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Wu MW, Kourdougli N, Portera-Cailliau C. Network state transitions during cortical development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:535-552. [PMID: 38783147 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cortical networks are active before synaptogenesis begins in earnest, before neuronal migration is complete, and well before an animal opens its eyes and begins to actively explore its surroundings. This early activity undergoes several transformations during development. The most important of these is a transition from episodic synchronous network events, which are necessary for patterning the neocortex into functionally related modules, to desynchronized activity that is computationally more powerful and efficient. Network desynchronization is perhaps the most dramatic and abrupt developmental event in an otherwise slow and gradual process of brain maturation. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the phenomenology of developmental synchronous activity in the rodent neocortex and speculate on the mechanisms that drive its eventual desynchronization. We argue that desynchronization of network activity is a fundamental step through which the cortex transitions from passive, bottom-up detection of sensory stimuli to active sensory processing with top-down modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Wu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazim Kourdougli
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Hamad MIK, Rabaya O, Jbara A, Daoud S, Petrova P, Ali BR, Allouh MZ, Herz J, Förster E. Reelin Regulates Developmental Desynchronization Transition of Neocortical Network Activity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:593. [PMID: 38786001 PMCID: PMC11118507 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During the first and second stages of postnatal development, neocortical neurons exhibit a wide range of spontaneous synchronous activity (SSA). Towards the end of the second postnatal week, the SSA is replaced by a more sparse and desynchronized firing pattern. The developmental desynchronization of neocortical spontaneous neuronal activity is thought to be intrinsically generated, since sensory deprivation from the periphery does not affect the time course of this transition. The extracellular protein reelin controls various aspects of neuronal development through multimodular signaling. However, so far it is unclear whether reelin contributes to the developmental desynchronization transition of neocortical neurons. The present study aims to investigate the role of reelin in postnatal cortical developmental desynchronization using a conditional reelin knockout (RelncKO) mouse model. Conditional reelin deficiency was induced during early postnatal development, and Ca2+ recordings were conducted from organotypic cultures (OTCs) of the somatosensory cortex. Our results show that both wild type (wt) and RelncKO exhibited an SSA pattern during the early postnatal week. However, at the end of the second postnatal week, wt OTCs underwent a transition to a desynchronized network activity pattern, while RelncKO activity remained synchronous. This changing activity pattern suggests that reelin is involved in regulating the developmental desynchronization of cortical neuronal network activity. Moreover, the developmental desynchronization impairment observed in RelncKO was rescued when RelncKO OTCs were co-cultured with wt OTCs. Finally, we show that the developmental transition to a desynchronized state at the end of the second postnatal week is not dependent on glutamatergic signaling. Instead, the transition is dependent on GABAAR and GABABR signaling. The results suggest that reelin controls developmental desynchronization through GABAAR and GABABR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Obada Rabaya
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (O.R.); (S.D.); (P.P.); (E.F.)
| | - Abdalrahim Jbara
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (O.R.); (S.D.); (P.P.); (E.F.)
| | - Solieman Daoud
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (O.R.); (S.D.); (P.P.); (E.F.)
| | - Petya Petrova
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (O.R.); (S.D.); (P.P.); (E.F.)
| | - Bassam R. Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohammed Z. Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 5323, USA
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (O.R.); (S.D.); (P.P.); (E.F.)
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3
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Burbridge TJ, Ratliff JM, Dwivedi D, Vrudhula U, Alvarado-Huerta F, Sjulson L, Ibrahim LA, Cheadle L, Fishell G, Batista-Brito R. Disruption of Cholinergic Retinal Waves Alters Visual Cortex Development and Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588143. [PMID: 38644996 PMCID: PMC11030223 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinal waves represent an early form of patterned spontaneous neural activity in the visual system. These waves originate in the retina before eye-opening and propagate throughout the visual system, influencing the assembly and maturation of subcortical visual brain regions. However, because it is technically challenging to ablate retina-derived cortical waves without inducing compensatory activity, the role these waves play in the development of the visual cortex remains unclear. To address this question, we used targeted conditional genetics to disrupt cholinergic retinal waves and their propagation to select regions of primary visual cortex, which largely prevented compensatory patterned activity. We find that loss of cholinergic retinal waves without compensation impaired the molecular and synaptic maturation of excitatory neurons located in the input layers of visual cortex, as well as layer 1 interneurons. These perinatal molecular and synaptic deficits also relate to functional changes observed at later ages. We find that the loss of perinatal cholinergic retinal waves causes abnormal visual cortex retinotopy, mirroring changes in the retinotopic organization of gene expression, and additionally impairs the processing of visual information. We further show that retinal waves are necessary for higher order processing of sensory information by impacting the state-dependent activity of layer 1 interneurons, a neuronal type that shapes neocortical state-modulation, as well as for state-dependent gain modulation of visual responses of excitatory neurons. Together, these results demonstrate that a brief targeted perinatal disruption of patterned spontaneous activity alters early cortical gene expression as well as synaptic and physiological development, and compromises both fundamental and, notably, higher-order functions of visual cortex after eye-opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jacob M Ratliff
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Uma Vrudhula
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | | | - Lucas Sjulson
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Leena Ali Ibrahim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955–6900, KSA
| | - Lucas Cheadle
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Renata Batista-Brito
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Genetics, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
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4
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Ibrahim LA, Wamsley B, Alghamdi N, Yusuf N, Sevier E, Hairston A, Sherer M, Jaglin XH, Xu Q, Guo L, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Favuzzi E, Yuan Y, Dimidschstein J, Darnell RB, Fishell G. Nova proteins direct synaptic integration of somatostatin interneurons through activity-dependent alternative splicing. eLife 2023; 12:e86842. [PMID: 37347149 PMCID: PMC10287156 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin interneurons are the earliest born population of cortical inhibitory cells. They are crucial to support normal brain development and function; however, the mechanisms underlying their integration into nascent cortical circuitry are not well understood. In this study, we begin by demonstrating that the maturation of somatostatin interneurons in mouse somatosensory cortex is activity dependent. We then investigated the relationship between activity, alternative splicing, and synapse formation within this population. Specifically, we discovered that the Nova family of RNA-binding proteins are activity-dependent and are essential for the maturation of somatostatin interneurons, as well as their afferent and efferent connectivity. Within this population, Nova2 preferentially mediates the alternative splicing of genes required for axonal formation and synaptic function independently from its effect on gene expression. Hence, our work demonstrates that the Nova family of proteins through alternative splicing are centrally involved in coupling developmental neuronal activity to cortical circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ali Ibrahim
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
| | - Brie Wamsley
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Norah Alghamdi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Nusrath Yusuf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elaine Sevier
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ariel Hairston
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Mia Sherer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
| | - Xavier Hubert Jaglin
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York UniversityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Lihua Guo
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York UniversityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Genome Technology Center, Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Emilia Favuzzi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Stanley Center at the BroadCambridgeUnited States
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5
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Hou B, Santaniello S, Tzingounis AV. KCNQ2 channels regulate the population activity of neonatal GABAergic neurons ex vivo. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1207539. [PMID: 37409016 PMCID: PMC10318362 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1207539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade KCNQ2 channels have arisen as fundamental and indispensable regulators of neonatal brain excitability, with KCNQ2 loss-of-function pathogenic variants being increasingly identified in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. However, the mechanisms by which KCNQ2 loss-of-function variants lead to network dysfunction are not fully known. An important remaining knowledge gap is whether loss of KCNQ2 function alters GABAergic interneuron activity early in development. To address this question, we applied mesoscale calcium imaging ex vivo in postnatal day 4-7 mice lacking KCNQ2 channels in interneurons (Vgat-ires-cre;Kcnq2f/f;GCamp5). In the presence of elevated extracellular potassium concentrations, ablation of KCNQ2 channels from GABAergic cells increased the interneuron population activity in the hippocampal formation and regions of the neocortex. We found that this increased population activity depends on fast synaptic transmission, with excitatory transmission promoting the activity and GABAergic transmission curtailing it. Together, our data show that loss of function of KCNQ2 channels from interneurons increases the network excitability of the immature GABAergic circuits, revealing a new function of KCNQ2 channels in interneuron physiology in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Hou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Sabato Santaniello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and CT Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Anastasios V. Tzingounis
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and CT Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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6
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Munz M, Bharioke A, Kosche G, Moreno-Juan V, Brignall A, Rodrigues TM, Graff-Meyer A, Ulmer T, Haeuselmann S, Pavlinic D, Ledergerber N, Gross-Scherf B, Rózsa B, Krol J, Picelli S, Cowan CS, Roska B. Pyramidal neurons form active, transient, multilayered circuits perturbed by autism-associated mutations at the inception of neocortex. Cell 2023; 186:1930-1949.e31. [PMID: 37071993 PMCID: PMC10156177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuits are composed predominantly of pyramidal-to-pyramidal neuron connections, yet their assembly during embryonic development is not well understood. We show that mouse embryonic Rbp4-Cre cortical neurons, transcriptomically closest to layer 5 pyramidal neurons, display two phases of circuit assembly in vivo. At E14.5, they form a multi-layered circuit motif, composed of only embryonic near-projecting-type neurons. By E17.5, this transitions to a second motif involving all three embryonic types, analogous to the three adult layer 5 types. In vivo patch clamp recordings and two-photon calcium imaging of embryonic Rbp4-Cre neurons reveal active somas and neurites, tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated conductances, and functional glutamatergic synapses, from E14.5 onwards. Embryonic Rbp4-Cre neurons strongly express autism-associated genes and perturbing these genes interferes with the switch between the two motifs. Hence, pyramidal neurons form active, transient, multi-layered pyramidal-to-pyramidal circuits at the inception of neocortex, and studying these circuits could yield insights into the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Munz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arjun Bharioke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kosche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Brignall
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M Rodrigues
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff-Meyer
- Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Talia Ulmer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haeuselmann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Ledergerber
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Gross-Scherf
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Two-Photon Imaging Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jacek Krol
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Picelli
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Chen C, Sun L, Adler A, Zhou H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Deng J, Bai Y, Zhang J, Yang G, Gan WB, Tang P. Synchronized activity of sensory neurons initiates cortical synchrony in a model of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:689. [PMID: 36755026 PMCID: PMC9908980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased low frequency cortical oscillations are observed in people with neuropathic pain, but the cause of such elevated cortical oscillations and their impact on pain development remain unclear. By imaging neuronal activity in a spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model of neuropathic pain, we show that neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and somatosensory cortex (S1) exhibit synchronized activity after peripheral nerve injury. Notably, synchronized activity of DRG neurons occurs within hours after injury and 1-2 days before increased cortical oscillations. This DRG synchrony is initiated by axotomized neurons and mediated by local purinergic signaling at the site of nerve injury. We further show that synchronized DRG activity after SNI is responsible for increasing low frequency cortical oscillations and synaptic remodeling in S1, as well as for inducing animals' pain-like behaviors. In naive mice, enhancing the synchrony, not the level, of DRG neuronal activity causes synaptic changes in S1 and pain-like behaviors similar to SNI mice. Taken together, these results reveal the critical role of synchronized DRG neuronal activity in increasing cortical plasticity and oscillations in a neuropathic pain model. These findings also suggest the potential importance of detection and suppression of elevated cortical oscillations in neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission of China, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Avital Adler
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 175 Hospital, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China.
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8
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Deng R, Chang M, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Cortical inhibitory but not excitatory synaptic transmission and circuit refinement are altered after the deletion of NMDA receptors during early development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:656. [PMID: 36635357 PMCID: PMC9837136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the cerebral cortex form excitatory and inhibitory circuits with specific laminar locations. The mechanisms underlying the development of these spatially specific circuits is not fully understood. To test if postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on excitatory neurons are required for the development of specific circuits to these neurons, we genetically ablated NMDA receptors from a subset of excitatory neurons in the temporal association cortex (TeA) through in utero electroporation and assessed the intracortical circuits connecting to L5 neurons through in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings coupled with laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS). In NMDAR knockout neurons, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated connections were largely intact. In contrast both LSPS and mini-IPSC recordings revealed that γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor-mediated connections were impaired in NMDAR knockout neurons. These results suggest that postsynaptic NMDA receptors are important for the development of GABAergic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Deng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Minzi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway Avenue / Miller 379, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway Avenue / Miller 379, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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9
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Tohmi M, Cang J. Rapid development of motion-streak coding in the mouse visual cortex. iScience 2022; 26:105778. [PMID: 36594036 PMCID: PMC9804142 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance, the development of higher visual areas (HVAs) at the cellular resolution remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted 2-photon calcium imaging of mouse HVAs lateromedial (LM) and anterolateral (AL) and V1 to observe developmental changes in visual response properties. HVA neurons showed selectivity for orientations and directions similar to V1 neurons at eye opening, which became sharper in the following weeks. Neurons in all areas over all developmental stages tended to respond selectively to dots moving along an axis perpendicular to their preferred orientation at slow speeds, suggesting a certain level of conventional motion coding already at eye opening. In contrast, at high speeds, many neurons responded to dots moving along the axis parallel to the preferred orientation in older animals but rarely after eye opening, indicating a lack of motion-streak coding in the earlier stage. Together, our results uncover the development of visual properties in HVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manavu Tohmi
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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10
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Schröter M, Wang C, Terrigno M, Hornauer P, Huang Z, Jagasia R, Hierlemann A. Functional imaging of brain organoids using high-density microelectrode arrays. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:530-544. [PMID: 36120104 PMCID: PMC9474390 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Studies have provided evidence that human cerebral organoids (hCOs) recapitulate fundamental milestones of early brain development, but many important questions regarding their functionality and electrophysiological properties persist. High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) represent an attractive analysis platform to perform functional studies of neuronal networks at the cellular and network scale. Here, we use HD-MEAs to derive large-scale electrophysiological recordings from sliced hCOs. We record the activity of hCO slices over several weeks and probe observed neuronal dynamics pharmacologically. Moreover, we present results on how the obtained recordings can be spike-sorted and subsequently studied across scales. For example, we show how to track single neurons across several days on the HD-MEA and how to infer axonal action potential velocities. We also infer putative functional connectivity from hCO recordings. The introduced methodology will contribute to a better understanding of developing neuronal networks in brain organoids and provide new means for their functional characterization. IMPACT STATEMENT Human cerebral organoids (hCOs) represent an attractive in vitro model system to study key physiological mechanisms underlying early neuronal network formation in tissue with healthy or disease-related genetic backgrounds. Despite remarkable advances in the generation of brain organoids, knowledge on the functionality of their neuronal circuits is still scarce. Here, we used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based high-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) to perform large-scale recordings from sliced hCOs over several weeks and quantified their activity across scales. Using single-cell and network metrics, we were able to probe aspects of hCO neurophysiology that are more difficult to obtain with other techniques, such as patch clamping (lower yield) and calcium imaging (lower temporal resolution). These metrics included, for example, extracellular action potential (AP) waveform features and axonal AP velocity at the cellular level, as well as functional connectivity at the network level. Analysis was enabled by the large sensing area and the high spatiotemporal resolution provided by HD-MEAs, which allowed recordings from hundreds of neurons and spike sorting of their activity. Our results demonstrate that HD-MEAs provide a multi-purpose platform for the functional characterization of hCOs, which will be key in improving our understanding of this model system and assessing its relevance for translational research. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-022-00282-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schröter
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Congwei Wang
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Terrigno
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Hornauer
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ziqiang Huang
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Sokolov RA, Mukhina IV. Spontaneous Ca 2+ events are linked to the development of neuronal firing during maturation in mice primary hippocampal culture cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109330. [PMID: 35750097 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most vital intracellular secondary messengers that tightly regulates a variety of cell physiology processes, especially in the brain. Using a fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive Oregon Green probe, we revealed three different amplitude distributions of spontaneous Ca2+ events (SCEs) in neurons between 15 and 26 days in vitro (DIV) culture maturation. We detected a series of amplitude events: micro amplitude SCE (microSCE) 25% increase from the baseline, intermediate amplitude SCE (interSCE) as 25-75%, and macro amplitude SCE (macroSCE) - over 75%. The SCEs were fully dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and neuronal network activity and vanished in the Ca2+-free solution, 10 mM Mg2+-block, or in the presence of voltage-gated Na+-channel blocker, tetrodotoxin. Combined patch-clamp and Ca2+-imaging techniques revealed that microSCE match single action potential (AP), interSCE - burst of 3-12 APs, and macroSCE - 'superburst' of 10+ APs. MicroSCEs were blocked by a common α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainic acid (KA) receptor antagonist, CNQX. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A-type receptor (GABAAR) picrotoxin blockade and L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel inhibitor diltiazem significantly reduced microSCE frequency. InterSCEs were inhibited by CNQX, but picrotoxin treatment significantly increased its amplitude. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D-APV, voltage-gated K+-channel blocker, tetraethylammonium, noticeably suppressed interSCE amplitude. We also demonstrate that macroSCEs were AMPA/KA receptor-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav A Sokolov
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; In Vivo Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, Sochi, Russia.
| | - Irina V Mukhina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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12
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Luhmann HJ. Neurophysiology of the Developing Cerebral Cortex: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:814012. [PMID: 35046777 PMCID: PMC8761895 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.814012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article aims to give a brief summary on the novel technologies, the challenges, our current understanding, and the open questions in the field of the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex in rodents. In the past, in vitro electrophysiological and calcium imaging studies on single neurons provided important insights into the function of cellular and subcellular mechanism during early postnatal development. In the past decade, neuronal activity in large cortical networks was recorded in pre- and neonatal rodents in vivo by the use of novel high-density multi-electrode arrays and genetically encoded calcium indicators. These studies demonstrated a surprisingly rich repertoire of spontaneous cortical and subcortical activity patterns, which are currently not completely understood in their functional roles in early development and their impact on cortical maturation. Technological progress in targeted genetic manipulations, optogenetics, and chemogenetics now allow the experimental manipulation of specific neuronal cell types to elucidate the function of early (transient) cortical circuits and their role in the generation of spontaneous and sensory evoked cortical activity patterns. Large-scale interactions between different cortical areas and subcortical regions, characterization of developmental shifts from synchronized to desynchronized activity patterns, identification of transient circuits and hub neurons, role of electrical activity in the control of glial cell differentiation and function are future key tasks to gain further insights into the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Kalemaki K, Velli A, Christodoulou O, Denaxa M, Karagogeos D, Sidiropoulou K. The Developmental Changes in Intrinsic and Synaptic Properties of Prefrontal Neurons Enhance Local Network Activity from the Second to the Third Postnatal Weeks in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3633-3650. [PMID: 34905772 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is characterized by protracted maturation. The cellular mechanisms controlling the early development of prefrontal circuits are still largely unknown. Our study delineates the developmental cellular processes in the mouse medial PFC (mPFC) during the second and the third postnatal weeks and characterizes their contribution to the changes in network activity. We show that spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) are increased, whereas spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) are reduced from the second to the third postnatal week. Drug application suggested that the increased sEPSC frequency in mPFC at postnatal day 10 (P10) is due to depolarizing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor function. To further validate this, perforated patch-clamp recordings were obtained and the expression levels of K-Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) protein were examined. The reversal potential of IPSCs in response to current stimulation was significantly more depolarized at P10 than P20 while KCC2 expression is decreased. Moreover, the number of parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons increases and their intrinsic electrophysiological properties significantly mature in the mPFC from P10 to P20. Using computational modeling, we show that the developmental changes in synaptic and intrinsic properties of mPFC neurons contribute to the enhanced network activity in the juvenile compared with neonatal mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kalemaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion GR70013, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), FORTH, Heraklion GR70013, Greece
| | - Angeliki Velli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), FORTH, Heraklion GR70013, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion GR70013, Greece
| | - Ourania Christodoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion GR70013, Greece.,Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Heraklion GR70013, Greece
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Heraklion GR70013, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion GR70013, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), FORTH, Heraklion GR70013, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), FORTH, Heraklion GR70013, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion GR70013, Greece
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14
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Che A, De Marco García NV. An in vivo Calcium Imaging Approach for the Identification of Cell-Type Specific Patterns in the Developing Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:747724. [PMID: 34690708 PMCID: PMC8528153 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.747724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity profoundly shapes the maturation of developing neurons. However, technical limitations have hampered the ability to capture the progression of activity patterns in genetically defined neuronal populations. This task is particularly daunting given the substantial diversity of pyramidal cells and interneurons in the neocortex. A hallmark in the development of this neuronal diversity is the participation in network activity that regulates circuit assembly. Here, we describe detailed methodology on imaging neuronal cohorts longitudinally throughout postnatal stages in the mouse somatosensory cortex. To capture neuronal activity, we expressed the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP6s in three distinct interneuron populations, the 5HT3aR-expressing layer 1 (L1) interneurons, SST interneurons, and VIP interneurons. We performed cranial window surgeries as early as postnatal day (P) 5 and imaged the same cohort of neurons in un-anesthetized mice from P6 to P36. This Longitudinal two-photon imaging preparation allows the activity of single neurons to be tracked throughout development as well as plasticity induced by sensory experience and learning, opening up avenues of research to answer fundamental questions in neural development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia V. De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Leighton AH, Cheyne JE, Houwen GJ, Maldonado PP, De Winter F, Levelt CN, Lohmann C. Somatostatin interneurons restrict cell recruitment to retinally driven spontaneous activity in the developing cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109316. [PMID: 34233176 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, before the eyes open, synaptic refinement of sensory networks depends on activity generated by developing neurons themselves. In the mouse visual system, retinal cells spontaneously depolarize and recruit downstream neurons to bursts of activity, where the number of recruited cells determines the resolution of synaptic retinotopic refinement. Here we show that during the second post-natal week in mouse visual cortex, somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons control the recruitment of cells to retinally driven spontaneous activity. Suppressing SST interneurons increases cell participation and allows events to spread farther along the cortex. During the same developmental period, a second type of high-participation, retina-independent event occurs. During these events, cells receive such large excitatory charge that inhibition is overwhelmed and large parts of the cortex participate in each burst. These results reveal a role of SST interneurons in restricting retinally driven activity in the visual cortex, which may contribute to the refinement of retinotopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Leighton
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette E Cheyne
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Houwen
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paloma P Maldonado
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fred De Winter
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan N Levelt
- Department of Molecular Visual Plasticity, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Lohmann
- Department of Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Stone TW. Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS. Neuroscience 2021; 468:321-365. [PMID: 34111447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter-dependent. The objective of this review is to survey the evidence for interactions between the two receptor families and the mechanisms underlying them. These include the mutual regulation of subunit expression, which change the NMDA:AMPA response balance, and the existence of multi-functional receptor complexes which make it difficult to distinguish between individual receptor sites, especially in vivo. This is followed by analysis of the functional relationships between the receptors from work on transmitter release, cellular electrophysiology and aspects of behavior where these can contribute to understanding receptor interactions. It is clear that nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on axonal terminals directly regulate the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, α7-nAChRs generally promoting release. Hence, α7-nAChR responses will be prevented not only by a nicotinic antagonist, but also by compounds blocking the indirectly activated glutamate receptors. This accounts for the apparent anticholinergic activity of some glutamate antagonists, including the endogenous antagonist kynurenic acid. The activation of presynaptic nAChRs is by the ambient levels of ACh released from pre-terminal synapses, varicosities and glial cells, acting as a 'volume neurotransmitter' on synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, ACh and glutamate are released as CNS co-transmitters, including 'cholinergic' synapses onto spinal Renshaw cells. It is concluded that ACh should be viewed primarily as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission by regulating the release of glutamate presynaptically, and the location, subunit composition, subtype balance and sensitivity of glutamate receptors, and not primarily as a classical fast neurotransmitter. These conclusions and caveats should aid clarification of the sites of action of glutamate and nicotinic receptor ligands in the search for new centrally-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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17
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Pires J, Nelissen R, Mansvelder HD, Meredith RM. Spontaneous synchronous network activity in the neonatal development of mPFC in mice. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:207-225. [PMID: 33453138 PMCID: PMC8048581 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous Synchronous Network Activity (SSA) is a hallmark of neurodevelopment found in numerous central nervous system structures, including neocortex. SSA occurs during restricted developmental time‐windows, commonly referred to as critical periods in sensory neocortex. Although part of the neocortex, the critical period for SSA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the underlying mechanisms for generation and propagation are unknown. Using Ca2+ imaging and whole‐cell patch‐clamp in an acute mPFC slice mouse model, the development of spontaneous activity and SSA was investigated at cellular and network levels during the two first postnatal weeks. The data revealed that developing mPFC neuronal networks are spontaneously active and exhibit SSA in the first two postnatal weeks, with peak synchronous activity at postnatal days (P)8–9. Networks remain active but are desynchronized by the end of this 2‐week period. SSA was driven by excitatory ionotropic glutamatergic transmission with a small contribution of excitatory GABAergic transmission at early time points. The neurohormone oxytocin desynchronized SSA in the first postnatal week only without affecting concurrent spontaneous activity. By the end of the second postnatal week, inhibiting GABAA receptors restored SSA. These findings point to the emergence of GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition as a major factor in the termination of SSA in mouse mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johny Pires
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nelissen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rhiannon M Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Lisek M, Zylinska L, Boczek T. Ketamine and Calcium Signaling-A Crosstalk for Neuronal Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218410. [PMID: 33182497 PMCID: PMC7665128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, which has been in clinical practice for over a half century. Despite recent data suggesting its harmful side effects, such as neuronal loss, synapse dysfunction or disturbed neural network formation, the drug is still applied in veterinary medicine and specialist anesthesia. Several lines of evidence indicate that structural and functional abnormalities in the nervous system caused by ketamine are crosslinked with the imbalanced activity of multiple Ca2+-regulated signaling pathways. Due to its ubiquitous nature, Ca2+ is also frequently located in the center of ketamine action, although the precise mechanisms underlying drug’s negative or therapeutic properties remain mysterious for the large part. This review seeks to delineate the relationship between ketamine-triggered imbalance in Ca2+ homeostasis and functional consequences for downstream processes regulating key aspects of neuronal function.
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19
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Martins RS, Rombo DM, Gonçalves-Ribeiro J, Meneses C, Borges-Martins VPP, Ribeiro JA, Vaz SH, Kubrusly RCC, Sebastião AM. Caffeine has a dual influence on NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission at the hippocampus. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:503-518. [PMID: 33025424 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, a stimulant largely consumed around the world, is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, and therefore caffeine actions at synapses usually, but not always, mirror those of adenosine. Importantly, different adenosine receptors with opposing regulatory actions co-exist at synapses. Through both inhibitory and excitatory high-affinity receptors (A1R and A2R, respectively), adenosine affects NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function at the hippocampus, but surprisingly, there is a lack of knowledge on the effects of caffeine upon this ionotropic glutamatergic receptor deeply involved in both positive (plasticity) and negative (excitotoxicity) synaptic actions. We thus aimed to elucidate the effects of caffeine upon NMDAR-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents (NMDAR-EPSCs), and its implications upon neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis. We found that caffeine (30-200 μM) facilitates NMDAR-EPSCs on pyramidal CA1 neurons from Balbc/ByJ male mice, an action mimicked, as well as occluded, by 1,3-dipropyl-cyclopentylxantine (DPCPX, 50 nM), thus likely mediated by blockade of inhibitory A1Rs. This action of caffeine cannot be attributed to a pre-synaptic facilitation of transmission because caffeine even increased paired-pulse facilitation of NMDA-EPSCs, indicative of an inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Adenosine A2ARs are involved in this likely pre-synaptic action since the effect of caffeine was mimicked by the A2AR antagonist, SCH58261 (50 nM). Furthermore, caffeine increased the frequency of Ca2+ transients in neuronal cell culture, an action mimicked by the A1R antagonist, DPCPX, and prevented by NMDAR blockade with AP5 (50 μM). Altogether, these results show for the first time an influence of caffeine on NMDA receptor activity at the hippocampus, with impact in neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertta S Martins
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Diogo M Rombo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Meneses
- Área Departamental de Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações e de Computadores, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vladimir P P Borges-Martins
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Regina C C Kubrusly
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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20
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A dynamic role for dopamine receptors in the control of mammalian spinal networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16429. [PMID: 33009442 PMCID: PMC7532218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is well known to regulate movement through the differential control of direct and indirect pathways in the striatum that express D1 and D2 receptors respectively. The spinal cord also expresses all dopamine receptors; however, how the specific receptors regulate spinal network output in mammals is poorly understood. We explore the receptor-specific mechanisms that underlie dopaminergic control of spinal network output of neonatal mice during changes in spinal network excitability. During spontaneous activity, which is a characteristic of developing spinal networks operating in a low excitability state, we found that dopamine is primarily inhibitory. We uncover an excitatory D1-mediated effect of dopamine on motoneurons and network output that also involves co-activation with D2 receptors. Critically, these excitatory actions require higher concentrations of dopamine; however, analysis of dopamine concentrations of neonates indicates that endogenous levels of spinal dopamine are low. Because endogenous levels of spinal dopamine are low, this excitatory dopaminergic pathway is likely physiologically-silent at this stage in development. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of dopamine, at low physiological concentrations is mediated by parallel activation of D2, D3, D4 and α2 receptors which is reproduced when endogenous dopamine levels are increased by blocking dopamine reuptake and metabolism. We provide evidence in support of dedicated spinal network components that are controlled by excitatory D1 and inhibitory D2 receptors that is reminiscent of the classic dopaminergic indirect and direct pathway within the striatum. These results indicate that network state is an important factor that dictates receptor-specific and therefore dose-dependent control of neuromodulators on spinal network output and advances our understanding of how neuromodulators regulate neural networks under dynamically changing excitability.
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21
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Dehorter N, Del Pino I. Shifting Developmental Trajectories During Critical Periods of Brain Formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:283. [PMID: 33132842 PMCID: PMC7513795 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical periods of brain development are epochs of heightened plasticity driven by environmental influence necessary for normal brain function. Recent studies are beginning to shed light on the possibility that timely interventions during critical periods hold potential to reorient abnormal developmental trajectories in animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we re-examine the criteria defining critical periods, highlighting the recently discovered mechanisms of developmental plasticity in health and disease. In addition, we touch upon technological improvements for modeling critical periods in human-derived neural networks in vitro. These scientific advances associated with the use of developmental manipulations in the immature brain of animal models are the basic preclinical systems that will allow the future translatability of timely interventions into clinical applications for neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dehorter
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Isabel Del Pino
- Principe Felipe Research Center (Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, CIPF), Valencia, Spain
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22
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Del Pino I, Tocco C, Magrinelli E, Marcantoni A, Ferraguto C, Tomagra G, Bertacchi M, Alfano C, Leinekugel X, Frick A, Studer M. COUP-TFI/Nr2f1 Orchestrates Intrinsic Neuronal Activity during Development of the Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5667-5685. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The formation of functional cortical maps in the cerebral cortex results from a timely regulated interaction between intrinsic genetic mechanisms and electrical activity. To understand how transcriptional regulation influences network activity and neuronal excitability within the neocortex, we used mice deficient for Nr2f1 (also known as COUP-TFI), a key determinant of primary somatosensory (S1) area specification during development. We found that the cortical loss of Nr2f1 impacts on spontaneous network activity and synchronization of S1 cortex at perinatal stages. In addition, we observed alterations in the intrinsic excitability and morphological features of layer V pyramidal neurons. Accordingly, we identified distinct voltage-gated ion channels regulated by Nr2f1 that might directly influence intrinsic bioelectrical properties during critical time windows of S1 cortex specification. Altogether, our data suggest a tight link between Nr2f1 and neuronal excitability in the developmental sequence that ultimately sculpts the emergence of cortical network activity within the immature neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Del Pino
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Elia Magrinelli
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Tomagra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Xavier Leinekugel
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Andreas Frick
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
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Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is how brain activity relates to conscious experience. Even though self-consciousness is considered an emergent property of the brain network, a quantum physics-based theory assigns a momentum of consciousness to the single neuron level. In this work, we present a brain self theory from an evolutionary biological perspective by analogy with the immune self. In this scheme, perinatal reactivity to self inputs would guide the selection of neocortical neurons within the subplate, similarly to T lymphocytes in the thymus. Such self-driven neuronal selection would enable effective discrimination of external inputs and avoid harmful "autoreactive" responses. Multiple experimental and clinical evidences for this model are provided. Based on this self tenet, we outline the postulates of the so-called autophrenic diseases, to then make the case for schizophrenia, an archetypic disease with rupture of the self. Implications of this model are discussed, along with potential experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, ENT and Ophthalmology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Faure
- INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
In spite of the high metabolic cost of cellular production, the brain contains only a fraction of the neurons generated during embryonic development. In the rodent cerebral cortex, a first wave of programmed cell death surges at embryonic stages and affects primarily progenitor cells. A second, larger wave unfolds during early postnatal development and ultimately determines the final number of cortical neurons. Programmed cell death in the developing cortex is particularly dependent on neuronal activity and unfolds in a cell-specific manner with precise temporal control. Pyramidal cells and interneurons adjust their numbers in sync, which is likely crucial for the establishment of balanced networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In contrast, several other neuronal populations are almost completely eliminated through apoptosis during the first two weeks of postnatal development, highlighting the importance of programmed cell death in sculpting the mature cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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25
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Sinner B, Steiner J, Malsy M, Graf BM, Bundscherer A. The positive allosteric modulation of GABA A receptors mRNA in immature hippocampal rat neurons by midazolam affects receptor expression and induces apoptosis. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:986-994. [PMID: 30957600 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1604524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Numerous experimental studies show that anesthetics are potentially toxic to the immature brain. Even though benzodiazepines are widely used in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care medicine, only a few studies examine the effects of these drugs on immature neurons. Methods: Hippocampal neuronal cell cultures of embryonic Wistar rats (15 days in culture) were incubated with midazolam 100 or 300 nM for either 30 min or 4 h. The time course of the mRNA expression of the glutamate receptors subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B of the NMDA receptor, the GluA-1 and A-2 subunits of the AMPA receptor as well as the alpha 1 subunit of the GABAA receptor were examined by PCR. Apoptosis was detected using Western blot analysis for BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. Results: Midazolam at 100 and 300 nM applied for 30 min and 100 nM for 4 h affected glutamate receptor and GABAA receptor subunit expression. However, these effects were reversible within 72 h following washout. When 300 nM midazolam was applied for 4 h a significant increase in the NR 1 and NR 2A mRNA subunit expression could be detected. The increase in NR 2B receptor subunit expression as well as the GluA1 subunit expression was not reversible within 72 h following washout. This increase in mRNA glutamate receptor subunit expression was associated with a significant increase in neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: In immature neurons midazolam altered GABA and glutamate mRNA receptor subunit expression. Prolonged increase in midazolam-induced glutamate receptor expression was associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sinner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Julia Steiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Manuela Malsy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Bernhard M Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Anika Bundscherer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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26
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Sánchez-Ramón S, Faure F. The Thymus/Neocortex Hypothesis of the Brain: A Cell Basis for Recognition and Instruction of Self. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:340. [PMID: 29163052 PMCID: PMC5663735 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of internal and external sources of stimuli, the self from non-self, seems to be an intrinsic property to the adequate functioning of the immune system and the nervous system, both complex network systems that have evolved to safeguard the self biological identity of the organism. The mammalian brain development relies on dynamic and adaptive processes that are now well described. However, the rules dictating this highly constrained developmental process remain elusive. Here we hypothesize that there is a cellular basis for brain selfhood, based on the analogy of the global mechanisms that drive the self/non-self recognition and instruction by the immune system. In utero education within the thymus by multi-step selection processes discard overly low and high affinity T-lymphocytes to self stimuli, thus avoiding expendable or autoreactive responses that might lead to harmful autoimmunity. We argue that the self principle is one of the chief determinants of neocortical brain neurogenesis. According to our hypothesis, early-life education on self at the subcortical plate of the neocortex by selection processes might participate in the striking specificity of neuronal repertoire and assure efficiency and self tolerance. Potential implications of this hypothesis in self-reactive neurological pathologies are discussed, particularly involving consciousness-associated pathophysiological conditions, i.e., epilepsy and schizophrenia, for which we coined the term autophrenity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology I, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Faure
- PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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27
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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28
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Luhmann HJ. Review of imaging network activities in developing rodent cerebral cortex in vivo. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:031202. [PMID: 27921066 PMCID: PMC5120148 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) with multielectrode array (MEA) recordings in the rodent cerebral cortex in vivo allows the simultaneous analysis of large-scale network interactions and electrophysiological single-unit recordings. Using this approach, distinct patterns of spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity can be recorded in the primary somatosensory (S1) and motor cortex (M1) of newborn rats. Already at the day of birth, gamma oscillations and spindle bursts in the barrel cortex synchronize the activity of a local columnar ensemble, thereby generating an early topographic representation of the sensory periphery. During the first postnatal week, both cortical activity patterns undergo developmental changes in their spatiotemporal properties and spread into neighboring cortical columns. Simultaneous VSDI and MEA recordings in S1 and M1 demonstrate that the immature motor cortex receives information from the somatosensory system and that M1 may trigger movements of the periphery, which subsequently evoke gamma oscillations and spindle bursts in S1. These early activity patterns not only play an important role in the development of the cortical columnar architecture, they also control the ratio of surviving versus dying neurons in an activity-dependent manner, making these processes most vulnerable to pathophysiological disturbances during early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiology, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Homeostatic interplay between electrical activity and neuronal apoptosis in the developing neocortex. Neuroscience 2017; 358:190-200. [PMID: 28663094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An intriguing feature of nervous system development in most animal species is that the initial number of generated neurons is higher than the number of neurons incorporated into mature circuits. A substantial portion of neurons is indeed eliminated via apoptosis during a short time window - in rodents the first two postnatal weeks. While it is well established that neurotrophic factors play a central role in controlling neuronal survival and apoptosis in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the situation is less clear in the central nervous system (CNS). In postnatal rodent neocortex, the peak of apoptosis coincides with the occurrence of spontaneous, synchronous activity patterns. In this article, we review recent results that demonstrate the important role of electrical activity for neuronal survival in the neocortex, describe the role of Ca2+ and neurotrophic factors in translating electrical activity into pro-survival signals, and finally discuss the clinical impact of the tight relation between electrical activity and neuronal survival versus apoptosis.
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30
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Babij R, De Marco Garcia N. Neuronal activity controls the development of interneurons in the somatosensory cortex. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2016; 11:459-470. [PMID: 28133476 PMCID: PMC5267357 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal activity in cortical areas regulates neurodevelopment by interacting with defined genetic programs to shape the mature central nervous system. Electrical activity is conveyed to sensory cortical areas via intracortical and thalamocortical neurons, and includes oscillatory patterns that have been measured across cortical regions. OBJECTIVE In this work, we review the most recent findings about how electrical activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortex, with an emphasis on interneuron maturation and integration. We include studies on the effect of various neurotransmitters and on the influence of thalamocortical afferent activity on circuit development. We additionally reviewed studies describing network activity patterns. METHODS We conducted an extensive literature search using both the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. The following keywords were used in various iterations: "interneuron", "somatosensory", "development", "activity", "network patterns", "thalamocortical", "NMDA receptor", "plasticity". We additionally selected papers known to us from past reading, and those recommended to us by reviewers and members of our lab. RESULTS We reviewed a total of 132 articles that focused on the role of activity in interneuronal migration, maturation, and circuit development, as well as the source of electrical inputs and patterns of cortical activity in the somatosensory cortex. 79 of these papers included in this timely review were written between 2007 and 2016. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortical interneurons. This activity impacts nearly every aspect of development and acquisition of mature neuronal characteristics, and may contribute to changing phenotypes, altered transmitter expression, and plasticity in the adult. Progressively changing oscillatory network patterns contribute to this activity in the early postnatal period, although a direct requirement for specific patterns and origins of activity remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Babij
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, USA
| | - Natalia De Marco Garcia
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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31
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Sierksma MC, Tedja MS, Borst JGG. In vivo matching of postsynaptic excitability with spontaneous synaptic inputs during formation of the rat calyx of Held synapse. J Physiol 2016; 595:207-231. [PMID: 27426483 DOI: 10.1113/jp272780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of anaesthetized rats of postnatal day (P)2-6 showed burst firing with a preferred interval of about 100 ms, which was stable, and a second preferred interval of 5-30 ms, which shortened during development. In 3 out of 132 cases, evidence for the presence of two large inputs was found. In vivo whole-cell recordings revealed that the excitability of the principal neuron and the size of its largest synaptic inputs were developmentally matched. At P2-4, action potentials were triggered by barrages of small synaptic events that summated to plateau potentials, while at later stages firing depended on a single, large and often prespike-associated input, which is probably the nascent calyx of Held. Simulations with a Hodgkin-Huxley-like model, which was based on fits of the intrinsic postsynaptic properties, suggested an essential role for the low-threshold potassium conductance in this transition. ABSTRACT In the adult, principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are typically contacted by a single, giant terminal called the calyx of Held, whereas during early development a principal neuron receives inputs from many axons. How these changes in innervation impact the postsynaptic activity has not yet been studied in vivo. We therefore recorded spontaneous inputs and intrinsic properties of principal neurons in anaesthetized rat pups during the developmental period in which the calyx forms. A characteristic bursting pattern could already be observed at postnatal day (P)2, before formation of the calyx. At this age, action potentials (APs) were triggered by barrages of summating EPSPs causing plateau depolarizations. In contrast, at P5, a single EPSP reliably triggered APs, resulting in a close match between pre- and postsynaptic firing. Postsynaptic excitability and the size of the largest synaptic events were developmentally matched. The developmental changes in intrinsic properties were estimated by fitting in vivo current injections to a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of the principal neuron. Our simulations indicated that the developmental increases in Ih , low-threshold K+ channels and leak currents contributed to the reduction in postsynaptic excitability, but that low-threshold K+ channels specifically functioned as a dampening influence in the near-threshold range, thus precluding small inputs from triggering APs. Together, these coincident changes help to propagate bursting activity along the auditory brainstem, and are essential steps towards establishing the relay function of the calyx of Held synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C Sierksma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Gerard G Borst
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Leighton AH, Lohmann C. The Wiring of Developing Sensory Circuits-From Patterned Spontaneous Activity to Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:71. [PMID: 27656131 PMCID: PMC5011135 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to accurately process incoming sensory stimuli, neurons must be organized into functional networks, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing the precise arrangement of connections between cells. Teasing apart the relative contributions of molecular guidance cues, spontaneous activity and visual experience during this maturation is on-going. During development of the sensory system, the first, rough organization of connections is created by molecular factors. These connections are then modulated by the intrinsically generated activity of neurons, even before the senses have become operational. Spontaneous waves of depolarizations sweep across the nervous system, placing them in a prime position to strengthen correct connections and weaken others, shaping synapses into a useful network. A large body of work now support the idea that, rather than being a mere side-effect of the system, spontaneous activity actually contains information which readies the nervous system so that, as soon as the senses become active, sensory information can be utilized by the animal. An example is the neonatal mouse. As soon as the eyelids first open, neurons in the cortex respond to visual information without the animal having previously encountered structured sensory input (Cang et al., 2005b; Rochefort et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Ko et al., 2013). In vivo imaging techniques have advanced considerably, allowing observation of the natural activity in the brain of living animals down to the level of the individual synapse. New (opto)genetic methods make it possible to subtly modulate the spatio-temporal properties of activity, aiding our understanding of how these characteristics relate to the function of spontaneous activity. Such experiments have had a huge impact on our knowledge by permitting direct testing of ideas about the plasticity mechanisms at play in the intact system, opening up a provocative range of fresh questions. Here, we intend to outline the most recent descriptions of spontaneous activity patterns in rodent developing sensory areas, as well as the inferences we can make about the information content of those activity patterns and ideas about the plasticity rules that allow this activity to shape the young brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Leighton
- Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Lohmann
- Synapse and Network Development, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
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33
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Development of Spontaneous Activity in the Avian Hindbrain. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:63. [PMID: 27570506 PMCID: PMC4981603 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity in the developing central nervous system occurs before the brain responds to external sensory inputs, and appears in the hindbrain and spinal cord as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal nerves. This spontaneous activity recruits a large population of neurons and propagates like a wave over a wide region of the central nervous system. Here, we review spontaneous activity in the chick hindbrain by focusing on this large-scale synchronized activity. Asynchronous activity that is expressed earlier than the above mentioned synchronized activity and activity originating in midline serotonergic neurons are also briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women's University Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Soltani N, Mohammadi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shamsizadeh A, Roohbakhsh A, Haghparast A. Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Neuronal Response Characteristics in Deep Layers of Rat Barrel Cortex. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016; 7:213-20. [PMID: 27563414 PMCID: PMC4981833 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03070306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a chemical often used as a solvent for water-insoluble drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of DMSO on neural response characteristics (in 1200–1500 μm depth) of the rat barrel cortex. Methods: DMSO solution was prepared in 10% v/v concentration and injected into the lateral ventricle of rats. Neuronal spontaneous activity and neuronal responses to deflection of the principal whisker (PW) and adjacent whisker (AW) were recorded in barrel cortex. A condition test ratio (CTR) was used to measure inhibitory receptive fields in barrel cortex. Results: The results showed that both PW and AW evoked ON and OFF responses, neuronal spontaneous activity and inhibitory receptive fields did not change following ICV administration of DMSO. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that acute ICV administration of 10% DMSO did not modulate the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons in the l deep ayers of rat barrel cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Soltani
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Mohammadi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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35
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Luhmann HJ, Sinning A, Yang JW, Reyes-Puerta V, Stüttgen MC, Kirischuk S, Kilb W. Spontaneous Neuronal Activity in Developing Neocortical Networks: From Single Cells to Large-Scale Interactions. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:40. [PMID: 27252626 PMCID: PMC4877528 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity has been shown to be essential for the proper formation of neuronal circuits, affecting developmental processes like neurogenesis, migration, programmed cell death, cellular differentiation, formation of local and long-range axonal connections, synaptic plasticity or myelination. Accordingly, neocortical areas reveal distinct spontaneous and sensory-driven neuronal activity patterns already at early phases of development. At embryonic stages, when immature neurons start to develop voltage-dependent channels, spontaneous activity is highly synchronized within small neuronal networks and governed by electrical synaptic transmission. Subsequently, spontaneous activity patterns become more complex, involve larger networks and propagate over several neocortical areas. The developmental shift from local to large-scale network activity is accompanied by a gradual shift from electrical to chemical synaptic transmission with an initial excitatory action of chloride-gated channels activated by GABA, glycine and taurine. Transient neuronal populations in the subplate (SP) support temporary circuits that play an important role in tuning early neocortical activity and the formation of mature neuronal networks. Thus, early spontaneous activity patterns control the formation of developing networks in sensory cortices, and disturbances of these activity patterns may lead to long-lasting neuronal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Vicente Reyes-Puerta
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Maik C Stüttgen
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz, Germany
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Spindle Bursts in Neonatal Rat Cerebral Cortex. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3467832. [PMID: 27034844 PMCID: PMC4806652 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3467832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous and sensory evoked spindle bursts represent a functional hallmark of the developing cerebral cortex in vitro and in vivo. They have been observed in various neocortical areas of numerous species, including newborn rodents and preterm human infants. Spindle bursts are generated in complex neocortical-subcortical circuits involving in many cases the participation of motor brain regions. Together with early gamma oscillations, spindle bursts synchronize the activity of a local neuronal network organized in a cortical column. Disturbances in spindle burst activity during corticogenesis may contribute to disorders in cortical architecture and in the activity-dependent control of programmed cell death. In this review we discuss (i) the functional properties of spindle bursts, (ii) the mechanisms underlying their generation, (iii) the synchronous patterns and cortical networks associated with spindle bursts, and (iv) the physiological and pathophysiological role of spindle bursts during early cortical development.
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Yuryev M, Pellegrino C, Jokinen V, Andriichuk L, Khirug S, Khiroug L, Rivera C. In vivo Calcium Imaging of Evoked Calcium Waves in the Embryonic Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:500. [PMID: 26778965 PMCID: PMC4701926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of intracellular calcium fluxes are instrumental in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neuronal cells. Knowledge thus far of the relationship between these calcium changes and physiological processes in the developing brain has derived principally from ex vivo and in vitro experiments. Here, we present a new method to image intracellular calcium flux in the cerebral cortex of live rodent embryos, whilst attached to the dam through the umbilical cord. Using this approach we demonstrate induction of calcium waves by laser stimulation. These waves are sensitive to ATP-receptor blockade and are significantly increased by pharmacological facilitation of intracellular-calcium release. This approach is the closest to physiological conditions yet achieved for imaging of calcium in the embryonic brain and as such opens new avenues for the study of prenatal brain development. Furthermore, the developed method could open the possibilities of preclinical translational studies in embryos particularly important for developmentally related diseases such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yuryev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- INSERM U901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Parc Scientifique de LuminyMarseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR S901, Parc Scientifique de LuminyMarseille, France
| | - Ville Jokinen
- School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland; INSERM U901, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Parc Scientifique de LuminyMarseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR S901, Parc Scientifique de LuminyMarseille, France
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38
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Clark R, Blizzard C, Dickson T. Inhibitory dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: future therapeutic opportunities. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:511-25. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron hyperexcitability and inhibitory dysfunction is emerging as a potential causative link in the dysfunction and degeneration of the motoneuronal circuitry that characterizes the disease. Interneurons, as key regulators of excitability, may mediate much of this imbalance, yet we know little about the way in which inhibitory deficits perturb excitability. In this review, we explore inhibitory control of excitability and the potential contribution of altered inhibition to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease processes and vulnerabilities, identifying important windows of therapeutic opportunity and potential interventions, specifically targeting inhibitory control at key disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Catherine Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Tracey Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
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39
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Neuronal activity is not required for the initial formation and maturation of visual selectivity. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1780-8. [PMID: 26523644 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is important for the functional refinement of neuronal circuits in the early visual system. At the level of the cerebral cortex, however, it is still unknown whether the formation of fundamental functions such as orientation selectivity depends on neuronal activity, as it has been difficult to suppress activity throughout development. Using genetic silencing of cortical activity starting before the formation of orientation selectivity, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons in the mouse visual cortex formed and matured normally despite a strong suppression of both spontaneous and visually evoked activity throughout development. After the orientation selectivity formed, the distribution of the preferred orientations of neurons was reorganized. We found that this process required spontaneous activity, but not visually evoked activity. Thus, the initial formation and maturation of orientation selectivity is largely independent of neuronal activity, and the initial selectivity is subsequently modified depending on neuronal activity.
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40
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Hanson E, Armbruster M, Cantu D, Andresen L, Taylor A, Danbolt NC, Dulla CG. Astrocytic glutamate uptake is slow and does not limit neuronal NMDA receptor activation in the neonatal neocortex. Glia 2015; 63:1784-96. [PMID: 25914127 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate uptake by astrocytes controls the time course of glutamate in the extracellular space and affects neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, and circuit development. Astrocytic glutamate uptake has been shown to undergo post-natal maturation in the hippocampus, but has been largely unexplored in other brain regions. Notably, glutamate uptake has never been examined in the developing neocortex. In these studies, we investigated the development of astrocytic glutamate transport, intrinsic membrane properties, and control of neuronal NMDA receptor activation in the developing neocortex. Using astrocytic and neuronal electrophysiology, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis we show that: (1) glutamate uptake in the neonatal neocortex is slow relative to neonatal hippocampus; (2) astrocytes in the neonatal neocortex undergo a significant maturation of intrinsic membrane properties; (3) slow glutamate uptake is accompanied by lower expression of both GLT-1 and GLAST; (4) glutamate uptake is less dependent on GLT-1 in neonatal neocortex than in neonatal hippocampus; and (5) the slow glutamate uptake we report in the neonatal neocortex corresponds to minimal astrocytic control of neuronal NMDA receptor activation. Taken together, our results clearly show fundamental differences between astrocytic maturation in the developing neocortex and hippocampus, and corresponding changes in how astrocytes control glutamate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Moritz Armbruster
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Cantu
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Andresen
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amaro Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
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41
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Lee JH, Zhang J, Wei L, Yu SP. Neurodevelopmental implications of the general anesthesia in neonate and infants. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:50-60. [PMID: 25862287 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Each year, about six million children, including 1.5 million infants, in the United States undergo surgery with general anesthesia, often requiring repeated exposures. However, a crucial question remains of whether neonatal anesthetics are safe for the developing central nervous system (CNS). General anesthesia encompasses the administration of agents that induce analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects. Although the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics are still not completely understood, recent data have suggested that anesthetics primarily modulate two major neurotransmitter receptor groups, either by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, or conversely by activating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Both of these mechanisms result in the same effect of inhibiting excitatory activity of neurons. In developing brains, which are more sensitive to disruptions in activity-dependent plasticity, this transient inhibition may have longterm neurodevelopmental consequences. Accumulating reports from preclinical studies show that anesthetics in neonates cause cellular toxicity including apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Importantly, animal and clinical studies indicate that exposure to general anesthetics may affect CNS development, resulting in long-lasting cognitive and behavioral deficiencies, such as learning and memory deficits, as well as abnormalities in social memory and social activity. While the casual relationship between cellular toxicity and neurological impairments is still not clear, recent reports in animal experiments showed that anesthetics in neonates can affect neurogenesis, which could be a possible mechanism underlying the chronic effect of anesthetics. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of anesthetic effects will help to define the scope of the problem in humans and may lead to preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current evidence on neonatal anesthetic effects in the developmental CNS and discuss how factors influencing these processes can be translated into new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Luhmann HJ, Fukuda A, Kilb W. Control of cortical neuronal migration by glutamate and GABA. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:4. [PMID: 25688185 PMCID: PMC4311642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration in the cortex is controlled by the paracrine action of the classical neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Glutamate controls radial migration of pyramidal neurons by acting primarily on NMDA receptors and regulates tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons by activating non-NMDA and NMDA receptors. GABA, acting on ionotropic GABAA-rho and GABAA receptors, has a dichotomic action on radially migrating neurons by acting as a GO signal in lower layers and as a STOP signal in upper cortical plate (CP), respectively. Metabotropic GABAB receptors promote radial migration into the CP and tangential migration of interneurons. Besides GABA, the endogenous GABAergic agonist taurine is a relevant agonist controlling radial migration. To a smaller extent glycine receptor activation can also influence radial and tangential migration. Activation of glutamate and GABA receptors causes increases in intracellular Ca(2+) transients, which promote neuronal migration by acting on the cytoskeleton. Pharmacological or genetic manipulation of glutamate or GABA receptors during early corticogenesis induce heterotopic cell clusters in upper layers and loss of cortical lamination, i.e., neuronal migration disorders which can be associated with neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases. The pivotal role of NMDA and ionotropic GABA receptors in cortical neuronal migration is of major clinical relevance, since a number of drugs acting on these receptors (e.g., anti-epileptics, anesthetics, alcohol) may disturb the normal migration pattern when present during early corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - A Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - W Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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43
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kamino K. Monitoring Population Membrane Potential Signals During Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:213-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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Lansdell B, Ford K, Kutz JN. A reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003953. [PMID: 25474327 PMCID: PMC4256014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to receiving visual stimuli, spontaneous, correlated activity in the retina, called retinal waves, drives activity-dependent developmental programs. Early-stage waves mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) manifest as slow, spreading bursts of action potentials. They are believed to be initiated by the spontaneous firing of Starburst Amacrine Cells (SACs), whose dense, recurrent connectivity then propagates this activity laterally. Their inter-wave interval and shifting wave boundaries are the result of the slow after-hyperpolarization of the SACs creating an evolving mosaic of recruitable and refractory cells, which can and cannot participate in waves, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that cholinergic waves may be modulated by the extracellular concentration of ACh. Here, we construct a simplified, biophysically consistent, reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves capable of recapitulating wave dynamics observed in mice retina recordings. The dense, recurrent connectivity of SACs is modeled through local, excitatory coupling occurring via the volume release and diffusion of ACh. In addition to simulation, we are thus able to use non-linear wave theory to connect wave features to underlying physiological parameters, making the model useful in determining appropriate pharmacological manipulations to experimentally produce waves of a prescribed spatiotemporal character. The model is used to determine how ACh mediated connectivity may modulate wave activity, and how parameters such as the spontaneous activation rate and sAHP refractory period contribute to critical wave size variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lansdell
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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45
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Acetylcholine controls GABA-, glutamate-, and glycine-dependent giant depolarizing potentials that govern spontaneous motoneuron activity at the onset of synaptogenesis in the mouse embryonic spinal cord. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6389-404. [PMID: 24790209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2664-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable feature of early neuronal networks is their endogenous ability to generate spontaneous rhythmic electrical activity independently of any external stimuli. In the mouse embryonic SC, this activity starts at an embryonic age of ∼ 12 d and is characterized by bursts of action potentials recurring every 2-3 min. Although these bursts have been extensively studied using extracellular recordings and are known to play an important role in motoneuron (MN) maturation, the mechanisms driving MN activity at the onset of synaptogenesis are still poorly understood. Because only cholinergic antagonists are known to abolish early spontaneous activity, it has long been assumed that spinal cord (SC) activity relies on a core network of MNs synchronized via direct cholinergic collaterals. Using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and extracellular recordings in E12.5 isolated mouse SC preparations, we found that spontaneous MN activity is driven by recurrent giant depolarizing potentials. Our analysis reveals that these giant depolarizing potentials are mediated by the activation of GABA, glutamate, and glycine receptors. We did not detect direct nAChR activation evoked by ACh application on MNs, indicating that cholinergic inputs between MNs are not functional at this age. However, we obtained evidence that the cholinergic dependency of early SC activity reflects a presynaptic facilitation of GABA and glutamate synaptic release via nicotinic AChRs. Our study demonstrates that, even in its earliest form, the activity of spinal MNs relies on a refined poly-synaptic network and involves a tight presynaptic cholinergic regulation of both GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs.
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46
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Lohmann C, Kessels HW. The developmental stages of synaptic plasticity. J Physiol 2014; 592:13-31. [PMID: 24144877 PMCID: PMC3903349 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.235119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is programmed to drive behaviour by precisely wiring the appropriate neuronal circuits. Wiring and rewiring of neuronal circuits largely depends on the orchestrated changes in the strengths of synaptic contacts. Here, we review how the rules of synaptic plasticity change during development of the brain, from birth to independence. We focus on the changes that occur at the postsynaptic side of excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the rodent hippocampus and neocortex. First we summarize the current data on the structure of synapses and the developmental expression patterns of the key molecular players of synaptic plasticity, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, as well as pivotal kinases (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase A, protein kinase C) and phosphatases (PP1, PP2A, PP2B). In the second part we relate these findings to important characteristics of the emerging network. We argue that the concerted and gradual shifts in the usage of plasticity molecules comply with the changing need for (re)wiring neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lohmann
- C. Lohmann and H. W. Kessels: The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Emails: ,
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47
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Khazipov R, Minlebaev M, Valeeva G. Early gamma oscillations. Neuroscience 2013; 250:240-52. [PMID: 23872391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gamma oscillations have long been considered to emerge late in development. However, recent studies have revealed that gamma oscillations are transiently expressed in the rat barrel cortex during the first postnatal week, a "critical" period of sensory-dependent barrel map formation. The mechanisms underlying the generation and physiological roles of early gamma oscillations (EGOs) in the development of thalamocortical circuits will be discussed in this review. In contrast to adult gamma oscillations, synchronized through gamma-rhythmic perisomatic inhibition, EGOs are primarily driven through feedforward gamma-rhythmic excitatory input from the thalamus. The recruitment of cortical interneurons to EGOs and the emergence of feedforward inhibition are observed by the end of the first postnatal week. EGOs facilitate the precise synchronization of topographically aligned thalamic and cortical neurons. The multiple replay of sensory input during EGOs supports long-term potentiation at thalamocortical synapses. We suggest that this early form of gamma oscillations, which is mechanistically different from adult gamma oscillations, guides barrel map formation during the critical developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khazipov
- INMED - INSERM U901, University Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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48
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Yoshimura H, Sugai T, Hasegawa T, Yao C, Akamatsu T, Kato N. Age-dependent emergence of caffeine-assisted voltage oscillations in the endopiriform nucleus of rats. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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49
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:36. [PMID: 23596392 PMCID: PMC3625830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, spontaneous activity appears well before the brain responds to external sensory inputs. One of the earliest activities is observed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, which is detected as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal motoneurons or oscillations of Ca(2+)- and voltage-related optical signals. Shortly after the initial expression, the spontaneous activity appearing in the hindbrain and spinal cord exhibits a large-scale correlated wave that propagates over a wide region of the central nervous system, maximally extending to the lumbosacral cord and to the forebrain. In this review, we describe several aspects of this synchronized activity by focusing on the basic properties, development, origin, propagation pattern, pharmacological characteristics, and possible mechanisms underlying the generation of the activity. These profiles differ from those of the respiratory and locomotion pattern generators observed in the mature brainstem and spinal cord, suggesting that the wave is primordial activity that appears during a specific period of embryonic development and plays some important roles in the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, College of Human Environmental Studies, Kanto Gakuin UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women's UniversityTokyo, Japan
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50
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Feldmeyer D, Brecht M, Helmchen F, Petersen CC, Poulet JF, Staiger JF, Luhmann HJ, Schwarz C. Barrel cortex function. Prog Neurobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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