitive and training activity profiles. Evaluating the F-V relationship of athletes facilitates categorizing the profiles of dynamic muscle functions in relation to long-term sport-specific training. For gymnastics, however, no studies have tried to examine the profiles of F-V relation and power output for upper limb muscles in relation to the muscularity, while the use of the upper extremities in this sport is very unique as described earlier. Purpose It was hypothesized that the F-V relationship of the elbow flexion in gymnasts might be characterized by low capacity for generating explosive force, notably in terms of the force normalized to muscle size. Methods The F0, V0, and Pmax derived from the force-velocity relationship during explosive elbow flexion against six different loads (unloaded condition, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric elbow flexion force (MVFEF)) for 16 gymnasts (GYM) and 22 judo athletes (JD). F0 and Pmax were expressed as values relative to the cross-sectional area index (CSAindex) of elbow flexors (F0/CSAindex and Pmax/CSAindex, respectively), which was calculated from muscle thickness in the anterior upper arm. The electromyogram (EMG) activities of the biceps brachii (BB) during the maximal isometric and dynamic tasks were also determined. Results There were no significant differences in CSAindex of elbow flexors between GYM and JD. MVFEF/CSAindex for GYM was significantly lower than that for JD. Force was linearly associated with velocity in the dynamic elbow flexion for all the participants (r = − 0.997 to −0.905 for GYM, r = − 0.998 to −0.840 for JD). F0, F0/ CSAindex, V0, Pmax, Pmax/CSAindex, and MVFEF were significantly lower in GYM than in JD. The activity levels of BB during the dynamic tasks tended to be lower in GYM than in JD at load of <45%MVC. Conclusion Gymnasts cannot generate explosive elbow flexion force corresponding to their muscle size. This may be due to low neuromuscular activities during the maximal dynamic tasks against relatively low loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nakatani
- The Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
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14
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Monti E, Toniolo L, Marcucci L, Bondì M, Martellato I, Šimunič B, Toninello P, Franchi MV, Narici MV, Reggiani C. Are muscle fibres of body builders intrinsically weaker? A comparison with single fibres of aged-matched controls. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13557. [PMID: 32921001 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Skeletal muscles of Body Builders (BB) represent an interesting model to study muscle mass gains in response to high volume resistance training. It is debated whether muscle contractile performance improves in proportion to mass. Here, we aim to assess whether muscle hypertrophy does not occur at the expense of performance. METHODS Six BB and Six untrained controls (CTRL) were recruited. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) and CSA and architecture of vastus lateralis (VL) were determined. Moreover, a biopsy was taken from VL mid-portion and single fibres were analysed. RESULTS QF CSA and MVC were 32% (n.s., P = .052) and 58% (P = .009) higher in BB than in CTRL, respectively. VL CSA was 37% higher in BB (P = .030). Fast 2A fibres CSA was 24% (P = .048) greater in BB than in CTRL, when determined in immunostained sections of biopsy samples. Single permeabilized fast fibres CSA was 37% (n.s., P = .052) higher in BB than in CTRL, and their force was slightly higher in BB (n.s.), while specific tension (P0 ) was 19% (P = .024) lower. The lower P0 was not explained either by lower myosin content or by impaired calcium diffusion. Conversely, the swelling caused by skinning-induced permeabilization was different and, when used to correct P0 , differences between populations disappeared. CONCLUSIONS The results show that high degree of muscle hypertrophy is not detrimental for force generation capacity, as increases in fibre size and force are strictly proportional once the differential swelling response is accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Michela Bondì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Ivan Martellato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Bostjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper Institute for Kinesiology Research Koper Slovenia
| | - Paolo Toninello
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery Padova University Hospital Padova Italy
| | | | - Marco V. Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
- Science and Research Centre Koper Institute for Kinesiology Research Koper Slovenia
- CIR‐MYO Myology Centre Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padua Padova Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
- Science and Research Centre Koper Institute for Kinesiology Research Koper Slovenia
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15
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy can be induced by hormones and growth factors acting directly as positive regulators of muscle growth or indirectly by neutralizing negative regulators, and by mechanical signals mediating the effect of resistance exercise. Muscle growth during hypertrophy is controlled at the translational level, through the stimulation of protein synthesis, and at the transcriptional level, through the activation of ribosomal RNAs and muscle-specific genes. mTORC1 has a central role in the regulation of both protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis. Several transcription factors and co-activators, including MEF2, SRF, PGC-1α4, and YAP promote the growth of the myofibers. Satellite cell proliferation and fusion is involved in some but not all muscle hypertrophy models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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16
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Rybalka E, Timpani CA, Debruin DA, Bagaric RM, Campelj DG, Hayes A. The Failed Clinical Story of Myostatin Inhibitors against Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Exploring the Biology behind the Battle. Cells 2020; 9:E2657. [PMID: 33322031 PMCID: PMC7764137 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin inhibition therapy has held much promise for the treatment of muscle wasting disorders. This is particularly true for the fatal myopathy, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Following on from promising pre-clinical data in dystrophin-deficient mice and dogs, several clinical trials were initiated in DMD patients using different modality myostatin inhibition therapies. All failed to show modification of disease course as dictated by the primary and secondary outcome measures selected: the myostatin inhibition story, thus far, is a failed clinical story. These trials have recently been extensively reviewed and reasons why pre-clinical data collected in animal models have failed to translate into clinical benefit to patients have been purported. However, the biological mechanisms underlying translational failure need to be examined to ensure future myostatin inhibitor development endeavors do not meet with the same fate. Here, we explore the biology which could explain the failed translation of myostatin inhibitors in the treatment of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Cara A. Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Danielle A. Debruin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Ryan M. Bagaric
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Dean G. Campelj
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; (D.A.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.G.C.); (A.H.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine—Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3021 Victoria, Australia
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17
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Emphasizing Task-Specific Hypertrophy to Enhance Sequential Strength and Power Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040076. [PMID: 33467291 PMCID: PMC7739346 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are dependent upon how the muscle adapts to the training stimuli and overall training stress. When comparing bodybuilders to strength and power athletes such as powerlifters, weightlifters, and throwers, while muscle size may be similar, the ability to produce force and power is often inequivalent. Thus, performance differences go beyond structural changes and may be due to the muscle's ultrastructural constituents and training induced adaptations. Relative to potentiating strength and power performances, eliciting specific ultrastructural changes should be a variable of interest during hypertrophic training phases. By focusing on task-specific hypertrophy, it may be possible to achieve an optimal amount of hypertrophy while deemphasizing metabolic and aerobic components that are often associated with high-volume training. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to briefly address different types of hypertrophy and provide directions for practitioners who are aiming to achieve optimal rather than maximal hypertrophy, as it relates to altering ultrastructural muscular components, to potentiate strength and power performance.
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18
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Reggiani C, Schiaffino S. Muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: dependent or independent variables? A provocative review. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:9311. [PMID: 33117512 PMCID: PMC7582410 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The question whether the muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training, hormone administration or genetic manipulation is accompanied by a proportional increase in muscle strength is still open. This review summarizes and analyses data obtained in human and rodent muscles in studies that have monitored in parallel changes in muscle size and changes in muscle force, measured in isometric contractions in vivo, in isolated muscles ex vivo (in rodents) and in single muscle fibers. Although a general positive relation exists among the two variables, a number of studies show a clear dissociation with increase of muscle size with no change or even decrease in strength and, vice versa, increase in strength without increase in size. The possible mechanisms of such dissociation, which involves neural motor control and/or cellular and molecular adaptations of muscle fibers, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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19
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Roberts MD, Haun CT, Vann CG, Osburn SC, Young KC. Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy in Skeletal Muscle: A Scientific "Unicorn" or Resistance Training Adaptation? Front Physiol 2020; 11:816. [PMID: 32760293 PMCID: PMC7372125 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated cells that contain mostly myofibrils suspended in an aqueous media termed the sarcoplasm. Select evidence suggests sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, or a disproportionate expansion of the sarcoplasm relative to myofibril protein accretion, coincides with muscle fiber or tissue growth during resistance training. There is also evidence to support other modes of hypertrophy occur during periods of resistance training including a proportional accretion of myofibril protein with fiber or tissue growth (i.e., conventional hypertrophy), or myofibril protein accretion preceding fiber or tissue growth (i.e., myofibril packing). In this review, we discuss methods that have been used to investigate these modes of hypertrophy. Particular attention is given to sarcoplasmic hypertrophy throughout. Thus, descriptions depicting this process as well as the broader implications of this phenomenon will be posited. Finally, we propose future human and rodent research that can further our understanding in this area of muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Cody T Haun
- Fitomics, LLC, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
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20
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Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071658. [PMID: 32660165 PMCID: PMC7408414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in health and quality of life. One of the most potent regulators of skeletal muscle mass is mechanical loading, and numerous studies have led to a reasonably clear understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur when the mechanical environment is altered. For instance, an increase in mechanical loading induces a growth response that is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the myofibers (i.e., myofiber hypertrophy). However, very little is known about the ultrastructural adaptations that drive this response. Even the most basic questions, such as whether mechanical load-induced myofiber hypertrophy is mediated by an increase in the size of the pre-existing myofibrils and/or an increase in the number myofibrils, have not been resolved. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is currently known about the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural changes that drive mechanical load-induced growth and highlight the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Jorgenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Monti E, Toniolo L, Marcucci L, Martellato I, Bondì M, Franchi M, Narici M, Reggiani C. Large Hypertrophy but Unmodified Specific Tension of Single Fibers of Body Builders. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Methenitis S, Mpampoulis T, Spiliopoulou P, Papadimas G, Papadopoulos C, Chalari E, Evangelidou E, Stasinaki AN, Nomikos T, Terzis G. Muscle fiber composition, jumping performance, and rate of force development adaptations induced by different power training volumes in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:996-1006. [PMID: 32203677 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 different eccentric-only power training volumes on muscle fiber type composition and power performance. Twenty-nine females were assigned into 3 groups and performed 10 weeks of either 3 (low volume), 6 (moderate volume), or 9 (high volume) sets/session of 4 fast-velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1-repetition maximum (1RM), followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJs) after each set. Half-squat 1RM, CMJ height/power, maximum isometric force, rate of force development (RFD) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were increased in all groups (p = 0.001). Low-volume training induced higher increases in CMJ height/power and early RFD, compared with the moderate- and high-volume training programs (p < 0.001). Significant reductions in type IIx muscle fiber percentages and %CSAs were found after moderate- and high-volume training, with concomitant increases in type IIa fibers (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between the changes in type IIa and type IIx percentages, fiber CSA, %CSA, and the changes in performance (r: -0.787 to 0.792; p < 0.05). These results suggest that relatively large eccentric power training volumes may result in detrimental neuromuscular adaptations, minimal changes in early RFD, and a reduction of type IIx muscle fiber percentage. Novelty Low but not high volume of power training maintains type IIx muscle fibers. Early rate of force development increases after a low- or moderate-power training volume, but not after a high-power training volume. Training-induced changes in type IIx muscle fiber percentage is related with changes in early rate of force development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mpampoulis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papadimas
- A'Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athina 115 28, Greece
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- A'Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athina 115 28, Greece
| | - Eleanna Chalari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Evangelidou
- Department of Infection Control, G.N.N. Ionias "Konstantopouleio-Patision" Hospital, Agias Olgas 3-5, 14233, Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37, Daphne, Athens, Greece
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23
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Vann CG, Roberson PA, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Fox CD, Moore JH, Haun CT, Beck DT, Moon JR, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Badisa VLD, Mwashote BM, Ibeanusi V, Singh RK, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle Myofibrillar Protein Abundance Is Higher in Resistance-Trained Men, and Aging in the Absence of Training May Have an Opposite Effect. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8010007. [PMID: 31936810 PMCID: PMC7022975 DOI: 10.3390/sports8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training generally increases skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereas aging is associated with a loss in muscle mass. Interestingly, select studies suggest that aging, as well as resistance training, may lead to a reduction in the abundance of skeletal muscle myofibrillar (or contractile) protein (per mg tissue). Proteomic interrogations have also demonstrated that aging, as well as weeks to months of resistance training, lead to appreciable alterations in the muscle proteome. Given this evidence, the purpose of this small pilot study was to examine total myofibrillar as well as total sarcoplasmic protein concentrations (per mg wet muscle) from the vastus lateralis muscle of males who were younger and resistance-trained (denoted as YT, n = 6, 25 ± 4 years old, 10 ± 3 self-reported years of training), younger and untrained (denoted as YU, n = 6, 21 ± 1 years old), and older and untrained (denoted as OU, n = 6, 62 ± 8 years old). The relative abundances of actin and myosin heavy chain (per mg tissue) were also examined using SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining, and shotgun proteomics was used to interrogate the abundances of individual sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins between cohorts. Whole-body fat-free mass (YT > YU = OU), VL thickness (YT > YU = OU), and leg extensor peak torque (YT > YU = OU) differed between groups (p < 0.05). Total myofibrillar protein concentrations were greater in YT versus OU (p = 0.005), but were not different between YT versus YU (p = 0.325). The abundances of actin and myosin heavy chain were greater in YT versus YU (p < 0.05) and OU (p < 0.001). Total sarcoplasmic protein concentrations were not different between groups. While proteomics indicated that marginal differences existed for individual myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins between YT versus other groups, age-related differences were more prominent for myofibrillar proteins (YT = YU > OU, p < 0.05: 7 proteins; OU > YT = YU, p < 0.05: 11 proteins) and sarcoplasmic proteins (YT = YU > OU, p < 0.05: 8 proteins; OU > YT&YU, p < 0.05: 29 proteins). In summary, our data suggest that modest (~9%) myofibrillar protein packing (on a per mg muscle basis) was evident in the YT group. This study also provides further evidence to suggest that notable skeletal muscle proteome differences exist between younger and older humans. However, given that our n-sizes are low, these results only provide a preliminary phenotyping of the reported protein and proteomic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Paul. A. Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Petey W. Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Matthew A. Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Carlton D. Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Johnathon H. Moore
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Cody T. Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA 30240, USA;
| | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | | | - Andreas N. Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Veera L. D. Badisa
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Benjamin M. Mwashote
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Victor Ibeanusi
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (V.L.D.B.); (B.M.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Translational Science Lab, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (C.G.V.); (P.A.R.); (S.C.O.); (P.W.M.); (M.A.R.); (C.D.F.); (J.H.M.); (D.T.B.); (A.N.K.); (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
- Correspondence:
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Vigotsky AD, Bryanton MA, Nuckols G, Beardsley C, Contreras B, Evans J, Schoenfeld BJ. Biomechanical, Anthropometric, and Psychological Determinants of Barbell Back Squat Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S26-S35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Haun CT, Vann CG, Osburn SC, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Romero MA, Fox CD, Johnson CA, Parry HA, Kavazis AN, Moon JR, Badisa VLD, Mwashote BM, Ibeanusi V, Young KC, Roberts MD. Muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training in trained young men is largely attributed to sarcoplasmic hypertrophy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215267. [PMID: 31166954 PMCID: PMC6550381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular adaptations that occur during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to high-volume resistance training are not well-characterized. Therefore, we sought to explore how actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic protein, mitochondrial, and glycogen concentrations were altered in individuals that exhibited mean skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) hypertrophy following 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training. Thirty previously resistance-trained, college-aged males (mean ± standard deviation: 21±2 years, 5±3 training years) had vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies obtained prior to training (PRE), at week 3 (W3), and at week 6 (W6). Muscle tissue from 15 subjects exhibiting PRE to W6 VL mean fCSA increases ranging from 320–1600 μm2 was further interrogated using various biochemical and histological assays as well as proteomic analysis. Seven of these individuals donated a VL biopsy after refraining from training 8 days following the last training session (W7) to determine how deloading affected biomarkers. The 15 fCSA hypertrophic responders experienced a +23% increase in mean fCSA from PRE to W6 (p<0.001) and, while muscle glycogen concentrations remained unaltered, citrate synthase activity levels decreased by 24% (p<0.001) suggesting mitochondrial volume decreased. Interestingly, repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that p-values approached statistical significance for both myosin and actin (p = 0.052 and p = 0.055, respectively), and forced post hoc tests indicated concentrations for both proteins decreased ~30% from PRE to W6 (p<0.05 for each target). Phalloidin-actin staining similarly revealed actin concentrations per fiber decreased from PRE to W6. Proteomic analysis of the sarcoplasmic fraction from PRE to W6 indicated 40 proteins were up-regulated (p<0.05), KEGG analysis indicated that the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway was upregulated (FDR sig. <0.001), and DAVID indicated that the following functionally-annotated pathways were upregulated (FDR value <0.05): a) glycolysis (8 proteins), b) acetylation (23 proteins), c) gluconeogenesis (5 proteins) and d) cytoplasm (20 proteins). At W7, sarcoplasmic protein concentrations remained higher than PRE (+66%, p<0.05), and both actin and myosin concentrations remained lower than PRE (~-50%, p<0.05). These data suggest that short-term high-volume resistance training may: a) reduce muscle fiber actin and myosin protein concentrations in spite of increasing fCSA, and b) promote sarcoplasmic expansion coincident with a coordinated up-regulation of sarcoplasmic proteins involved in glycolysis and other metabolic processes related to ATP generation. Interestingly, these effects seem to persist up to 8 days following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T. Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Shelby C. Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Petey W. Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Carlton D. Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Johnson
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Hailey A. Parry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Andreas N. Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Veera L. D. Badisa
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Mwashote
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Victor Ibeanusi
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine—Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine—Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. A Critical Evaluation of the Biological Construct Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Size Matters but So Does the Measurement. Front Physiol 2019; 10:247. [PMID: 30930796 PMCID: PMC6423469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly adaptable and has consistently been shown to morphologically respond to exercise training. Skeletal muscle growth during periods of resistance training has traditionally been referred to as skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and this manifests as increases in muscle mass, muscle thickness, muscle area, muscle volume, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). Delicate electron microscopy and biochemical techniques have also been used to demonstrate that resistance exercise promotes ultrastructural adaptations within muscle fibers. Decades of research in this area of exercise physiology have promulgated a widespread hypothetical model of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy; specifically, fCSA increases are accompanied by proportional increases in myofibrillar protein, leading to an expansion in the number of sarcomeres in parallel and/or an increase in myofibril number. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that myofibrillar protein concentration may be diluted through sarcoplasmic expansion as fCSA increases occur. Furthermore, and perhaps more problematic, are numerous investigations reporting that pre-to-post training change scores in macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular variables supporting this model are often poorly associated with one another. The current review first provides a brief description of skeletal muscle composition and structure. We then provide a historical overview of muscle hypertrophy assessment. Next, current-day methods commonly used to assess skeletal muscle hypertrophy at the biochemical, ultramicroscopic, microscopic, macroscopic, and whole-body levels in response to training are examined. Data from our laboratory, and others, demonstrating correlations (or the lack thereof) between these variables are also presented, and reasons for comparative discrepancies are discussed with particular attention directed to studies reporting ultrastructural and muscle protein concentration alterations. Finally, we critically evaluate the biological construct of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, propose potential operational definitions, and provide suggestions for consideration in hopes of guiding future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA, United States
| | | | - Brandon M Roberts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
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Association of PPARGC1A Gly428Ser (rs8192678) polymorphism with potential for athletic ability and sports performance: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0200967. [PMID: 30625151 PMCID: PMC6326506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetics plays a role in determining potential for athletic ability (AA) and sports performance (SP). In this study, AA involves comparing sedentary controls with competitive athletes in power and endurance activities as well as a mix between the two (SP). However, variable results from genetic association studies warrant a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates of the association between PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism and AA/SP. Methods Multi-database literature search yielded 14 articles (16 studies) for inclusion. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate associations. Summary effects were modified based on statistical power. Subgroup analysis was based on SP (power, endurance and mixed) and race (Caucasians and Asians). Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 metric and its sources examined with outlier analysis which dichotomized our findings into pre- (PRO) and post-outlier (PSO). Results Gly allele effects significantly favoring AA/SP (OR > 1.0, P < 0.05) form the core of our findings in: (i) homogeneous overall effect at the post-modified, PSO level (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%); (ii) initially homogeneous power SP (ORs 1.22–1.25, 95% CI 1.05–1.44, P = 0.003–0.008, I2 = 0%) which precluded outlier treatment; (iii) PRO Caucasian outcomes (ORs 1.29–1.32, 95% CI 1.12–1.54, P = 0.0005) over that of Asians with a pooled null effect (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72–1.99, P = 0.53–0.92) and (iv) homogeneous all > 80% (ORs 1.19–1.38, 95% CI 1.05–1.66, P = 0.0007–0.007, I2 = 0%) on account of high statistical power (both study-specific and combined). In contrast, none of the Ser allele effects significantly favored AA/SP and no Ser-Gly genotype outcome favored AA/SP. The core significant outcomes were robust and showed no evidence of publication bias. Conclusion Meta-analytical applications in this study generated evidence that show association between the Gly allele and AA/SP. These were observed in the overall, Caucasians and statistically powered comparisons which exhibited consistent significance, stability, robustness, precision and lack of bias. Our central findings rest on association of the Gly allele with endurance and power, differentially favoring the latter over the former.
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Hornsby WG, Gentles JA, Haff GG, Stone MH, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Abe T, Loenneke JP. What is the Impact of Muscle Hypertrophy on Strength and Sport Performance? Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van der Zwaard S, Weide G, Levels K, Eikelboom MRI, Noordhof DA, Hofmijster MJ, van der Laarse WJ, de Koning JJ, de Ruiter CJ, Jaspers RT. Muscle morphology of the vastus lateralis is strongly related to ergometer performance, sprint capacity and endurance capacity in Olympic rowers. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2111-2120. [PMID: 29473785 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1439434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rowers need to combine high sprint and endurance capacities. Muscle morphology largely explains muscle power generating capacity, however, little is known on how muscle morphology relates to rowing performance measures. The aim was to determine how muscle morphology of the vastus lateralis relates to rowing ergometer performance, sprint and endurance capacity of Olympic rowers. Eighteen rowers (12♂, 6♀, who competed at 2016 Olympics) performed an incremental rowing test to obtain maximal oxygen consumption, reflecting endurance capacity. Sprint capacity was assessed by Wingate cycling peak power. M. vastus lateralis morphology (volume, physiological cross-sectional area, fascicle length and pennation angle) was derived from 3-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Thirteen rowers (7♂, 6♀) completed a 2000-m rowing ergometer time trial. Muscle volume largely explained variance in 2000-m rowing performance (R2 = 0.85), maximal oxygen consumption (R2 = 0.65), and Wingate peak power (R2 = 0.82). When normalized for differences in body size, maximal oxygen consumption and Wingate peak power were negatively related in males (r = -0.94). Fascicle length, not physiological cross-sectional area, attributed to normalized peak power. In conclusion, vastus lateralis volume largely explains variance in rowing ergometer performance, sprint and endurance capacity. For a high normalized sprint capacity, athletes may benefit from long fascicles rather than a large physiological cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R I Eikelboom
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs J Hofmijster
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van der Laarse
- c Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research , VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Gineviciene V, Jakaitiene A, Aksenov MO, Aksenova AV, Druzhevskaya AM, Astratenkova IV, Egorova ES, Gabdrakhmanova LJ, Tubelis L, Kucinskas V, Utkus A. Association analysis of ACE, ACTN3 and PPARGC1A gene polymorphisms in two cohorts of European strength and power athletes. Biol Sport 2016; 33:199-206. [PMID: 27601773 PMCID: PMC4993134 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1201051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of professional strength and power athletes is influenced, at least partly, by genetic components. The main aim of this study was to investigate individually and in combination the association of ACE (I/D), ACTN3 (R577X) and PPARGC1A (Gly482Ser) gene polymorphisms with strength/power-oriented athletes' status in two cohorts of European athletes. A cohort of European Caucasians from Russia and Lithuania (161 athletes: by groups - weightlifters (87), powerlifters (60), throwers (14); by elite status - 'elite' (104), 'sub-elite' (57); and 1,202 controls) were genotyped for ACE, ACTN3 and PPARGC1A polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Statistically significant differences in ACTN3 (R577X) allele/genotype distribution were not observed in the whole cohort of athletes or between analysed groups separately when compared with controls. The odds ratio for athletes compared to controls of the ACE I/I genotype was 1.71 (95% CI 1.01-2.92) in the Russian cohort and for the ACE I/D genotype it was 2.35 (95% CI 1.10-5.06) in the Lithuanian cohort. The odds ratio of being a powerlifter in PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotype carriers was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.09-4.09, P = 0.026). The ACTN3 (R577X) polymorphism is not associated with strength/power athletic status in two cohorts of European athletes. The ACE I/I genotype is probably the 'preferable genotype' for Russian athletes and the ACE I/D genotype for Lithuanian strength/power athletes. We found that the PPARGC1A (Gly482Ser) polymorphism is associated with strength/power athlete status. Specifically, the PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotype is more favourable for powerlifters compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gineviciene
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - A Jakaitiene
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - M O Aksenov
- Department of Theory of Physical Culture, Buryat State University, Russia
| | - A V Aksenova
- Department of Theory of Physical Culture, Buryat State University, Russia
| | - A M Druzhevskaya
- St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Astratenkova
- St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Egorova
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - L J Gabdrakhmanova
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - L Tubelis
- Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Lithuania
| | - V Kucinskas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - A Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania
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Trevino MA, Herda TJ, Fry AC, Gallagher PM, Vardiman JP, Mosier EM, Miller JD. Influence of the contractile properties of muscle on motor unit firing rates during a moderate-intensity contraction in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:552-62. [PMID: 27146989 PMCID: PMC4978784 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01021.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is suggested that firing rate characteristics of motor units (MUs) are influenced by the physical properties of the muscle. However, no study has correlated MU firing rates at recruitment, targeted force, or derecruitment with the contractile properties of the muscle in vivo. Twelve participants (age = 20.67 ± 2.35 yr) performed a 40% isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the leg extensors that included linearly increasing, steady force, and decreasing segments. Muscle biopsies were collected with myosin heavy chain (MHC) content quantified, and surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the vastus lateralis. The EMG signal was decomposed into the firing events of single MUs. Slopes and y-intercepts were calculated for 1) firing rates at recruitment vs. recruitment threshold, 2) mean firing rates at steady force vs. recruitment threshold, and 3) firing rates at derecruitment vs. derecruitment threshold relationships for each subject. Correlations among type I %MHC isoform content and the slopes and y-intercepts from the three relationships were examined. Type I %MHC isoform content was correlated with MU firing rates at recruitment (y-intercepts: r = -0.577; slopes: r = 0.741) and targeted force (slopes: r = 0.853) vs. recruitment threshold and MU firing rates at derecruitment (y-intercept: r = -0.597; slopes: r = 0.701) vs. derecruitment threshold relationships. However, the majority of the individual MU firing rates vs. recruitment and derecruitment relationships were not significant (P > 0.05) and, thus, revealed no systematic pattern. In contrast, MU firing rates during the steady force demonstrated a systematic pattern with higher firing rates for the lower- than higher-threshold MUs and were correlated with the physical properties of MUs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trent J Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas;
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Philip M Gallagher
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - John P Vardiman
- Applied Physiology and Sports Medicine Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Eric M Mosier
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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