1
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Wang X, Liang L, Giridharan GA, Sethu P, Wang Y, Qin KR, Qu P, Wang Y. Development of in vitro microfluidic models to study endothelial responses to pulsatility with different mechanical circulatory support devices. Analyst 2024; 149:3661-3672. [PMID: 38819086 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (CFVAD) and counterpulsation devices (CPD) are used to treat heart failure (HF). CFVAD can diminish pulsatility, but pulsatile modes have been implemented to increase vascular pulsatility. The effects of CFVAD in a pulsatile mode and CPD support on the function of endothelial cells (ECs) are yet to be investigated. In this study, two in vitro microfluidic models for culturing ECs are proposed to reproduce blood pressure (BP) and wall shear stress (WSS) on the arterial endothelium while using these medical devices. The layout and parameters of the two microfluidic systems were optimized based on the principle of hemodynamic similarity to efficiently simulate physiological conditions. Moreover, the unique design of the double-pump and double afterload systems could successfully reproduce the working mode of CPDs in an in vitro microfluidic system. The performance of the two systems was verified by numerical simulations and in vitro experiments. BP and WSS under HF, CFVAD in pulsatile modes, and CPD were reproduced accurately in the systems, and these induced signals improved the expression of Ca2+, NO, and reactive oxygen species in ECs, proving that CPD may be effective in normalizing endothelial function and replacing CFVAD to a certain extent to treat non-severe HF. This method offers an important tool for the study of cell mechanobiology and a key experimental basis for exploring the potential value of mechanical circulatory support devices in reducing adverse events and improving outcomes in the treatment of HF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Lixue Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | | | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.
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2
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Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Ola R. Shear stress and pathophysiological PI3K involvement in vascular malformations. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172843. [PMID: 38747293 PMCID: PMC11093608 DOI: 10.1172/jci172843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of vascular anomalies has revealed that affected endothelial cells (ECs) harbor gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic α subunit of PI3Kα (PIK3CA). These PIK3CA mutations are known to cause solid cancers when occurring in other tissues. PIK3CA-related vascular anomalies, or "PIKopathies," range from simple, i.e., restricted to a particular form of malformation, to complex, i.e., presenting with a range of hyperplasia phenotypes, including the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Interestingly, development of PIKopathies is affected by fluid shear stress (FSS), a physiological stimulus caused by blood or lymph flow. These findings implicate PI3K in mediating physiological EC responses to FSS conditions characteristic of lymphatic and capillary vessel beds. Consistent with this hypothesis, increased PI3K signaling also contributes to cerebral cavernous malformations, a vascular disorder that affects low-perfused brain venous capillaries. Because the GOF activity of PI3K and its signaling partners are excellent drug targets, understanding PIK3CA's role in the development of vascular anomalies may inform therapeutic strategies to normalize EC responses in the diseased state. This Review focuses on PIK3CA's role in mediating EC responses to FSS and discusses current understanding of PIK3CA dysregulation in a range of vascular anomalies that particularly affect low-perfused regions of the vasculature. We also discuss recent surprising findings linking increased PI3K signaling to fast-flow arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxana Ola
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Santana Nunez D, Malik AB, Lee Q, Ahn SJ, Coctecon-Murillo A, Lazarko D, Levitan I, Mehta D, Komarova YA. Piezo1 induces endothelial responses to shear stress via soluble adenylyl Cyclase-IP 3R2 circuit. iScience 2023; 26:106661. [PMID: 37168565 PMCID: PMC10164902 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) continuously sense and adapt to changes in shear stress generated by blood flow. Here, we show that the activation of the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 by defined shear forces induces Ca2+ entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the ER Ca2+ ATPase pump. This entry is followed by inositol trisphosphate receptor 2 (IP3R2)-elicited ER Ca2+ release into the cytosol. The mechanism of ER Ca2+ release involves the generation of cAMP by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), leading to IP3R2-evoked Ca2+ gating. Depleting sAC or IP3R2 prevents ER Ca2+ release and blocks EC alignment in the direction of flow. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt1 restores the shear-induced alignment of ECs lacking Piezo1 or IP3R2, as well as the flow-induced vasodilation in endothelial restricted Piezo1 knockout mice. These studies describe an unknown Piezo1-cAMP-IP3R2 circuit as an essential mechanism activating Akt signaling and inducing adaptive changes in ECs to laminar flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianicha Santana Nunez
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quinn Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sang Joon Ahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arnold Coctecon-Murillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dana Lazarko
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yulia A. Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Arshad M, Cheng S, van Reeuwijk M, Sherwin SJ, Weinberg PD. Modification of the swirling well cell culture model to alter shear stress metrics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1254-1268. [PMID: 36633017 PMCID: PMC10952219 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Effects of hemodynamic shear stress on endothelial cells have been extensively investigated using the "swirling well" method, in which cells are cultured in dishes or multiwell plates placed on an orbital shaker. A wave rotates around the well, producing complex patterns of shear. The method allows chronic exposure to flow with high throughput at low cost but has two disadvantages: a number of shear stress characteristics change in a broadly similar way from the center to the edge of the well, and cells at one location in the well may release mediators into the medium that affect the behavior of cells at other locations, exposed to different shears. These properties make it challenging to correlate cell properties with shear. The present study investigated simple alterations to ameliorate these issues. Flows were obtained by numerical simulation. Increasing the volume of fluid in the well-altered dimensional but not dimensionless shear metrics. Adding a central cylinder to the base of the well-forced fluid to flow in a square toroidal channel and reduced multidirectionality. Conversely, suspending a cylinder above the base of the well made the flow highly multidirectional. Increasing viscosity in the latter model increased the magnitude of dimensional but not dimensionless metrics. Finally, tilting the well changed the patterns of different wall shear stress metrics in different ways. Collectively, these methods allow similar flows over most of the cells cultured and/or allow the separation of different shear metrics. A combination of the methods overcomes the limitations of the baseline model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Arshad
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of AeronauticsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maarten van Reeuwijk
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
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5
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Zeng X, Xue CD, Li YJ, Qin KR. A mathematical model for intracellular NO and ROS dynamics in vascular endothelial cells activated by exercise-induced wall shear stress. Math Biosci 2023; 359:109009. [PMID: 37086782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) residing in the innermost layer of blood vessels are exposed to dynamic wall shear stress (WSS) induced by blood flow. The intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ECs modulated by the dynamic WSS play important roles in endothelial functions. Mathematical modeling is a popular methodology for biophysical studies. It can not only explain existing cell experiments, but also reveal the underlying mechanism. However, the previous mathematical models of NO dynamics in ECs are limited to the static WSS induced by constant flow, while arterial blood flow is a periodic pulsatile flow with varying amplitude and frequency at different exercise intensities. In this study, a mathematical model of intracellular NO and ROS dynamics activated by dynamic WSS based on the in vitro cell experiments is developed. With the hypothesis of the viscoelastic body, the Kelvin model is adopted to simulate the mechanosensors on EC. Thus, the NO dynamics activated by dynamic shear stresses induced by constant flow, pulsatile flow, and oscillatory flow are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the roles of ROS have been considered for the first time in the modeling of NO dynamics in ECs based on the analysis of cell experiments. The predictions of the proposed model coincide fairly well with the experimental data when ECs are subjected to exercise-induced WSS. The mechanism is elucidated that WSS induced by moderate-intensity exercise is most favorable to NO production in ECs. This study can provide valuable insights for further study of NO and ROS dynamics in ECs and help develop appropriate exercise regimens for improving endothelial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zeng
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, PR China.
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6
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Mu X, Gerhard-Herman MD, Zhang YS. Building Blood Vessel Chips with Enhanced Physiological Relevance. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201778. [PMID: 37693798 PMCID: PMC10489284 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel chips are bioengineered microdevices, consisting of biomaterials, human cells, and microstructures, which recapitulate essential vascular structure and physiology and allow a well-controlled microenvironment and spatial-temporal readouts. Blood vessel chips afford promising opportunities to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying a range of vascular diseases. The physiological relevance is key to these blood vessel chips that rely on bioinspired strategies and bioengineering approaches to translate vascular physiology into artificial units. Here, we discuss several critical aspects of vascular physiology, including morphology, material composition, mechanical properties, flow dynamics, and mass transport, which provide essential guidelines and a valuable source of bioinspiration for the rational design of blood vessel chips. We also review state-of-art blood vessel chips that exhibit important physiological features of the vessel and reveal crucial insights into the biological processes and disease pathogenesis, including rare diseases, with notable implications for drug screening and clinical trials. We envision that the advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and stem cells improve the physiological relevance of blood vessel chips, which, along with the close collaborations between clinicians and bioengineers, enable their widespread utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marie Denise Gerhard-Herman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Na JT, Chun-Dong Xue, Wang YX, Li YJ, Wang Y, Liu B, Qin KR. Fabricating a multi-component microfluidic system for exercise-induced endothelial cell mechanobiology guided by hemodynamic similarity. Talanta 2023; 253:123933. [PMID: 36113333 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Generating precise in vivo arterial endothelial hemodynamic microenvironments using microfluidics is essential for exploring endothelial mechanobiology. However, a hemodynamic principle guiding the fabrication of microfluidic systems is still lacking. We propose a hemodynamic similarity principle for quickly obtaining the input impedance of the microfluidic system in vitro derived from that of the arterial system in vivo to precisely generate the desired endothelial hemodynamic microenvironments. First, based on the equivalent of blood pressure (BP) and wall shear stress (WSS) waveforms, we establish a hemodynamic similarity principle to efficiently map the input impedance in vivo to that in vitro, after which the multi-component microfluidic system is designed and fabricated using a lumped parameter hemodynamic model. Second, numerical simulation and experimental studies are carried out to validate the performance of the designed microfluidic system. Finally, the intracellular Ca2+ responses after exposure to different intensities of exercise-induced BP and WSS waveforms are measured to improve the reliability of EC mechanobiological studies using the designed microfluidic system. Overall, the proposed hemodynamic similarity principle can guide the fabrication of a multi-component microfluidic system for endothelial cell mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tong Na
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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8
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Demos C, Johnson J, Andueza A, Park C, Kim Y, Villa-Roel N, Kang DW, Kumar S, Jo H. Sox13 is a novel flow-sensitive transcription factor that prevents inflammation by repressing chemokine expression in endothelial cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:979745. [PMID: 36247423 PMCID: PMC9561411 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.979745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and occurs preferentially in arterial regions exposed to disturbed blood flow (d-flow) while the stable flow (s-flow) regions are spared. D-flow induces endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulating endothelial gene expression partly through the flow-sensitive transcription factors (FSTFs). Most FSTFs, including the well-known Kruppel-like factors KLF2 and KLF4, have been identified from in vitro studies using cultured endothelial cells (ECs). Since many flow-sensitive genes and pathways are lost or dysregulated in ECs during culture, we hypothesized that many important FSTFs in ECs in vivo have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis by analyzing our recent gene array and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and chromatin accessibility sequencing (scATACseq) datasets generated using the mouse partial carotid ligation model. From the analyses, we identified 30 FSTFs, including the expected KLF2/4 and novel FSTFs. They were further validated in mouse arteries in vivo and cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs). These results revealed 8 FSTFs, SOX4, SOX13, SIX2, ZBTB46, CEBPβ, NFIL3, KLF2, and KLF4, that are conserved in mice and humans in vivo and in vitro. We selected SOX13 for further studies because of its robust flow-sensitive regulation, preferential expression in ECs, and unknown flow-dependent function. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of SOX13 increased endothelial inflammatory responses even under the unidirectional laminar shear stress (ULS, mimicking s-flow) condition. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we conducted an RNAseq study in HAECs treated with SOX13 siRNA under shear conditions (ULS vs. oscillatory shear mimicking d-flow). We found 94 downregulated and 40 upregulated genes that changed in a shear- and SOX13-dependent manner. Several cytokines, including CXCL10 and CCL5, were the most strongly upregulated genes in HAECs treated with SOX13 siRNA. The robust induction of CXCL10 and CCL5 was further validated by qPCR and ELISA in HAECs. Moreover, the treatment of HAECs with Met-CCL5, a specific CCL5 receptor antagonist, prevented the endothelial inflammation responses induced by siSOX13. In addition, SOX13 overexpression prevented the endothelial inflammation responses. In summary, SOX13 is a novel conserved FSTF, which represses the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines in ECs under s-flow. Reduction of endothelial SOX13 triggers chemokine expression and inflammatory responses, a major proatherogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Demos
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Janie Johnson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aitor Andueza
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christian Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yerin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicolas Villa-Roel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hanjoong Jo,
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Meng F, Cheng H, Qian J, Dai X, Huang Y, Fan Y. In vitro fluidic systems: Applying shear stress on endothelial cells. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Polk T, Schmitt S, Aldrich JL, Long DS. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cell morphological response to fluid shear stress. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104377. [PMID: 35561754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As the cells that line the vasculature, endothelial cells are continually exposed to fluid shear stress by blood flow. Recent studies suggest that the morphological response of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress depends on the endothelial cell type. Thus, the present study characterizes the morphological response of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and nuclei to steady, laminar, and unidirectional fluid shear stress. Cultured HMEC-1 monolayers were exposed to shear stress of 0.3 dyn/cm2, 16 dyn/cm2, or 32 dyn/cm2 for 72 h with hourly live-cell imaging capturing both the nuclear and cellular morphology. Despite changes in elongation and alignment occurring with increasing fluid shear stress, there was a lack of elongation and alignment over time under each fluid shear stress condition. Conversely, changes in cellular and nuclear area exhibited dependence on both time and fluid shear stress magnitude. The trends in cellular morphology differed at shear stress levels above and below 16 dyn/cm2, whereas the nuclear orientation was independent of fluid shear stress magnitude. These findings show the complex morphological response of HMEC-1 to fluid shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Polk
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Jessica L Aldrich
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - David S Long
- Mechanobiology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA.
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Fallon ME, Mathews R, Hinds MT. In Vitro Flow Chamber Design for the Study of Endothelial Cell (Patho)Physiology. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:020801. [PMID: 34254640 PMCID: PMC8628846 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the native vasculature, flowing blood produces a frictional force on vessel walls that affects endothelial cell function and phenotype. In the arterial system, the vasculature's local geometry directly influences variations in flow profiles and shear stress magnitudes. Straight arterial sections with pulsatile shear stress have been shown to promote an athero-protective endothelial phenotype. Conversely, areas with more complex geometry, such as arterial bifurcations and branch points with disturbed flow patterns and lower, oscillatory shear stress, typically lead to endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have investigated the regulation of endothelial responses to various shear stress environments. Importantly, the accurate in vitro simulation of in vivo hemodynamics is critical to the deeper understanding of mechanotransduction through the proper design and use of flow chamber devices. In this review, we describe several flow chamber apparatuses and their fluid mechanics design parameters, including parallel-plate flow chambers, cone-and-plate devices, and microfluidic devices. In addition, chamber-specific design criteria and relevant equations are defined in detail for the accurate simulation of shear stress environments to study endothelial cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Fallon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Rick Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
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12
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Chen J, Zhang X, Millican R, Lynd T, Gangasani M, Malhotra S, Sherwood J, Hwang PT, Cho Y, Brott BC, Qin G, Jo H, Yoon YS, Jun HW. Recent Progress in in vitro Models for Atherosclerosis Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:790529. [PMID: 35155603 PMCID: PMC8829969 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.790529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of hardening and narrowing arteries, leading to cardiovascular disease accounting for the high mortality in the United States. For developing effective treatments for atherosclerosis, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing in vitro models. Compared to animal models, in vitro models can provide great opportunities to obtain data more efficiently, economically. Therefore, this review discusses the recent progress in in vitro models for atherosclerosis studies, including traditional two-dimensional (2D) systems cultured on the tissue culture plate, 2D cell sheets, and recently emerged microfluidic chip models with 2D culture. In addition, advanced in vitro three-dimensional models such as spheroids, cell-laden hydrogel constructs, tissue-engineered blood vessels, and vessel-on-a-chip will also be covered. Moreover, the functions of these models are also summarized along with model discussion. Lastly, the future perspectives of this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Manas Gangasani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shubh Malhotra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | - Younghye Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Center and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Brigitta C. Brott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Endomimetics, LLC., Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ho-Wook Jun
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13
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Locatelli L, Inglebert M, Scrimieri R, Sinha PK, Zuccotti GV, Milani P, Bureau L, Misbah C, Maier JAM. Human endothelial cells in high glucose: New clues from culture in 3D microfluidic chips. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22137. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco Università di Milano Milano Italy
| | | | - Roberta Scrimieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco Università di Milano Milano Italy
| | | | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco Università di Milano Milano Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) Università di Milano Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “A. Pontremoli” Università di Milano Milano Italy
| | - Lionel Bureau
- LIPhy, CNRS Université Grenoble‐Alpes Grenoble France
| | | | - Jeanette A. M. Maier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco Università di Milano Milano Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) Università di Milano Milano Italy
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14
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Oh NA, Hong X, Doulamis IP, Meibalan E, Peiseler T, Melero-Martin J, García-Cardeña G, Del Nido PJ, Friehs I. Abnormal Flow Conditions Promote Endocardial Fibroelastosis Via Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Which Is Responsive to Losartan Treatment. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:984-999. [PMID: 35024504 PMCID: PMC8733675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
EFE is a congenital cardiac pathology contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. The pathologic triggers of EFE remain to be characterized. To determine whether abnormal flow promotes EFE development, we used in vivo neonatal rodent surgical models and an in vitro model using human primary endocardial cells We established novel surgical model with flow profiles seen in patients that develop EFE. Static and turbulent flow conditions promoted EFE development in neonatal rodent hearts. Losartan treatment is shown to significantly ameliorate EFE progression and decreases mRNA and protein expression of EndoMT markers in neonatal rodent hearts. RNAseq analysis of human endocardial cells subjected to different flow conditions show that normal flow suppresses gene expression critical for mesenchymal differentiation and Notch signaling.
Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is defined by fibrotic tissue on the endocardium and forms partly through aberrant endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. However, the pathologic triggers are still unknown. In this study, we showed that abnormal flow induces EFE partly through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a rodent model, and that losartan can abrogate EFE development. Furthermore, we translated our findings to human endocardial endothelial cells, and showed that laminar flow promotes the suppression of genes associated with mesenchymal differentiation. These findings emphasize the role of flow in promoting EFE in endocardial endothelial cells and provide a novel potential therapy to treat this highly morbid condition.
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Key Words
- AR, aortic regurgitation
- EFE, endocardial fibroelastosis
- EndoMT, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- GO, gene ontology
- HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- HUEEC, human endocardial endothelial cells
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- LSS, laminar shear stress
- LV, left ventricle
- congenital heart disease
- endocardial endothelial cells
- endocardial fibroelastosis
- endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- wall shear stress
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Oh
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilias P Doulamis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elamaran Meibalan
- Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teresa Peiseler
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ingeborg Friehs
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Na JT, Hu SY, Xue CD, Wang YX, Chen KJ, Li YJ, Wang Y, Qin KR. A microfluidic system for precisely reproducing physiological blood pressure and wall shear stress to endothelial cells. Analyst 2021; 146:5913-5922. [PMID: 34570848 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To reproduce hemodynamic stress microenvironments of endothelial cells in vitro is of vital significance, by which one could exploit the quantitative impact of hemodynamic stresses on endothelial function and seek innovative approaches to prevent circulatory system diseases. Although microfluidic technology has been regarded as an effective method to create physiological microenvironments, a microfluidic system to precisely reproduce physiological arterial hemodynamic stress microenvironments has not been reported yet. In this paper, a novel microfluidic chip consisting of a cell culture chamber with on-chip afterload components designed by the principle of input impedance to mimic the global hemodynamic behaviors is proposed. An external feedback control system is developed to accurately generate the input pressure waveform. A lumped parameter hemodynamic model (LPHM) is built to represent the input impedance to mimic the on-chip global hemodynamic behaviors. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters is also elaborated. The performance of reproducing physiological blood pressure and wall shear stress is validated by both numerical characterization and flow experiment. Investigation of intracellular calcium ion dynamics in human umbilical vein endothelial cells is finally conducted to demonstrate the biological applicability of the proposed microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tong Na
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Hu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Bao Tong West Str., Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ke-Jie Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
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16
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Dessalles CA, Leclech C, Castagnino A, Barakat AI. Integration of substrate- and flow-derived stresses in endothelial cell mechanobiology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:764. [PMID: 34155305 PMCID: PMC8217569 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining all blood vessels are subjected to large mechanical stresses that regulate their structure and function in health and disease. Here, we review EC responses to substrate-derived biophysical cues, namely topography, curvature, and stiffness, as well as to flow-derived stresses, notably shear stress, pressure, and tensile stresses. Because these mechanical cues in vivo are coupled and are exerted simultaneously on ECs, we also review the effects of multiple cues and describe burgeoning in vitro approaches for elucidating how ECs integrate and interpret various mechanical stimuli. We conclude by highlighting key open questions and upcoming challenges in the field of EC mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Dessalles
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Leclech
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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17
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Wasson EM, Dubbin K, Moya ML. Go with the flow: modeling unique biological flows in engineered in vitro platforms. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2095-2120. [PMID: 34008661 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interest in recapitulating in vivo phenomena in vitro using organ-on-a-chip technology has grown rapidly and with it, attention to the types of fluid flow experienced in the body has followed suit. These platforms offer distinct advantages over in vivo models with regards to human relevance, cost, and control of inputs (e.g., controlled manipulation of biomechanical cues from fluid perfusion). Given the critical role biophysical forces play in several tissues and organs, it is therefore imperative that engineered in vitro platforms capture the complex, unique flow profiles experienced in the body that are intimately tied with organ function. In this review, we outline the complex and unique flow regimes experienced by three different organ systems: blood vasculature, lymphatic vasculature, and the intestinal system. We highlight current state-of-the-art platforms that strive to replicate physiological flows within engineered tissues while introducing potential limitations in current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Karen Dubbin
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Monica L Moya
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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18
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Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices Are Related to Microparticle-Induced Coagulation. ASAIO J 2021; 67:59-66. [PMID: 33346991 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic events (TEs) are a feared complication in patients supported by a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The aim of the study was to analyze the role of circulating microparticles (MPs) in activating the coagulation system in LVAD patients, which might contribute to the occurrence of TEs. First, we analyzed the effect of LVAD support on endothelial function, on the levels of endothelial MPs (EMPs) and platelet MPs (PMPs), and on the procoagulative activity of circulating MPs (measured as MP-induced thrombin formation) before LVAD implantation, post-implantation, and at a 3 month follow-up (n = 15). Second, these parameters were analyzed in 43 patients with ongoing LVAD support who were followed up for the occurrence of TEs in the following 12 months. In patients undergoing LVAD implantation, the levels of PMPs and MP-induced thrombin formation increased post-LVAD implantation. The flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) decreased, while the levels of EMPs increased post-LVAD implantation. TEs occurred in eight patients with ongoing LVAD support despite adequate coagulation. The levels of PMPs and MP-induced thrombin formation were higher in LVAD patients with TEs than in LVAD patients without TEs and were independent predictors for the risk of TEs under LVAD support. As conclusion, implantation of LVAD enhanced MP-induced coagulation, which was independently associated with the occurrence of TEs. These parameters may serve in risk stratification for early transplantation and individualized modification of standard LVAD therapy.
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19
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Haymet AB, Bartnikowski N, Wood ES, Vallely MP, McBride A, Yacoub S, Biering SB, Harris E, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Studying the Endothelial Glycocalyx in vitro: What Is Missing? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647086. [PMID: 33937360 PMCID: PMC8079726 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All human cells are coated by a surface layer of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and plasma proteins, called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx transmits shear stress to the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, maintains a selective permeability barrier, and modulates adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major components of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface layer during conditions including ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease, and some viral infections. Studying mechanisms of glycocalyx damage in vivo can be challenging due to the complexity of immuno-inflammatory responses which are inextricably involved. Previously, both static as well as perfused in vitro models have studied the glycocalyx, and have reported either imaging data, assessment of barrier function, or interactions of blood components with the endothelial monolayer. To date, no model has simultaneously incorporated all these features at once, however such a model would arguably enhance the study of vasculopathic processes. This review compiles a series of current in vitro models described in the literature that have targeted the glycocalyx layer, their limitations, and potential opportunities for further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Haymet
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole Bartnikowski
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily S Wood
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Vallely
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Angela McBride
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sophie Yacoub
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Africa Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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20
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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21
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Lee JH, Chen Z, He S, Zhou JK, Tsai A, Truskey GA, Leong KW. Emulating Early Atherosclerosis in a Vascular Microphysiological System Using Branched Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000428. [PMID: 33852179 PMCID: PMC9951769 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins with the accumulation of cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins on blood vessel walls and progresses to endothelial cell dysfunction, monocyte adhesion, and foam cell formation. Endothelialized tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) have previously been fabricated to recapitulate artery functionalities, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and endothelium activation. Here, the initiation of atherosclerosis is emulated by designing branched TEBVs (brTEBVs) of various geometries treated with enzyme-modified low-density-lipoprotein (eLDL) and TNF-α to induce endothelial cell dysfunction and adhesion of perfused human monocytes. Locations of monocyte adhesion under pulsatile flow are identified, and the hemodynamics in the brTEBVs are characterized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Monocyte adhesion is greater at the side outlets than at the main outlets or inlets, and is greatest at larger side outlet branching angles (60° or 80° vs 45°). In PIV experiments, the branched side outlets are identified as atherosclerosis-prone areas where fluorescent particles show a transient swirling motion following flow pulses; in CFD simulations, side outlets with larger branching angles show higher vorticity magnitude and greater flow disturbance than other areas. These results suggest that the branched TEBVs with eLDL/TNF-α treatment provide a physiologically relevant model of early atherosclerosis for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounghyun H. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zaozao Chen
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Siyu He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Joyce K. Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alexander Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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22
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Relapse of pathological angiogenesis: functional role of the basement membrane and potential treatment strategies. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:189-201. [PMID: 33589713 PMCID: PMC8080572 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Blinding eye diseases such as corneal neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are driven by pathological angiogenesis. In cancer, angiogenesis is key for tumor growth and metastasis. Current antiangiogenic treatments applied clinically interfere with the VEGF signaling pathway-the main angiogenic pathway-to inhibit angiogenesis. These treatments are, however, only partially effective in regressing new pathologic vessels, and the disease relapses following cessation of treatment. Moreover, the relapse of pathological angiogenesis can be rapid, aggressive and more difficult to treat than angiogenesis in the initial phase. The manner in which relapse occurs is poorly understood; however, recent studies have begun to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the revascularization process. Hypotheses have been generated to explain the rapid angiogenic relapse and increased resistance of relapsed disease to treatment. In this context, the present review summarizes knowledge of the various mechanisms of disease relapse gained from different experimental models of pathological angiogenesis. In addition, the basement membrane-a remnant of regressed vessels-is examined in detail to discuss its potential role in disease relapse. Finally, approaches for gaining a better understanding of the relapse process are discussed, including prospects for the management of relapse in the context of disease.
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23
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Tissue Chips and Microphysiological Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Testing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020139. [PMID: 33525451 PMCID: PMC7911320 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue chips (TCs) and microphysiological systems (MPSs) that incorporate human cells are novel platforms to model disease and screen drugs and provide an alternative to traditional animal studies. This review highlights the basic definitions of TCs and MPSs, examines four major organs/tissues, identifies critical parameters for organization and function (tissue organization, blood flow, and physical stresses), reviews current microfluidic approaches to recreate tissues, and discusses current shortcomings and future directions for the development and application of these technologies. The organs emphasized are those involved in the metabolism or excretion of drugs (hepatic and renal systems) and organs sensitive to drug toxicity (cardiovascular system). This article examines the microfluidic/microfabrication approaches for each organ individually and identifies specific examples of TCs. This review will provide an excellent starting point for understanding, designing, and constructing novel TCs for possible integration within MPS.
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24
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Santamaría R, González-Álvarez M, Delgado R, Esteban S, Arroyo AG. Remodeling of the Microvasculature: May the Blood Flow Be With You. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586852. [PMID: 33178049 PMCID: PMC7593767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature ensures optimal delivery of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and to achieve this function it must continually adapt to varying tissue demands. Newly formed vascular plexuses during development are immature and require dynamic remodeling to generate well-patterned functional networks. This is achieved by remodeling of the capillaries preserving those which are functional and eliminating other ones. A balanced and dynamically regulated capillary remodeling will therefore ensure optimal distribution of blood and nutrients to the tissues. This is particularly important in pathological contexts in which deficient or excessive vascular remodeling may worsen tissue perfusion and hamper tissue repair. Blood flow is a major determinant of microvascular reshaping since capillaries are pruned when relatively less perfused and they split when exposed to high flow in order to shape the microvascular network for optimal tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The molecular machinery underlying blood flow sensing by endothelial cells is being deciphered, but much less is known about how this translates into endothelial cell responses as alignment, polarization and directed migration to drive capillary remodeling, particularly in vivo. Part of this knowledge is theoretical from computational models since blood flow hemodynamics are not easily recapitulated by in vitro or ex vivo approaches. Moreover, these events are difficult to visualize in vivo due to their infrequency and briefness. Studies had been limited to postnatal mouse retina and vascular beds in zebrafish but new tools as advanced microscopy and image analysis are strengthening our understanding of capillary remodeling. In this review we introduce the concept of remodeling of the microvasculature and its relevance in physiology and pathology. We summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms contributing to capillary regression and to capillary splitting highlighting the key role of blood flow to orchestrate these processes. Finally, we comment the potential and possibilities that microfluidics offers to this field. Since capillary remodeling mechanisms are often reactivated in prevalent pathologies as cancer and cardiovascular disease, all this knowledge could be eventually used to improve the functionality of capillary networks in diseased tissues and promote their repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santamaría
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Esteban
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Inglebert M, Locatelli L, Tsvirkun D, Sinha P, Maier JA, Misbah C, Bureau L. The effect of shear stress reduction on endothelial cells: A microfluidic study of the actin cytoskeleton. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024115. [PMID: 32341726 PMCID: PMC7176460 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reduced blood flow, as occurring in ischemia or resulting from exposure to microgravity such as encountered in space flights, induces a decrease in the level of shear stress sensed by endothelial cells forming the inner part of blood vessels. In the present study, we use a microvasculature-on-a-chip device in order to investigate in vitro the effect of such a reduction in shear stress on shear-adapted endothelial cells. We find that, within 1 h of exposition to reduced wall shear stress, human umbilical vein endothelial cells undergo reorganization of their actin skeleton with a decrease in the number of stress fibers and actin being recruited into the cells' peripheral band, indicating a fairly fast change in the cells' phenotype due to altered flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Locatelli
- Dept. Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Univ. di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy
| | | | - Priti Sinha
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jeanette A Maier
- Dept. Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Univ. di Milano, Milano I-20157, Italy
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Bureau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
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26
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Hong JK, Gao L, Singh J, Goh T, Ruhoff AM, Neto C, Waterhouse A. Evaluating medical device and material thrombosis under flow: current and emerging technologies. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5824-5845. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of flow in medical device thrombosis and explores current and emerging technologies to evaluate dynamic biomaterial Thrombosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | - Lingzi Gao
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Jasneil Singh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Tiffany Goh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Alexander M. Ruhoff
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Heart Research Institute
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27
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Veith A, Conway D, Mei L, Eskin SG, McIntire LV, Baker AB. Effects of Mechanical Forces on Cells and Tissues. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jaminon A, Reesink K, Kroon A, Schurgers L. The Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Arterial Remodeling: Focus on Calcification-Related Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5694. [PMID: 31739395 PMCID: PMC6888164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes of the vessel wall that occur in response to disease, injury, or aging. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) play a pivotal role in regulating the remodeling processes of the vessel wall. Phenotypic switching of VSMC involves oxidative stress-induced extracellular vesicle release, driving calcification processes. The VSMC phenotype is relevant to plaque initiation, development and stability, whereas, in the media, the VSMC phenotype is important in maintaining tissue elasticity, wall stress homeostasis and vessel stiffness. Clinically, assessment of arterial remodeling is a challenge; particularly distinguishing intimal and medial involvement, and their contributions to vessel wall remodeling. The limitations pertain to imaging resolution and sensitivity, so methodological development is focused on improving those. Moreover, the integration of data across the microscopic (i.e., cell-tissue) and macroscopic (i.e., vessel-system) scale for correct interpretation is innately challenging, because of the multiple biophysical and biochemical factors involved. In the present review, we describe the arterial remodeling processes that govern arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis and calcification, with a particular focus on VSMC phenotypic switching. Additionally, we review clinically applicable methodologies to assess arterial remodeling and the latest developments in these, seeking to unravel the ubiquitous corroborator of vascular pathology that calcification appears to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Jaminon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Koen Reesink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Kroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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29
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Shin Y, Lim S, Kim J, Jeon JS, Yoo H, Gweon B. Emulating endothelial dysfunction by implementing an early atherosclerotic microenvironment within a microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3664-3677. [PMID: 31565711 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on endothelial dysfunction in relation to vascular diseases including atherosclerosis have highlighted the key contribution of the microenvironment of endothelial cells (ECs). By mimicking the microenvironment of early atherosclerotic lesions, here, we replicate the pathophysiological phenotype and function of ECs within microchannels. Considering the elevated deposition of fibronectin (FN) in early atherosclerotic plaques and the close correlation between the vascular stiffness and the progression of atherosclerosis, we utilized FN coated hydrogels with increased stiffness for endothelial substrates within the microchannels. As a result, we demonstrated that endothelial integrity on FN coated microchannels is likely to be undermined exhibiting a random orientation in response to the applied fluid flow, notable disruption of vascular endothelial cadherins (VE-cadherins), and higher endothelial permeability as opposed to that on microchannels coated with collagen (CL), the atheroresistant vascular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwon Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessie S Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongki Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea and Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bomi Gweon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Methods of Delivering Mechanical Stimuli to Organ-on-a-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100700. [PMID: 31615136 PMCID: PMC6843435 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have enabled the creation of promising microengineered physiological models, known as organ-on-a-chip (OOC), for experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research. OOCs have been used to recapitulate the physiologically critical features of specific human tissues and organs and their interactions. Application of chemical and mechanical stimuli is critical for tissue development and behavior, and they were also applied to OOC systems. Mechanical stimuli applied to tissues and organs are quite complex in vivo, which have not adequately recapitulated in OOCs. Due to the recent advancement of microengineering, more complicated and physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli are being introduced to OOC systems, and this is the right time to assess the published literature on this topic, especially focusing on the technical details of device design and equipment used. We first discuss the different types of mechanical stimuli applied to OOC systems: shear flow, compression, and stretch/strain. This is followed by the examples of mechanical stimuli-incorporated OOC systems. Finally, we discuss the potential OOC systems where various types of mechanical stimuli can be applied to a single OOC device, as a better, physiologically relevant recapitulation model, towards studying and evaluating experimental medicine, human disease modeling, drug development, and toxicology.
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31
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Microfluidic models of physiological or pathological flow shear stress for cell biology, disease modeling and drug development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Novak CM, Horst EN, Taylor CC, Liu CZ, Mehta G. Fluid shear stress stimulates breast cancer cells to display invasive and chemoresistant phenotypes while upregulating PLAU in a 3D bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3084-3097. [PMID: 31317530 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells experience a range of shear stresses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However most current in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models fail to systematically probe the effects of this biophysical stimuli on cancer cell metastasis, proliferation, and chemoresistance. To investigate the roles of shear stress within the mammary and lung pleural effusion TME, a bioreactor capable of applying shear stress to cells within a 3D extracellular matrix was designed and characterized. Breast cancer cells were encapsulated within an interpenetrating network hydrogel and subjected to shear stress of 5.4 dynes cm-2 for 72 hr. Finite element modeling assessed shear stress profiles within the bioreactor. Cells exposed to shear stress had significantly higher cellular area and significantly lower circularity, indicating a motile phenotype. Stimulated cells were more proliferative than static controls and showed higher rates of chemoresistance to the anti-neoplastic drug paclitaxel. Fluid shear stress-induced significant upregulation of the PLAU gene and elevated urokinase activity was confirmed through zymography and activity assay. Overall, these results indicate that pulsatile shear stress promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, invasive potential, chemoresistance, and PLAU signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caymen M Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric N Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles C Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Catherine Z Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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33
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Warboys CM, Ghim M, Weinberg PD. Understanding mechanobiology in cultured endothelium: A review of the orbital shaker method. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:170-177. [PMID: 31096159 PMCID: PMC6570700 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A striking feature of atherosclerosis is its highly non-uniform distribution within the arterial tree. This has been attributed to variation in the haemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) experienced by endothelial cells, but the WSS characteristics that are important and the mechanisms by which they lead to disease remain subjects of intensive investigation despite decades of research. In vivo evidence suggests that multidirectional WSS is highly atherogenic. This possibility is increasingly being studied by culturing endothelial cells in wells that are swirled on an orbital shaker. The method is simple and cost effective, has high throughput and permits chronic exposure, but interpretation of the results can be difficult because the fluid mechanics are complex; hitherto, their description has largely been restricted to the engineering literature. Here we review the findings of such studies, which indicate that putatively atherogenic flow characteristics occur at the centre of the well whilst atheroprotective ones occur towards the edge, and we describe simple mathematical methods for choosing experimental variables that avoid resonance, wave breaking and uncovering of the cells. We additionally summarise a large number of studies showing that endothelium cultured at the centre of the well expresses more pro-inflammatory and fewer homeostatic genes, has higher permeability, proliferation, apoptosis and senescence, and shows more endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition than endothelium at the edge. This simple method, when correctly interpreted, has the potential to greatly increase our understanding of the homeostatic and pathogenic mechanobiology of endothelial cells and may help identify new therapeutic targets in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mean Ghim
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
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34
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Sáez P, Gallo D, Morbiducci U. Mechanotransmission of haemodynamic forces by the endothelial glycocalyx in a full-scale arterial model. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190607. [PMID: 31312506 PMCID: PMC6599767 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx has been identified as a key mechano-sensor of the shear forces exerted by streaming blood onto the vascular endothelial lining. Although the biochemical reaction to the blood flow has been extensively studied, the mechanism of transmission of the haemodynamic shear forces to the endothelial transmembrane anchoring structures and, consequently, to the subcellular elements in the cytoskeleton, is still not fully understood. Here we apply a multiscale approach to elucidate how haemodynamic shear forces are transmitted to the transmembrane anchors of endothelial cells. Wall shear stress time histories, as obtained from image-based computational haemodynamics models of a carotid bifurcation, are used as a load and a continuum model is applied to obtain the mechanical response of the glycocalyx all along the cardiac cycle. The main findings of this in silico study are that: (1) the forces transmitted to the transmembrane anchors are in the range of 1-10 pN, which is in the order of magnitude reported for the different conformational states of transmembrane mechanotranductors; (2) locally, the forces transmitted to the anchors of the glycocalyx structure can be markedly different from the near-wall haemodynamic shear forces both in amplitude and frequency content. The findings of this in silico approach warrant future studies focusing on the actual forces transmitted to the transmembrane mechanotransductors, which might outperform haemodynamic descriptors of disturbed shear as localizing factors of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sáez
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LàCaN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Gallo
- PoliTo Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - U. Morbiducci
- PoliTo Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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35
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Young DC, Brehm JM, Scrimgeour J. Driving complex flow waveforms with a linear voice coil actuator. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034101. [PMID: 31110598 PMCID: PMC6499621 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory and pulsatile fluid flows for use in microfluidic applications were generated using a deformable chamber driven by a low cost linear voice coil actuator. Compliance in the fluidic system originating in the deformable chamber and the fluidic tubing produced a strong frequency dependence in the relationship between the system's input and the output flow rate. The effects of this frequency dependence were overcome by precise system calibration, enabling on-demand generation of sinusoidal oscillations in the fluid flow rate with a controlled amplitude in the range from 0.1 to over 1 ml/min across a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz. The calibration data further enabled the optimization of a multistage exponential smoothing model of the system that allowed the generation of arbitrary complex waveforms. This was demonstrated by combining flow modulation with a constant background flow generated by a syringe pump to mimic the pulsatile flow found in the human vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C Young
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
| | - Jacob M Brehm
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
| | - Jan Scrimgeour
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
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36
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Wang T, Zhang W, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Higher heart rates increase risk of diabetes and cardiovascular events: A prospective cohort study among Inner Mongolians. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2019; 46:20-26. [PMID: 30641242 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study examined the association between resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular events in an Inner Mongolian population. METHODS Based on a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2003, 2530 participants were reinvestigated between 2013 and 2014. All participants were classified into four groups (quartiles) according to heart rate. Primary outcomes were hypertension, T2D, major macrovascular events and all-cause deaths. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), and shape-restricted cubic spline regressions were conducted to investigate the associations between resting heart rate and study outcomes. RESULTS During the 10-year follow-up, 502 (41.6%) patients developed hypertension, 200 (10.4%) had diabetes, 464 (18.3%) experienced major macro-vascular events and 306 (14.3%) died. Resting heart rate was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2D, major macro-vascular events and all-cause deaths: adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the highest vs lowest quartiles of heart rate were 1.51 (1.06-2.15), 2.44 (1.54-3.85), 1.55 (1.14-2.10) and 1.57 (1.05-2.34), respectively. Multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline regression models showed a linear association between heart rate and the four outcomes (all P < 0.05 for linearity). The addition of heart rate to basic risk factors improved the prediction of risk of diabetes and all-cause deaths [indices of continuous net reclassification improvement and of integrated discrimination improvement were 21.92% (P = 0.002) and 22.69% (P < 0.001), and 0.72% (P = 0.01) and 0.58% (P = 0.03), respectively]. CONCLUSION Higher heart rates were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2D, major macro-vascular events and all-cause deaths among Inner Mongolians, suggesting that heart rate measurement may be of value as a potential clinical and diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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37
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A new hypothesis on the role of vessel topology in cerebral aneurysm initiation. Comput Biol Med 2018; 103:244-251. [PMID: 30391796 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysm pathogenesis is thought to be strongly linked with hemodynamical effects. According to our current knowledge, the formation process is initiated by locally disturbed flow conditions. The aim of the current work is to provide a numerical investigation on the role of the flow field at the stage of the initiation, before the aneurysm formation. Digitally reconstructed pre-aneurysmal geometries are used to examine correlations of the flow patterns to the location and direction of the aneurysms formed later. We argue that a very specific rotational flow pattern is present in all the investigated cases marking the location of the later aneurysm and that these flow patterns provide the mechanical load on the wall that can lead to a destructive remodelling in the vessel wall. Furthermore, these patterns induce elevated vessel surface related variables (e.g. wall shear stress (WSS), wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) and oscillatory shear index (OSI)), in agreement with the previous findings. We emphasise that the analysis of the flow patterns provides a deeper insight and a more robust numerical methodology compared to the sole examination of the aforementioned surface quantities.
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38
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Wang YX, Liu HB, Li PS, Yuan WX, Liu B, Liu ST, Qin KR. ROS and NO Dynamics in Endothelial Cells Exposed to Exercise-Induced Wall Shear Stress. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 12:107-120. [PMID: 31719902 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-00557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels are associated with vascular homeostasis and diseases. Exercise can modulate ROS and NO production through increasing frequency and magnitude of wall shear stress (WSS). However, the details of ROS and NO production in endothelial cells and their interplay under WSS induced by exercise at different intensities remain unclear. Methods In this study, we developed an in vitro multicomponent nonrectangular flow chamber system to simulate pulsatile WSS waveforms induced by moderate and high intensity exercise. Furthermore, the dynamic responses of ROS and NO in endothelial cells and the relationship between ROS and NO were investigated under the WSS induced by different intensity exercise. Results After exposing to WSS induced by moderate intensity exercise, endothelial cells produced more NO than those under high intensity exercise-induced WSS. In this process, ROS was found to play a dual role in the generation of intracellular NO. Under WSS induced by moderate intensity exercise, modest elevated ROS promoted NO production, whereas excessive ROS in endothelial cells exposed to WSS induced by high intensity exercise attenuated NO bioavailability. Interestingly, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could increase NO production under WSS induced by high intensity exercise. Conclusions Our results provide some cues for selecting appropriate exercise intensities and elevating benefits of exercise on endothelial function. Additionally, owing to the consistency of our results and some in vivo phenomena, this flow chamber system may serve as an in vitro exercise model of arterial vessel for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Hai-Bin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Peng-Song Li
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Wen-Xue Yuan
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Shu-Tian Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
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39
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Pulmonary Vascular Platform Models the Effects of Flow and Pressure on Endothelial Dysfunction in BMPR2 Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092561. [PMID: 30158434 PMCID: PMC6164056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a known consequence of bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) mutations seen in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, standard 2D cell culture models fail to mimic the mechanical environment seen in the pulmonary vasculature. Hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for 3D disease modeling due to their tunable physical and biochemical properties. In order to recreate the mechanical stimuli seen in the pulmonary vasculature, we have created a novel 3D hydrogel-based pulmonary vasculature model (“artificial arteriole”) that reproduces the pulsatile flow rates and pressures seen in the human lung. Using this platform, we studied both Bmpr2R899X and WT endothelial cells to better understand how the addition of oscillatory flow and physiological pressure influenced gene expression, cell morphology, and cell permeability. The addition of oscillatory flow and pressure resulted in several gene expression changes in both WT and Bmpr2R899X cells. However, for many pathways with relevance to PAH etiology, Bmpr2R899X cells responded differently when compared to the WT cells. Bmpr2R899X cells were also found not to elongate in the direction of flow, and instead remained stagnant in morphology despite mechanical stimuli. The increased permeability of the Bmpr2R899X layer was successfully reproduced in our artificial arteriole, with the addition of flow and pressure not leading to significant changes in permeability. Our artificial arteriole is the first to model many mechanical properties seen in the lung. Its tunability enables several new opportunities to study the endothelium in pulmonary vascular disease with increased control over environmental parameters.
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Heuslein JL, Gorick CM, McDonnell SP, Song J, Annex BH, Price RJ. Exposure of Endothelium to Biomimetic Flow Waveforms Yields Identification of miR-199a-5p as a Potent Regulator of Arteriogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:829-844. [PMID: 30153567 PMCID: PMC6118158 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arteriogenesis, the growth of endogenous collateral arteries bypassing arterial occlusion(s), is a fundamental shear stress-induced adaptation with implications for treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Nonetheless, endothelial mechano-signaling during arteriogenesis is incompletely understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that a mechanosensitive microRNA, miR-199a-5p, regulates perfusion recovery and collateral arteriogenesis following femoral arterial ligation (FAL) via control of monocyte recruitment and pro-arteriogenic gene expression. We have previously shown that collateral artery segments exhibit distinctly amplified arteriogenesis if they are exposed to reversed flow following FAL in the mouse. We performed a genome-wide analysis of endothelial cells exposed to a biomimetic reversed flow waveform. From this analysis, we identified mechanosensitive miR-199a-5p as a novel candidate regulator of collateral arteriogenesis. In vitro, miR-199a-5p inhibited pro-arteriogenic gene expression (IKKβ, Cav1) and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. In vivo, following FAL in mice, miR-199a-5p overexpression impaired foot perfusion and arteriogenesis. In contrast, a single intramuscular anti-miR-199a-5p injection elicited a robust therapeutic response, including complete foot perfusion recovery, markedly augmented arteriogenesis (>3.4-fold increase in segment conductance), and improved gastrocnemius tissue composition. Finally, we found plasma miR-199a-5p to be elevated in human PAD patients with intermittent claudication compared to a risk factor control population. Through our transformative analysis of endothelial mechano-signaling in response to a biomimetic amplified arteriogenesis flow waveform, we have identified miR-199a-5p as both a potent regulator of arteriogenesis and a putative target for treating PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Heuslein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Catherine M Gorick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie P McDonnell
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian H Annex
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Hampel U, Garreis F, Burgemeister F, Eßel N, Paulsen F. Effect of intermittent shear stress on corneal epithelial cells using an in vitro flow culture model. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:341-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Bogorad MI, DeStefano J, Wong AD, Searson PC. Tissue-engineered 3D microvessel and capillary network models for the study of vascular phenomena. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28164421 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in tissue engineering, cell biology, microfabrication, and microfluidics have led to the development of a wide range of vascular models. Here, we review platforms based on templated microvessel fabrication to generate increasingly complex vascular models of (i) the tumor microenvironment, (ii) occluded microvessels, and (iii) perfused capillary networks. We outline fabrication guidelines and demonstrate a number of experimental methods for probing vascular function such as permeability measurements, tumor cell intravasation, flow characterization, and endothelial cell morphology and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max I Bogorad
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jackson DeStefano
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Wong
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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Slegtenhorst BR, Fajardo Ramirez OR, Zhang Y, Dhanerawala Z, Tullius SG, García-Cardeña G. A Mechano-Activated Cell Reporter System as a Proxy for Flow-Dependent Endothelial Atheroprotection. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:869-876. [PMID: 29498892 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218761101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the health and disease of the cardiovascular system. Importantly, biomechanical stimuli generated by blood flow and sensed by the endothelium constitute important local inputs that are translated into transcriptional programs and functional endothelial phenotypes. Pulsatile, laminar flow, characteristic of regions in the vasculature that are resistant to atherosclerosis, evokes an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype. This atheroprotective phenotype is integrated by the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor-2 (KLF2), and therefore the expression of KLF2 can be used as a proxy for endothelial atheroprotection. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a cellular KLF2 reporter system, based on green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression driven by the human KLF2 promoter. This reporter is induced selectively by an atheroprotective shear stress waveform in human endothelial cells, is regulated by endogenous signaling events, and is activated by the pharmacological inducer of KLF2, simvastatin, in a dose-dependent manner. This reporter system can now be used to probe KLF2 signaling and for the discovery of a novel chemical-biological space capable of acting as the "pharmacomimetics of atheroprotective flow" on the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendix R Slegtenhorst
- 1 Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oscar R Fajardo Ramirez
- 1 Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,4 Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Yuzhi Zhang
- 1 Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahra Dhanerawala
- 1 Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- 5 Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- 1 Laboratory for Systems Mechanobiology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,6 Program in Human Biology and Translational Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Lee JY, Chung J, Kim KH, An SH, Kim M, Park J, Kwon K. Fluid shear stress regulates the expression of Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 via KLF2-AP-1 pathway depending on its intensity and pattern in endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2018; 270:76-88. [PMID: 29407891 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to fluid shear stress (FSS), which modulates vascular pathophysiology. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is crucial in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. We elucidated the mechanism regulating LOX-1 expression in ECs by FSS. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to laminar shear stress (LSS) of indicated intensities using a unidirectional steady flow, or to oscillatory shear stress (OSS) using a bidirectional disturbed flow. In vivo studies were performed in a mouse model of partial carotid ligation and human pulmonary artery sections. RESULTS Within ECs, OSS upregulated LOX-1 expression, while LSS (20 dyne/cm2) downregulated it. We confirmed that OSS-induced LOX-1 expression was suppressed when the mechanotransduction was inhibited by knockdown of the mechanosensory complex. In addition, we demonstrated that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has an inhibitory role on OSS-induced LOX-1 expression. Next, we determined that activator protein-1 (AP-1) was the key transcription factor inducing LOX-1 expression by OSS, which was inhibited by KLF2 overexpression. To explore whether the intensity of LSS affects LOX-1 expression, we tested three different intensities (20, 60, and 120 dyne/cm2) of LSS. We observed higher LOX-1 expression with high shear stresses of 120 dyne/cm2 compared to 20 and 60 dyne/cm2, with OSS-like KLF2-AP-1 signaling patterns. Furthermore, ECs within disturbed flow regions showed upregulated LOX-1 expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that LOX-1 expression on ECs is regulated via FSS depending on its intensity as well as pattern. Furthermore, this is mediated through the KLF2-AP1 pathway of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Lee
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihwa Chung
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Kim
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Shung Hyun An
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwan Kwon
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea.
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45
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García-Cardeña G, Slegtenhorst BR. Hemodynamic Control of Endothelial Cell Fates in Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 32:633-648. [PMID: 27712101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical forces are emerging as critical regulators of embryogenesis, particularly in the developing cardiovascular system. From the onset of blood flow, the embryonic vasculature is continuously exposed to a variety of hemodynamic forces. These biomechanical stimuli are key determinants of vascular cell specification and remodeling and the establishment of vascular homeostasis. In recent years, major advances have been made in our understanding of mechano-activated signaling networks that control both spatiotemporal and structural aspects of vascular development. It has become apparent that a major site for mechanotransduction is situated at the interface of blood and the vessel wall and that this process is controlled by the vascular endothelium. In this review, we discuss the hemodynamic control of endothelial cell fates, focusing on arterial-venous specification, lymphatic development, and the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and present some recent insights into the mechano-activated pathways driving these cell fate decisions in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Program in Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bendix R Slegtenhorst
- Program in Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Heuslein JL, Gorick CM, Song J, Price RJ. DNA Methyltransferase 1-Dependent DNA Hypermethylation Constrains Arteriogenesis by Augmenting Shear Stress Set Point. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007673. [PMID: 29191807 PMCID: PMC5779061 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Arteriogenesis is initiated by increased shear stress and is thought to continue until shear stress is returned to its original “set point.” However, the molecular mechanism(s) through which shear stress set point is established by endothelial cells (ECs) are largely unstudied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)–dependent EC DNA methylation affects arteriogenic capacity via adjustments to shear stress set point. Methods and Results In femoral artery ligation–operated C57BL/6 mice, collateral artery segments exposed to increased shear stress without a change in flow direction (ie, nonreversed flow) exhibited global DNA hypermethylation (increased 5‐methylcytosine staining intensity) and constrained arteriogenesis (30% less diameter growth) when compared with segments exposed to both an increase in shear stress and reversed‐flow direction. In vitro, ECs exposed to a flow waveform biomimetic of nonreversed collateral segments in vivo exhibited a 40% increase in DNMT1 expression, genome‐wide hypermethylation of gene promoters, and a DNMT1‐dependent 60% reduction in proarteriogenic monocyte adhesion compared with ECs exposed to a biomimetic reversed‐flow waveform. These results led us to test whether DNMT1 regulates arteriogenic capacity in vivo. In femoral artery ligation–operated mice, DNMT1 inhibition rescued arteriogenic capacity and returned shear stress back to its original set point in nonreversed collateral segments. Conclusions Increased shear stress without a change in flow direction initiates arteriogenic growth; however, it also elicits DNMT1‐dependent EC DNA hypermethylation. In turn, this diminishes mechanosensing, augments shear stress set point, and constrains the ultimate arteriogenic capacity of the vessel. This epigenetic effect could impact both endogenous collateralization and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Heuslein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Catherine M Gorick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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47
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Mack JJ, Mosqueiro TS, Archer BJ, Jones WM, Sunshine H, Faas GC, Briot A, Aragón RL, Su T, Romay MC, McDonald AI, Kuo CH, Lizama CO, Lane TF, Zovein AC, Fang Y, Tarling EJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Bouchard LS, Iruela-Arispe ML. NOTCH1 is a mechanosensor in adult arteries. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1620. [PMID: 29158473 PMCID: PMC5696341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells transduce mechanical forces from blood flow into intracellular signals required for vascular homeostasis. Here we show that endothelial NOTCH1 is responsive to shear stress, and is necessary for the maintenance of junctional integrity, cell elongation, and suppression of proliferation, phenotypes induced by laminar shear stress. NOTCH1 receptor localizes downstream of flow and canonical NOTCH signaling scales with the magnitude of fluid shear stress. Reduction of NOTCH1 destabilizes cellular junctions and triggers endothelial proliferation. NOTCH1 suppression results in changes in expression of genes involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium and proliferation, and preventing the increase of calcium signaling rescues the cell-cell junctional defects. Furthermore, loss of Notch1 in adult endothelium increases hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the descending aorta. We propose that NOTCH1 is atheroprotective and acts as a mechanosensor in adult arteries, where it integrates responses to laminar shear stress and regulates junctional integrity through modulation of calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Mack
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thiago S Mosqueiro
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brian J Archer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - William M Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hannah Sunshine
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Guido C Faas
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anais Briot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Raquel L Aragón
- Molecular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Trent Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Milagros C Romay
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Austin I McDonald
- Molecular Biology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Kuo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Timothy F Lane
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Ob-Gyn, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ann C Zovein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Louis S Bouchard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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48
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DeStefano JG, Xu ZS, Williams AJ, Yimam N, Searson PC. Effect of shear stress on iPSC-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (dhBMECs). Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28774343 PMCID: PMC5543552 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cells that form the lumen of capillaries and microvessels are an important component of the blood-brain barrier. Cell phenotype is regulated by transducing a range of biomechanical and biochemical signals in the local microenvironment. Here we report on the role of shear stress in modulating the morphology, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and protein and gene expression, of confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS To assess the response of derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (dhBMECs) to shear stress, confluent monolayers were formed in a microfluidic device. Monolayers were subjected to a shear stress of 4 or 12 dyne cm-2 for 40 h. Static conditions were used as the control. Live cell imaging was used to assess cell morphology, cell speed, persistence, and the rates of proliferation and apoptosis as a function of time. In addition, immunofluorescence imaging and protein and gene expression analysis of key markers of the blood-brain barrier were performed. RESULTS Human brain microvascular endothelial cells exhibit a unique phenotype in response to shear stress compared to static conditions: (1) they do not elongate and align, (2) the rates of proliferation and apoptosis decrease significantly, (3) the mean displacement of individual cells within the monolayer over time is significantly decreased, (4) there is no cytoskeletal reorganization or formation of stress fibers within the cell, and (5) there is no change in expression levels of key blood-brain barrier markers. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic response of dhBMECs to shear stress is significantly different from human and animal-derived endothelial cells from other tissues, suggesting that this unique phenotype that may be important in maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. The implications of this work are that: (1) in confluent monolayers of dhBMECs, tight junctions are formed under static conditions, (2) the formation of tight junctions decreases cell motility and prevents any morphological transitions, (3) flow serves to increase the contact area between cells, resulting in very low cell displacement in the monolayer, (4) since tight junctions are already formed under static conditions, increasing the contact area between cells does not cause upregulation in protein and gene expression of BBB markers, and (5) the increase in contact area induced by flow makes barrier function more robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson G DeStefano
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 100 Croft Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zinnia S Xu
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 100 Croft Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ashley J Williams
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 100 Croft Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Nahom Yimam
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 100 Croft Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 100 Croft Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Franzoni M, Walsh MT. Towards the Identification of Hemodynamic Parameters Involved in Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation and Failure: A Review. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2017; 8:342-356. [PMID: 28744783 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-017-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Native arteriovenous fistulas have a high failure rate mainly due to the lack of maturation and uncontrolled neo-intimal hyperplasia development. Newly established hemodynamics is thought to be central in driving the fistula fate, after surgical creation. To investigate the effects of realistic wall shear stress stimuli on endothelial cells, an in vitro approach is necessary in order to reduce the complexity of the in vivo environment. After a systematic review, realistic WSS waveforms were selected and analysed in terms of magnitude, temporal gradient, presence of reversing phases (oscillatory shear index, OSI) and frequency content (hemodynamics index, HI). The effects induced by these waveforms in cellular cultures were also considered, together with the materials and methods used to cultivate and expose cells to WSS stimuli. The results show a wide heterogeneity of experimental approaches and WSS waveform features that prevent a complete understanding of the mechanisms that regulate mechanotransduction. Furthermore, the hemodynamics derived from the carotid bifurcation is the most investigated (in vitro), while the AVF scenario remains poorly addressed. In conclusion, standardisation of the materials and methods employed, as well as the decomposition of realistic WSS profiles, are required for a better understanding of the hemodynamic effects on AVF outcomes. This standardisation may also lead to a new classification of WSS features according to the risk associated with vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franzoni
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael T Walsh
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Health Research Institute, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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50
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Rathod ML, Ahn J, Jeon NL, Lee J. Hybrid polymer microfluidic platform to mimic varying vascular compliance and topology. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2508-2516. [PMID: 28653725 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several cardiovascular pathologies and aging have been associated with alterations in the mechanical and structural properties of the vascular wall, leading to a reduction in arterial compliance and the development of constriction. In the past, rare efforts have been directed to understand the endothelial cell response to combined mechanical stimuli from fluid flow and substrate rigidity. Recent approaches using microfluidic platforms have limitations in precisely mimicking healthy and diseased vasculature conditions from altered topological and substrate compliance perspectives. To address this, we demonstrated an effective fabrication process to realize a hybrid polymer platform to test these mechanistic features of blood vessels. The salient features of the platform include circular microchannels of varying diameters, variation in substrate rigidity along the channel length, and the coexistence of microchannels with different cross sections on a single platform. The platform demonstrates the combined effects of flow-induced shear forces and substrate rigidity on the endothelial cell layer inside the circular microchannels. The experimental results indicate a pronounced cell response to flow induced shear stress via its interplay with the underlying substrate mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rathod
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea.
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