1
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Xu C. Extra-adrenal aldosterone: a mini review focusing on the physiology and pathophysiology of intrarenal aldosterone. Endocrine 2024; 83:285-301. [PMID: 37847370 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the existence of extra-adrenal aldosterone in various tissues, including the brain, heart, vascular, adipocyte, and kidney, mainly based on the detection of the CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase, cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2) expression using semi-quantitative methods including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and antibody-based western blotting, as well as local tissue aldosterone levels by antibody-based immunosorbent assays. This mini-review highlights the current evidence and challenges in extra-adrenal aldosterone, focusing on intrarenal aldosterone. METHODS A narrative review. RESULTS Locally synthesized aldosterone may play a vital role in various physio-pathological processes, especially cardiovascular events. The site of local aldosterone synthesis in the kidney may include the mesangial cells, podocytes, proximal tubules, and collecting ducts. The synthesis of renal aldosterone may be regulated by (pro)renin receptor/(pro)renin, angiotensin II/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, wnt/β-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, and klotho. Enhanced renal aldosterone release promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion in the distal nephron and may contribute to the progress of diabetic nephropathy and salt-related hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of intrarenal aldosterone signaling by aldosterone synthase inhibitors or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may be a hopeful pharmacological technique for the therapy of diabetic nephropathy and saltrelated hypertension. Yet, current reports are often conflicting or ambiguous, leading many to question whether extra-adrenal aldosterone exists, or whether it is of any physiological and pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330002, Jiangxi, China.
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2
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Sinha SK, Nicholas SB. Pathomechanisms of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7349. [PMID: 38068400 PMCID: PMC10707303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is swiftly rising, primarily attributed to the growing population of individuals affected by type 2 diabetes. This surge has been transformed into a substantial global concern, placing additional strain on healthcare systems already grappling with significant demands. The pathogenesis of DKD is intricate, originating with hyperglycemia, which triggers various mechanisms and pathways: metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory, and fibrotic which ultimately lead to renal damage. Within each pathway, several mediators contribute to the development of renal structural and functional changes. Some of these mediators, such as inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor β are shared among the different pathways, leading to significant overlap and interaction between them. While current treatment options for DKD have shown advancement over previous strategies, their effectiveness remains somewhat constrained as patients still experience residual risk of disease progression. Therefore, a comprehensive grasp of the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD is imperative for the continued creation of novel and groundbreaking therapies for this condition. In this review, we discuss the current achievements in fundamental research, with a particular emphasis on individual factors and recent developments in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- College of Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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3
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Souza LA, Earley YF. (Pro)renin Receptor and Blood Pressure Regulation: A Focus on the Central Nervous System. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:101-116. [PMID: 35086455 PMCID: PMC9662243 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220127105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically described as a hormonal system in which angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of the main active peptides. The action of circulating Ang II on its cognate Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) in circumventricular organs has important roles in regulating the autonomic nervous system, blood pressure (BP) and body fluid homeostasis, and has more recently been implicated in cardiovascular metabolism. The presence of a local or tissue RAS in various tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), is well established. However, because the level of renin, the rate-limiting enzyme in the systemic RAS, is very low in the brain, how endogenous angiotensin peptides are generated in the CNS-the focus of this review-has been the subject of considerable debate. Notable in this context is the identification of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) as a key component of the brain RAS in the production of Ang II in the CNS. In this review, we highlight cellular and anatomical locations of the PRR in the CNS. We also summarize studies using gain- and loss-of function approaches to elucidate the functional importance of brain PRR-mediated Ang II formation and brain RAS activation, as well as PRR-mediated Ang II-independent signaling pathways, in regulating BP. We further discuss recent developments in PRR involvement in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and present perspectives for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A.C. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA,Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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4
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Prieto MC, Gonzalez AA, Visniauskas B, Navar LG. The evolving complexity of the collecting duct renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:481-492. [PMID: 33824491 PMCID: PMC8443079 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is critical for the regulation of tubule sodium reabsorption, renal haemodynamics and blood pressure. The excretion of renin in urine can result from its increased filtration, the inhibition of renin reabsorption by megalin in the proximal tubule, or its secretion by the principal cells of the collecting duct. Modest increases in circulating or intrarenal angiotensin II (ANGII) stimulate the synthesis and secretion of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule, which provides sufficient substrate for collecting duct-derived renin to form angiotensin I (ANGI). In models of ANGII-dependent hypertension, ANGII suppresses plasma renin, suggesting that urinary renin is not likely to be the result of increased filtered load. In the collecting duct, ANGII stimulates the synthesis and secretion of prorenin and renin through the activation of ANGII type 1 receptor (AT1R) expressed primarily by principal cells. The stimulation of collecting duct-derived renin is enhanced by paracrine factors including vasopressin, prostaglandin E2 and bradykinin. Furthermore, binding of prorenin and renin to the prorenin receptor in the collecting duct evokes a number of responses, including the non-proteolytic enzymatic activation of prorenin to produce ANGI from proximal tubule-derived angiotensinogen, which is then converted into ANGII by luminal angiotensin-converting enzyme; stimulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in principal cells; and activation of intracellular pathways linked to the upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 and profibrotic genes. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system in the collecting duct contributes to the development of hypertension by enhancing sodium reabsorption and the progression of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minolfa C. Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,
| | - Alexis A. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Bruna Visniauskas
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L. Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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5
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Guerrero A, Visniauskas B, Cárdenas P, Figueroa SM, Vivanco J, Salinas-Parra N, Araos P, Nguyen QM, Kassan M, Amador CA, Prieto MC, Gonzalez AA. α-Ketoglutarate Upregulates Collecting Duct (Pro)renin Receptor Expression, Tubular Angiotensin II Formation, and Na + Reabsorption During High Glucose Conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:644797. [PMID: 34179130 PMCID: PMC8220822 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.644797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes high glucose (HG) levels in the plasma and urine. The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a key regulator of renal Na+ handling. PRR is expressed in intercalated (IC) cells of the collecting duct (CD) and binds renin to promote angiotensin (Ang) II formation, thereby contributing to Na+ reabsorption. In DM, the Kreb's cycle is in a state of suppression in most tissues. However, in the CD, expression of glucose transporters is augmented, boosting the Kreb's cycle and consequently causing α-ketoglutarate (αKG) accumulation. The αKG receptor 1 (OXGR1) is a Gq-coupled receptor expressed on the apical membrane of IC cells of the CD. We hypothesize that HG causes αKG secretion and activation of OXGR1, which increases PRR expression in CD cells. This effect then promotes intratubular AngII formation and Na+ reabsorption. To test this hypothesis, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were treated with or without montelukast (ML), an OXGR1 antagonist, for 6 days. STZ mice had higher urinary αKG and PRR expression along with augmented urinary AngII levels and Na+ retention. Treatment with ML prevented all these effects. Similarly, primary cultured inner medullary CD cells treated with HG showed increased PRR expression, while OXGR1 antagonist prevented this effect. αKG increases PRR expression, while treatments with ML, PKC inhibition, or intracellular Ca2+ depletion impair this effect. In silico analysis suggested that αKG binds to mouse OXGR1. These results indicate that HG conditions promote increased levels of intratubular αKG and OXGR1-dependent PRR upregulation, which impact AngII formation and Na+ reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Guerrero
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Bruna Visniauskas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Pilar Cárdenas
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Stefanny M. Figueroa
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Vivanco
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolas Salinas-Parra
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Araos
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Quynh My Nguyen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Modar Kassan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Cristián A. Amador
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Minolfa C. Prieto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alexis A. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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6
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Quadri SS, Cooper C, Ghaffar D, Vaishnav H, Nahar L. The Pathological Role of Pro(Renin) Receptor in Renal Inflammation. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:339-344. [PMID: 33776491 PMCID: PMC7989955 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s297682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is the recently discovered component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS). Many organs contain their own RAS, wherein PRR can exert organ-specific localized effects. The Binding of prorenin/renin to PRR activates angiotensin-dependent and independent pathways which leads to the development of physiological and pathological effects. Continued progress in PRR research suggests that the upregulation of PRR contributes to the development of hypertension, glomerular injury, and progression of kidney disease and inflammation. In the current review, we highlight the function of the PRR in renal inflammation in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Quadri
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Caleb Cooper
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Dawood Ghaffar
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Vaishnav
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ludmila Nahar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine/John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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7
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Arthur G, Osborn JL, Yiannikouris FB. (Pro)renin receptor in the kidney: function and significance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R377-R383. [PMID: 33470188 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a 350-amino acid receptor initially thought of as a receptor for the binding of renin and prorenin, is multifunctional. In addition to its role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), PRR transduces several intracellular signaling molecules and is a component of the vacuolar H+-ATPase that participates in autophagy. PRR is found in the kidney and particularly in great abundance in the cortical collecting duct. In the kidney, PRR participates in water and salt balance, acid-base balance, and autophagy and plays a role in development and progression of hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, and kidney fibrosis. This review highlights the role of PRR in the development and function of the kidney, namely, the macula densa, podocyte, proximal and distal convoluted tubule, and the principal cells of the collecting duct, and focuses on PRR function in body fluid volume homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, and acid-base balance. This review also explores new advances in the molecular mechanism involving PRR in normal renal health and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey L Osborn
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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8
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Yamakoshi S, Ito O, Rong R, Ohsaki Y, Nakamura T, Hirose T, Takahashi K, Mori T, Totsune K, Kohzuki M. High Salt Intake-Increased (Pro)renin Receptor Expression Is Exaggerated in the Kidney of Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2020; 75:1447-1454. [PMID: 32336231 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The (P)RR ([pro]renin receptor) was identified as a new component of the renin-angiotensin system. We previously reported that high salt (HS) intake increased the (P)RR expression in several nephron segments of Sprague-Dawley rats. Other studies reported HS intake increased the XO (xanthine oxidase) activity and an MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonist inhibited HS intake-increased (P)RR expression in the kidneys of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. The present study examined the effects of HS intake on (P)RR expression in the kidney of DS rats. Male DS rats were fed a normal salt diet or an HS diet for 4 weeks. Some of the rats fed on the HS diet were treated with the XO inhibitor, febuxostat, and the MR antagonist, spironolactone. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that HS intake increased (P)RR expression in the renal cortex by 22.6-fold, the proximal tubules by 4.9-fold and the distal tubules, respectively. Both febuxostat and spironolactone inhibited HS intake-increased (P)RR expression in the renal cortex. Febuxostat inhibited HS intake-increased (P)RR expression in the proximal tubules, whereas spironolactone inhibited HS intake-increased (P)RR expression in the distal tubules. Additionally, deoxycorticosterone acetate increased (P)RR expression in the renal cortex and distal tubules but not in the proximal tubules of DS rats fed the normal salt diet. These results indicate that HS intake greatly increases (P)RR expression in the renal cortex of DS rats. The mechanisms of HS intake-increased (P)RR expression may work in an XO-dependent manner in the proximal tubules and an MR-dependent manner in the distal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Yamakoshi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science (S.Y., O.I., R.R., T.N., M.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science (S.Y., O.I., R.R., T.N., M.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Division of General Medicine and Rehabilitation (O.I.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Rong Rong
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science (S.Y., O.I., R.R., T.N., M.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohsaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science (S.Y., O.I., R.R., T.N., M.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology (T.H., T.M.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science (K. Takahashi), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology (T.H., T.M.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Totsune
- Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan (K. Totsune)
| | - Masahiro Kohzuki
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science (S.Y., O.I., R.R., T.N., M.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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9
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Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was first identified as a single-transmembrane receptor in human kidneys and initially attracted attention owing to its potential role as a regulator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Subsequent studies found that the (P)RR is widely distributed in organs throughout the body, including the kidneys, heart, brain, eyes, placenta and the immune system, and has multifaceted functions in vivo. The (P)RR has roles in various physiological processes, such as the cell cycle, autophagy, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, embryonic development, T cell homeostasis, water balance, blood pressure regulation, cardiac remodelling and maintenance of podocyte structure. These roles of the (P)RR are mediated by its effects on important biological systems and pathways including the tissue RAS, vacuolar H+-ATPase, Wnt, partitioning defective homologue (Par) and tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, the (P)RR has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diabetic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity. Current evidence suggests that the (P)RR has key roles in the normal development and maintenance of vital organs and that dysfunction of the (P)RR is associated with diseases that are characterized by a disruption of the homeostasis of physiological functions.
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10
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(Pro)renin receptor contributes to renal mitochondria dysfunction, apoptosis and fibrosis in diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11667. [PMID: 31406124 PMCID: PMC6690878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that increased renal (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression in diabetes contributes to development of diabetic kidney disease. However, the exact mechanisms involving PRR activity and diabetic kidney dysfunction are unknown. We hypothesized that PRR is localized in renal mitochondria and contributes to renal fibrosis and apoptosis through oxidative stress-induced mitochondria dysfunction. Controls and streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were injected with scramble shRNA and PRR shRNA and followed for a period of eight weeks. At the end of study, diabetic mice showed increased expressions of PRR and NOX4 in both total kidney tissue and renal mitochondria fraction. In addition, renal mitochondria of diabetic mice showed reduced protein expression and activity of SOD2 and ATP production and increased UCP2 expression. In diabetic kidney, there was upregulation in the expressions of caspase3, phos-Foxo3a, phos-NF-κB, fibronectin, and collagen IV and reduced expressions of Sirt1 and total-FOXO3a. Renal immunostaining revealed increased deposition of PRR, collagen and fibronectin in diabetic kidney. In diabetic mice, PRR knockdown decreased urine albumin to creatinine ratio and the renal expressions of PRR, NOX4, UCP2, caspase3, phos-FOXO3a, phos-NF-κB, collagen, and fibronectin, while increased the renal mitochondria expression and activity of SOD2, ATP production, and the renal expressions of Sirt1 and total-FOXO3a. In conclusion, increased expression of PRR localized in renal mitochondria and diabetic kidney induced mitochondria dysfunction, and enhanced renal apoptosis and fibrosis in diabetes by upregulation of mitochondria NOX4/SOD2/UCP2 signaling pathway.
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11
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Leite APO, Aragão DS, Nogueira MD, Pereira RO, Jara ZP, Fiorino P, Casarini DE, Farah V. Modulation of renin angiotensin system components by high glucose levels in the culture of collecting duct cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22809-22818. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. O. Leite
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Renal, Cardiovascular e Fisiofarmacologia Metabólica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde e Biologia Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie São Paulo Brazil
| | - Danielle S. Aragão
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marie D. Nogueira
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Renata O. Pereira
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Renal, Cardiovascular e Fisiofarmacologia Metabólica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde e Biologia Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie São Paulo Brazil
| | - Zaira P. Jara
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Molecular Cardiology Lerner Research Institute—Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
| | - Patricia Fiorino
- Laboratório de Renal, Cardiovascular e Fisiofarmacologia Metabólica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde e Biologia Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dulce E. Casarini
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vera Farah
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Renal, Cardiovascular e Fisiofarmacologia Metabólica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde e Biologia Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie São Paulo Brazil
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12
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Ramkumar N, Kohan DE. The (pro)renin receptor: an emerging player in hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1041-1052. [PMID: 30819554 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in multiple organs. Binding of prorenin/renin to the PRR activates angiotensin II-dependent and angiotensin II-independent pathways. The PRR is also involved in autophagy and Wnt/ß catenin signaling, functions that are not contingent on prorenin binding. Emerging evidence suggests that the PRR plays an important role in blood pressure regulation and glucose and lipid metabolism. Herein, we review PRR function in health and disease, with particular emphasis on hypertension and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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13
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Avila-Ramírez M, Esteban-Martínez R, López-Moctezuma E, Anguiano-Robledo L, Hernández-Campos M, López-Sánchez P. (Pro)renin/renin receptor expression during normal and preeclamptic pregnancy in rats. Life Sci 2019; 216:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Peng H, Jensen DD, Li W, Sullivan MN, Buller SA, Worker CJ, Cooper SG, Zheng S, Earley S, Sigmund CD, Feng Y. Overexpression of the neuronal human (pro)renin receptor mediates angiotensin II-independent blood pressure regulation in the central nervous system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H580-H592. [PMID: 29350998 PMCID: PMC5899258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00310.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in antihypertensive therapeutics, at least 15-20% of hypertensive patients have resistant hypertension through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide a new mechanism for the regulation of blood pressure (BP) in the central nervous system (CNS) by the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a recently identified component of the renin-angiotensin system that mediates ANG II formation in the CNS. Although PRR also mediates ANG II-independent signaling, the importance of these pathways in BP regulation is unknown. Here, we developed a unique transgenic mouse model overexpressing human PRR (hPRR) specifically in neurons (Syn-hPRR). Intracerebroventricular infusion of human prorenin caused increased BP in Syn-hPRR mice. This BP response was attenuated by a NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor but not by antihypertensive agents that target the renin-angiotensin system. Using a brain-targeted genetic knockdown approach, we found that NOX4 was the key isoform responsible for the prorenin-induced elevation of BP in Syn-hPRR mice. Moreover, inhibition of ERK significantly attenuated the increase in NOX activity and BP induced by human prorenin. Collectively, our findings indicate that an ANG II-independent, PRR-mediated signaling pathway regulates BP in the CNS by a PRR-ERK-NOX4 mechanism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterizes a new transgenic mouse model with overexpression of the human (pro)renin receptor in neurons and demonstrated a novel angiotensin II-independent mechanism mediated by human prorenin and the (pro)renin receptor in the central regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Sciences and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei , China
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michelle N Sullivan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Sophie A Buller
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Caleb J Worker
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Silvana G Cooper
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Shiqi Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Scott Earley
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
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Zhang L, An XF, Ruan X, Huang DD, Zhou L, Xue H, Lu LM, He M. Inhibition of (pro)renin Receptor Contributes to Renoprotective Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade in Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:758. [PMID: 29056916 PMCID: PMC5635681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade elevates (pro)renin, which may bind to (pro)renin receptor (PRR) and exert receptor-mediated, angiotensin-independent profibrotic effects. We therefore investigated whether PRR activation leads to the limited anti-fibrotic effects of AT1R blockade on DN, and whether PRR inhibition might ameliorate progression of DN. Methods: To address the issue, the expression of RAS components was tested in different stages of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (6, 12, and 24 weeks) and 6-week AT1R blockade (losartan) treated diabetic rats. Using the blocker for PRR, the handle region peptide (HRP) of prorenin, the effects of PRR on high glucose or Ang II-induced proliferative and profibrotic actions were evaluated by measurement of cell proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in rat mesangial cells (MCs). Results: PRR was downregulated in the kidneys of different stages of diabetic rats (6, 12, and 24 weeks). Moreover, 6-week losartan treatment further suppressed PRR expression via upregulating AT2R, and ameliorated diabetic renal injury. HRP inhibited high glucose and Ang II-induced proliferative and profibrotic effects in MCs through suppressing TGF-β1 expression and activating MMP-2. Meanwhile, HRP enhanced losartan's anti-fibrotic effects through further inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and TGF-β1 expression. Moreover, the inhibitive effect of HRP on Ang II-induced TGF-β1 expression depended on the regulation of PRR expression by AT2R. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inhibition of PRR contributes to renoprotection against diabetic nephropathy by AT1R blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Fei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Prieto MC, Reverte V, Mamenko M, Kuczeriszka M, Veiras LC, Rosales CB, McLellan M, Gentile O, Jensen VB, Ichihara A, McDonough AA, Pochynyuk OM, Gonzalez AA. Collecting duct prorenin receptor knockout reduces renal function, increases sodium excretion, and mitigates renal responses in ANG II-induced hypertensive mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1243-F1253. [PMID: 28814438 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00152.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmented intratubular angiotensin (ANG) II is a key determinant of enhanced distal Na+ reabsorption via activation of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) and other transporters, which leads to the development of high blood pressure (BP). In ANG II-induced hypertension, there is increased expression of the prorenin receptor (PRR) in the collecting duct (CD), which has been implicated in the stimulation of the sodium transporters and resultant hypertension. The impact of PRR deletion along the nephron on BP regulation and Na+ handling remains controversial. In the present study, we investigate the role of PRR in the regulation of renal function and BP by using a mouse model with specific deletion of PRR in the CD (CDPRR-KO). At basal conditions, CDPRR-KO mice had decreased renal function and lower systolic BP associated with higher fractional Na+ excretion and lower ANG II levels in urine. After 14 days of ANG II infusion (400 ng·kg-1·min-1), the increases in systolic BP and diastolic BP were mitigated in CDPRR-KO mice. CDPRR-KO mice had lower abundance of cleaved αENaC and γENaC, as well as lower ANG II and renin content in urine compared with wild-type mice. In isolated CD from CDPRR-KO mice, patch-clamp studies demonstrated that ANG II-dependent stimulation of ENaC activity was reduced because of fewer active channels and lower open probability. These data indicate that CD PRR contributes to renal function and BP responses during chronic ANG II infusion by enhancing renin activity, increasing ANG II, and activating ENaC in the distal nephron segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Virginia Reverte
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mykola Mamenko
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas
| | - Marta Kuczeriszka
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Carla B Rosales
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew McLellan
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Oliver Gentile
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - V Behrana Jensen
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Medicine II, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | | | - Oleh M Pochynyuk
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Haque R, Iuvone PM, He L, Choi KSC, Ngo A, Gokhale S, Aseem M, Park D. The MicroRNA-21 signaling pathway is involved in prorenin receptor (PRR) -induced VEGF expression in ARPE-19 cells under a hyperglycemic condition. Mol Vis 2017; 23:251-262. [PMID: 28465657 PMCID: PMC5398881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved in a large number of biological functions and diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. MiR-21 has been reported to target Sprouty homolog 1 (SPRY1), SMAD7, and PTEN. In this study, we examined the underlying role of miR-21 in the regulation of prorenin receptor (PRR)-mediated induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression via targeting SMAD7, SPRY1, and PTEN in a hyperglycemic condition. METHODS PRR-mediated induction of VEGF under a hyperglycemic condition (high glucose, 33mM) was studied by treating ARPE-19 cells with perindopril (10 µmol/l), which inhibits angiotensin II-mediated signaling. ARPE-19 cells exposed to normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mM) were considered as the control. To examine the role of miR-21 in the regulation of SPRY1, SMAD7, PTEN, and VEGF, ARPE-19 cells cultured in NG or high glucose were transfected with scramble negative control (Scr), a miR-21 mimic, or a miR-21 antagomir. To investigate the role of PRR and the small GTP-binding protein RAC1 in the regulation of miR-21, the expression of PRR and RAC1 was silenced by transfecting ARPE-19 cells with their corresponding siRNAs. RESULTS Compared with the NG control, high glucose significantly induced the expression of PRR, VEGF, VEGFR2, and miR-21 but significantly suppressed the expression of SPRY1, SMAD7, and PTEN at the transcript and protein levels. In contrast, silencing the expression of PRR significantly abolished the high glucose-induced expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, and miR-21. Knockdown of RAC1 significantly attenuated the high glucose-induced expression of LOX, CTGF, and miR-21, suggesting that PRR and RAC1 are involved in the CTGF/LOX-mediated regulation of miR-21. Furthermore, high glucose dramatically increased the levels of pERK (p44), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), and VEGF. However, this effect was antagonized by the miR-21 antagomir, indicative of the involvement of high glucose-induced miR-21 in the regulation of VEGF through ERK signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, for the first time, showed that the pleiotropic action of miR-21 induced the expression of pERK, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the high glucose condition by simultaneously targeting SPRY1, SMAD7, and PTEN in ARPE-19 cells. Therefore, miR-21 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes-induced retinal pathology.
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18
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Kökény G, Fang L, Révész C, Mózes M, Vörös P, Szénási G, Rosivall L. The Effect of Combined Treatment with the (Pro)Renin Receptor Blocker HRP and Quinapril in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:109-122. [DOI: 10.1159/000471915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Li Z, Zhou L, Wang Y, Miao J, Hong X, Hou FF, Liu Y. (Pro)renin Receptor Is an Amplifier of Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling in Kidney Injury and Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2393-2408. [PMID: 28270411 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016070811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a transmembrane protein with multiple functions. However, its regulation and role in the pathogenesis of CKD remain poorly defined. Here, we report that PRR is a downstream target and an essential component of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In mouse models, induction of CKD by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), adriamycin, or angiotensin II infusion upregulated PRR expression in kidney tubular epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining of kidney biopsy specimens also revealed induction of renal PRR in human CKD. Overexpression of either Wnt1 or β-catenin induced PRR mRNA and protein expression in vitro Notably, forced expression of PRR potentiated Wnt1-mediated β-catenin activation and augmented the expression of downstream targets such as fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Conversely, knockdown of PRR by siRNA abolished β-catenin activation. PRR potentiation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling did not require renin, but required vacuolar H+ ATPase activity. In the mouse model of IRI, transfection with PRR or Wnt1 expression vectors promoted β-catenin activation, aggravated kidney dysfunction, and worsened renal inflammation and fibrotic lesions. Coexpression of PRR and Wnt1 had a synergistic effect. In contrast, knockdown of PRR expression ameliorated kidney injury and fibrosis after IRI. These results indicate that PRR is both a downstream target and a crucial element in Wnt signal transmission. We conclude that PRR can promote kidney injury and fibrosis by amplifying Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yongping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Xue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and .,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Williamson CR, Khurana S, Nguyen P, Byrne CJ, Tai TC. Comparative Analysis of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)-Related Gene Expression Between Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2017; 23:20-24. [PMID: 28138124 PMCID: PMC5297324 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is physiologically important for blood pressure regulation. Altered regulation of RAS-related genes has been observed in an animal model of hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive rats - SHRs). The current understanding of certain RAS-related gene expression differences between Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs is either limited or has not been compared. The purpose of this study was to compare the regulation of key RAS-related genes in the kidneys of adult WKYs and SHRs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Coronal sections were dissected through the hilus of kidneys from 16-week-old male WKYs and SHRs. RT-PCR analysis was performed for Ace, Ace2, Agt, Agtr1a, Agtr1b, Agtr2, Atp6ap2 (PRR), Mas1, Ren, Rnls, and Slc12a3 (NCC). RESULTS Increased mRNA expression was observed for Ace, Ace2, Agt, Agtr1a, Agtr1b, and Atp6ap2 in SHRs compared to WKYs. Mas1, Ren, Slc12a3, and Rnls showed no difference in expression between animal types. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the upregulation of several key RAS-related genes in the kidney may account for the increased blood pressure of adult SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Collin J Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T C Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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21
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Amari Y, Morimoto S, Nakajima F, Ando T, Ichihara A. Serum Soluble (Pro)Renin Receptor Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158068. [PMID: 27367528 PMCID: PMC4930198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is cleaved by furin to generate soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR], which reflects the status of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. Hemodialysis patients have advanced atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between serum s(P)RR levels and background factors, including indices of atherosclerosis, in hemodialysis patients. Serum s(P)RR levels were measured in hemodialysis patients and clearance of s(P)RR through the membrane of the dialyzer was examined. Furthermore, relationships between serum s(P)RR levels and background factors were assessed. Serum s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in hemodialysis patients (30.4 ± 6.1 ng/ml, n = 258) than those in subjects with normal renal function (21.4 ± 6.2 ng/ml, n = 39, P < 0.0001). Clearance of s(P)RR and creatinine were 56.9 ± 33.5 and 147.6 ± 9.50 ml/min, respectively. Serum s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in those with ankle-brachial index (ABI) of < 0.9, an indicator of severe atherosclerosis, than those with ABI of ≥ 0.9 (32.2 ± 5.9 and 30.1 ± 6.2 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.05). An association between low ABI and high serum s(P)RR levels was observed even after correction for age, history of smoking, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Serum s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in hemodialysis patients when compared with subjects with normal renal function, although s(P)RR is dialyzed to some extent, but to a lesser extent than creatinine. High serum s(P)RR levels may be associated with atherosclerosis independent of other risk factors, suggesting that serum s(P)RR could be used as a marker for atherosclerotic conditions in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Amari
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Moriguchi Keijinkai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumitaka Nakajima
- Department of Nephrology, Moriguchi Keijinkai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ando
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohashi N, Isobe S, Ishigaki S, Suzuki T, Iwakura T, Ono M, Fujikura T, Tsuji T, Otsuka A, Ishii Y, Furuse H, Kato A, Ozono S, Yasuda H. Plasma Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor Reflects Renal Damage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156165. [PMID: 27228084 PMCID: PMC4881895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background (Pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a specific receptor for renin and prorenin, was identified as a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (P)RR is cleaved by furin, and soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR] is secreted into the extracellular space. Previous reports have indicated that plasma s(P)RR levels show a significant positive relationship with urinary protein levels, which represent renal damage. However, it is not fully known whether plasma s(P)RR reflects renal damage. Methods We recruited 25 patients who were admitted to our hospital to undergo heminephrectomy. Plasma s(P)RR levels were examined from blood samples drawn before nephrectomy. The extent of renal damage was evaluated by the levels of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of intrarenal (P)RR and cell surface markers (cluster of differentiation [CD]3, CD19, and CD68) was performed on samples taken from the removed kidney. Moreover, double staining of (P)RR and cell surface markers was also performed. Results There were significant positive relationships between plasma s(P)RR and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in all the patients and those not receiving RAS blocker therapy. Significant positive relationships were found between plasma s(P)RR levels and the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis after adjustment for age, sex, body weight, blood pressure, and plasma angiotensin II, in all the patients and those not receiving RAS blockers. Moreover, (P)RR expression was elevated in infiltrated mononuclear cells but not connecting tubules or collecting ducts and vessels. Infiltrated cells positive for (P)RR consisted of CD3 and CD68 but not CD19. Conclusions These data suggest that plasma s(P)RR levels may reflect (P)RR expression levels in infiltrated mononuclear cells, which can be a surrogate marker of renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naro Ohashi
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinsuke Isobe
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ishigaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Takahisa Suzuki
- Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Takamasa Iwakura
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ono
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujikura
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsuji
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ishii
- Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furuse
- Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kato
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ozono
- Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431–3192, Japan
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Li W, Liu J, Hammond SL, Tjalkens RB, Saifudeen Z, Feng Y. Angiotensin II regulates brain (pro)renin receptor expression through activation of cAMP response element-binding protein. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R138-47. [PMID: 25994957 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00319.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We reported that brain (pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression levels are elevated in DOCA-salt-induced hypertension; however, the underlying mechanism remained unknown. To address whether ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling is involved in this regulation, we implanted a DOCA pellet and supplied 0.9% saline as the drinking solution to C57BL/6J mice. Sham pellet-implanted mice that were provided regular drinking water served as controls. Concurrently, mice were intracerebroventricularly infused with the AT1R blocker losartan, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 3 wk. Intracerebroventricular infusion of losartan or captopril attenuated DOCA-salt-induced PRR mRNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, suggesting a role for ANG II/AT1R signaling in regulating PRR expression during DOCA-salt hypertension. To test which ANG II/AT1R downstream transcription factors were involved in PRR regulation, we treated Neuro-2A cells with ANG II with or without CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) or AP-1 (activator protein-1) inhibitors, or CREB siRNA. CREB and AP-1 inhibitors, as well as CREB knockdown abolished ANG II-induced increases in PRR levels. ANG II also induced PRR upregulation in primary cultured neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ANG II treatment increased CREB binding to the endogenous PRR promoter in both cultured neurons and hypothalamic tissues of DOCA-salt hypertensive mice. This increase in CREB activity was reversed by AT1R blockade. Collectively, these findings indicate that ANG II acts via AT1R to upregulate PRR expression both in cultured cells and in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice by increasing CREB binding to the PRR promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jiao Liu
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sean L Hammond
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yumei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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25
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Haque R, Hur EH, Farrell AN, Iuvone PM, Howell JC. MicroRNA-152 represses VEGF and TGFβ1 expressions through post-transcriptional inhibition of (Pro)renin receptor in human retinal endothelial cells. Mol Vis 2015; 21:224-35. [PMID: 25802486 PMCID: PMC4358229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays an important role in the physiologic and pathophysiological regulation of blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The RAS including the PRR has been identified in retinal endothelial cells and other ocular tissues. In this study, the potential involvement of miRNAs in the posttranscriptional regulation of PRR was investigated in human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) under high glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS miRNA-152 (miR-152) was identified in silico as a potential regulator of PRR, and this was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and PRR 3'-untranslated region (UTR) reporter assays. Using RNA interference, both AT1R and PRR were implicated in the HG-mediated induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). RESULTS The downregulation of miR-152 was observed in hRECs and rat retinal tissues under HG conditions. In parallel, PRR (target of miR-152), VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 at mRNA levels were elevated. However, the transfection of hRECs with miR-152 mimics in HG conditions resulted in the suppression of the PRR expression, as well as reduced VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 production. This was reversed by transfecting cells with the antisense (antagomir) of miR-152, suggesting the glucose-induced upregulation of VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 is mediated through PRR, and this regulation is likely achieved through the HG-mediated modulation of miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that miR-152 interacting with PRR regulates downstream VEGF, VRGFR-2, and TGFβ1 expressions in hRECs in HG conditions. These studies suggest miR-152 and PRR may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
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Rong R, Ito O, Mori N, Muroya Y, Tamura Y, Mori T, Ito S, Takahashi K, Totsune K, Kohzuki M. Expression of (pro)renin receptor and its upregulation by high salt intake in the rat nephron. Peptides 2015; 63:156-62. [PMID: 25555681 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A functional receptor for renin and prorenin ((P)RR) was identified as a new component of the renin-angiotensin system. The precise localization of (P)RR in the kidney has not been clarified. The present study was designed to determine the localization of (P)RR in the rat nephron and to investigate the regulation of renal (P)RR expression by high salt (HS) intake. (P)RR mRNA levels in the kidney sections and isolated nephron segments were examined using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and (P)RR protein levels were examined by immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses. Renal (P)RR mRNA and protein levels in rats fed a HS diet for 4 weeks were also compared with those fed a normal salt diet. (P)RR mRNA was expressed in various nephron segments of the cortex and medulla; glomeruli (Glm), proximal tubules (PT), thick ascending limbs (TAL) and collecting ducts (CD). (P)RR protein was highly expressed in the PT, medullary TAL (MTAL) and inner medullary CD (IMCD), and lowly in the preglomerular arterioles (Art) and Glm. HS intake increased (P)RR protein levels in the Glm, PT and tubules of medullary rays. These results indicated that (P)RR is expressed throughout various nephron segments and Art, and that (P)RR protein is expressed predominantly in the PT, MTAL and IMCD. HS intake appears to upregulate the (P)RR expression in the Glm, PT and tubules of medullary rays, suggesting that (P)RR may be involved in the regulation of renal function and HS-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Mori
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Muroya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuma Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Totsune
- Department of Social Welfare, Tohoku Fukushi University, 1-8-1 Kunimi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8522, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-chyo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Wang S, Li B, Li C, Cui W, Miao L. Potential Renoprotective Agents through Inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:962383. [PMID: 26421309 PMCID: PMC4572424 DOI: 10.1155/2015/962383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development and progression of DN might involve multiple factors. Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, originally known as CTGF) is the one which plays a pivotal role. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to CCN2 as a potential therapeutic target for DN. Up to date, there are also many drugs or agents which have been shown for their protective effects against DN via different mechanisms. In this review, we only focus on the potential renoprotective therapeutic agents which can specifically abolish CCN2 expression or nonspecifically inhibit CCN2 expression for retarding the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- Department of Nephrology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Department of Urology, The 2nd Hospital of Changchun, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Lining Miao:
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28
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Lee DY, Kim HS, Won KJ, Lee KP, Jung SH, Park ES, Choi WS, Lee HM, Kim B. DJ-1 regulates the expression of renal (pro)renin receptor via reactive oxygen species-mediated epigenetic modification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:426-34. [PMID: 25463323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 protein plays multifunctional roles including transcriptional regulation and scavenging oxidative stress; thus, it may be associated with the development of renal disorders. We investigated whether DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of renin-angiotensin system. METHODS The levels of mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. H2O2 production was tested by using fluorescence probe. Histone modification was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The expression of PRR was significantly higher in the kidney from DJ-1 knockout mice (DJ-1-/-) compared with wild-type mice (DJ-1+/+). Histone deacetylase 1 recruitment at the PRR promoter was lower, and histone H3 acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment were higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+. Knockdown or inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 restored PRR expression in mesangial cells from DJ-1+/+. H2O2 production was greater in DJ-1-/- cells compared with DJ-1+/+ cells. These changes in PRR expression and epigenetic modification in DJ-1-/- cells were induced by H2O2 treatment and reversed completely by addition of an antioxidant reagent. Prorenin-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was greater in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and this was inhibited by a PRR-inhibitory peptide, and by AT1 and AT2 receptor inhibitors. The expression of renal fibrotic genes was higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and decreased in PRR-knockdown DJ-1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of renal PRR through H2O2-mediated epigenetic modification. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that renal DJ-1 protein may be an important molecule in the acceleration of renal pathogenesis through PRR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youb Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Herbal Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yisireyili M, Saito S, Abudureyimu S, Adelibieke Y, Ng HY, Nishijima F, Takeshita K, Murohara T, Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate-induced activation of (pro)renin receptor promotes cell proliferation and tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109268. [PMID: 25343458 PMCID: PMC4208748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is activated in the kidney of CKD. The present study aimed to determine the role of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, in PRR activation in rat aorta and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We examined the expression of PRR and renin/prorenin in rat aorta using immunohistochemistry. Both CKD rats and IS-administrated rats showed elevated expression of PRR and renin/prorenin in aorta compared with normal rats. IS upregulated the expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, suppressed IS-induced expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. Knock down of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) with small interfering RNAs inhibited IS-induced expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. Knock down of PRR inhibited cell proliferation and tissue factor expression induced by not only prorenin but also IS in HASMCs. CONCLUSION IS stimulates aortic expression of PRR and renin/prorenin through OAT3-mediated uptake, production of reactive oxygen species, and activation of AhR and NF-κB p65 in vascular smooth muscle cells. IS-induced activation of PRR promotes cell proliferation and tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Indican/administration & dosage
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Onium Compounds/administration & dosage
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/biosynthesis
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimaiti Yisireyili
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shaniya Abudureyimu
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yelixiati Adelibieke
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Fukushima A, Kinugawa S, Takada S, Matsushima S, Sobirin MA, Ono T, Takahashi M, Suga T, Homma T, Masaki Y, Furihata T, Kadoguchi T, Yokota T, Okita K, Tsutsui H. (Pro)renin receptor in skeletal muscle is involved in the development of insulin resistance associated with postinfarct heart failure in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E503-14. [PMID: 25074986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00449.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that insulin resistance was induced by the impairment of insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle from heart failure (HF) via NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent oxidative stress. (Pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is involved in the activation of local renin-angiotensin system and subsequent oxidative stress. We thus examined whether (P)RR inhibitor, handle region peptide (HRP), could ameliorate insulin resistance in HF after myocardial infarction (MI) by improving oxidative stress and insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle. C57BL6J mice were divided into four groups: sham operated (Sham, n = 10), Sham treated with HRP (Sham+HRP, 0.1 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1), n = 10), MI operated (MI, n = 10), and MI treated with HRP (MI+HRP, 0.1 mg/kg/day, n = 10). After 4 wk, MI mice showed left ventricular dysfunction, which was not affected by HRP. (P)RR was upregulated in the skeletal muscle after MI (149% of sham, P < 0.05). The decrease in plasma glucose after insulin load was smaller in MI than in Sham (21 ± 2 vs. 44 ± 3%, P < 0.05), and was greater in MI+HRP (38 ± 2%, P < 0.05) than in MI. Insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of Akt and glucose transporter 4 translocation were decreased in the skeletal muscle from MI by 48 and 49% of Sham, both of which were ameliorated in MI+HRP. Superoxide production and NAD(P)H oxidase activities were increased in MI, which was inhibited in MI+HRP. HRP ameliorated insulin resistance associated with HF by improving insulin signaling via the inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase-induced superoxide production in the skeletal muscle. The (P)RR pathway is involved in the development of insulin resistance, at least in part, via the impairment of insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle from HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan;
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mochamad Ali Sobirin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Taisuke Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashige Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tsuneaki Homma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Masaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Graduate School of Program in Lifelong Learning Studies, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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31
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Liu FY, Liu XY, Zhang LJ, Cheng YP, Jiang YN. Binding of prorenin to (pro)renin receptor induces the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells via ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:99-108. [PMID: 24591529 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314525215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), it has been considered as a novel bioactive molecule of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The activation of PRR can elicit a series of angiotensin II (AngII)-independent effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of prorenin and PRR on the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle (HUASM) cells and explored the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. RESULTS The binding of prorenin to PRR can promote proliferation and upregulate the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulate the pro-apoptotic protein Bax independently of AngII in HUASM cells. In addition, the binding of prorenin to PRR can also increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) independently of AngII. The pretreatment of HUASM cells with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI decreased the production of ROS and also decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, pretreatment of HUASM cells with DPI and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 significantly attenuated the prorenin-induced proliferation and regulation of apoptosis factors. CONCLUSION Binding of prorenin to PRR can induce HUASM cell proliferation via the ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiao Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Li J Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yun P Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yi N Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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32
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Mahmud H, Candido WM, van Genne L, Vreeswijk-Baudoin I, Yu H, van de Sluis B, van Deursen J, van Gilst WH, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA. Cardiac function and architecture are maintained in a model of cardiorestricted overexpression of the prorenin-renin receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89929. [PMID: 24587131 PMCID: PMC3934958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin-renin receptor, (P)RR has been claimed to be a novel element of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The function of (P)RR has been widely studied in renal and vascular pathology but the cardio-specific function of (P)RR has not been studied in detail. We therefore generated a transgenic mouse (Tg) with cardio-restricted (P)RR overexpression driven by the alpha-MHC promotor. The mRNA expression of (P)RR was ∼170-fold higher (P<0.001) and protein expression ∼5-fold higher (P<0.001) in hearts of Tg mice as compared to non-transgenic (wild type, Wt) littermates. This level of overexpression was not associated with spontaneous cardiac morphological or functional abnormalities in Tg mice. To assess whether (P)RR could play a role in cardiac hypertrophy, we infused ISO for 28 days, but this caused an equal degree of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in Wt and Tg mice. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion injury was performed in Langendorff perfused isolated mouse hearts. We did not observe differences in parameters of cardiac function or damage between Wt and Tg mouse hearts under these conditions. Finally, we explored whether the hypoxia sensing response would be modulated by (P)RR using HeLa cells with and without (P)RR overexpression. We did not establish any effect of (P)RR on expression of genes associated with the hypoxic response. These results demonstrate that cardio-specific overexpression of (P)RR does not provoke phenotypical differences in the heart, and does not affect the hearts’ response to stress and injury. It is concluded that increased myocardial (P)RR expression is unlikely to have a major role in pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mahmud
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wellington Mardoqueu Candido
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda van Genne
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Vreeswijk-Baudoin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wiek H. van Gilst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman H. W. Silljé
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Li C, Siragy HM. High glucose induces podocyte injury via enhanced (pro)renin receptor-Wnt-β-catenin-snail signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89233. [PMID: 24533170 PMCID: PMC3923071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression is upregulated in diabetes. We hypothesized that PRR contributes to podocyte injury via activation of Wnt-β-catenin-snail signaling pathway. Mouse podocytes were cultured in normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) D-glucose for 3 days. Compared to normal glucose, high glucose significantly decreased mRNA and protein expressions of podocin and nephrin, and increased mRNA and protein expressions of PRR, Wnt3a, β-catenin, and snail, respectively. Confocal microscopy studies showed significant reduction in expression and reorganization of podocyte cytoskeleton protein, F-actin, in response to high glucose. Transwell functional permeability studies demonstrated significant increase in albumin flux through podocytes monolayer with high glucose. Cells treated with high glucose and PRR siRNA demonstrated significantly attenuated mRNA and protein expressions of PRR, Wnt3a, β-catenin, and snail; enhanced expressions of podocin mRNA and protein, improved expression and reorganization of F-actin, and reduced transwell albumin flux. We conclude that high glucose induces podocyte injury via PRR-Wnt-β-catenin-snail signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Helmy M. Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Kirsch S, Schrezenmeier E, Klare S, Zaade D, Seidel K, Schmitz J, Bernhard S, Lauer D, Slack M, Goldin-Lang P, Unger T, Zollmann FS, Funke-Kaiser H. The (pro)renin receptor mediates constitutive PLZF-independent pro-proliferative effects which are inhibited by bafilomycin but not genistein. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:795-808. [PMID: 24424509 PMCID: PMC3976126 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is crucial for cardio-renal pathophysiology. The distinct molecular mechanisms of this receptor are still incompletely understood. The (P)RR is able to interact with different signalling proteins such as promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and Wnt receptors. Moreover, domains of the (P)RR are essential for V-ATPase activity. V-ATPase- and Wnt-mediated effects imply constitutive, i.e., (pro)renin-independent functions of the (P)RR. Regarding ligand-dependent (P)RR signalling, the role of prorenin glycosylation is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of constitutive (P)RR activity to its cellular effects and the relevance of prorenin glycosylation on its ligand activity. We were able to demonstrate that high glucose induces (P)RR signal transduction whereas deglycosylation of prorenin abolishes its intrinsic activity in neuronal and epithelial cells. By using siRNA against (P)RR or PLZF as well as the PLZF translocation blocker genistein and the specific V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin, we were able to dissect three distinct sub-pathways downstream of the (P)RR. The V-ATPase function is ligand-independently associated with strong pro-proliferative effects whereas prorenin causes moderate proliferation in vitro. In contrast, PLZF per se [i.e., in the absence of (pro)renin] does not interfere with cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kirsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Klare
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Zaade
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schmitz
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Bernhard
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR)/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Goldin-Lang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank S Zollmann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Funke-Kaiser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Li W, Peng H, Mehaffey EP, Kimball CD, Grobe JL, van Gool JMG, Sullivan MN, Earley S, Danser AHJ, Ichihara A, Feng Y. Neuron-specific (pro)renin receptor knockout prevents the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 63:316-23. [PMID: 24246383 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR), which binds both renin and prorenin, is a newly discovered component of the renin-angiotensin system that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. The significance of brain PRRs in mediating local angiotensin II formation and regulating blood pressure remains unclear. The current study was performed to test the hypothesis that PRR-mediated, nonproteolytic activation of prorenin is the main source of angiotensin II in the brain. Thus, PRR knockout in the brain is expected to prevent angiotensin II formation and development of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension. A neuron-specific PRR (ATP6AP2) knockout mouse model was generated using the Cre-LoxP system. Physiological parameters were recorded by telemetry. PRR expression, detected by immunostaining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, was significantly decreased in the brains of knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. Intracerebroventricular infusion of mouse prorenin increased blood pressure and angiotensin II formation in wild-type mice. This hypertensive response was abolished in PRR-knockout mice in association with a reduction in angiotensin II levels. Deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt increased PRR expression and angiotensin II formation in the brains of wild-type mice, an effect that was attenuated in PRR-knockout mice. PRR knockout in neurons prevented the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension as well as activation of cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone. In conclusion, nonproteolytic activation of prorenin through binding to the PRR mediates angiotensin II formation in the brain. Neuron-specific PRR knockout prevents the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension, possibly through diminished angiotensin II formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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Huang J, Ledford KJ, Pitkin WB, Russo L, Najjar SM, Siragy HM. Targeted deletion of murine CEACAM 1 activates PI3K-Akt signaling and contributes to the expression of (Pro)renin receptor via CREB family and NF-κB transcription factors. Hypertension 2013; 62:317-23. [PMID: 23734002 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 regulates insulin sensitivity by promoting hepatic insulin clearance. Mice bearing a null mutation of Ceacam1 gene (Cc1(-/-)) develop impaired insulin clearance followed by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, in addition to visceral obesity and increased plasma fatty acids. Because insulin resistance is associated with increased blood pressure, we investigated whether they develop higher blood pressure with activated renal renin-angiotensin system and whether this is mediated, in part, by the upregulation of renal (pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression. Compared with age-matched wild-type littermates, Cc1(-/-) mice exhibited increased blood pressure with increased activation of renal renin-angiotensin systems and renal PRR expression. Cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostaining of phospho-PI3K p85α and phospho-Akt was enhanced in the kidney of Cc1(-/-) mice. In murine renal inner medullary collecting duct epithelial cells with lentiviral-mediated small hairpin RNA knockdown of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, PRR expression was upregulated and phosphorylation of PI3K (Tyr508), Akt (Ser473), NF-κB p65 (Ser276), cAMP response element-binding protein/activated transcription factor (ATF)-1 (Ser133), and ATF-2 (Thr71) was enhanced. Inhibiting PI3K with LY294002 or Akt with Akt inhibitor VIII attenuated PRR expression. In conclusion, global null deletion of Ceacam1 caused an increase in blood pressure with increased renin-angiotensin system activation together with upregulation of PRR via PI3K-Akt activation of cAMP response element-binding protein 1, ATF-1, ATF-2, and NF-κB p65 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 801409, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1409, USA
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Serum level of soluble (pro)renin receptor is modulated in chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 17:848-56. [PMID: 23564382 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prorenin, the precursor of renin, binds to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] and triggers intracellular signaling. The ligand binding sites of (P)RR are disconnected and are present in the soluble form of the receptor in serum. Given that the clinical significance of serum prorenin and soluble (P)RR in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear, we investigated the relationship between serum prorenin, soluble (P)RR, and various clinical parameters in patients with CKD. METHODS A total of 374 patients with CKD were enrolled. Serum samples were collected, and the levels of soluble (P)RR and prorenin were measured using ELISA kits. Serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), hemoglobin (Hb), soluble secreted α-Klotho, and the urine protein/Cr ratio were also measured. Similarly, clinical parameters were also evaluated using serum and urine sample collected after 1 year (n = 204). RESULTS Soluble (P)RR levels were positively associated with serum Cr (P < 0.0001, r = 0.263), BUN (P < 0.0001, r = 0.267), UA (P < 0.005, r = 0.168) levels, CKD stage (P < 0.0001, r = 0.311) and urine protein/Cr ratio (P < 0.01, r = 0.157), and inversely with estimated glomerular infiltration rate (eGFR) (P < 0.0001, r = -0.275) and Hb (P < 0.005, r = -0.156). Soluble (P)RR levels were inversely associated with α-Klotho levels (P < 0.001, r = -0.174) but did not correlate with prorenin levels. With respect to antihypertensive drugs, soluble (P)RR levels were significantly lower in patients treated with an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) than in those without ARB therapy (P < 0.005). Soluble (P)RR levels were significantly lower in CKD patients with diabetes mellitus or primary hypertension than in those without these conditions (P < 0.05). In contrast, serum levels of prorenin did not correlate with parameters related to renal function. Serum prorenin levels were significantly higher in CKD patients with diabetes mellitus than in nondiabetic patients (P < 0.05), but not in CKD patients with hypertension (P = 0.09). Finally, with respect to the relationship between basal soluble (P)RR levels and the progression rates of renal function, soluble (P)RR levels were positively associated with ΔCr (P < 0.05, r = 0.159) and inversely associated with ΔeGFR (P < 0.05, r = -0.148). CONCLUSION Serum levels of soluble (P)RR correlated with the stage of CKD. Our findings suggest that soluble (P)RR may be involved in renal injury and influence the progression of CKD.
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Sympathoexcitation associated with Renin-Angiotensin system in metabolic syndrome. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:406897. [PMID: 23476747 PMCID: PMC3586511 DOI: 10.1155/2013/406897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and RAS inhibitors are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS. Although RAS activation is important for the therapeutic target, underlying sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is critically involved and should not be neglected in the pathogenesis of hypertension with MetS. In fact, previous studies have suggested that SNS activation has the interaction with RAS activation and/or insulin resistance. As a novel aspect connecting the importance of SNS and RAS activation, we and other investigators have recently demonstrated that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) improve SNS activation in patients with MetS. In the animal studies, SNS activation is regulated by the AT1R-induced oxidative stress in the brain. We have also demonstrated that orally administered ARBs cause sympathoinhibition independent of the depressor effects in dietary-induced hypertensive rats. Interestingly, these benefits on SNS activation of ARBs in clinical and animal studies are not class effects of ARBs. In conclusion, SNS activation associated with RAS activation in the brain should be the target of the treatment, and ARBs could have the potential benefit on SNS activation in patients with MetS.
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Sevá Pessôa B, van der Lubbe N, Verdonk K, Roks AJM, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Key developments in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 9:26-36. [PMID: 23165302 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was initially thought to be fairly simple. However, this idea has been challenged following the development of RAAS blockers, including renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 angiotensin II (AT(1))-receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists. Consequently, new RAAS components and pathways that might contribute to the effectiveness of these drugs and/or their adverse effects have been identified. For example, an increase in renin levels during RAAS blockade might result in harmful effects via stimulation of the prorenin receptor (PRR), and prorenin-the inactive precursor of renin-might gain enzymatic activity on PRR binding. The increase in angiotensin II levels that occurs during AT(1)-receptor blockade might result in beneficial effects via stimulation of type 2 angiotensin II receptors. Moreover, angiotensin 1-7 levels increase during ACE inhibition and AT(1)-receptor blockade, resulting in Mas receptor activation and the induction of cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, including stimulation of tissue repair by stem cells. Finally, a role of angiotensin II in sodium and potassium handling in the distal nephron has been identified. This finding is likely to have important implications for understanding the effects of RAAS inhibition on whole body sodium and potassium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sevá Pessôa
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mahmud H, Silljé HHW, Cannon MV, van Gilst WH, de Boer RA. Regulation of the (pro)renin-renin receptor in cardiac remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:722-9. [PMID: 21722305 PMCID: PMC3822843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin-renin receptor [(P)RR] was discovered as an important novel component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The functional significance of (P)RR is widely studied in renal and vascular pathologies and has sparked interest for a potential role in cardiovascular disease. To investigate the role of (P)RR in cardiac pathophysiology, we aimed to assess (P)RR regulation in adverse cardiac remodelling of the failing heart. In particular, we evaluated the expression of (P)RR in different models of heart failure and across different species. Significantly increased levels of (P)RR mRNA were found in post-myocardial infarcted (MI) hearts of rats (1.6-fold, P < 0.05) and mice (5-fold, P < 0.01), as well as in transgenic rats with overexpression of the mouse renin gene (Ren2) (2.2-fold, P < 0.01). Moreover, we observed a strong increase of (P)RR expression in hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients (5.3-fold, P < 0.001). Because none of the tested commercially available antibodies appeared to detect endogenous (P)RR, a (P)RR-specific polyclonal antibody was generated to study (P)RR protein levels. (P)RR protein levels were significantly increased in the post-MI rat heart (1.4-fold, P < 0.05) as compared to controls. Most interestingly in DCM patients, a significant 8.7-fold (P < 0.05) increase was observed. Thus, protein expression paralleled gene expression. These results demonstrate that (P)RR expression is strongly up-regulated both in rodent models of heart failure and in the failing human heart, hinting to a potential role for (P)RR in cardiac pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mahmud
- University Medical Center Groningen, Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ichihara A. [The cutting-edge of medicine; (Pro) renin receptor and renal disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:2310-5. [PMID: 22973706 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jagadeesh G, Balakumar P, Stockbridge N. How well do aliskiren's purported mechanisms track its effects on cardiovascular and renal disorders? Cell Signal 2012; 24:1583-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abdellatif AA. The role of renin inhibition in treating the hypertensive patient with diabetes: a summary of preclinical and clinical evidence. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:251-63. [PMID: 22292880 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid hypertension and diabetes is common and associated with substantially greater cardiovascular and renal risk relative to hypertension alone. Tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) overactivity is a hallmark of diabetes and contributes to target organ damage. Treatment guidelines recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for reducing cardiorenal risk in patients with hypertension plus diabetes. However, these agents only partially prevent cardiovascular and renal morbidity/mortality. Further attempts to improve clinical outcomes have focused on the use of an ACE inhibitor plus an ARB, but this combination has not demonstrated a favorable risk-benefit profile. Direct renin inhibitors provide a more comprehensive blockade of the RAS compared with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and may be of particular benefit in counteracting tissue RAS overactivity. In this article, the role of the RAS in diabetic hypertension and the preclinical and clinical effects of direct renin inhibitor therapy on target organs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ali Abdellatif
- Kidney Hypertension Transplant Clinic, Clear Lake Specialties, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Li W, Peng H, Cao T, Sato R, McDaniels SJ, Kobori H, Navar LG, Feng Y. Brain-targeted (pro)renin receptor knockdown attenuates angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 59:1188-94. [PMID: 22526255 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.190108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor is a newly discovered member of the brain renin-angiotensin system. To investigate the role of brain (pro)renin receptor in hypertension, adeno-associated virus-mediated (pro)renin receptor short hairpin RNA was used to knockdown (pro)renin receptor expression in the brain of nontransgenic normotensive and human renin-angiotensinogen double-transgenic hypertensive mice. Blood pressure was monitored using implanted telemetric probes in conscious animals. Real-time PCR and immunostaining were performed to determine (pro)renin receptor, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and vasopressin mRNA levels. Plasma vasopressin levels were determined by ELISA. Double-transgenic mice exhibited higher blood pressure, elevated cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone, and impaired spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. Intracerebroventricular delivery of (pro)renin receptor short-hairpin RNA significantly reduced blood pressure, cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic tone, and improved baroreflex sensitivity compared with the control virus treatment in double-transgenic mice. (Pro)renin receptor knockdown significantly reduced angiotensin II type 1 receptor and vasopressin levels in double-transgenic mice. These data indicate that (pro)renin receptor knockdown in the brain attenuates angiotensin II-dependent hypertension and is associated with a decrease in sympathetic tone and an improvement of the baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, brain-targeted (pro)renin receptor knockdown is associated with downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and vasopressin levels. We conclude that central (pro)renin receptor contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension in human renin-angiotensinogen transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Li
- Department of Physiology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin [together denoted as (pro)renin]. Since tissue renin levels are usually somewhat higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. Several candidates have been evaluated in the past three decades, including a renin-binding protein, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and the (pro)renin receptor. Although the latter seemed the most promising, its nanomolar affinity for renin and prorenin is several orders of magnitude above their actual (picomolar) levels in blood, raising doubt on whether (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction will ever occur in vivo. A wide range of in vitro studies have now demonstrated (pro)renin-receptor-induced effects at nanomolar renin and prorenin concentrations, resulting in a profibrotic phenotype. In addition, beneficial in vivo effects of the putative (pro)renin receptor blocker HRP (handle region peptide) have been observed, particularly in diabetic animal models. Despite these encouraging results, many other studies have reported either no or even contrasting effects of HRP, and (pro)renin-receptor-knockout studies revealed lethal consequences that are (pro)renin-independent, most probably due to the fact that the (pro)renin receptor co-localizes with vacuolar H+-ATPase and possibly determines the stability of this vital enzyme. The present review summarizes all of the recent findings on the (pro)renin receptor and its blockade, and critically compares it with the other candidates that have been proposed to mediate (pro)renin uptake from blood. It ends with the conclusion that the (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction, if it occurs in vivo, is limited to (pro)renin-synthesizing organs such as the kidney.
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Vardeny O, Pouleur AC, Takeuchi M, Appelbaum E, Verma A, Prescott M, Smith B, Dahlof B, Solomon SD. Influence of diabetes on efficacy of aliskiren, losartan or both on left ventricular mass regression. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:265-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312437893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Vardeny
- University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Madison, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anil Verma
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Bjorn Dahlof
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Putnam K, Shoemaker R, Yiannikouris F, Cassis LA. The renin-angiotensin system: a target of and contributor to dyslipidemias, altered glucose homeostasis, and hypertension of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1219-30. [PMID: 22227126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00796.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension. Obesity has emerged as a primary contributor to essential hypertension in the United States and clusters with other metabolic disorders (hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol) defined within the metabolic syndrome. In addition to hypertension, RAS blockade may also serve as an effective treatment strategy to control impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and dyslipidemias in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or specific cholesterol metabolites have been demonstrated to activate components required for the synthesis [angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)], degradation (ACE2), or responsiveness (angiotensin II type 1 receptors, Mas receptors) to angiotensin peptides in cell types (e.g., pancreatic islet cells, adipocytes, macrophages) that mediate specific disorders of the metabolic syndrome. An activated local RAS in these cell types may contribute to dysregulated function by promoting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review will discuss data demonstrating the regulation of components of the RAS by cholesterol and its metabolites, glucose, and/or insulin in cell types implicated in disorders of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, we discuss data supporting a role for an activated local RAS in dyslipidemias and glucose intolerance/insulin resistance and the development of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Identification of an activated RAS as a common thread contributing to several disorders of the metabolic syndrome makes the use of angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors an intriguing and novel option for multisymptom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Putnam
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0200, USA
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Huang J, Siragy HM. Sodium depletion enhances renal expression of (pro)renin receptor via cyclic GMP-protein kinase G signaling pathway. Hypertension 2011; 59:317-23. [PMID: 22203739 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is expressed in renal vasculature, glomeruli, and tubules. The physiological regulation of this receptor is not well established. We hypothesized that sodium depletion increases PRR expression through cGMP- protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway. Renal PRR expressions were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats on normal sodium or low-sodium diet (LS) and in cultured rat proximal tubular cells and mouse renal inner medullary collecting duct cells exposed to LS concentration. LS augmented PRR expression in renal glomeruli, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. LS also increased cGMP production and PKG activity. In cells exposed to normal sodium, cGMP analog increased PKG activity and upregulated PRR expression. In cells exposed to LS, blockade of guanylyl cyclase with 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one decreased PKG activity and downregulated PRR expression. PKG inhibition decreased phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A activity; suppressed LS-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and nuclear factor-κB p65; and attenuated LS-mediated PRR upregulation. LS also enhanced DNA binding of cAMP response element binding protein 1 to cAMP response elements, nuclear factor-κB p65 to nuclear factor-κB elements, and c-Jun to activator protein 1 elements in PRR promoter in proximal tubular cells. We conclude that sodium depletion upregulates renal PRR expression via the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway by enhancing binding of cAMP response element binding protein 1, nuclear factor-κB p65, and c-Jun to PRR promotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1409, USA
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Pereira LG, Arnoni CP, Maquigussa E, Cristovam PC, Dreyfuss J, Boim MA. (Pro)renin receptor: another member of the system controlled by angiotensin II? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 13:1-10. [PMID: 21997900 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311423280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prorenin receptor [(P)RR] is upregulated in the diabetic kidney and has been implicated in the high glucose (HG)-induced overproduction of profibrotic molecules by mesangial cells (MCs), which is mediated by ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The regulation of (P)RR gene transcription and the mechanisms by which HG increases (P)RR gene expression are not fully understood. Because intracellular levels of angiotensin II (AngII) are increased in MCs stimulated with HG, we used this in vitro system to evaluate the possible role of AngII in (P)RR gene expression and function by comparing the effects of AT1 receptor blockers (losartan or candesartan) and (P)RR mRNA silencing (siRNA) in human MCs (HMCs) stimulated with HG. HG induced an increase in (P)RR and fibronectin expression and in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These effects were completely reversed by (P)RR siRNA and losartan but not by candesartan (an angiotensin receptor blocker that, in contrast to losartan, blocks AT1 receptor internalization). These results suggest that (P)RR gene activity may be controlled by intracellular AngII and that HG-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and fibronectin overproduction are primarily induced by (P)RR activation. This relationship between AngII and (P)RR may constitute an additional pathway of MC dysfunction in response to HG stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Siragy HM. Rationale for combining a direct renin inhibitor with other renin- angiotensin system blockers. Focus on aliskiren and combinations. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25:87-97. [PMID: 21213120 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-010-6278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system has been a highly successful therapeutic approach for the prevention of hypertension-related end organ damage. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers lower blood pressure and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease. However, progression to end-stage disease remains common in these patient populations. A compensatory increase in plasma renin activity occurs with the use of either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, thus causing increased levels of angiotensin II, which may limit the therapeutic effectiveness of these agents. The direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, suppresses the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting its first and rate-limiting step. This early inhibition reduces the production of all downstream components of the system. In this review, recent clinically relevant advances in the understanding of renin-angiotensin system biology are explored as a rationale for combining aliskiren with other blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. These combinations more fully inhibit the renin-angiotensin system, with the goal of providing additional therapeutic benefits in diseases associated with chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy M Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, 22908, USA.
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