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Beaudry KM, Surdi JC, Pancevski K, Tremblay C, Devries MC. Greater glycemic control following low-load, high-repetition resistance exercise compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise in males and females: a randomized control trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:943-955. [PMID: 38518263 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been known for its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose handling with both moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) exercise and resistance exercise (RE) inducing beneficial effects. In recent years, low-load, high-repetition (LLHR) RE has emerged as a strategy to increase muscle mass and strength to levels similar to traditional RE; however, the effects of LLHR RE on glucose handling has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this trial was to compare the acute effects of LLHR RE to MIC exercise on post-exercise glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in males and females. Twenty-four (n = 12/sex) participants completed acute bouts of MIC exercise (30 min at 65% V̇O₂peak) and LLHR (3 circuits, 6 exercises/circuit, 25-35 repetitions/exercise/circuit) matched for time with muscle biopsies immediately pre and post exercise and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 90 min following exercise. Blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.37), glucose AUC (p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.35) and max glucose concentration (p = 0.003, ηp 2 = 0.34) were lower during the post exercise OGTT following LLHR RE compared to MIC exercise. There was a main effect of trial on TBC1D1 Ser237 phosphorylation (p = 0.04, ηp 2 = 0.19) such that it was greater following MIC exercise compared to LLHR RE. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACC Ser79 increased following MIC exercise with no change following LLHR RE (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.50). Phosphorylation of PTEN Ser380 was greater in males than females during LLHR RE (p = 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.27). These findings suggest that LLHR RE is a feasible exercise modality to improve post-exercise glycemic control in both males and females. Trial registration number: NCT06217679.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian C Surdi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Cory Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Sanchez BN, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Saenz C, Maresh CM. Sex Differences in Energy Metabolism: A Female-Oriented Discussion. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8. [PMID: 38888855 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to delineate aspects of energy metabolism at rest and during exercise that may be subject to sex differences and the potential underlying mechanisms involved. It focuses on distinct aspects of female physiology with an oriented discussion following the reproductive life stages of healthy, eumenorrheic females, including premenopausal time frames, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause. Finally, this review aims to address methodological challenges surrounding sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism investigations and confounding factors in this field. During resting conditions, females tend to have higher rates of non-oxidative free fatty acid clearance, which could contribute to lower respiratory exchange ratio measures. At the same time, carbohydrate energy metabolism findings are mixed. In general, females favor lipid energy metabolism during moderate-intensity exercise, while men favor carbohydrate energy metabolism. Factors such as age, dietary intake, genetics, and methodological decisions confound study findings, including properly identifying and reporting the menstrual cycle phase when female subjects are eumenorrheic. Pregnancy presents a unique shift in physiological systems, including energy metabolism, which can be observed at rest and during exercise. Changes in body composition and hormonal levels during the post-menopausal period directly impact energy metabolism, specifically lipid metabolism. This change in physiological state factors into the evidence showing a reduction in our understanding of sex differences in lipid metabolism during exercise in older adults. This review reveals a need for a focused understanding of female energy metabolism that could help exercise and nutrition professionals optimize female health and performance across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Sanchez
- Exercise Science, Department of Health Sciences, College of Education, Nursing and Health Professions, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catherine Saenz
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Exercise Science, Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Arhen BB, Renwick JRM, Zedic AK, Menezes ES, Preobrazenski N, Simpson CA, Stokes T, McGlory C, Gurd BJ. AMPK and PGC- α following maximal and supramaximal exercise in men and women: a randomized cross-over study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:526-538. [PMID: 38113478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that AMPK activation and peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression are not augmented as exercise intensity (power output) increases from maximal to supramaximal intensities and conducted an exploratory analysis comparing AMPK activation and PGC-1α expression in males and females. Seventeen (n = 9 males; n = 8 females) recreationally active, healthy, young individuals volunteered to participate in the current study. Participants completed work matched interval exercise at 100% (Max) and 133% (Supra) of peak work rate (WRpeak). Intervals were 1 min in duration and participants were prescribed 6 and 8 intervals of Max and Supra, respectively, to equate external work across protocols. PGC-1α mRNA expression and activation of AMPK (p-ACC) were examined in muscle biopsy samples. Interval WR (watts; W), intensity (%WRpeak) and average HR (bpm), blood lactate (mmol/L) and rating of perceived exertion were all higher (all p < 0.05) in Supra. Fatigue was greater (p < 0.05) in Supra. PGC-1α mRNA expression significantly increased after exercise in Max (p < 0.01) and Supra (p < 0.01), but was not significantly different (p = 0.71) between intensities. A main effect of time (Pre - 0 h) (p < 0.01) was observed for p-ACC; however, no effect of intensity (p = 0.08) or interaction (p = 0.97) was observed. No significant effects of time (p = 0.05) intensity (p = 0.42), or interaction (p = 0.97) were observed for p-AMPK (Thr172). Exploratory sex analysis demonstrated a main effect of sex for p-ACC (greater p-ACC in males; p < 0.05) but not for p-AMPK or PGC-1α expression. Our results confirm that AMPK-PGC-1α signalling is not augmented following supramaximal exercise and provide novel data demonstrating a decrease in AMPK activation (p-ACC) in females compared to men. Trial registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U7PX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J R M Renwick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A K Zedic
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - E S Menezes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - N Preobrazenski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - C A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - T Stokes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - C McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Muniz-Santos R, Magno-França A, Jurisica I, Cameron LC. From Microcosm to Macrocosm: The -Omics, Multiomics, and Sportomics Approaches in Exercise and Sports. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:499-518. [PMID: 37943554 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the progressive integration of -omics methods, including genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, into sports research, highlighting the development of the concept of "sportomics." We discuss how sportomics can be used to comprehend the multilevel metabolism during exercise in real-life conditions faced by athletes, enabling potential personalized interventions to improve performance and recovery and reduce injuries, all with a minimally invasive approach and reduced time. Sportomics may also support highly personalized investigations, including the implementation of n-of-1 clinical trials and the curation of extensive datasets through long-term follow-up of athletes, enabling tailored interventions for athletes based on their unique physiological responses to different conditions. Beyond its immediate sport-related applications, we delve into the potential of utilizing the sportomics approach to translate Big Data regarding top-level athletes into studying different human diseases, especially with nontargeted analysis. Furthermore, we present how the amalgamation of bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and integrative computational analysis aids in investigating biochemical pathways, and facilitates the search for various biomarkers. We also highlight how sportomics can offer relevant information about doping control analysis. Overall, sportomics offers a comprehensive approach providing novel insights into human metabolism during metabolic stress, leveraging cutting-edge systems science techniques and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Muniz-Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magno-França
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L C Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Juan CG, Matchett KB, Davison GW. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the SIRT1 response to exercise. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14752. [PMID: 37679377 PMCID: PMC10485048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a key physiological regulator of metabolism and a target of therapeutic interventions for cardiometabolic and ageing-related disorders. Determining the factors and possible mechanisms of acute and adaptive SIRT1 response to exercise is essential for optimising exercise interventions aligned to the prevention and onset of disease. Exercise-induced SIRT1 upregulation has been reported in animals, but, to date, data in humans have been inconsistent. This exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess various exercise interventions measuring SIRT1 in healthy participants. A total of 34 studies were included in the meta-analysis (13 single bout exercise, 21 training interventions). Studies were grouped according to tissue sample type (blood, muscle), biomarkers (gene expression, protein content, enzyme level, enzyme activity), and exercise protocols. A single bout of high-intensity or fasted exercise per se increases skeletal muscle SIRT1 gene expression as measured by qPCR or RT-PCR, while repeated resistance training alone increases blood SIRT1 levels measured by ELISA. A limited number of studies also show a propensity for an increase in muscle SIRT1 activity as measured by fluorometric or sirtuin activity assay. In conclusion, exercise acutely upregulates muscle SIRT1 gene expression and chronically increases SIRT1 blood enzyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gallardo Juan
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK.
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK
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Gurd BJ, Menezes ES, Arhen BB, Islam H. Impacts of altered exercise volume, intensity, and duration on the activation of AMPK and CaMKII and increases in PGC-1α mRNA. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:17-27. [PMID: 35680515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explore and discuss the impacts of augmented training volume, intensity, and duration on the phosphorylation/activation of key signaling protein - AMPK, CaMKII and PGC-1α - involved in the initiation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Specifically, we explore the impacts of augmented exercise protocols on AMP/ADP and Ca2+ signaling and changes in post exercise PGC - 1α gene expression. Although AMP/ADP concentrations appear to increase with increasing intensity and during extended durations of higher intensity exercise AMPK activation results are varied with some results supporting and intensity/duration effect and others not. Similarly, CaMKII activation and signaling results following exercise of different intensities and durations are inconsistent. The PGC-1α literature is equally inconsistent with only some studies demonstrating an effect of intensity on post exercise mRNA expression. We present a novel meta-analysis that suggests that the inconsistency in the PGC-1α literature may be due to sample size and statistical power limitations owing to the effect of intensity on PGC-1α expression being small. There is little data available regarding the impact of exercise duration on PGC-1α expression. We highlight the need for future well designed, adequately statistically powered, studies to clarify our understanding of the effects of volume, intensity, and duration on the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Islam H, Gillen JB. Skeletal muscle mechanisms contributing to improved glycemic control following intense interval exercise and training. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:20-28. [PMID: 36994179 PMCID: PMC10040385 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity and sprint interval training (HIIT and SIT, respectively) enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in both healthy adults and those with cardiometabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of intense interval training on glycemic control include both improvements seen in the hours to days following a single session of HIIT/SIT and those which accrue with chronic training. Skeletal muscle is the largest site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and plays an integral role in the beneficial effects of exercise on glycemic control. Here we summarize the skeletal muscle responses that contribute to improved glycemic control during and following a single session of interval exercise and evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle remodelling and improved insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT training interventions. Recent evidence suggests that targeting skeletal muscle mechanisms via nutritional interventions around exercise, particularly with carbohydrate manipulation, can enhance the acute glycemic benefits of HIIT. There is also some evidence of sex-based differences in the glycemic benefits of intense interval exercise, with blunted responses observed after training in females relative to males. Differences in skeletal muscle metabolism between males and females may contribute to sex differences in insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT, but well-controlled studies evaluating purported muscle mechanisms alongside measurement of insulin sensitivity are needed. Given the greater representation of males in muscle physiology literature, there is also a need for more research involving female-only cohorts to enhance our basic understanding of how intense interval training influences muscle insulin sensitivity in females across the lifespan.
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da Silva Soares DB, Shinjo SK, Santos AS, de Cassia Rosa de Jesus J, Schenk S, de Castro GS, Zanoteli E, Krustrup P, da Silva MER, de Sousa MV. Skeletal muscle gene expression in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training - a randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111831. [PMID: 35525396 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training on gene expressions IL15, ATROGIN1 and MURF-1 in skeletal muscle of T2D patients. METHODS Older adults with T2D (n = 39, 60 ± 6.0 years, BMI 33.5 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to Diet+Soccer (DS), Diet+Running (DR) or Diet (D). The training sessions were moderate-to-high-intensity and performed 3 × 40 min/week for 12-weeks. Gene expression from vastus lateralis muscle obtained by qRT-PCR, dual-energy X-ray and fasting blood testing measurements were performed before and after 12-weeks. Statistical analysis adopted were two-way ANOVA and Paired t-test for gene expression, and RM-ANOVA test for the remainder variables. RESULTS Total body weight was reduced in ~4 kg representing body fat mass in all groups after 12-weeks (P < 0.05). HbA1c values decreased in all groups post-intervention. Lipids profile improved in the training groups (P < 0.05) after 12-weeks. ATROGIN1 and MURF-1 mRNA reduced in the DS (1.084 ± 0.14 vs. 0.754 ± 1.14 and (1.175 ± 0.34 vs. 0.693 ± 0.12, respectively; P < 0.05), while IL15 mRNA increased in the DR (1056 ± 0,12 vs. 1308 ± 0,13; P < 0.05) after 12-weeks intervention. CONCLUSION Recreational training with a moderate calorie-restricted diet can downregulates the expression of atrophy-associated myokines and increases the expression of anti-inflammatory gene IL15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bento da Silva Soares
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aritânia Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Salim de Castro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Metabolism Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Elizabeth Rossi da Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Vieira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Norrbom JM, Ydfors M, Lovric A, Perry CGR, Rundqvist H, Rullman E. A HIF-1 signature dominates the attenuation in the human skeletal muscle transcriptional response to high-intensity interval training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1448-1459. [PMID: 35482326 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00310.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) generates profound metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle. These responses mirror performance improvements but follow a non-linear pattern comprised of an initial fast phase followed by a gradual plateau effect. The complete time-dependent molecular sequelae that regulates this plateau effect remains unknown. We hypothesize that the plateau effect during HIIT is restricted to specific pathways with communal upstream transcriptional regulation. To investigate this, eleven healthy men performed nine sessions of HIIT (10x4 minutes of cycling at 91 % of HRmax) over a 3-week period. Before and 3h after the 1st and 9th exercise bout, skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained, and RNA sequencing performed. Almost 2,000 genes across 84 pathways were differentially expressed in response to a single HIIT session. The overall transcriptional response to acute exercise was strikingly similar at 3 weeks, 83 % (n=1650) of the genes regulated after the 1st bout of exercise were similarly regulated by the 9th bout, albeit with a smaller effect size, and the response attenuated to on average 70 % of the 1st bout. The attenuation differed substantially between pathways and was very pronounced for glycolysis and cellular adhesion but more preserved for MAPK and VEGF-A signalling. The attenuation was driven by a combination of changes in steady-state expression and specific transcriptional regulation. Given that the exercise intensity was progressively increased, and that the attenuation was pathway specific, we suggest that moderation of muscular adaptation after a period of training stems from targeted regulation rather than a diminished exercise stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Ydfors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alen Lovric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Effect of Rearing Conditions on Carcass Traits, Meat Quality and the Compositions of Fatty Acid and Amino Acid of LTL in Heigai Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010014. [PMID: 35011120 PMCID: PMC8749593 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary People’s demand for meat consumption has transformed from quantity to quality. The rearing condition is one of the factors affecting meat quality. However, the effects of different rearing conditions on the production of Chinese indigenous pig breeds are still barely understood. In this study, Heigai pigs (a Chinese indigenous pig breed) were raised in the indoor feeding farm and the grazing farm to investigate the effects of different rearing conditions on carcass traits, meat quality and the compositions of fatty acid and amino acid. Grazing farm pigs tended to increase shear force, while significantly increasing the saturated fatty acid ratio and decreasing the unsaturated fatty acid ratio to alter the composition of fatty acids of longissimus thoracis et lumborum. The present study provides an experimental reference for regulating the production of superior meat quality pork of Chinese local breed pigs. Abstract The present study evaluates the influence of captivity and grazing rearing conditions on the carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of Heigai pigs. Ten Heigai pigs with market weight were randomly selected from both the indoor feeding farm and outdoor grazing farm groups (FF and GF; five pigs per group) for measuring production performance. The results showed that the shear force of longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) in the GF group tended to increase (p = 0.06), and triglyceride and cholesterol contents in LTL and psoas major muscle (PMM) of the GF group significantly increased and decreased, respectively (p < 0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the GF group. Meanwhile, the ratios of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the content of flavor amino acid of the LTL in the GF group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The GF upregulated the expression of MyHC-IIb and lipogenic genes, such as GLUT4 and LPL (p < 0.05), in LTL and PMM, but downregulated the expression of MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa, PPARγ and leptin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that the different rearing conditions can alter the meat qualities by mediating the muscle fiber type and lipid metabolism of Heigai pigs.
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Skelly LE, Bailleul C, Gillen JB. Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:99. [PMID: 34940959 PMCID: PMC8702506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interval training is a form of exercise that involves intermittent bouts of relatively intense effort interspersed with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise for recovery. Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) induce physiological and health-related adaptations comparable to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in healthy adults and those with chronic disease despite a lower time commitment. However, most studies within the field have been conducted in men, with a relatively limited number of studies conducted in women cohorts across the lifespan. This review summarizes our understanding of physiological responses to low-volume interval training in women, including those with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We also describe emerging evidence demonstrating similarities and differences in the adaptive response between women and men. Collectively, HIIT and SIT have consistently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and most sex-based comparisons demonstrate similar improvements in men and women. However, research examining insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to HIIT and SIT in women is limited and conflicting, with some evidence of blunted improvements in women relative to men. There is a need for additional research that examines physiological adaptations to low-volume interval training in women across the lifespan, including studies that directly compare responses to MICT, evaluate potential mechanisms, and/or assess the influence of sex on the adaptive response. Future work in this area will strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations in women.
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12
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Landen S, Jacques M, Hiam D, Alvarez-Romero J, Harvey NR, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Lamon S, Voisin S, Eynon N. Skeletal muscle methylome and transcriptome integration reveals profound sex differences related to muscle function and substrate metabolism. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:202. [PMID: 34732242 PMCID: PMC8567658 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all human complex traits and diseases exhibit some degree of sex differences, with epigenetics being one of the main contributing factors. Various tissues display sex differences in DNA methylation; however, this has not yet been explored in skeletal muscle, despite skeletal muscle being among the tissues with the most transcriptomic sex differences. For the first time, we investigated the effect of sex on autosomal DNA methylation in human skeletal muscle across three independent cohorts (Gene SMART, FUSION, and GSE38291) using a meta-analysis approach, totalling 369 human muscle samples (222 males and 147 females), and integrated this with known sex-biased transcriptomics. We found 10,240 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at FDR < 0.005, 94% of which were hypomethylated in males, and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated genes were involved in muscle contraction and substrate metabolism. We then investigated biological factors underlying DNA methylation sex differences and found that circulating hormones were not associated with differential methylation at sex-biased DNA methylation loci; however, these sex-specific loci were enriched for binding sites of hormone-related transcription factors (with top TFs including androgen (AR), estrogen (ESR1), and glucocorticoid (NR3C1) receptors). Fibre type proportions were associated with differential methylation across the genome, as well as across 16% of sex-biased DNA methylation loci (FDR < 0.005). Integration of DNA methylomic results with transcriptomic data from the GTEx database and the FUSION cohort revealed 326 autosomal genes that display sex differences at both the epigenome and transcriptome levels. Importantly, transcriptional sex-biased genes were overrepresented among epigenetic sex-biased genes (p value = 4.6e−13), suggesting differential DNA methylation and gene expression between male and female muscle are functionally linked. Finally, we validated expression of three genes with large effect sizes (FOXO3A, ALDH1A1, and GGT7) in the Gene SMART cohort with qPCR. GGT7, involved in antioxidant metabolism, displays male-biased expression as well as lower methylation in males across the three cohorts. In conclusion, we uncovered 8420 genes that exhibit DNA methylation differences between males and females in human skeletal muscle that may modulate mechanisms controlling muscle metabolism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
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13
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Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Recovery From High-Intensity and Endurance Exercise: A Brief Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:752-762. [PMID: 33883293 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Postexercise recovery is a fundamental component for continuous performance enhancement. Due to physiological and morphological changes in aging and alterations in performance capacity, athletes of different ages may recover at different rates from physical exercise. Differences in body composition, physiological function, and exercise performance between men and women may also have a direct influence on restoration processes. PURPOSE This brief review examines current research to indicate possible differences in recovery processes between male and female athletes of different age groups. The paper focuses on postexercise recovery following sprint and endurance tests and tries to identify determinants that modulate possible differences in recovery between male and female subjects of different age groups. RESULTS The literature analysis indicates age- and sex-dependent differences in short- and long-term recovery. Short-term recovery differs among children, adults, and masters. Children have shorter lactate half-life and a faster cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to adults. Additionally, children and masters require shorter recovery periods during interval bouts than trained adults. Trained women show a slower cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to trained men. Long-term recovery is strongly determined by the extent of muscle damage. Trained adults tend to have more extensive muscle damage compared to masters and children. CONCLUSION The influence of age and sex on the recovery process varies among the different functional systems and depends on the time of the recovery processes. Irrespective of age and sex, the performance capacity of the individual determines the recovery process after high-intensity and endurance exercise.
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14
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Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Saylor HE, Gould LM, Harrison CH, Brewer GJ, Blue MNM, Ferrando AA, Huffman KM, Mayer‐Davis EJ, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. High-intensity interval training and essential amino acid supplementation: Effects on muscle characteristics and whole-body protein turnover. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14655. [PMID: 33369879 PMCID: PMC7769174 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the independent and combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and essential amino acids (EAA) on lean mass, muscle characteristics of the quadriceps, and 24-hr whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) in overweight and obese adults. An exploratory aim was to evaluate potential modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 yrs; %BF: 36.0 ± 7.8%) were assigned to 8 wks of: (a) HIIT, 2 days/wk; (b) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (c) HIIT + EAA; or (d) control. At baseline, 4 wks, and 8 wks, total body, thigh LM and muscle characteristics were measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and B-mode ultrasound, respectively. In a subsample, changes in WBPT was measured using [N15 ]alanine. Differences between groups were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals on adjusted mean change scores (Δ). HIIT and HIIT + EAA improved thigh LM (Δ: +0.17 ± 0.05 kg [0.08, 0.27]; +0.22 ± 0.05 kg [0.12,0.31]) and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (Δ: +2.73 ± 0.52 cm2 [1.69,3.77]; +2.64 ± 0.53 cm2 [1.58,3.70]), volume (Δ: +54.50 ± 11.69 cm3 [31.07, 77.92]; +62.39 ± 12.05 cm3 [38.26, 86.52]), and quality (Δ: -5.46 ± 2.68a.u. [-10.84, -0.09]; -7.97 ± 2.76a.u.[-13.49, -2.45]). Protein synthesis, breakdown, and flux were greater with HIIT + EAA and EAA compared to HIIT (p < .05). Sex differences were minimal. Compared to women, men tended to respond more to HIIT, with or without EAA. For women, responses were greater with HIIT + EAA than HIIT. In overweight and obese adults, 8 weeks of HIIT, with or without EAA, improved thigh LM size and quality; EAA may enhance muscular adaptation via increases in protein turnover, supporting greater improvements in muscular size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Hannah E. Saylor
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Courtney H. Harrison
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Gabrielle J. Brewer
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Malia N. M. Blue
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer‐Davis
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
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15
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Skelly LE, Gibala MJ. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics in humans: Does sex matter? Exp Physiol 2020; 104:460-462. [PMID: 30932280 DOI: 10.1113/ep087447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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16
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, García-Suárez PC, Rentería I, Moncada-Jiménez J, Plaisance EP. Impact of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on peripheral markers of glycemic control in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165820. [PMID: 32360396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycemic control is essential to reduce the risk of complications associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aerobic and resistance exercise performed alone or in combination improve glycemic control in both conditions. However, perceived lack of time and commitment are considered principal barriers to performing exercise regularly. High intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) can be performed in a fraction of the time required for continuous aerobic exercise. A substantial scientific evidence indicates that HIIT/SIT improve glycemic control to a similar or greater extent than aerobic exercise in populations without MetS or T2D. Likewise, growing evidence suggest that HIIT/SIT improve the glycemic control during MetS and T2D. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of interval training protocols on peripheral markers of glucose metabolism in patients with MetS and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric P Plaisance
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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17
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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18
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MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Gibala MJ. CrossTalk proposal: Exercise training intensity is more important than volume to promote increases in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. J Physiol 2019; 597:4111-4113. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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19
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Bishop DJ, Botella J, Genders AJ, Lee MJC, Saner NJ, Kuang J, Yan X, Granata C. High-Intensity Exercise and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Current Controversies and Future Research Directions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:56-70. [PMID: 30540234 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that different types of exercise can provide a powerful stimulus for mitochondrial biogenesis. However, there are conflicting findings in the literature, and a consensus has not been reached regarding the efficacy of high-intensity exercise to promote mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. The purpose of this review is to examine current controversies in the field and to highlight some important methodological issues that need to be addressed to resolve existing conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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20
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Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Morales-Alamo D, Ekblom B, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC, Boushel R. Superior Intrinsic Mitochondrial Respiration in Women Than in Men. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1133. [PMID: 30174617 PMCID: PMC6108574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is apparent in humans, however, to date no studies have investigated mitochondrial function focusing on intrinsic mitochondrial respiration (i.e., mitochondrial respiration for a given amount of mitochondrial protein) and mitochondrial oxygen affinity (p50mito) in relation to biological sex in human. A skeletal muscle biopsy was donated by nine active women, and ten men matched for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and by nine endurance trained men. Intrinsic mitochondrial respiration, assessed in isolated mitochondria, was higher in women compared to men when activating complex I (CIP) and complex I+II (CI+IIP) (p < 0.05), and was similar to trained men (CIP, p = 0.053; CI+IIP, p = 0.066). Proton leak and p50mito were higher in women compared to men independent of VO2max. In conclusion, significant novel differences in mitochondrial oxidative function, intrinsic mitochondrial respiration and p50mito exist between women and men. These findings may represent an adaptation in the oxygen cascade in women to optimize muscle oxygen uptake to compensate for a lower oxygen delivery during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Astorino TA, deRevere J, Anderson T, Kellogg E, Holstrom P, Ring S, Ghaseb N. Change in VO 2max and time trial performance in response to high-intensity interval training prescribed using ventilatory threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1811-1820. [PMID: 29923111 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Completion of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) leads to significant increases in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and oxidative capacity. However, individual responses to HIIT have been identified as approximately 20-40% of individuals show no change in VO2max, which may be due to the relatively homogeneous approach to implementing HIIT. PURPOSE This study tested the effects of HIIT prescribed using ventilatory threshold (VT) on changes in VO2max and cycling performance. METHODS Fourteen active men and women (age and VO2max = 27 ± 8 year and 38 ± 4 mL/kg/min) underwent nine sessions of HIIT, and 14 additional men and women (age and VO2max = 22 ± 3 year and 40 ± 5 mL/kg/min) served as controls. Training was performed on a cycle ergometer at a work rate equal to 130%VT and consisted of eight to ten 1 min bouts interspersed with 75 s of recovery. At baseline and post-testing, they completed progressive cycling to exhaustion to determine VO2max, and on a separate day, a 5 mile cycling time trial. RESULTS Compared to the control group, HIIT led to significant increases in VO2max (6%, p = 0.007), cycling performance (2.5%, p = 0.003), and absolute VT (9 W, p = 0.005). However, only 57% of participants revealed meaningful increases in VO2max and cycling performance in response to training, and two showed no change in either outcome. CONCLUSIONS A greater volume of HIIT may be needed to maximize the training response for all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA.
| | - Jamie deRevere
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
- Department of Physical Education and Human Performance, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA
| | - Theodore Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, USA
| | - Erin Kellogg
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Patrick Holstrom
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Sebastian Ring
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Nicholas Ghaseb
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
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22
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Effect of Sexual Intercourse on Lower Extremity Muscle Force in Strength-Trained Men. J Sex Med 2018; 15:888-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.04.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Shenouda N, Skelly LE, Gibala MJ, MacDonald MJ. Brachial artery endothelial function is unchanged after acute sprint interval exercise in sedentary men and women. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:968-975. [PMID: 29726077 DOI: 10.1113/ep086677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the acute brachial artery endothelial function response to sprint interval exercise and are there sex-based differences? What is the main finding and its importance? Brachial artery endothelial function did not change in either men or women following an acute session of SIT consisting of 3 × 20 s 'all-out' cycling sprints. Our findings suggest this low-volume protocol may not be sufficient to induce functional changes in the brachial artery of sedentary, but otherwise healthy adults. ABSTRACT Sprint interval training (SIT) is a potent metabolic stimulus, but studies examining its acute effects on brachial artery endothelial function are limited. The influence of oestradiol on the acute arterial response to this type of exercise is also unknown. We investigated the brachial artery endothelial function response to a single session of SIT in sedentary healthy men (n = 8; 22 ± 4 years) and premenopausal women tested in the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (n = 8; 21 ± 3 years). Participants performed 3 × 20 s 'all-out' cycling sprints interspersed with 2 min of active recovery. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and haemodynamic parameters were measured before and 1 and 24 h post-exercise. Despite attenuations in some haemodynamic parameters at 1 h post-exercise, there were no changes in absolute (P = 0.23), relative (P = 0.23) or allometrically scaled FMD (P = 0.38) following a single session of SIT. Resting and peak dilatory diameters did not change in men or women (P > 0.05 for all) and there were no interactions between time and sex for any measure (P > 0.05). Oestradiol was not correlated with relative FMD at baseline (r = -0.22, P = 0.42) or with the change in relative FMD from baseline to 1 h post-exercise (r = 0.24, P = 0.40). Overall, brachial artery FMD appears to be unchanged in men and women following an acute session of SIT, and the higher oestradiol concentrations in women do not augment the baseline or post-exercise FMD response. The 3 × 20 s model of low-volume sprint interval exercise may not be sufficient to alter brachial artery endothelial function in healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Shenouda
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren E Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Tan R, Nederveen JP, Gillen JB, Joanisse S, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Skeletal muscle fiber-type-specific changes in markers of capillary and mitochondrial content after low-volume interval training in overweight women. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13597. [PMID: 29484852 PMCID: PMC5827496 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and utilization but data are limited regarding fiber-specific adaptations in humans. We examined the effect of 18 sessions of HIIT (10 × 60-sec cycling intervals at ~90% HRmax , interspersed by 60-sec of recovery) over 6 weeks on markers of microvascular density and oxidative capacity in type I and II fibers in healthy but sedentary young women (Age: 26 ± 7 years; BMI: 30 ± 4 kg·m-2 ; VO2peak : 2.16 ± 0.45 L·m-1 ). Immunohistochemical analyses of muscle cross sections revealed a training-induced increase in capillary contacts per fiber in type I fibers (PRE: 4.38 ± 0.37 vs. POST: 5.17 ± 0.80; main effect, P < 0.05) and type II fibers (PRE: 4.24 ± 0.55 vs. POST: 4.92 ± 0.54; main effect, P < 0.05). The capillary-to-fiber ratio also increased after training in type I fibers (PRE: 1.53 ± 1.44 vs. POST: 1.88 ± 0.38; main effect, P < 0.05) and type II fibers (PRE: 1.45 ± 0.19 vs. POST: 1.76 ± 0.27; main effect, P < 0.05). Muscle oxidative capacity as reflected by the protein content of cytochrome oxidase IV also increased after training in type I fibers (PRE: 3500 ± 858 vs. POST: 4442 ± 1377 arbitrary units; main effect, P < 0.01) and type II fibers (PRE: 2632 ± 629 vs. POST: 3863 ± 1307 arbitrary units; main effect, P < 0.01). We conclude that short-term HIIT in previously inactive women similarly increases markers of capillary density and mitochondrial content in type I and type II fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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25
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Gurd BJ. Coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle: A re-evaluation. Metabolism 2018; 79:42-51. [PMID: 29126696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is proposed to coordinate skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis through the integrated induction of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription. This paradigm is based largely on experiments demonstrating PGC-1α's ability to co-activate various nuclear transcription factors that increase the expression of mitochondrial genes, as well as PGC-1α's direct interaction with mitochondrial transcription factor A within mitochondria to increase the transcription of mitochondrial DNA. While this paradigm is supported by evidence from cellular and transgenic animal models, as well as acute exercise studies involving animals, the up-regulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes in response to exercise does not appear to occur in a coordinated fashion in human skeletal muscle. This review re-evaluates our current understanding of this phenomenon by highlighting evidence from recent studies examining the exercise-induced expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes targeted by PGC-1α. We also highlight several possible theories that may explain the apparent inability of PGC-1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle, and provide directions for future work exploring mitochondrial biogenic gene expression following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada; Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
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Sparks LM. Exercise training response heterogeneity: physiological and molecular insights. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2329-2336. [PMID: 29032385 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The overall beneficial effects of exercise are well studied, but why some people do not respond favourably to exercise is less understood. The National Institutes of Health Common Fund has recently launched the large-scale discovery project 'Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity in Humans' to examine the physiological and molecular (i.e. genetic, epigenetic, lipidomic, metabolomic, proteomic, etc.) responses to exercise training. A nationwide, multicentre clinical trial such as this one also provides a unique opportunity to robustly investigate the non-response to exercise in thousands of individuals that have undergone supervised aerobic- and resistance-based exercise training interventions. The term 'non-responder' is used here to address the lack of a response (to an exercise intervention) in an outcome specified a priori. Cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]) as an exercise response variable was recently reviewed; thus, this review focuses on metabolic aspects of the non-response to exercise training. Integrated -omics platforms are discussed as an approach to disentangle the complicated relationships between endogenous and exogenous factors that drive the lack of a response to exercise in some individuals. Harnessing the power of combined -omics platforms with deep clinical phenotyping of human study participants will advance the field of exercise metabolism and shift the paradigm, allowing exercise interventions to be targeted at those most likely to benefit and identifying novel approaches to treat those who do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 E Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA.
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:51-63. [PMID: 29124325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.
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