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Carl CS, Jensen MM, Sjøberg KA, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Hill IR, Kjøbsted R, Greenhaff PL, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. Pharmacological Activation of PDC Flux Reverses Lipid-Induced Inhibition of Insulin Action in Muscle During Recovery From Exercise. Diabetes 2024; 73:1072-1083. [PMID: 38608261 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity. However, following exercise, high circulating fatty acid (FA) levels might counteract this. We hypothesized that such inhibition would be reduced by forcibly increasing carbohydrate oxidation through pharmacological activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was examined with a crossover design in healthy young men (n = 8) in a previously exercised and a rested leg during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp 5 h after one-legged exercise with 1) infusion of saline, 2) infusion of intralipid imitating circulating FA levels during recovery from whole-body exercise, and 3) infusion of intralipid + oral PDC activator, dichloroacetate (DCA). Intralipid infusion reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by 19% in the previously exercised leg, which was not observed in the contralateral rested leg. Interestingly, this effect of intralipid in the exercised leg was abolished by DCA, which increased muscle PDC activity (130%) and flux (acetylcarnitine 130%) and decreased inhibitory phosphorylation of PDC on Ser293 (∼40%) and Ser300 (∼80%). Novel insight is provided into the regulatory interaction between glucose and lipid metabolism during exercise recovery. Coupling exercise and PDC flux activation upregulated the capacity for both glucose transport (exercise) and oxidation (DCA), which seems necessary to fully stimulate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake during recovery. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Carl
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie M Jensen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu
- David Greenfield Human Physiology Laboratory, National Institute for Health and Care Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Ian R Hill
- David Greenfield Human Physiology Laboratory, National Institute for Health and Care Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- David Greenfield Human Physiology Laboratory, National Institute for Health and Care Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Voldstedlund CT, Sjøberg KA, Schlabs FL, Sigvardsen CM, Andersen NR, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kiens B, McConell GK, Richter EA. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity in men is amplified when assessed using a meal test. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1386-1398. [PMID: 38662135 PMCID: PMC11153309 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exercise has a profound effect on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. The euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) is the gold standard for assessment of insulin sensitivity but it does not reflect the hyperglycaemia that occurs after eating a meal. In previous EHC investigations, it has been shown that the interstitial glucose concentration in muscle is decreased to a larger extent in previously exercised muscle than in rested muscle. This suggests that previously exercised muscle may increase its glucose uptake more than rested muscle if glucose supply is increased by hyperglycaemia. Therefore, we hypothesised that the exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity would appear greater after eating a meal than previously observed with the EHC. METHODS Ten recreationally active men performed dynamic one-legged knee extensor exercise for 1 h. Following this, both femoral veins and one femoral artery were cannulated. Subsequently, 4 h after exercise, a solid meal followed by two liquid meals were ingested over 1 h and glucose uptake in the two legs was measured for 3 h. Muscle biopsies from both legs were obtained before the meal test and 90 min after the meal test was initiated. Data obtained in previous studies using the EHC (n=106 participants from 13 EHC studies) were used for comparison with the meal-test data obtained in this study. RESULTS Plasma glucose and insulin peaked 45 min after initiation of the meal test. Following the meal test, leg glucose uptake and glucose clearance increased twice as much in the exercised leg than in the rested leg; this difference is twice as big as that observed in previous investigations using EHCs. Glucose uptake in the rested leg plateaued after 15 min, alongside elevated muscle glucose 6-phosphate levels, suggestive of compromised muscle glucose metabolism. In contrast, glucose uptake in the exercised leg plateaued 45 min after initiation of the meal test and there were no signs of compromised glucose metabolism. Phosphorylation of the TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4; p-TBC1D4Ser704) and glycogen synthase activity were greater in the exercised leg compared with the rested leg. Muscle interstitial glucose concentration increased with ingestion of meals, although it was 16% lower in the exercised leg than in the rested leg. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hyperglycaemia after meal ingestion results in larger differences in muscle glucose uptake between rested and exercised muscle than previously observed during EHCs. These findings indicate that the ability of exercise to increase insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is even greater when evaluated with a meal test than has previously been shown with EHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Voldstedlund
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Farina L Schlabs
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper M Sigvardsen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicoline R Andersen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn K McConell
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Erik A Richter
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Flores-Opazo M, Kopinke D, Helmbacher F, Fernández-Verdejo R, Tuñón-Suárez M, Lynch GS, Contreras O. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors in physiological adipogenesis and intermuscular adipose tissue remodeling. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101277. [PMID: 38788527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a common pathological feature in various metabolic and health conditions and can cause muscle atrophy, reduced function, inflammation, insulin resistance, cardiovascular issues, and unhealthy aging. Although IMAT results from fat accumulation in muscle, the mechanisms underlying its onset, development, cellular components, and functions remain unclear. IMAT levels are influenced by several factors, such as changes in the tissue environment, muscle type and origin, extent and duration of trauma, and persistent activation of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are a diverse and transcriptionally heterogeneous population of stromal cells essential for tissue maintenance, neuromuscular stability, and tissue regeneration. However, in cases of chronic inflammation and pathological conditions, FAPs expand and differentiate into adipocytes, resulting in the development of abnormal and ectopic IMAT. This review discusses the role of FAPs in adipogenesis and how they remodel IMAT. It highlights evidence supporting FAPs and FAP-derived adipocytes as constituents of IMAT, emphasizing their significance in adipose tissue maintenance and development, as well as their involvement in metabolic disorders, chronic pathologies and diseases. We also investigated the intricate molecular pathways and cell interactions governing FAP behavior, adipogenesis, and IMAT accumulation in chronic diseases and muscle deconditioning. Finally, we hypothesize that impaired cellular metabolic flexibility in dysfunctional muscles impacts FAPs, leading to IMAT. A deeper understanding of the biology of IMAT accumulation and the mechanisms regulating FAP behavior and fate are essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies for several debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Mauro Tuñón-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Hellsten Y, Gliemann L. Peripheral limitations for performance: Muscle capillarization. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14442. [PMID: 37770233 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient delivery of oxygen and metabolic substrates, together with removal of waste products, are key elements of muscle performance. Capillaries are the primary site for this exchange in skeletal muscle and the degree of muscle capillarization affects diffusion conditions by influencing mean transit time, capillary surface area and diffusion distance. Muscle capillarization may thus represent a limiting factor for performance. Exercise training increases the number of capillaries per muscle fiber by about 10%-20% within a few weeks in untrained subjects, whereas capillary growth progresses more slowly in well-trained endurance athletes. Studies show that capillaries are tortuous, situated along and across the length of the fibers with an arrangement related to muscle fascicles. Although direct data is lacking, it is possible that years of training not only enhances capillary density but also optimizes the positioning of capillaries, to further improve the diffusion conditions. Muscle capillarization has been shown to increase oxygen extraction during exercise in humans, but direct evidence for a causal link between increased muscle capillarization and performance is scarce. This review covers current knowledge on the implications of muscle capillarization for oxygen and glucose uptake as well as performance. A brief overview of the process of capillary growth and of physical factors, inherent to exercise, which promote angiogenesis, provides the foundation for a discussion on how different training modalities may influence muscle capillary growth. Finally, we identify three areas for future research on the role of capillarization for exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hellsten
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yu B, Wang D, Zhou J, Huang R, Cai T, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Ma J. Diabetes Pharmacotherapy and its effects on the Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1470-1480. [PMID: 38549524 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575299439240216081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The disorders of skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), such as mitochondrial defection and glucose transporters (GLUTs) translocation dysfunctions, are not uncommon. Therefore, when anti-diabetic drugs were used in various chronic diseases associated with hyperglycemia, the impact on skeletal muscle should not be ignored. However, current studies mainly focus on muscle mass rather than metabolism or functions. Anti-diabetic drugs might have a harmful or beneficial impact on skeletal muscle. In this review, we summarize the upto- date studies on the effects of anti-diabetic drugs and some natural compounds on skeletal muscle metabolism, focusing primarily on emerging data from pre-clinical to clinical studies. Given the extensive use of anti-diabetic drugs and the common sarcopenia, a better understanding of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle deserves attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Department of Cadre Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mooshage CM, Tsilingiris D, Schimpfle L, Kender Z, Aziz-Safaie T, Hohmann A, Szendroedi J, Nawroth P, Sturm V, Heiland S, Bendszus M, Kopf S, Kurz FT, Jende JME. Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Reduced Capillary Permeability of Thigh Muscles in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e137-e144. [PMID: 37579325 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-mediated microvascular permeability and blood flow of skeletal muscle appears to be altered in the condition of insulin resistance. Previous studies on this effect used invasive procedures in humans or animals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a noninvasive assessment of human muscle microcirculation via dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS A total of 56 participants (46 with T2D, 10 healthy controls [HC]) underwent DCE-MRI of the right thigh at 3 Tesla. The constant of the musculature's microvascular permeability (Ktrans), extravascular extracellular volume fraction (ve), and plasma volume fraction (vp) were calculated. RESULTS In T2D patients, skeletal muscle Ktrans was lower (HC 0.0677 ± 0.002 min-1, T2D 0.0664 ± 0.002 min-1; P = 0.042) while the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index was higher in patients with T2D compared to HC (HC 2.72 ± 2.2, T2D 6.11 ± 6.2; P = .011). In T2D, Ktrans correlated negatively with insulin (r = -0.39, P = .018) and HOMA index (r = -0.38, P = .020). CONCLUSION The results signify that skeletal muscle DCE-MRI can be employed as a noninvasive technique for the assessment of muscle microcirculation in T2D. Our findings suggest that microvascular permeability of skeletal muscle is lowered in patients with T2D and that a decrease in microvascular permeability is associated with insulin resistance. These results are of interest with regard to the impact of muscle perfusion on diabetic complications such as diabetic sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M Mooshage
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schimpfle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kender
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Taraneh Aziz-Safaie
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Hohmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felix T Kurz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann M E Jende
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Moreno-Cabañas A, Gonzalez JT. Role of prior feeding status in mediating the effects of exercise on blood glucose kinetics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C823-C832. [PMID: 37642241 PMCID: PMC10635662 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00271.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in blood glucose concentrations are underpinned by blood glucose kinetics (endogenous and exogenous glucose appearance rates and glucose disappearance rates). Exercise potently alters blood glucose kinetics and can thereby be used as a tool to control blood glucose concentration. However, most studies of exercise-induced changes in glucose kinetics are conducted in a fasted state, and therefore less is known about the effects of exercise on glucose kinetics when exercise is conducted in a postprandial state. Emerging evidence suggests that food intake prior to exercise can increase postprandial blood glucose flux compared with when meals are consumed after exercise, whereby both glucose appearance rates and disappearance rates are increased. The mechanisms underlying the mediating effect of exercise conducted in the fed versus the fasted state are yet to be fully elucidated. Current evidence demonstrates that exercise in the postprandial state increased glucose appearance rates due to both increased exogenous and endogenous appearance and may be due to changes in splanchnic blood flow, intestinal permeability, and/or hepatic glucose extraction. On the other hand, increased glucose disappearance rates after exercise in the fed state have been shown to be associated with increased intramuscular AMPK signaling via a mismatch between carbohydrate utilization and delivery. Due to differences in blood glucose kinetics and other physiological differences, studies conducted in the fasted state cannot be immediately translated to the fed state. Therefore, conducting studies in the fed state could improve the external validity of data pertaining to glucose kinetics and intramuscular signaling in response to nutrition and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Smith JAB, Murach KA, Dyar KA, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:607-632. [PMID: 37225892 PMCID: PMC10527431 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viewing metabolism through the lens of exercise biology has proven an accessible and practical strategy to gain new insights into local and systemic metabolic regulation. Recent methodological developments have advanced understanding of the central role of skeletal muscle in many exercise-associated health benefits and have uncovered the molecular underpinnings driving adaptive responses to training regimens. In this Review, we provide a contemporary view of the metabolic flexibility and functional plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. First, we provide background on the macrostructure and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibres, highlighting the current understanding of sarcomeric networks and mitochondrial subpopulations. Next, we discuss acute exercise skeletal muscle metabolism and the signalling, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of adaptations to exercise training. We address knowledge gaps throughout and propose future directions for the field. This Review contextualizes recent research of skeletal muscle exercise metabolism, framing further advances and translation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Hingst JR, Onslev JD, Holm S, Kjøbsted R, Frøsig C, Kido K, Steenberg DE, Larsen MR, Kristensen JM, Carl CS, Sjøberg K, Thong FSL, Derave W, Pehmøller C, Brandt N, McConell G, Jensen J, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. Insulin Sensitization Following a Single Exercise Bout Is Uncoupled to Glycogen in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Meta-analysis of 13 Single-Center Human Studies. Diabetes 2022; 71:2237-2250. [PMID: 36265014 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise profoundly influences glycemic control by enhancing muscle insulin sensitivity, thus promoting glucometabolic health. While prior glycogen breakdown so far has been deemed integral for muscle insulin sensitivity to be potentiated by exercise, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain enigmatic. We have combined original data from 13 of our studies that investigated insulin action in skeletal muscle either under rested conditions or following a bout of one-legged knee extensor exercise in healthy young male individuals (n = 106). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was potentiated and occurred substantially faster in the prior contracted muscles. In this otherwise homogenous group of individuals, a remarkable biological diversity in the glucometabolic responses to insulin is apparent both in skeletal muscle and at the whole-body level. In contrast to the prevailing concept, our analyses reveal that insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake and the potentiation thereof by exercise are not associated with muscle glycogen synthase activity, muscle glycogen content, or degree of glycogen utilization during the preceding exercise bout. Our data further suggest that the phenomenon of improved insulin sensitivity in prior contracted muscle is not regulated in a homeostatic feedback manner from glycogen. Instead, we put forward the idea that this phenomenon is regulated by cellular allostatic mechanisms that elevate the muscle glycogen storage set point and enhance insulin sensitivity to promote the uptake of glucose toward faster glycogen resynthesis without development of glucose overload/toxicity or feedback inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne R Hingst
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan D Onslev
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Holm
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Frøsig
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kohei Kido
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte E Steenberg
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus R Larsen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Strini Carl
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Sjøberg
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Farah S L Thong
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim Derave
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Pehmøller
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Brandt
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn McConell
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Kiens
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Draicchio F, Behrends V, Tillin NA, Hurren NM, Sylow L, Mackenzie R. Involvement of the extracellular matrix and integrin signalling proteins in skeletal muscle glucose uptake. J Physiol 2022; 600:4393-4408. [PMID: 36054466 PMCID: PMC9826115 DOI: 10.1113/jp283039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-body euglycaemia is partly maintained by two cellular processes that encourage glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, the insulin- and contraction-stimulated pathways, with research suggesting convergence between these two processes. The normal structural integrity of the skeletal muscle requires an intact actin cytoskeleton as well as integrin-associated proteins, and thus those structures are likely fundamental for effective glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In contrast, excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and integrin expression in skeletal muscle may contribute to insulin resistance owing to an increased physical barrier causing reduced nutrient and hormonal flux. This review explores the role of the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton in insulin- and contraction-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This is a clinically important area of research given that defects in the structural integrity of the ECM and integrin-associated proteins may contribute to loss of muscle function and decreased glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Draicchio
- School of Life and Health SciencesWhitelands CollegeUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Volker Behrends
- School of Life and Health SciencesWhitelands CollegeUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Neale A. Tillin
- School of Life and Health SciencesWhitelands CollegeUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Nicholas M. Hurren
- School of Life and Health SciencesWhitelands CollegeUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Metabolism in Cancer & Ageing Research GroupDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Richard Mackenzie
- School of Life and Health SciencesWhitelands CollegeUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
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11
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Livingstone R, Bryant NJ, Boyle JG, Petrie JR, Gould G. Diabetes is accompanied by changes in the levels of proteins involved in endosomal
GLUT4
trafficking in obese human skeletal muscle. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 5:e361. [PMID: 35964329 PMCID: PMC9471587 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The regulated delivery of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane underpins insulin‐stimulated glucose transport. Insulin‐stimulated glucose transport is impaired in skeletal muscle of patients with type‐2 diabetes, and this may arise because of impaired intracellular trafficking of GLUT4. However, molecular details of any such impairment have not been described. We hypothesized that GLUT4 and/or levels of proteins involved in intracellular GLUT4 trafficking may be impaired in skeletal muscle in type‐2 diabetes and tested this in obese individuals without and without type‐2 diabetes. Methods We recruited 12 participants with type‐2 diabetes and 12 control participants. All were overweight or obese with BMI of 25–45 kg/m2. Insulin sensitivity was measured using an insulin suppression test (IST), and vastus lateralis biopsies were taken in the fasted state. Cell extracts were immunoblotted to quantify levels of a range of proteins known to be involved in intracellular GLUT4 trafficking. Results Obese participants with type‐2 diabetes exhibited elevated fasting blood glucose and increased steady state glucose infusion rates in the IST compared with controls. Consistent with this, skeletal muscle from those with type‐2 diabetes expressed lower levels of GLUT4 (30%, p = .014). Levels of Syntaxin4, a key protein involved in GLUT4 vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane, were similar between groups. By contrast, we observed reductions in levels of Syntaxin16 (33.7%, p = 0.05), Sortilin (44%, p = .006) and Sorting Nexin‐1 (21.5%, p = .039) and −27 (60%, p = .001), key proteins involved in the intracellular sorting of GLUT4, in participants with type‐2 diabetes. Conclusions We report significant reductions of proteins involved in the endosomal trafficking of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle in obese people with type 2 diabetes compared with age‐ and weight‐matched controls. These abnormalities of intracellular GLUT4 trafficking may contribute to reduced whole body insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Livingstone
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | | | - John R. Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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12
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Stocks B, Zierath JR. Post-translational Modifications: The Signals at the Intersection of Exercise, Glucose Uptake, and Insulin Sensitivity. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:654-677. [PMID: 34730177 PMCID: PMC9277643 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global epidemic, of which type 2 diabetes makes up the majority of cases. Nonetheless, for some individuals, type 2 diabetes is eminently preventable and treatable via lifestyle interventions. Glucose uptake into skeletal muscle increases during and in recovery from exercise, with exercise effective at controlling glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, acute and chronic exercise sensitizes skeletal muscle to insulin. A complex network of signals converge and interact to regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in response to exercise. Numerous forms of post-translational modifications (eg, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, ribosylation, and more) are regulated by exercise. Here we review the current state of the art of the role of post-translational modifications in transducing exercise-induced signals to modulate glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity within skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we consider emerging evidence for noncanonical signaling in the control of glucose homeostasis and the potential for regulation by exercise. While exercise is clearly an effective intervention to reduce glycemia and improve insulin sensitivity, the insulin- and exercise-sensitive signaling networks orchestrating this biology are not fully clarified. Elucidation of the complex proteome-wide interactions between post-translational modifications and the associated functional implications will identify mechanisms by which exercise regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. In doing so, this knowledge should illuminate novel therapeutic targets to enhance insulin sensitivity for the clinical management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Wasserman DH. Insulin, Muscle Glucose Uptake, and Hexokinase: Revisiting the Road Not Taken. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:115-127. [PMID: 34779282 PMCID: PMC8977147 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted over the last 50 yr has provided insight into the mechanisms by which insulin stimulates glucose transport across the skeletal muscle cell membrane Transport alone, however, does not result in net glucose uptake as free glucose equilibrates across the cell membrane and is not metabolized. Glucose uptake requires that glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinases. Phosphorylated glucose cannot leave the cell and is the substrate for metabolism. It is indisputable that glucose phosphorylation is essential for glucose uptake. Major advances have been made in defining the regulation of the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle. By contrast, the insulin-regulated hexokinase (hexokinase II) parallels Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken." Here the case is made that an understanding of glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase II is necessary to define the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake in health and insulin resistance. Results of studies from different physiological disciplines that have elegantly described how hexokinase II can be regulated are summarized to provide a framework for potential application to skeletal muscle. Mechanisms by which hexokinase II is regulated in skeletal muscle await rigorous examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Angleys H, Østergaard L. Modeling the measurement bias in interstitial glucose concentrations derived from microdialysis in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15252. [PMID: 35439357 PMCID: PMC9017984 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue utilizes glucose as a fuel during exercise and stores glucose in form of glycogen during rest. The associated glucose transport includes delivery of glucose from blood plasma into the interstitial space and subsequent, GLUT-4 facilitated diffusion into muscle cells. The extent to which the vascular endothelium acts as a barrier to glucose transport, however, remains debated. While accurate measurements of interstitial glucose concentration (IGC) are key to resolve this debate, these are also challenging as removal of interstitial fluid may perturb glucose transport and therefore bias IGC measurements. We developed a three-compartment model to infer IGC in skeletal muscle from its local metabolism and blood flow. The model predicts that IGC remains within 5% of that of blood plasma during resting conditions but decreases more as metabolism increases. Next, we determined how microdialysis protocols affect IGC. Our model analysis suggests that microdialysis-based IGC measurements underestimate true values. Notably, reported increases in muscle capillary permeability surface area product (PS) to glucose under the condition of elevated metabolism may owe in part to such measurements bias. Our study demonstrates that microdialysis may be associated with significant measurement bias in the context of muscle IGC assessment. Reappraising literature data with this bias in mind, we find that muscle capillary endothelium may represent less of a barrier to glucose transport in muscle than previously believed. We discuss the impact of glucose removal on the microdialysis relative recovery and means of correcting microdialysis IGC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Angleys
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLabAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLabAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of NeuroradiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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15
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Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030105. [PMID: 35324794 PMCID: PMC8945706 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation.
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16
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Young BE, Padilla J, Finsen SH, Fadel PJ, Mortensen SP. Role of Endothelin-1 Receptors in Limiting Leg Blood Flow and Glucose Uptake During Hyperinsulinemia in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6515918. [PMID: 35084435 PMCID: PMC8852254 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a hallmark of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). In healthy individuals insulin stimulates vasodilation, which is markedly blunted in T2D; however, the mechanism(s) remain incompletely understood. Investigations in rodents indicate augmented endothelin-1 (ET-1) action as a major contributor. Human studies have been limited to young obese participants and focused exclusively on the ET-1 A (ETA) receptor. Herein, we have hypothesized that ETA receptor antagonism would improve insulin-stimulated vasodilation and glucose uptake in T2D, with further improvements observed during concurrent ETA + ET-1 B (ETB) antagonism. Arterial pressure (arterial line), leg blood flow (LBF; Doppler), and leg glucose uptake (LGU) were measured at rest, during hyperinsulinemia alone, and hyperinsulinemia with (1) femoral artery infusion of BQ-123, the selective ETA receptor antagonist (n = 10 control, n = 9 T2D) and then (2) addition of BQ-788 (selective ETB antagonist) for blockade of ETA and ETB receptors (n = 7 each). The LBF responses to hyperinsulinemia alone tended to be lower in T2D (controls: ∆161 ± 160 mL/minute; T2D: ∆58 ± 43 mL/minute, P = .08). BQ-123 during hyperinsulinemia augmented LBF to a greater extent in T2D (% change: controls: 14 ± 23%; T2D: 38 ± 21%, P = .029). LGU following BQ-123 increased similarly between groups (P = .85). Concurrent ETA + ETB antagonism did not further increase LBF or LGU in either group. Collectively, these findings suggest that during hyperinsulinemia ETA receptor activation restrains vasodilation more in T2D than controls while limiting glucose uptake similarly in both groups, with no further effect of ETB receptors (NCT04907838).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Young
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Correspondence: Benjamin E. Young, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, 411 S. Nedderman Dr., Pickard Hall, room 504, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stine H Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Stefan P Mortensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Tamariz-Ellemann A, Cladwell H, Gliemann L. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide as the new candidate for the interaction of skeletal muscle blood flow and glucose disposal. J Physiol 2022; 600:1593-1595. [PMID: 35193160 PMCID: PMC9314143 DOI: 10.1113/jp282843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tamariz-Ellemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Hannah Cladwell
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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18
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Pellinger TK, Emhoff CAW. Skeletal Muscle Hyperemia: A Potential Bridge Between Post-exercise Hypotension and Glucose Regulation. Front Physiol 2022; 12:821919. [PMID: 35173625 PMCID: PMC8841576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.821919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the hemodynamic response to regular physical activity is important for regulating blood glucose, protecting vascular function, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition to these benefits of regular physical activity, evidence suggests even a single bout of dynamic exercise promotes increased insulin-mediated glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity during the acute recovery period. Importantly, post-exercise hypotension (PEH), which is defined as a sustained reduction in arterial pressure following a single bout of exercise, appears to be blunted in those with T2D compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. In this short review, we describe research that suggests the sustained post-exercise vasodilation often observed in PEH may sub-serve glycemic regulation following exercise in both healthy individuals and those with T2D. Furthermore, we discuss the interplay of enhanced perfusion, both macrovascular and microvascular, and glucose flux following exercise. Finally, we propose future research directions to enhance our understanding of the relationship between post-exercise hemodynamics and glucose regulation in healthy individuals and in those with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Pellinger
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas K. Pellinger,
| | - Chi-An W. Emhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA, United States
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19
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Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J 2021; 478:3827-3846. [PMID: 34751700 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.
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20
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Fan Z, Turiel G, Ardicoglu R, Ghobrial M, Masschelein E, Kocijan T, Zhang J, Tan G, Fitzgerald G, Gorski T, Alvarado-Diaz A, Gilardoni P, Adams CM, Ghesquière B, De Bock K. Exercise-induced angiogenesis is dependent on metabolically primed ATF3/4 + endothelial cells. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1793-1807.e9. [PMID: 34358431 PMCID: PMC8432967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a powerful driver of physiological angiogenesis during adulthood, but the mechanisms of exercise-induced vascular expansion are poorly understood. We explored endothelial heterogeneity in skeletal muscle and identified two capillary muscle endothelial cell (mEC) populations that are characterized by differential expression of ATF3/4. Spatial mapping showed that ATF3/4+ mECs are enriched in red oxidative muscle areas while ATF3/4low ECs lie adjacent to white glycolytic fibers. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that red ATF3/4+ mECs are more angiogenic when compared with white ATF3/4low mECs. Mechanistically, ATF3/4 in mECs control genes involved in amino acid uptake and metabolism and metabolically prime red (ATF3/4+) mECs for angiogenesis. As a consequence, supplementation of non-essential amino acids and overexpression of ATF4 increased proliferation of white mECs. Finally, deleting Atf4 in ECs impaired exercise-induced angiogenesis. Our findings illustrate that spatial metabolic angiodiversity determines the angiogenic potential of muscle ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo Turiel
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Ardicoglu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Moheb Ghobrial
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland; Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Evi Masschelein
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Tea Kocijan
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Ge Tan
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich, ETH/University of Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gillian Fitzgerald
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Tatiane Gorski
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Abdiel Alvarado-Diaz
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Paola Gilardoni
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich 8603, Switzerland.
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21
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Gillen JB, Estafanos S, Govette A. Exercise-nutrient interactions for improved postprandial glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:856-865. [PMID: 34081875 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing yet largely preventable chronic disease. Exaggerated increases in blood glucose concentration following meals is a primary contributor to many long-term complications of the disease that decrease quality of life and reduce lifespan. Adverse health consequences also manifest years prior to the development of T2D due to underlying insulin resistance and exaggerated postprandial concentrations of the glucose-lowering hormone insulin. Postprandial hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic excursions can be improved by exercise, which contributes to the well-established benefits of physical activity for the prevention and treatment of T2D. The aim of this review is to describe the postprandial dysmetabolism that occurs in individuals at risk for and with T2D, and highlight how acute and chronic exercise can lower postprandial glucose and insulin excursions. In addition to describing the effects of traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise on glycemic control, we highlight other forms of activity including low-intensity walking, high-intensity interval exercise, and resistance training. In an effort to improve knowledge translation and implementation of exercise for maximal glycemic benefits, we also describe how timing of exercise around meals and post-exercise nutrition can modify acute and chronic effects of exercise on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Novelty: Exaggerated postprandial blood glucose and insulin excursions are associated with disease risk. Both a single session and repeated sessions of exercise improve postprandial glycemic control in individuals with and without T2D. The glycemic benefits of exercise can be enhanced by considering the timing and macronutrient composition of meals around exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Estafanos
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Alexa Govette
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
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22
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Bowman PRT, Smith GL, Gould GW. Run for your life: can exercise be used to effectively target GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease? PeerJ 2021; 9:e11485. [PMID: 34113491 PMCID: PMC8162245 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence, associated mortality rates and economic burden of diabetes are now such that it is considered one of the most pressing worldwide public health challenges. Considerable research is now devoted to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of this disease, with an ultimate aim of improving the array of available preventive and therapeutic interventions. One area of particular unmet clinical need is the significantly elevated rate of cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients, which in part contributes to cardiovascular disease being the primary cause of premature death in this population. This review will first consider the role of metabolism and more specifically the insulin sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease, before addressing how we may use exercise to intervene in order to beneficially impact key functional clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R T Bowman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Marques LS, Zborowski VA, Heck SO, Fulco BCW, Nogueira CW. 4,4'-Dichloro-diphenyl diselenide modulated oxidative stress that differently affected peripheral tissues in streptozotocin-exposed mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:943-951. [PMID: 33861646 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is a substance used experimentally to induce a diabetes model, a metabolic disease associated with oxidative tissue damage. This study evaluated if 4-4'-dichloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-ClPhSe)2 modulates oxidative stress in peripheral tissues of diabetic mice. Male Swiss mice received a single STZ injection (i.p.) at a dose of 200 mg/kg or its vehicle and were treated with (p-ClPhSe)2 (7 days, 5 mg/kg) or metformin (200 mg/kg, twice per day). After, the mice were euthanized to collect liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle samples. In the liver, (p-ClPhSe)2 reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl levels and normalized the superoxide dismutase activity in STZ-treated mice. In the kidney, (p-ClPhSe)2 reversed the increase in the reactive species levels but not the catalase (CAT) activity reduction in STZ-treated mice. There was no evidence of oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle of STZ-treated mice, but an increase in the CAT activity and a reduction in non-protein thiol levels were found. (p-ClPhSe)2 did not reverse a decrease in hepatic and renal δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in STZ-treated mice. The results show that the liver and kidney of STZ-treated mice were more susceptible to oxidative stress. This study reveals that (p-ClPhSe)2 modulated oxidative stress, which differently affected peripheral tissues of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza S Marques
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Zborowski
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Suélen O Heck
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna C W Fulco
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
As the principal tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, skeletal muscle is a primary driver of whole-body glycemic control. Skeletal muscle also uniquely responds to muscle contraction or exercise with increased sensitivity to subsequent insulin stimulation. Insulin's dominating control of glucose metabolism is orchestrated by complex and highly regulated signaling cascades that elicit diverse and unique effects on skeletal muscle. We discuss the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of how insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscle. We also touch upon insulin access to muscle, and insulin signaling toward glycogen, lipid, and protein metabolism. We draw from human and rodent studies in vivo, isolated muscle preparations, and muscle cell cultures to home in on the molecular, biophysical, and structural elements mediating these responses. Finally, we offer some perspective on molecular defects that potentially underlie the failure of muscle to take up glucose efficiently during obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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25
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Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Regular exercise is important for a healthy pregnancy and can lower the risk of developing GDM. For women with GDM, exercise is safe and can affect the pregnancy outcomes beneficially. A single exercise bout increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake, minimizing hyperglycemia. Regular exercise training promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, improves oxidative capacity, enhances insulin sensitivity and vascular function, and reduces systemic inflammation. Exercise may also aid in lowering the insulin dose in insulin-treated pregnant women. Despite these benefits, women with GDM are usually inactive or have poor participation in exercise training. Attractive individualized exercise programs that will increase adherence and result in optimal maternal and offspring benefits are needed. However, as women with GDM have a unique physiology, more attention is required during exercise prescription. This review (i) summarizes the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations due to pregnancy and outlines the mechanisms through which exercise can improve glycemic control and overall health in insulin resistance states, (ii) presents the pathophysiological alterations induced by GDM that affect exercise responses, and (iii) highlights cardinal points of an exercise program for women with GDM.
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26
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Abstract
Exercise in humans increases muscle glucose uptake up to 100-fold compared with rest. The magnitude of increase depends on exercise intensity and duration. Although knockout of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) convincingly has shown that GLUT4 is necessary for exercise to increase muscle glucose uptake, studies only show an approximate twofold increase in GLUT4 translocation to the muscle cell membrane when transitioning from rest to exercise. Therefore, there is a big discrepancy between the increase in glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. It is suggested that either the methods for measurements of GLUT4 translocation in muscle grossly underestimate the real translocation of GLUT4 or, alternatively, GLUT4 intrinsic activity increases in muscle during exercise, perhaps due to increased muscle temperature and/or mechanical effects during contraction/relaxation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Endothelial response to glucose: dysfunction, metabolism, and transport. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:313-325. [PMID: 33522573 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell response to glucose plays an important role in both health and disease. Endothelial glucose-induced dysfunction was first studied in diabetic animal models and in cells cultured in hyperglycemia. Four classical dysfunction pathways were identified, which were later shown to result from the common mechanism of mitochondrial superoxide overproduction. More recently, non-coding RNA, extracellular vesicles, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were shown to affect glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells also metabolize glucose for their own energetic needs. Research over the past decade highlighted how manipulation of endothelial glycolysis can be used to control angiogenesis and microvascular permeability in diseases such as cancer. Finally, endothelial cells transport glucose to the cells of the blood vessel wall and to the parenchymal tissue. Increasing evidence from the blood-brain barrier and peripheral vasculature suggests that endothelial cells regulate glucose transport through glucose transporters that move glucose from the apical to the basolateral side of the cell. Future studies of endothelial glucose response should begin to integrate dysfunction, metabolism and transport into experimental and computational approaches that also consider endothelial heterogeneity, metabolic diversity, and parenchymal tissue interactions.
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28
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Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT4 is critical for skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin and muscle contraction/exercise. Exercise increases GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma and t-tubule and, over the longer term, total GLUT4 protein content. Here, we review key aspects of GLUT4 biology in relation to exercise, with a focus on exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, postexercise metabolism and muscle insulin sensitivity, and exercise effects on GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Activity Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Larsen MR, Steenberg DE, Birk JB, Sjøberg KA, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. The insulin‐sensitizing effect of a single exercise bout is similar in type I and type II human muscle fibres. J Physiol 2020; 598:5687-5699. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R. Larsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Dorte E. Steenberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kim A. Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Erik A. Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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30
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Thyfault JP, Bergouignan A. Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1464-1474. [PMID: 32529412 PMCID: PMC7377236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is a formidable regulator of insulin sensitivity and overall systemic metabolism through both acute events driven by each exercise bout and through chronic adaptations. As a result, regular exercise significantly reduces the risks for chronic metabolic disease states, including type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many of the metabolic health benefits of exercise depend on skeletal muscle adaptations; however, there is plenty of evidence that exercise exerts many of its metabolic benefit through the liver, adipose tissue, vasculature and pancreas. This review will highlight how exercise reduces metabolic disease risk by activating metabolic changes in non-skeletal-muscle tissues. We provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations within each tissue and discuss emerging work on the exercise-induced integration of inter-tissue communication by a variety of signalling molecules, hormones and cytokines collectively named 'exerkines'. Overall, the evidence clearly indicates that exercise is a robust modulator of metabolism and a powerful protective agent against metabolic disease, and this is likely to be because it robustly improves metabolic function in multiple organs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Hemenway Life Sciences Innovation Center, Mailstop 3043, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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31
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Abstract
Deficient glucose transport and glucose disposal are key pathologies leading to impaired glucose tolerance and risk of type 2 diabetes. The cloning and identification of the family of facilitative glucose transporters have helped to identify that underlying mechanisms behind impaired glucose disposal, particularly in muscle and adipose tissue. There is much more than just transporter protein concentration that is needed to regulate whole body glucose uptake and disposal. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings in whole body glucose disposal. We hypothesize that impaired glucose uptake and disposal is a consequence of mismatched energy input and energy output. Decreasing the former while increasing the latter is key to normalizing glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Louise Olson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kenneth Humphries
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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32
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Knudsen JR, Steenberg DE, Hingst JR, Hodgson LR, Henriquez-Olguin C, Li Z, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP, Verkade P, Jensen TE. Prior exercise in humans redistributes intramuscular GLUT4 and enhances insulin-stimulated sarcolemmal and endosomal GLUT4 translocation. Mol Metab 2020; 39:100998. [PMID: 32305516 PMCID: PMC7240215 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Exercise is a cornerstone in the management of skeletal muscle insulin-resistance. A well-established benefit of a single bout of exercise is increased insulin sensitivity for hours post-exercise in the previously exercised musculature. Although rodent studies suggest that the insulin-sensitization phenomenon involves enhanced insulin-stimulated GLUT4 cell surface translocation and might involve intramuscular redistribution of GLUT4, the conservation to humans is unknown. Methods Healthy young males underwent an insulin-sensitizing one-legged kicking exercise bout for 1 h followed by fatigue bouts to exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were obtained 4 h post-exercise before and after a 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Results A detailed microscopy-based analysis of GLUT4 distribution within seven different myocellular compartments revealed that prior exercise increased GLUT4 localization in insulin-responsive storage vesicles and T-tubuli. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 localization was augmented at the sarcolemma and in the endosomal compartments. Conclusions An intracellular redistribution of GLUT4 post-exercise is proposed as a molecular mechanism contributing to the insulin-sensitizing effect of prior exercise in human skeletal muscle. Intramyocellular GLUT4 is redistributed 4 h after exercise in humans. GLUT4 content is increased in GLUT4 storage vesicles and T-tubuli post-exercise. Prior exercise + insulin increases sarcolemmal and endosomal GLUT4. GLUT4 redistribution may thus contribute to post-exercise muscle insulin-sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Knudsen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark; Laboratory of Microsystems 2, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batiment BM, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorte E Steenberg
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Lorna R Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Zhencheng Li
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
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33
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Bryant NJ, Gould GW. Insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation - Size is not everything! Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:28-34. [PMID: 32182545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated trafficking of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4 has been studied in many cell types. The translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular membranes to the cell surface is often described as a highly specialised form of membrane traffic restricted to certain cell types such as fat and muscle, which are the major storage depots for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Here, we discuss evidence that favours the argument that rather than being restricted to specialised cell types, the machinery through which insulin regulates GLUT4 traffic is present in all cell types. This is an important point as it provides confidence in the use of experimentally tractable model systems to interrogate the trafficking itinerary of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia J Bryant
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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34
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. The Importance of Fatty Acids as Nutrients during Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020280. [PMID: 31973165 PMCID: PMC7070550 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that whole-body fatty acid (FA) oxidation remains increased for several hours following aerobic endurance exercise, even despite carbohydrate intake. However, the mechanisms involved herein have hitherto not been subject to a thorough evaluation. In immediate and early recovery (0–4 h), plasma FA availability is high, which seems mainly to be a result of hormonal factors and increased adipose tissue blood flow. The increased circulating availability of adipose-derived FA, coupled with FA from lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolysis in skeletal muscle capillaries and hydrolysis of TG within the muscle together act as substrates for the increased mitochondrial FA oxidation post-exercise. Within the skeletal muscle cells, increased reliance on FA oxidation likely results from enhanced FA uptake into the mitochondria through the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1 reaction, and concomitant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) inhibition of glucose oxidation. Together this allows glucose taken up by the skeletal muscles to be directed towards the resynthesis of glycogen. Besides being oxidized, FAs also seem to be crucial signaling molecules for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling post-exercise, and thus for induction of the exercise-induced FA oxidative gene adaptation program in skeletal muscle following exercise. Collectively, a high FA turnover in recovery seems essential to regain whole-body substrate homeostasis.
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