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Vaghela R, Arkudas A, Horch RE, Hessenauer M. Actually Seeing What Is Going on - Intravital Microscopy in Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627462. [PMID: 33681162 PMCID: PMC7925911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) study approach offers several advantages over in vitro, ex vivo, and 3D models. IVM provides real-time imaging of cellular events, which provides us a comprehensive picture of dynamic processes. Rapid improvement in microscopy techniques has permitted deep tissue imaging at a higher resolution. Advances in fluorescence tagging methods enable tracking of specific cell types. Moreover, IVM can serve as an important tool to study different stages of tissue regeneration processes. Furthermore, the compatibility of different tissue engineered constructs can be analyzed. IVM is also a promising approach to investigate host reactions on implanted biomaterials. IVM can provide instant feedback for improvising tissue engineering strategies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the requirements and applications of different IVM approaches. First, we will discuss the history of IVM development, and then we will provide an overview of available optical modalities including the pros and cons. Later, we will summarize different fluorescence labeling methods. In the final section, we will discuss well-established chronic and acute IVM models for different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Vaghela
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hessenauer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Soulet D, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Aubé B, Davalos D. Multiphoton intravital microscopy in small animals: motion artefact challenges and technical solutions. J Microsc 2020; 278:3-17. [PMID: 32072642 PMCID: PMC7187339 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention 29 years ago, two‐photon laser‐scanning microscopy has evolved from a promising imaging technique, to an established widely available imaging modality used throughout the biomedical research community. The establishment of two‐photon microscopy as the preferred method for imaging fluorescently labelled cells and structures in living animals can be attributed to the biophysical mechanism by which the generation of fluorescence is accomplished. The use of powerful lasers capable of delivering infrared light pulses within femtosecond intervals, facilitates the nonlinear excitation of fluorescent molecules only at the focal plane and determines by objective lens position. This offers numerous benefits for studies of biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolutions with limited photo‐damage and superior tissue penetration. Indeed, these attributes have established two‐photon microscopy as the ideal method for live‐animal imaging in several areas of biology and have led to a whole new field of study dedicated to imaging biological phenomena in intact tissues and living organisms. However, despite its appealing features, two‐photon intravital microscopy is inherently limited by tissue motion from heartbeat, respiratory cycles, peristalsis, muscle/vascular tone and physiological functions that change tissue geometry. Because these movements impede temporal and spatial resolution, they must be properly addressed to harness the full potential of two‐photon intravital microscopy and enable accurate data analysis and interpretation. In addition, the sources and features of these motion artefacts are varied, sometimes unpredictable and unique to specific organs and multiple complex strategies have previously been devised to address them. This review will discuss these motion artefacts requirement and technical solutions for their correction and after intravital two‐photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soulet
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Lamontagne-Proulx
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - B Aubé
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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Kapsokalyvas D, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Molecular Imaging in Oncology: Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020; 216:533-561. [PMID: 32594398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42618-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies usually require high levels of morphological, functional, and biochemical information at subcellular resolution. This type of information cannot be obtained from clinical imaging techniques, such as MRI, PET/CT, or US. Luckily, many microscopy techniques exist that can offer this information, also for malignant tissues and therapeutic approaches. In this overview, we discuss the various advanced optical microscopy techniques and their applications in oncological research. After a short introduction in Sect. 16.1, we continue in Sect. 16.2 with a discussion on fluorescent labelling strategies, followed in Sect. 16.3 by an in-depth description of confocal, light-sheet, two-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. We end in Sect. 16.4 with a focus on the applications, specifically in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Al-Gubory KH. Shedding light on fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy: Applications in biomedical imaging and therapies. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900146. [PMID: 31343844 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Discoveries of major importance in life sciences and preclinical research are linked to the invention of microscopes that enable imaging of cells and their microstructures. Imaging technologies involving in vivo procedures using fluorescent dyes that permit labelling of cells have been developed over the last two decades. Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM) is an imaging technology equipped with fiber-optic probes to deliver light to organs and tissues of live animals. This enables not only in vivo detection of fluorescent signals and visualization of cells, but also the study of dynamic processes, such cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, under physiological and pathological conditions. This will allow the diagnosis of diseased organs and tissues and the evaluation of the efficacy of new therapies in animal models of human diseases. The aim of this report is to shed light on FCFM and its potential medical applications and discusses some factors that compromise the reliability and reproducibility of monitoring biological processes by FCFM. This report also highlights the issues concerning animal experimentation and welfare, and the contributions of FCFM to the 3Rs principals, replacement, reduction and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs H Al-Gubory
- National Institute for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Physiology, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Abstract
The vascular endothelial surface is coated by the glycocalyx, a ubiquitous gel-like layer composed of a membrane-binding domain that contains proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan side-chains, and plasma proteins such as albumin and antithrombin. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. However, this component is highly vulnerable to damage and is also difficult to examine. Recent advances in analytical techniques have enabled biochemical, visual and computational investigation of this vascular component. The glycocalyx modulates leukocyte-endothelial interactions, thrombus formation and other processes that lead to microcirculatory dysfunction and critical organ injury in sepsis. It also acts as a regulator of vascular permeability and contains mechanosensors as well as receptors for growth factors and anticoagulants. During the initial onset of sepsis, the glycocalyx is damaged and circulating levels of glycocalyx components, including syndecans, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, can be measured and are reportedly useful as biomarkers for sepsis. Also, a new methodology using side-stream dark-field imaging is now clinically available for assessing the glycocalyx. Multiple factors including hypervolemia and hyperglycemia are toxic to the glycocalyx, and several agents have been proposed as therapeutic modalities, although no single treatment has been proven to be clinically effective. In this article, we review the derangement of the glycocalyx in sepsis. Despite the accumulated knowledge regarding the important roles of the glycocalyx, the relationship between derangement of the endothelial glycocalyx and severity of sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation has not been adequately elucidated and further work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Bloksgaard M, Thorsted B, Brewer JR, De Mey JGR. Assessing Collagen and Elastin Pressure-dependent Microarchitectures in Live, Human Resistance Arteries by Label-free Fluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29683445 DOI: 10.3791/57451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic contribution of resistance artery remodeling is documented in essential hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Investigations and development of microstructurally motivated mathematical models for understanding the mechanical properties of human resistance arteries in health and disease have the potential to aid understanding how disease and medical treatments affect the human microcirculation. To develop these mathematical models, it is essential to decipher the relationship between the mechanical and microarchitectural properties of the microvascular wall. In this work, we describe an ex vivo method for passive mechanical testing and simultaneous label-free three-dimensional imaging of the microarchitecture of elastin and collagen in the arterial wall of isolated human resistance arteries. The imaging protocol can be applied to resistance arteries of any species of interest. Image analyses are described for quantifying i) pressure-induced changes in internal elastic lamina branching angles and adventitial collagen straightness using Fiji and ii) collagen and elastin volume densities determined using Ilastik software. Preferably all mechanical and imaging measurements are performed on live, perfused arteries, however, an alternative approach using standard video-microscopy pressure myography in combination with post-fixation imaging of re-pressurized vessels is discussed. This alternative method provides users with different options for analysis approaches. The inclusion of the mechanical and imaging data in mathematical models of the arterial wall mechanics is discussed, and future development and additions to the protocol are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark;
| | - Bjarne Thorsted
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Jonathan R Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital
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Wu Z, Rademakers T, Kiessling F, Vogt M, Westein E, Weber C, Megens RT, van Zandvoort M. Multi-photon microscopy in cardiovascular research. Methods 2017; 130:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Kim M, Hong J, Kim J, Shin HJ. Fiber bundle-based integrated platform for wide-field fluorescence imaging and patterned optical stimulation for modulation of vasoconstriction in the deep brain of a living animal. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2781-2795. [PMID: 28663906 PMCID: PMC5480429 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a fiber optics-based intravital fluorescence imaging platform that includes epi-fluorescence microscopy and laser patterned-light stimulation system. The platform can perform real-time fluorescence imaging with a lateral resolution of ~4.9 μm while directly inserted into the intact mouse brain, optically stimulate vasoconstriction during real-time imaging, and avoid vessel damage in the penetration path of imaging probe. Using 473-nm patterned-light stimulation, we successfully modulated the vasoconstriction of a single targeted 37-μm-diameter blood vessel located more than 4.7 mm below the brain surface of a live SM22-ChR2 mouse. This platform may permit the hemodynamic studies associated with deeper brain neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jinki Hong
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jinsik Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-joon Shin
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Ushiyama A, Kataoka H, Iijima T. Glycocalyx and its involvement in clinical pathophysiologies. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:59. [PMID: 27617097 PMCID: PMC5017018 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is a frequent intractable feature involved in a wide range of diseases in the intensive care unit. The glycocalyx (GCX) seemingly plays a key role to control vascular permeability. The GCX has attracted the attention of clinicians working on vascular permeability involving angiopathies, and several clinical approaches to examine the involvement of the GCX have been attempted. The GCX is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer (ESL), which covers most of the surface of the endothelial cells and reduces the access of cellular and macromolecular components of the blood to the surface of the endothelium. It has become evident that this structure is not just a barrier for vascular permeability but contributes to various functions including signal sensing and transmission to the endothelium. Because GCX is a highly fragile and unstable layer, the image had been only obtained by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Recently, advanced microscopy techniques have enabled direct visualization of the GCX in vivo, most of which use fluorescent-labeled lectins that bind to specific disaccharide moieties of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Fluorescent-labeled solutes also enabled to demonstrate vascular leakage under the in vivo microscope. Thus, functional analysis of GCX is advancing. A biomarker of GCX degradation has been clinically applied as a marker of vascular damage caused by surgery. Fragments of the GCX, such as syndecan-1 and/or hyaluronan (HA), have been examined, and their validity is now being examined. It is expected that GCX fragments can be a reliable diagnostic or prognostic indicator in various pathological conditions. Since GCX degradation is strongly correlated with disease progression, pharmacological intervention to prevent GCX degradation has been widely considered. HA and other GAGs are candidates to repair GCX; further studies are needed to establish pharmacological intervention. Recent advancement of GCX research has demonstrated that vascular permeability is not regulated by simple Starling’s law. Biological regulation of vascular permeability by GCX opens the way to develop medical intervention to control vascular permeability in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hanae Kataoka
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Iijima
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Live cell imaging to understand monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell function in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1117-31. [PMID: 27270892 PMCID: PMC4925021 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ley et al. provide a review of the technology and accomplishments of dynamic imaging of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis. Intravital imaging is an invaluable tool for understanding the function of cells in healthy and diseased tissues. It provides a window into dynamic processes that cannot be studied by other techniques. This review will cover the benefits and limitations of various techniques for labeling and imaging myeloid cells, with a special focus on imaging cells in atherosclerotic arteries. Although intravital imaging is a powerful tool for understanding cell function, it alone does not provide a complete picture of the cell. Other techniques, such as flow cytometry and transcriptomics, must be combined with intravital imaging to fully understand a cell's phenotype, lineage, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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11
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Jain R, Tikoo S, Weninger W. Recent advances in microscopic techniques for visualizing leukocytes in vivo. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-915. [PMID: 27239292 PMCID: PMC4874443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8127.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are inherently motile and interactive cells. Recent advances in intravital microscopy approaches have enabled a new vista of their behavior within intact tissues in real time. This brief review summarizes the developments enabling the tracking of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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12
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Megens RT, Bianchini M, Schmitt MM, Weber C. Optical Imaging Innovations for Atherosclerosis Research. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1339-46. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.304875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Improving vascular prevention and therapy based on a refined mechanistic pervasion of atherosclerosis as the underlying pathology could limit the effect of vascular disease in aging societies. During the past decades, microscopy has contributed greatly to a better understanding of vascular physiology and pathology by allowing imaging of living specimen with subcellular resolution and high specificity. An important advance has been accomplished through the application of multiphoton microscopy in the vascular domain, a technological development that enabled multidimensional and dynamic imaging deep into the cellular architecture of intact tissue under physiological conditions. To identify and validate new targets for treating atherosclerosis, novel imaging strategies with nanoscale resolution will be essential to visualize molecular processes in intracellular and extracellular compartments. This review will discuss the current use of 2-photon microscopy and will provide an overview and outlook on options for introducing nanoscopic optical imaging modalities in atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco T.A. Megens
- From the Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., M.B., M.M.N.S., C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Mariaelvy Bianchini
- From the Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., M.B., M.M.N.S., C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Martin M.N. Schmitt
- From the Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., M.B., M.M.N.S., C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., M.B., M.M.N.S., C.W.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
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13
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Starosolski Z, Villamizar CA, Rendon D, Paldino MJ, Milewicz DM, Ghaghada KB, Annapragada AV. Ultra High-Resolution In vivo Computed Tomography Imaging of Mouse Cerebrovasculature Using a Long Circulating Blood Pool Contrast Agent. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10178. [PMID: 25985192 PMCID: PMC4650815 DOI: 10.1038/srep10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the cerebrovascular system play a central role in many neurologic diseases. The on-going expansion of rodent models of human cerebrovascular diseases and the need to use these models to understand disease progression and treatment has amplified the need for reproducible non-invasive imaging methods for high-resolution visualization of the complete cerebral vasculature. In this study, we present methods for in vivo high-resolution (19 μm isotropic) computed tomography imaging of complete mouse brain vasculature. This technique enabled 3D visualization of large cerebrovascular networks, including the Circle of Willis. Blood vessels as small as 40 μm were clearly delineated. ACTA2 mutations in humans cause cerebrovascular defects, including abnormally straightened arteries and a moyamoya-like arteriopathy characterized by bilateral narrowing of the internal carotid artery and stenosis of many large arteries. In vivo imaging studies performed in a mouse model of Acta2 mutations demonstrated the utility of this method for studying vascular morphometric changes that are practically impossible to identify using current histological methods. Specifically, the technique demonstrated changes in the width of the Circle of Willis, straightening of cerebral arteries and arterial stenoses. We believe the use of imaging methods described here will contribute substantially to the study of rodent cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Starosolski
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos A Villamizar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David Rendon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Michael J Paldino
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ketan B Ghaghada
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ananth V Annapragada
- 1] Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX [2] Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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14
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Bloksgaard M, Leurgans TM, Nissen I, Jensen PS, Hansen ML, Brewer JR, Bagatolli LA, Marcussen N, Irmukhamedov A, Rasmussen LM, De Mey JG. Elastin Organization in Pig and Cardiovascular Disease Patients' Pericardial Resistance Arteries. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:1-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000376548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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McArdle S, Chodaczek G, Ray N, Ley K. Intravital live cell triggered imaging system reveals monocyte patrolling and macrophage migration in atherosclerotic arteries. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:26005. [PMID: 25710308 PMCID: PMC4339534 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.2.026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton imaging of arteries is technically challenging because the artery expands with every heartbeat, causing severe motion artifacts. To study leukocyte activity in atherosclerosis, we developed the intravital live cell triggered imaging system (ILTIS). This system implements cardiac triggered acquisition as well as frame selection and image registration algorithms to produce stable movies of myeloid cell movement in atherosclerotic arteries in live mice. To minimize tissue damage, no mechanical stabilization is used and the artery is allowed to expand freely. ILTIS performs multicolor high frame-rate two-dimensional imaging and full-thickness three-dimensional imaging of beating arteries in live mice. The external carotid artery and its branches (superior thyroid and ascending pharyngeal arteries) were developed as a surgically accessible and reliable model of atherosclerosis. We use ILTIS to demonstrate Cx3cr1GFP monocytes patrolling the lumen of atherosclerotic arteries. Additionally, we developed a new reporter mouse (Apoe−/−Cx3cr1GFP/+Cd11cYFP) to image GFP+ and GFP+YFP + macrophages “dancing on the spot” and YFP+ macrophages migrating within intimal plaque. ILTIS will be helpful to answer pertinent open questions in the field, including monocyte recruitment and transmigration, macrophage and dendritic cell activity, and motion of other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McArdle
- La Jolla Institute, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- La Jolla Institute, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nilanjan Ray
- University of Alberta, Department of Computing Science, 8900 114 Street Northwest, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S4, Canada
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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16
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Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes into arteries is a hallmark event throughout all stages of atherosclerosis and hence stands out as a primary therapeutic target. To understand the molecular mechanisms of arterial leukocyte subset infiltration, real-time visualization of recruitment processes of leukocyte subsets at high resolution is a prerequisite. In this review we provide a balanced overview of optical imaging modalities in the more commonly used experimental models for atherosclerosis (e.g., mouse models) allowing for in vivo display of recruitment processes in large arteries and further detail strategies to overcome hurdles inherent to arterial imaging. We further provide a synopsis of techniques allowing for non-toxic, photostable labeling of target structures. Finally, we deliver a short summary of ongoing developments including the emergence of novel labeling approaches, the use of superresolution microscopy, and the potentials of opto-acoustic microscopy and intravascular 2-dimensional near-infrared fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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Zadrozny LM, Neufeld EB, Lucotte BM, Connelly PS, Yu ZX, Dao L, Hsu LY, Balaban RS. Study of the development of the mouse thoracic aorta three-dimensional macromolecular structure using two-photon microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:8-21. [PMID: 25362141 PMCID: PMC7205446 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414559590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the intrinsic optical properties of collagen and elastin, two-photon microscopy was applied to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) macromolecular structural development of the mouse thoracic aorta from birth to 60 days old. Baseline development was established in the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I-Deficient, Hypomorphic Apolipoprotein ER61 (SR-BI KO/ApoeR61(h/h)) mouse in preparation for modeling atherosclerosis. Precise dissection enabled direct observation of the artery wall in situ. En-face, optical sectioning of the aorta provided a novel assessment of the macromolecular structural development. During aortic development, the undulating lamellar elastin layers compressed consistent with the increases in mean aortic pressure with age. In parallel, a net increase in overall wall thickness (p<0.05, in day 60 compared with day 1 mice) occurred with age whereas the ratio of the tunicas adventitia and media to full aortic thickness remained nearly constant across age groups (~1:2.6, respectively). Histochemical analyses by brightfield microscopy and ultrastructure validated structural proteins and lipid deposition findings derived from two-photon microscopy. Development was associated with decreased decorin but not biglycan proteoglycan expression. This non-destructive 3D in situ approach revealed the aortic wall microstructure development. Coupling this approach with the intrinsic optical properties of the macromolecules may provide unique vascular wall 3D structure in many pathological conditions, including aortic atherosclerosis, dissections and aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Zadrozny
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
| | - Edward B Neufeld
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
| | - Bertrand M Lucotte
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
| | - Patricia S Connelly
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (PSC)
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA(ZXY)
| | - Lam Dao
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
| | - Li-Yueh Hsu
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NIH Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (LMZ, EBN, BML, LD, LYH, RSB)
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18
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Gorbatov R, Weissleder R. Motion compensation using a suctioning stabilizer for intravital microscopy. INTRAVITAL 2014; 1:115-121. [PMID: 24086796 DOI: 10.4161/intv.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motion artifacts continue to present a major challenge to single cell imaging in cardiothoracic organs such as the beating heart, blood vessels, or lung. In this study, we present a new water-immersion suctioning stabilizer that enables minimally invasive intravital fluorescence microscopy using water-based stick objectives. The stabilizer works by reducing major motion excursions and can be used in conjunction with both prospective or retrospective gating approaches. We show that the new approach offers cellular resolution in the beating murine heart without perturbing normal physiology. In addition, because this technique allows multiple areas to be easily probed, it offers the opportunity for wide area coverage at high resolution.
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19
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Kapsokalyvas D, Schiffers PM, Maij N, Suylen DP, Hackeng TM, van Zandvoort MA, De Mey JG. Imaging evidence for endothelin ETA/ETB receptor heterodimers in isolated rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Life Sci 2014; 111:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Famaey N, Ying Cui Z, Umuhire Musigazi G, Ivens J, Depreitere B, Verbeken E, Vander Sloten J. Structural and mechanical characterisation of bridging veins: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 41:222-40. [PMID: 25052244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bridging veins drain the venous blood from the cerebral cortex into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and doing so they bridge the subdural space. Despite their importance in head impact biomechanics, little is known about their properties with respect to histology, morphology and mechanical behaviour. Knowledge of these characteristics is essential for creating a biofidelic finite element model to study the biomechanics of head impact, ultimately leading to the improved design of protective devices by setting up tolerance criteria. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art knowledge on bridging veins. Tolerance criteria to prevent head injury through impact have been set by a number of research groups, either directly through impact experiments or by means of finite element (FE) simulations. Current state-of-the-art FE head models still lack a biofidelic representation of the bridging veins. To achieve this, a thorough insight into their nature and behaviour is required. Therefore, an overview of the general morphology and histology is provided here, showing the clearly heterogeneous nature of the bridging vein complex, with its three different layers and distinct morphological and histological changes at the region of outflow into the superior sagittal sinus. Apart from a complex morphology, bridging veins also exhibit complex mechanical behaviour, being nonlinear, viscoelastic and prone to damage. Existing material models capable of capturing these properties, as well as methods for experimental characterisation, are discussed. Future work required in bridging vein research is firstly to achieve consensus on aspects regarding morphology and histology, especially in the outflow cuff segment. Secondly, the advised material models need to be populated with realistic parameters through biaxial mechanical experiments adapted to the dimensions of the bridging vein samples. Finally, updating the existing finite element head models with these parameters will render them truly biofidelic, allowing the establishment of accurate tolerance criteria and, ultimately, better head protection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Ivens
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Depreitere
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Modulation of endothelial glycocalyx structure under inflammatory conditions. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:694312. [PMID: 24803742 PMCID: PMC3997148 DOI: 10.1155/2014/694312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx of the endothelium is an intravascular compartment that creates a barrier between circulating blood and the vessel wall. The glycocalyx is suggested to play an important role in numerous physiological processes including the regulation of vascular permeability, the prevention of the margination of blood cells to the vessel wall, and the transmission of shear stress. Various theoretical models and experimental approaches provide data about changes to the structure and functions of the glycocalyx under various types of inflammatory conditions. These alterations are suggested to promote inflammatory processes in vessels and contribute to the pathogenesis of number of diseases. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the modulation of the glycocalyx under inflammatory conditions and the consequences for the course of inflammation in vessels. The structure and functions of endothelial glycocalyx are briefly discussed in the context of methodological approaches regarding the determination of endothelial glycocalyx and the uncertainty and challenges involved in glycocalyx structure determination. In addition, the modulation of glycocalyx structure under inflammatory conditions and the possible consequences for pathogenesis of selected diseases and medical conditions (in particular, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, and sepsis) are summarized. Finally, therapeutic strategies to ameliorate glycocalyx dysfunction suggested by various authors are discussed.
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22
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Saxena A, Kessinger CW, Thompson B, McCarthy JR, Iwamoto Y, Lin CP, Jaffer FA. High-resolution optical mapping of inflammatory macrophages following endovascular arterial injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:282-9. [PMID: 23090852 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation following arterial injury mediates vascular restenosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity. Here we utilize intravital microscopy (IVM) and a dextran-coated nanosensor to spatially map inflammatory macrophages in vivo following endovascular injury of murine carotid arteries. PROCEDURES C57Bl/6 mice (n = 23) underwent endovascular guidewire carotid arterial injury. At day 14 or day 28 post-injury, mice underwent fluorescence IVM, 24 h after injection with the near-infrared fluorescent macrophage nanosensor CLIO-VT680. Adventitial collagen was concomitantly imaged using second harmonic generation (SHG) IVM. Correlative fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS Two-plane IVM reconstructions detected macrophage inflammation in the arterial wall that was elevated at day 14 compared to day 28 animals (P < 0.05). SHG-based collagen imaging of the outer arterial wall facilitated analysis of the macrophage-rich, inflamed neointima. Histological analyses and fluorescence microscopy data demonstrated increased macrophage infiltration in day 14 compared to day 28 neointima. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the macrophage response to arterial injury can be imaged in vivo using IVM-based molecular imaging, and shows a higher macrophage influx at day 14 compared to day 28 post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Saxena
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 3206, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Chèvre R, González-Granado JM, Megens RTA, Sreeramkumar V, Silvestre-Roig C, Molina-Sánchez P, Weber C, Soehnlein O, Hidalgo A, Andrés V. High-resolution imaging of intravascular atherogenic inflammation in live mice. Circ Res 2013; 114:770-9. [PMID: 24366169 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The inflammatory processes that initiate and propagate atherosclerosis remain poorly understood, largely because defining the intravascular behavior of immune cells has been technically challenging. Respiratory and pulsatile movements have hampered in vivo visualization of leukocyte accumulation in athero-prone arteries at resolutions achieved in other tissues. OBJECTIVE To establish and to validate a method that allows high-resolution imaging of inflammatory leukocytes and platelets within the carotid artery of atherosusceptible mice in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We have devised a procedure to stabilize the mouse carotid artery mechanically without altering blood dynamics, which dramatically enhances temporal and spatial resolutions using high-speed intravital microscopy in multiple channels of fluorescence. By applying this methodology at different stages of disease progression in atherosusceptible mice, we first validated our approach by assessing the recruitment kinetics of various leukocyte subsets and platelets in athero-prone segments of the carotid artery. The high temporal and spatial resolution allowed the dissection of both the dynamic polarization of and the formation of subcellular domains within adhered leukocytes. We further demonstrate that the secondary capture of activated platelets on the plaque is predominantly mediated by neutrophils. Finally, we couple this procedure with triggered 2-photon microscopy to visualize the 3-dimensional movement of leukocytes in intimate contact with the arterial lumen. CONCLUSIONS The improved imaging of diseased arteries at subcellular resolution presented here should help resolve many outstanding questions in atherosclerosis and other arterial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Chèvre
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis, and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (R.C., J.M.G.-G., V.S., C.S.-R., P.M.-S., A.H., V.A.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., C.W., O.S.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.S.)
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24
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Taqueti VR, Jaffer FA. High-resolution molecular imaging via intravital microscopy: illuminating vascular biology in vivo. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:278-90. [PMID: 23135362 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complications of atherosclerosis and thrombosis are leading causes of death worldwide. While experimental investigations have yielded valuable insights into key molecular and cellular phenomena in these diseases of medium- and large-sized vessels, direct visualization of relevant in vivo biological processes has been limited. However, recent developments in molecular imaging technology, specifically fluorescence imaging agents coupled with high-resolution, high-speed intravital microscopy (IVM), are now enabling dynamic and longitudinal investigations into the mechanisms and progression of many vascular diseases. Here we review recent advances in IVM that have provided new in vivo biological insights into atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviany R Taqueti
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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25
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Tung P, Hong SN, Chan RH, Peters DC, Hauser TH, Manning WJ, Josephson ME. Aortic injury is common following pulmonary vein isolation. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Rademakers T, Douma K, Hackeng TM, Post MJ, Sluimer JC, Daemen MJAP, Biessen EAL, Heeneman S, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Plaque-Associated Vasa Vasorum in Aged Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice Exhibit Proatherogenic Functional Features In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:249-56. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Neovascularization of human atherosclerotic plaques is implicated in plaque progression and destabilization, although its functional implications are yet unresolved. Here, we aimed to elucidate functional and morphological properties of plaque microvessels in mice in vivo.
Methods and Results—
Atherosclerotic carotid arteries from aged (>40 weeks) apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were imaged in vivo using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. Two distinct groups of vasa vasorum microvessels were observed at sites of atherosclerosis development (median diameters of 18.5 and 5.9 μm, respectively), whereas microvessels within the plaque could only rarely be found. In vivo imaging showed ongoing angiogenic activity and injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran confirmed active perfusion. Plaque vasa vasorum showed increased microvascular leakage, combined with a loss of endothelial glycocalyx. Mean blood flow velocity in plaque-associated vasa vasorum was reduced by ±50% compared with diameter-matched control capillaries, whereas mean blood flow was reduced 8-fold. Leukocyte adhesion and extravasation were increased 6-fold in vasa vasorum versus control capillaries.
Conclusion—
Using a novel in vivo functional imaging strategy, we showed that plaque-associated vasa vasorum were angiogenically active and, albeit poorly, perfused. Moreover, plaque-associated vasa vasorum showed increased permeability, reduced blood flow, and increased leukocyte adhesion and extravasation (ie, characteristics that could contribute to plaque progression and destabilization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rademakers
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Kim Douma
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Tilman M. Hackeng
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Mark J. Post
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Mat J. A. P. Daemen
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
| | - Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort
- From the Departments of Pathology (T.R., J.C.S, M.J.A.P.D., E.A.L.B., S.H.), Biomedical Engineering (K.D.), Radiology (K.D.), Biochemistry (T.M.H.), Physiology (M.J.P.), and Molecular Cell Biology (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht; Department of Pathology (M.J.A.P.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (M.A.M.J.v.Z.), RWTA Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, Aachen,
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Real-time in vivo imaging of the beating mouse heart at microscopic resolution. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1054. [PMID: 22968700 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of moving organs and tissues at microscopic resolutions represents a major challenge in studying the complex biology of live animals. Here we present a technique based on a novel stabilizer setup combined with a gating acquisition algorithm for the imaging of a beating murine heart at the single-cell level. The method allows serial in vivo fluorescence imaging of the beating heart in live mice in both confocal and nonlinear modes over the course of several hours. We demonstrate the utility of this technique for in vivo optical sectioning and dual-channel time-lapse fluorescence imaging of cardiac ischaemia. The generic method could be adapted to other moving organs and thus broadly facilitate in vivo microscopic investigations.
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Abstract
Application of ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) to exposed blood vessels is widely used to initiate thrombosis in laboratory mice. Because the mechanisms by which FeCl(3) induces endothelial injury and subsequent thrombus formation are little understood, we used scanning electron and brightfield intravital microscopy to visualize endothelial damage and thrombus formation occurring in situ. Contrary to generally accepted belief, FeCl(3) does not result in appreciable subendothelial exposure within the time frame of thrombosis. Furthermore, the first cells to adhere to FeCl(3)-treated endothelial surfaces are red blood cells (RBCs) rather than platelets. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that ferric ions predominantly localize to endothelial-associated RBCs and RBC-derived structures rather than to the endothelium. With continuing time points, RBC-derived structures rapidly recruit platelets, resulting in large complexes that subsequently enlarge and coalesce, quickly covering the endothelial surface. Further studies demonstrated that neither von Willebrand factor nor platelet glycoprotein Ib-α receptor (GPIb-α) is required for RBCs to adhere to the endothelium, and that deficiency of GPIb-α greatly abrogated the recruitment of platelets to the endothelial-associated RBC material. These findings illuminate the mechanisms of FeCl(3)-mediated thrombosis and reveal a previously unrecognized ability of RBCs to participate in thrombosis by mediating platelet adhesion to the intact endothelial surface.
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Soulet D, Paré A, Coste J, Lacroix S. Automated filtering of intrinsic movement artifacts during two-photon intravital microscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53942. [PMID: 23326545 PMCID: PMC3543396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy is an essential tool to explore the dynamic of physiological events deep within biological tissues for short or extended periods of time. The new capabilities offered by this technology (e.g. high tissue penetrance, low toxicity) have opened a whole new era of investigations in modern biomedical research. However, the potential of using this promising technique in tissues of living animals is greatly limited by the intrinsic irregular movements that are caused by cardiac and respiratory cycles and muscular and vascular tone. Here, we show real-time imaging of the brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve and myenteric plexus of living mice using a new automated program, named Intravital_Microscopy_Toolbox, that removes frames corrupted with motion artifacts from time-lapse videos. Our approach involves generating a dissimilarity score against precalculated reference frames in a specific reference channel, thus allowing the gating of distorted, out-of-focus or translated frames. Since the algorithm detects the uneven peaks of image distortion caused by irregular animal movements, the macro allows a fast and efficient filtering of the image sequence. In addition, extra features have been implemented in the macro, such as XY registration, channel subtraction, extended field of view with maximum intensity projection, noise reduction with average intensity projections, and automated timestamp and scale bar overlay. Thus, the Intravital_Microscopy_Toolbox macro for ImageJ provides convenient tools for biologists who are performing in vivo two-photon imaging in tissues prone to motion artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Soulet
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ-CHUL, Axe neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (DS); (SL)
| | - Alexandre Paré
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ-CHUL, Axe neurosciences, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien Coste
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ-CHUL, Axe neurosciences, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ-CHUL, Axe neurosciences, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (DS); (SL)
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Feruglio PF, Marzola P, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Sequential average segmented microscopy for high signal-to-noise ratio motion-artifact-free in vivo heart imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2095-106. [PMID: 24156067 PMCID: PMC3799669 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging is often severely compromised by cardiovascular and respiratory motion. Highly successful motion compensation techniques have been developed for clinical imaging (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging) but the use of more advanced techniques for intravital microscopy is largely unexplored. Here, we implement a sequential cardiorespiratory gating scheme (SCG) for averaged microscopy. We show that SCG is very efficient in eliminating motion artifacts, is highly practical, enables high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in vivo imaging, and yields large field of views. The technique is particularly useful for high-speed data acquisition or for imaging scenarios where the fluorescence signal is not significantly above noise or background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
- Interaction and Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Equal contribution
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Pasquina Marzola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
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Quillard T, Libby P. Molecular imaging of atherosclerosis for improving diagnostic and therapeutic development. Circ Res 2012; 111:231-44. [PMID: 22773426 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.268144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress, cardiovascular and allied metabolic disorders remain a worldwide health challenge. We must identify new targets for therapy, develop new agents for clinical use, and deploy them in a clinically effective and cost-effective manner. Molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions has become a major experimental tool in the last decade, notably by providing a direct gateway to the processes involved in atherogenesis and its complications. This review summarizes the current status of molecular imaging approaches that target the key processes implicated in plaque formation, development, and disruption and highlights how the refinement and application of such tools might aid the development and evaluation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Quillard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lee S, Vinegoni C, Feruglio PF, Weissleder R. Improved intravital microscopy via synchronization of respiration and holder stabilization. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:96018-1. [PMID: 23085919 PMCID: PMC3449295 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.096018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in high-resolution intravital confocal and multiphoton microscopy is physiologic tissue movement during image acquisition. Of the various physiological sources of movement, respiration has arguably the largest and most wide-ranging effect. We describe a technique for achieving stabilized microscopy imaging using a dual strategy. First, we designed a mechanical stabilizer for constraining physical motion; this served to simultaneously increase the in-focus range over which data can be acquired as well as increase the reproducibility of imaging a certain position within each confocal imaging plane. Second, by implementing a retrospective breathing-gated imaging modality, we performed selective image extraction gated to a particular phase of the respiratory cycle. Thanks to the high reproducibility in position, all gated images presented a high degree of correlation over time. The images obtained using this technique not only showed significant improvements over images acquired without the stabilizer, but also demonstrated accurate in vivo imaging during longitudinal studies. The described methodology is easy to implement with any commercial imaging system, as are used by most biological imaging laboratories, and can be used for both confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungon Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for System Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Interaction and Robotics Research Center, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Claudio Vinegoni
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for System Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Address all correspondence to: Claudio Vinegoni, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for System Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. E-mail:
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for System Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- University of Verona, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for System Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Wang X, Wolf MP, Keel RB, Lehner R, Hunziker PR. Polydimethylsiloxane embedded mouse aorta ex vivo perfusion model: proof-of-concept study focusing on atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:076006. [PMID: 22894489 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Existing mouse artery ex vivo perfusion models have utilized arteries such as carotid, uterine, and mesenteric arteries, but not the aorta. However, the aorta is the principal vessel analyzed for atherosclerosis studies in vivo. We have devised a mouse aorta ex vivo perfusion model that can bridge this gap. Aortas from apoE((-/-)) mice are embedded in a transparent, gas-permeable, and elastic polymer matrix [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)] and artificially perfused with cell culture medium under cell culture conditions. After 24 h of artificial ex vivo perfusion, no evidence of cellular apoptosis is detected. Utilizing a standard confocal microscope, it is possible to image specific receptor targeting of cells in atherosclerotic plaques during 24 h. Imaging motion artifacts are minimal due to the polymer matrix embedding. Re-embedding of the aorta enables tissue sectioning and immuno-histochemical analysis. The ex vivo data are validated by comparison with in vivo experiments. This model can save animal lives via production of multiple endpoints in a single experiment, is easy to apply, and enables straightforward comparability with pre-existing atherosclerosis in vivo data. It is suited to investigate atherosclerotic disease in particular and vascular biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueya Wang
- University Hospital Basel, Nanomedicine Group, Clinic for Intensive Care, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kim TN, Goodwill PW, Chen Y, Conolly SM, Schaffer CB, Liepmann D, Wang RA. Line-scanning particle image velocimetry: an optical approach for quantifying a wide range of blood flow speeds in live animals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38590. [PMID: 22761686 PMCID: PMC3383695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to measure blood velocities is critical for studying vascular development, physiology, and pathology. A key challenge is to quantify a wide range of blood velocities in vessels deep within living specimens with concurrent diffraction-limited resolution imaging of vascular cells. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) has shown tremendous promise in analyzing blood velocities hundreds of micrometers deep in animals with cellular resolution. However, current analysis of TPLSM-based data is limited to the lower range of blood velocities and is not adequate to study faster velocities in many normal or disease conditions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed line-scanning particle image velocimetry (LS-PIV), which used TPLSM data to quantify peak blood velocities up to 84 mm/s in live mice harboring brain arteriovenous malformation, a disease characterized by high flow. With this method, we were able to accurately detect the elevated blood velocities and exaggerated pulsatility along the abnormal vascular network in these animals. LS-PIV robustly analyzed noisy data from vessels as deep as 850 µm below the brain surface. In addition to analyzing in vivo data, we validated the accuracy of LS-PIV up to 800 mm/s using simulations with known velocity and noise parameters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, these blood velocity measurements are the fastest recorded with TPLSM. Partnered with transgenic mice carrying cell-specific fluorescent reporters, LS-PIV will also enable the direct in vivo correlation of cellular, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters in high flow vascular development and diseases such as atherogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson N. Kim
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Goodwill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yeni Chen
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Chris B. Schaffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorian Liepmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rong A. Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Studwell AJ, Kotton DN. A shift from cell cultures to creatures: in vivo imaging of small animals in experimental regenerative medicine. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1933-41. [PMID: 21952170 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the use of small animals for in vivo experimentation has been widespread, only recently has there been easy availability of techniques that allow noninvasive in vivo imaging of small animals. Because these techniques allow the same individual subject to be followed longitudinally throughout the duration of an experiment, their use is rapidly changing the way small animals are employed in the laboratory. In this review, we focus on six imaging modalities that are increasingly employed for small animal in vivo imaging: optical imaging (OI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), ultrasound (US), and positron-emission tomography (PET). Each modality allows for the noninvasive tracking of cells and cell products in vivo. In addition, multimodality imaging, combining two or more of these techniques, has also been increasingly employed to overcome the limitations of each independent technique. After reviewing these available imaging modalities, we detail their experimental application, exemplified by the emerging field of regenerative medicine, referring to publications whose conclusions would otherwise be difficult to support without the availability of in vivo imaging.
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36
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Models and approaches to understand the role of airway remodelling in disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:478-86. [PMID: 21824523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodelling is a collective term for changes in the amount or organisation of the cellular and molecular constituents of the airway wall. Remodelling occurs in and is associated with the pathophysiology of airways diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The remodelling that occurs in these diseases exhibits both shared and distinct features. Remodelling is generally considered to be deleterious to airway function but recent studies also indicate potential protective effects. However, the true impact of different aspects of the remodelling process on lung function, both negative and positive, is poorly understood. In addition, the genetic susceptibility and processes by which environmental insults drive the cell and molecular events which result in airway remodelling and the potential for therapeutic reversibility are also incompletely understood. The last 10-15 years has seen the development of animal models of airway remodelling which have been refined and modified as new factors such as exacerbations and early life influences have been recognised as being of importance. In addition, invertebrate models have been put forward and complex in vitro culture systems and lung slice preparations developed. In parallel, imaging technology has developed to an extent where it is feasible using a combination of techniques to image structural components, cells and proteins in the airway wall as well as to analyse biological processes, cell and receptor activation non-invasively over time. The integration of data from in vivo and in vitro models together with use of imaging techniques in man and animals should allow validation of models, further our understanding of the pathophysiology of airway remodelling and potentially improve predictive accuracy for the translation of novel therapeutic agents into the clinic.
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Matsumoto N, Takahara Y, Matsuki N, Ikegaya Y. Thoracotomy reduces intrinsic brain movement caused by heartbeat and respiration: a simple method to prevent motion artifact for in vivo experiments. Neurosci Res 2011; 71:188-91. [PMID: 21787813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent technical advances in electrophysiological recording and functional imaging from the brain of living animals have promoted our understandings of the brain function, but these in vivo experiments are still technically demanding and often suffer from spontaneous pulsation, i.e., brain movements caused by respiration and heartbeat. Here we report that thoracotomy suppresses the motion artifact to a practically negligible level. This simple method will be useful in a wide variety of in vivo experiments, such as patch-clamp physiology, and optical imaging of neurons, glial cell, and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Douma K, Megens RTA, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Optical molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles: shedding new light on the darkness. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:376-88. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Douma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco T. A. Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Megens RTA, Kemmerich K, Pyta J, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Intravital imaging of phagocyte recruitment. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:802-10. [PMID: 21437362 DOI: 10.1160/th10-11-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extravasation of neutrophils and monocytes is a hallmark event in acute and chronic inflammation. Owing to recent improvements in optical imaging techniques, the classical leukocyte extravasation cascade has been refined with intermediate steps being added. Further studies have shown tissue specific leukocyte recruitment patterns, thus allowing for more selective targeting. Here we focus on recent advances in intravital imaging of leukocyte recruitment by means of optical imaging techniques and emphasise the translation thereof into tissue-specific recruitment to the lungs, the liver and large arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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