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Mell S, Jones HW, Bandera YP, Foulger SH. Radioluminescent Photonic Bandgap Hydrogels: Mechanochromic Tunable Emissions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10089-10097. [PMID: 35944156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fully organic, radioluminescent crystalline colloidal arrays (CCAs) with covalently incorporated emitters were synthesized by using up to three organic fluorophores that were Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs with each other. The emitters were covalently incorporated into monodisperse poly(styrene-co-propargyl acrylate) nanoparticles in various combinations, resulting in blue-, green-, and red-emitting CCAs when excited with an X-ray source. The negatively charged surfaces of the monodisperse nanoparticles caused self-assembly into a crystal-like structure, which resulted in a partial photonic bandgap (i.e., rejection wavelength) within the near-visible and visible light spectrum. When the rejection wavelength of the CCA overlapped its radioluminescence, the spontaneous emission was inhibited and the emission intensity decreased. A poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-based hydrogel network was used to encapsulate the CCAs and stabilize their crystal-like structure. Within the hydrogel, coupling the photonic bandgap with the radioluminescence of the CCA films led to robust optical systems with tunable emissions. These fully organic, hydrogel-stabilized, radioluminescent CCAs possess mechanochromic tunable optical characteristics with future applications as potentially less toxic X-ray bioimaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mell
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Haley W Jones
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Yuriy P Bandera
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Stephen H Foulger
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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2
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Nowak N, Wiglusz RJ. A Study of Vanadate Group Substitution into Nanosized Hydroxyapatite Doped with Eu 3+ Ions as a Potential Tissue Replacement Material. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:77. [PMID: 35010026 PMCID: PMC8746586 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nanosized vanadate-substituted hydroxyapatites doped with 1 mol% and 2 mol% Eu3+ ions were obtained via the precipitation method. To evaluate the structure and morphology of the obtained compounds, the XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction) technique, Rietveld refinement, SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) techniques as well as FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy were performed. Moreover, the chemical formula was confirmed using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy spectroscopy). The calculated average grain size for powders was in the range of 25 to 90 nm. The luminescence properties of vanadium-substituted hydroxyapatite were evaluated by recording emission spectra and excitation spectra as well as luminescence kinetics. The crucial step of this research was the evaluation of the biocompatibility of the synthesized nanomaterials. Therefore, the obtained compounds were tested toward sheep red blood cells and normal human dermal fibroblast to confirm the nontoxicity and biocompatibility of new nanosized Eu3+ ion-doped vanadate-hydroxyapatite. Moreover, the final step of the research allowed us to determine the time dependent ion release to the simulated body fluid environment. The study confirmed cytocompatibility of vanadium hydroxyapatite doped with Eu3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nowak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Jakub Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Moseley ODI, Doherty TAS, Parmee R, Anaya M, Stranks SD. Halide perovskites scintillators: unique promise and current limitations. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:11588-11604. [PMID: 34671480 PMCID: PMC8444306 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc01595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of X- and gamma-rays in a range of sectors including healthcare, security and industrial screening is underpinned by the efficient detection of the ionising radiation. Such detector applications are dominated by indirect detectors in which a scintillating material is combined with a photodetector. Halide perovskites have recently emerged as an interesting class of semiconductors, showing enormous promise in optoelectronic applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. Here, we discuss how the same superior semiconducting properties that have catalysed their rapid development in these optoelectronic devices, including high photon attenuation and fast and efficient emission properties, also make them promising scintillator materials. By outlining the key mechanisms of their operation as scintillators, we show why reports of remarkable performance have already emerged, and describe how further learning from other optoelectronic devices will propel forward their applications as scintillators. Finally, we outline where these materials can make the greatest impact in detector applications by maximally exploiting their unique properties, leading to dramatic improvements in existing detection systems or introducing entirely new functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D I Moseley
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Tiarnan A S Doherty
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Richard Parmee
- Cheyney Design and Development, Ltd., Litlington Cambridge SG8 0SS UK
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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Pogue BW, Zhang R, Cao X, Jia JM, Petusseau A, Bruza P, Vinogradov SA. Review of in vivo optical molecular imaging and sensing from x-ray excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200308VR. [PMID: 33386709 PMCID: PMC7778455 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Deep-tissue penetration by x-rays to induce optical responses of specific molecular reporters is a new way to sense and image features of tissue function in vivo. Advances in this field are emerging, as biocompatible probes are invented along with innovations in how to optimally utilize x-ray sources. AIM A comprehensive review is provided of the many tools and techniques developed for x-ray-induced optical molecular sensing, covering topics ranging from foundations of x-ray fluorescence imaging and x-ray tomography to the adaptation of these methods for sensing and imaging in vivo. APPROACH The ways in which x-rays can interact with molecules and lead to their optical luminescence are reviewed, including temporal methods based on gated acquisition and multipoint scanning for improved lateral or axial resolution. RESULTS While some known probes can generate light upon x-ray scintillation, there has been an emergent recognition that excitation of molecular probes by x-ray-induced Cherenkov light is also possible. Emission of Cherenkov radiation requires a threshold energy of x-rays in the high kV or MV range, but has the advantage of being able to excite a broad range of optical molecular probes. In comparison, most scintillating agents are more readily activated by lower keV x-ray energies but are composed of crystalline inorganic constituents, although some organic biocompatible agents have been designed as well. Methods to create high-resolution structured x-ray-optical images are now available, based upon unique scanning approaches and/or a priori knowledge of the scanned x-ray beam geometry. Further improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved by careful system design and algorithm optimization. Current applications of these hybrid x-ray-optical approaches include imaging of tissue oxygenation and pH as well as of certain fluorescent proteins. CONCLUSIONS Discovery of x-ray-excited reporters combined with optimized x-ray scan sequences can improve imaging resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jeremy Mengyu Jia
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Arthur Petusseau
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Dai X, Cheng K, Zhao W, Xing L. High-speed X-ray-induced luminescence computed tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000066. [PMID: 32445254 PMCID: PMC7598839 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-induced luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is an emerging molecular imaging. Challenges in improving spatial resolution and reducing the scan time in a whole-body field of view (FOV) still remain for practical in vivo applications. In this study, we present a novel XLCT technique capable of obtaining three-dimensional (3D) images from a single snapshot. Specifically, a customed two-planar-mirror component is integrated into a cone beam XLCT imaging system to obtain multiple optical views of an object simultaneously. Furthermore, a compressive sensing based algorithm is adopted to improve the efficiency of 3D XLCT image reconstruction. Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the single snapshot X-ray-induced luminescence computed tomography (SS-XLCT). The results show that the 3D distribution of the nanophosphor targets can be visualized much faster than conventional cone beam XLCT imaging method that was used in our comparisons while maintaining comparable spatial resolution as in conventional XLCT imaging. SS-XLCT has the potential to harness the power of XLCT for rapid whole-body in vivo molecular imaging of small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Zhang Y, Guo Q, Zhang L, Li J, Gao F, Jiang J, Zhou Z. Investigation of a simple coded-aperture based multi-narrow beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:093101. [PMID: 33003801 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study a multi-narrow beam X-ray Luminescence Computed Tomography (XLCT) system based on a simple coded aperture. The proposed XLCT system is studied through simulations of x rays and diffuse light propagation and the implementation of the multi-narrow beam XLCT reconstruction algorithm. The relationship between the reconstructed quality of the XLCT image and the pass-element distribution of the coded aperture mask is investigated. The coded aperture that produces the best image quality metrics for the numerical phantom is selected for the XLCT system. The effects of detection positions and the number of projection angles are also investigated for considering the scanning efficiency and system structural complexity. The results demonstrate that the proposed multi-narrow beam XLCT system is competent in resolving targets with high complexity when comparing with the coded aperture compressed sensing XLCT system based on a complicated mask. It can also offer an enhancement in scanning efficiency in comparison with the conventional multi-narrow beam XLCT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingwei Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingying Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongxing Zhou
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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7
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Gao P, Cheng K, Schüler E, Jia M, Zhao W, Xing L. Restarted primal-dual Newton conjugate gradient method for enhanced spatial resolution of reconstructed cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography images. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:135008. [PMID: 32268318 PMCID: PMC7594591 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab87fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been proposed as a promising imaging tool, which enables three-dimensional imaging of the distribution of nanophosphors (NPs) in small animals. However, the reconstruction performance is usually unsatisfactory in terms of spatial resolution due to the ill-posedness of the CB-XLCT inverse problem. To alleviate this problem and to achieve high spatial resolution, a reconstruction method consisting of inner and outer iterations based on a restarted strategy is proposed. In this method, the primal-dual Newton conjugate gradient method (pdNCG) is adopted in the inner iterations to get fast reconstruction, which is used for resetting the permission region and increasing the convergence speed of the outer iteration. To assess the performance of the method, both numerical simulation and physical phantom experiments were conducted with a CB-XLCT system. The results demonstrate that compared with conventional reconstruction methods, the proposed re-pdNCG method can accurately and efficiently resolve the adjacent NPs with the least relative error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed to this work equally
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
- These authors contributed to this work equally
| | - Emil Schüler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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8
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Gao P, Rong J, Liu T, Zhang W, Lan B, Ouyang X, Lu H. Limited view cone-beam x-ray luminescence tomography based on depth compensation and group sparsity prior. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 31970943 PMCID: PMC6975372 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Significance: As a promising hybrid imaging technique with x-ray excitable nanophosphors, cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been proposed for in-depth biological imaging applications. In situations in which the full rotation of the imaging object (or x-ray source) is inapplicable, the x-ray excitation is limited by geometry, or a lower x-ray excitation dose is mandatory, limited view CB-XLCT reconstruction would be essential. However, this will result in severe ill-posedness and poor image quality. <p> Aim: The aim is to develop a limited view CB-XLCT imaging strategy to reduce the scanning span and a corresponding reconstruction method to achieve robust imaging performance.</p> <p> Approach: In this study, a group sparsity-based reconstruction method is proposed with the consideration that nanophosphors usually cluster in certain regions, such as tumors or major organs such as the liver. In addition, depth compensation (DC) is adopted to avoid the depth inconsistency caused by a limited view strategy. </p> <p> Results: Experiments using numerical simulations and physical phantoms with different edge-to-edge distances were carried out to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. The reconstruction results showed that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods in terms of localization accuracy, target shape, image contrast, and spatial resolution with two perpendicular projections. </p> <p> Conclusions: A limited view CB-XLCT imaging strategy with two perpendicular projections and a reconstruction method based on DC and group sparsity, which is essential for fast CB-XLCT imaging and for some practical imaging applications, such as imaging-guided surgery, is proposed. </p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyan Rong
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshuai Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Address all correspondence to Hongbing Lu, E-mail: ; Xiaoping Ouyang, E-mail:
| | - Hongbing Lu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Address all correspondence to Hongbing Lu, E-mail: ; Xiaoping Ouyang, E-mail:
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuclide-Activated Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13232-13252. [PMID: 30779286 PMCID: PMC6698437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radio-nanomedicine, or the use of radiolabeled nanoparticles in nuclear medicine, has attracted much attention in the last few decades. Since the discovery of Cerenkov radiation and its employment in Cerenkov luminescence imaging, the combination of nanomaterials and Cerenkov radiation emitters has been revolutionizing the way nanomaterials are perceived in the field: from simple inert carriers of radioactivity to activatable nanomaterials for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the types of nanomaterials that have been used to interact with Cerenkov radiation and the gamma and beta scintillation of radionuclides, as well as on their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Zhang Y, Lun MC, Li C, Zhou Z. Method for improving the spatial resolution of narrow x-ray beam-based x-ray luminescence computed tomography imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31429215 PMCID: PMC6698719 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.8.086002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality which has the potential for achieving both high sensitivity and spatial resolution simultaneously. For the narrow x-ray beam-based XLCT imaging, based on previous work, a spatial resolution of about double the x-ray beam size can be achieved using a translate/rotate scanning scheme, taking step sizes equal to the x-ray beam width. To break the current spatial resolution limit, we propose a scanning strategy achieved by reducing the scanning step size to be smaller than the x-ray beam size. We performed four sets of numerical simulations and a phantom experiment using cylindrical phantoms and have demonstrated that our proposed scanning method can greatly improve the XLCT-reconstructed image quality compared with the traditional scanning approach. In our simulations, by using a fixed x-ray beam size of 0.8 mm, we were able to successfully reconstruct six embedded targets as small as 0.5 mm in diameter and with the same edge-to-edge distances by using a scanning step as small as 0.2 mm which is a 1.6 times improvement in the spatial resolution compared with the traditional approach. Lastly, the phantom experiment further demonstrated the efficacy of our proposed method in improving the XLCT image quality, with all image quality metrics improving as the step size decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhang
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael C. Lun
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, Merced, California, United States
| | - Changqing Li
- University of California, Department of Bioengineering, Merced, California, United States
| | - Zhongxing Zhou
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Shareshine Technology Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
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11
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuklidaktivierte Nanomaterialien und ihre biomedizinische Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
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12
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Lun MC, Li C. Background luminescence in x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:1084-1092. [PMID: 30874158 PMCID: PMC7138411 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality. It has been recently reported that materials such as water, tissue, or even air can generate optical photons upon x-ray irradiation, which can increase the noises in measurements of XLCT. In this study, we have investigated the x-ray luminescence from water, air, as well as tissue mimicking phantoms, including one embedded with a 0.01 mg/mL GOS:Eu3+ microphosphor target. We have measured the optical emission spectrum from each sample, including samples of meat and fat, using a spectrograph. Our results indicate that there are plenty of optical photons emitted by x-ray irradiation, and a small nanophosphor concentration, as low as 5.28 μM in a deep background, can provide enough contrast for XLCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Lun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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13
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Lun MC, Li C. Focused x-ray luminescence computed tomography: experimental studies. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 10871:108710G. [PMID: 32231401 PMCID: PMC7105158 DOI: 10.1117/12.2506927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is an emerging hybrid molecular imaging modality and has shown great promises in overcoming the strong optical scattering in deep tissues. Though the narrow x-ray beam based XLCT imaging has been demonstrated to obtain high spatial resolution at depth, it suffers from a relatively long measurement time, hindering its practical applications. Recently, we have designed a focused x-ray beam based XLCT imaging system and have successfully performed imaging in about 7.5 seconds per section for a mouse sized object. However, its high spatial resolution capacity has not been fully implemented yet. In this paper, with a superfine focused x-ray beam we design a focused-x-ray luminescence tomography (FXLT) system for spatial resolution up to 94 μm. First, we have described our design in details. Then, we estimate the performance of the designed FXLT imaging system. Lastly, we have found that the spatial resolution of FXLT can be further improved by reducing the scan step size, which has been demonstrated by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Lun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Burdette MK, Bandera YP, Zhang E, Trofimov A, Dickey A, Foulger I, Kolis JW, Cannon KE, Bartley AF, Dobrunz LE, Bolding MS, McMahon L, Foulger SH. Organic Fluorophore Coated Polycrystalline Ceramic LSO:Ce Scintillators for X-ray Bioimaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:171-182. [PMID: 30518207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current effort demonstrates that lutetium oxyorthosilicate doped with 1-10% cerium (Lu2SiO5:Ce, LSO:Ce) radioluminescent particles can be coated with a single dye or multiple dyes and generate an effective energy transfer between the core and dye(s) when excited via X-rays. LSO:Ce particles were surface modified with an alkyne modified naphthalimide (6-piperidin-1-yl-2-prop-2-yn-1-yl-1 H-benzo[ de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2 H)-dione, AlNap) and alkyne modified rhodamine B ( N-(6-diethylamino)-9-{2-[(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)carbonyl]phenyl}-3 H-xanthen-3-ylidene)- N-ethylethanaminium, AlRhod) derivatives to tune the X-ray excited optical luminescence from blue to green to red using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). As X-rays penetrate tissue much more effectively than UV/visible light, the fluorophore modified phosphors may have applications as bioimaging agents. To that end, the phosphors were incubated with rat cortical neurons and imaged after 24 h. The LSO:Ce surface modified with AlNap was able to be successfully imaged in vitro with a low-output X-ray tube. To use the LSO:Ce fluorophore modified particles as imaging agents, they must not induce cytotoxicity. Neither LSO:Ce nor LSO:Ce modified with AlNap showed any cytotoxicity toward normal human dermal fibroblast cells or mouse cortical neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Burdette
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Yuriy P Bandera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Eric Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Artem Trofimov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Ashley Dickey
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Isabell Foulger
- Department of Bioengineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Joseph W Kolis
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Kelli E Cannon
- Department of Vision Science , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute & Civitan International Research Center , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute & Civitan International Research Center , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Department of Radiology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Lori McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Stephen H Foulger
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
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15
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Chen X, Song J, Chen X, Yang H. X-ray-activated nanosystems for theranostic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3073-3101. [PMID: 31106315 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-rays are widely applied in clinical medical facilities for radiotherapy (RT) and biomedical imaging. However, the sole use of X-rays for cancer treatment leads to insufficient radiation energy deposition due to the low X-ray attenuation coefficients of living tissues and organs, producing unavoidable excessive radiation doses with serious side effects to healthy body parts. Over the past decade, developments in materials science and nanotechnology have led to rapid progress in the field of X-ray-activated tumor-targeting nanosystems, which are able to tackle even systemic tumors and relieve the burden of exposure to large radiation doses. Additionally, novel imaging contrast agents and techniques have also been developed. In comparison with conventional external light sources (e.g., near infrared), the X-ray technique is ideal for the activation of nanosystems for cancer treatment and biomedical imaging applications due to its nearly unlimited penetration depth in living tissues and organisms. In this review, we systematically describe the interaction mechanisms between X-rays and nanosystems, and provide an overview of X-ray-sensitive materials and the recent progress on X-ray-activated nanosystems for cancer-associated theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
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16
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Liu T, Rong J, Gao P, Pu H, Zhang W, Zhang X, Liang Z, Lu H. Regularized reconstruction based on joint L 1 and total variation for sparse-view cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1-17. [PMID: 30775079 PMCID: PMC6363206 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging hybrid imaging modality, cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been proposed based on the development of X-ray excitable nanoparticles. Owing to the high degree of absorption and scattering of light through tissues, the CB-XLCT inverse problem is inherently ill-conditioned. Appropriate priors or regularizations are needed to facilitate reconstruction and to restrict the search space to a specific solution set. Typically, the goal of CB-XLCT reconstruction is to get the distributions of nanophosphors in the imaging object. Considering that the distributions of nanophosphors inside bodies preferentially accumulate in specific areas of interest, the reconstruction of XLCT images is usually sparse with some locally smoothed high-intensity regions. Therefore, a combination of the L1 and total variation regularization is designed to improve the imaging quality of CB-XLCT in this study. The L1 regularization is used for enforcing the sparsity of the reconstructed images and the total variation regularization is used for maintaining the local smoothness of the reconstructed image. The implementation of this method can be divided into two parts. First, the reconstruction image was reconstructed based on the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding (FISTA) algorithm, then the reconstruction image was minimized by the gradient descent method. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments indicate that compared with the traditional ART, ADAPTIK and FISTA methods, the proposed method demonstrates its advantage in improving spatial resolution and reducing imaging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuai Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Junyan Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhengrong Liang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hongbing Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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17
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Pogue BW, Wilson BC. Optical and x-ray technology synergies enabling diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-17. [PMID: 30350489 PMCID: PMC6197862 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
X-ray and optical technologies are the two central pillars for human imaging and therapy. The strengths of x-rays are deep tissue penetration, effective cytotoxicity, and the ability to image with robust projection and computed-tomography methods. The major limitations of x-ray use are the lack of molecular specificity and the carcinogenic risk. In comparison, optical interactions with tissue are strongly scatter dominated, leading to limited tissue penetration, making imaging and therapy largely restricted to superficial or endoscopically directed tissues. However, optical photon energies are comparable with molecular energy levels, thereby providing the strength of intrinsic molecular specificity. Additionally, optical technologies are highly advanced and diversified, being ubiquitously used throughout medicine as the single largest technology sector. Both have dominant spatial localization value, achieved with optical surface scanning or x-ray internal visualization, where one often is used with the other. Therapeutic delivery can also be enhanced by their synergy, where radio-optical and optical-radio interactions can inform about dose or amplify the clinical therapeutic value. An emerging trend is the integration of nanoparticles to serve as molecular intermediates or energy transducers for imaging and therapy, requiring careful design for the interaction either by scintillation or Cherenkov light, and the nanoscale design is impacted by the choices of optical interaction mechanism. The enhancement of optical molecular sensing or sensitization of tissue using x-rays as the energy source is an important emerging field combining x-ray tissue penetration in radiation oncology with the molecular specificity and packaging of optical probes or molecular localization. The ways in which x-rays can enable optical procedures, or optics can enable x-ray procedures, provide a range of new opportunities in both diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Taken together, these two technologies form the basis for the vast majority of diagnostics and therapeutics in use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Gao P, Rong J, Pu H, Liu T, Zhang W, Zhang X, Lu H. Sparse view cone beam X-ray luminescence tomography based on truncated singular value decomposition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:23233-23250. [PMID: 30184978 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.023233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cone beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been proposed as a promising hybrid imaging technique. Though it has the advantage of fast imaging, the inverse problem of CB-XLCT is seriously ill-conditioned, making the image quality quite poor, especially for imaging multi-targets. To achieve fast imaging of multi-targets, which is essential for in vivo applications, a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) based sparse view CB-XLCT reconstruction method is proposed in this study. With the weight matrix of the CB-XLCT system being converted to orthogonal by TSVD, the compressed sensing (CS) based L1-norm method could be applied for fast reconstruction from fewer projection views. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments demonstrate that by using the proposed method, two targets with different edge-to-edge distances (EEDs) could be resolved effectively. It indicates that the proposed method could improve the imaging quality of multi-targets significantly in terms of localization accuracy, target shape, image contrast, and spatial resolution, when compared with conventional methods.
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19
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Zhang X, Zhu S, Li Y, Zhan Y, Chen X, Kang F, Wang J, Cao X. Gamma rays excited radioluminescence tomographic imaging. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:45. [PMID: 29690883 PMCID: PMC5916826 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radionuclide-excited luminescence imaging is an optical radionuclide imaging strategy to reveal the distributions of radioluminescent nanophosphors (RLNPs) inside small animals, which uses radioluminescence emitted from RLNPs when excited by high energy rays such as gamma rays generated during the decay of radiotracers used in clinical nuclear medicine imaging. Currently, there is no report of tomographic imaging based on radioluminescence. Methods In this paper, we proposed a gamma rays excited radioluminescence tomography (GRLT) to reveal three-dimensional distributions of RLNPs inside a small animal using radioluminescence through image reconstruction from surface measurements of radioluminescent photons using an inverse algorithm. The diffusion equation was employed to model propagations of radioluminescent photons in biological tissues with highly scattering and low absorption characteristics. Results Phantom and artificial source-implanted mouse model experiments were employed to test the feasibility of GRLT, and the results demonstrated that the ability of GRLT to reveal the distribution of RLNPs such as Gd2O2S:Tb using the radioluminescent signals when excited by gamma rays produced from 99mTc. Conclusions With the emerging of targeted RLNPs, GRLT can provide new possibilities for in vivo and noninvasive examination of biological processes at cellular levels. Especially, combining with Cerenkov luminescence imaging, GRLT can achieve dual molecular information of RLNPs and nuclides using single optical imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shouping Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, Shaanxi, China.
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20
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Liu T, Rong J, Gao P, Zhang W, Liu W, Zhang Y, Lu H. Cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography based on x-ray absorption dosage. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 29473348 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.2.026006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the advances of x-ray excitable nanophosphors, x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) has become a promising hybrid imaging modality. In particular, a cone-beam XLCT (CB-XLCT) system has demonstrated its potential in in vivo imaging with the advantage of fast imaging speed over other XLCT systems. Currently, the imaging models of most XLCT systems assume that nanophosphors emit light based on the intensity distribution of x-ray within the object, not completely reflecting the nature of the x-ray excitation process. To improve the imaging quality of CB-XLCT, an imaging model that adopts an excitation model of nanophosphors based on x-ray absorption dosage is proposed in this study. To solve the ill-posed inverse problem, a reconstruction algorithm that combines the adaptive Tikhonov regularization method with the imaging model is implemented for CB-XLCT reconstruction. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments indicate that compared with the traditional forward model based on x-ray intensity, the proposed dose-based model could improve the image quality of CB-XLCT significantly in terms of target shape, localization accuracy, and image contrast. In addition, the proposed model behaves better in distinguishing closer targets, demonstrating its advantage in improving spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuai Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyan Rong
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenlei Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanke Zhang
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongbing Lu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Guo T, Lin Y, Zhang WJ, Hong JS, Lin RH, Wu XP, Li J, Lu CH, Yang HH. High-efficiency X-ray luminescence in Eu 3+-activated tungstate nanoprobes for optical imaging through energy transfer sensitization. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1607-1612. [PMID: 29323363 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence optical imaging has been recognized as a powerful technique for medical diagnosis due to its deep penetration and low auto-fluorescence in tissues. However, the low luminescence efficiency of current X-ray luminescence nanoprobes remains a major hurdle for sensitive bioimaging in practical medical applications. Here we present a new kind of energy transfer-sensitized X-ray luminescence nanoprobe (PEG-NaGd(WO4)2:Eu) for highly effective optical bioimaging. Under X-ray excitation, the tungstate host absorbs the X-ray photons and then transfers the energy to the Eu3+ luminescence center, thus enhancing the luminescence efficiency of the nanoprobes for high sensitivity optical in vivo imaging. Moreover, the shortened T1 relaxation response of Gd3+ ions and X-ray attenuation capability of W atoms enable the nanoprobes to serve as efficient contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Therefore, combined with the MRI, CT and X-ray luminescence imaging capabilities, the present PEG-NaGd(WO4)2:Eu nanoprobes could be used as promising multimodal imaging contrast agents in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of the MOE, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China.
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22
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An iterative weighted method based on YALL1 for cone-beam X-ray luminescence optical tomography imaging: A phantom experimental study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:4030-4033. [PMID: 29060781 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cone-beam X-ray luminescence optical tomography (CB-XLOT) plays an important role in in vivo small animal imaging study, which can non-invasively image the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution of x-ray-excitable nanophosphors deeply embedded in imaged object. However, CB-XLOT suffers from a low spatial resolution due to the ill-posed nature of optical reconstruction. To alleviate the ill-posedness of reconstruction and improve the imaging performance of XLOT, in this paper, we propose an iterative weighted L1 minimization method which is achieved by incorporating YALL1 (Your algorithm for L1 norm problems). The physical phantom experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, where a custom-made cone-beam XLOT system was used as the imaging platform. The experimental results indicate that by applying the proposed iterative weighted strategy to YALL1 method, the reconstruction performance of XLOT can be improved when compared with the conventional YALL1 method.
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23
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Quigley BP, Smith CD, Cheng SH, Souris JS, Pelizzari CA, Chen CT, Lo LW, Reft CS, Wiersma RD, La Riviere PJ. Sensitivity evaluation and selective plane imaging geometry for x-ray-induced luminescence imaging. Med Phys 2017; 44:5367-5377. [PMID: 28703922 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE X-ray-induced luminescence (XIL) is a hybrid x-ray/optical imaging modality that employs nanophosphors that luminescence in response to x-ray irradiation. X-ray-activated phosphorescent nanoparticles have potential applications in radiation therapy as theranostics, nanodosimeters, or radiosensitizers. Extracting clinically relevant information from the luminescent signal requires the development of a robust imaging model that can determine nanophosphor distributions at depth in an optically scattering environment from surface radiance measurements. The applications of XIL in radiotherapy will be limited by the dose-dependent sensitivity at depth in tissue. We propose a novel geometry called selective plane XIL (SPXIL), and apply it to experimental measurements in optical gel phantoms and sensitivity simulations. METHODS An imaging model is presented based on the selective plane geometry which can determine the detected diffuse optical signal for a given x-ray dose and nanophosphor distribution at depth in a semi-infinite, optically homogenous material. The surface radiance in the model is calculated using an analytical solution to the extrapolated boundary condition. Y2 O3 :Eu3+ nanoparticles are synthesized and inserted into various optical phantom in order to measure the luminescent output per unit dose for a given concentration of nanophosphors and calibrate an imaging model for XIL sensitivity simulations. SPXIL imaging with a dual-source optical gel phantom is performed, and an iterative Richardson-Lucy deconvolution using a shifted Poisson noise model is applied to the measurements in order to reconstruct the nanophosphor distribution. RESULTS Nanophosphor characterizations showed a peak emission at 611 nm, a linear luminescent response to tube current and nanoparticle concentration, and a quadratic luminescent response to tube voltage. The luminescent efficiency calculation accomplished with calibrated bioluminescence mouse phantoms determines 1.06 photons were emitted per keV of x-ray radiation absorbed per g/mL of nanophosphor concentration. Sensitivity simulations determined that XIL could detect a concentration of 1 mg/mL of nanophosphors with a dose of 1 cGy at a depth ranging from 2 to 4 cm, depending on the optical parameters of the homogeneous diffuse optical environment. The deconvolution applied to the SPXIL measurements could resolve two sources 1 cm apart up to a depth of 1.75 cm in the diffuse phantom. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel imaging geometry for XIL in a homogenous, diffuse optical environment. Basic characterization of Y2 O3 :Eu3+ nanophosphors are presented along with XIL/SPXIL measurements in optical gel phantoms. The diffuse optical imaging model is validated using these measurements and then calibrated in order to execute initial sensitivity simulations for the dose-depth limitations of XIL imaging. The SPXIL imaging model is used to perform a deconvolution on a dual-source phantom, which successfully reconstructs the nanophosphor distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Quigley
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Corey D Smith
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Charles A Pelizzari
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chester S Reft
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rodney D Wiersma
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Gao P, Pu H, Rong J, Zhang W, Liu T, Liu W, Zhang Y, Lu H. Resolving adjacent nanophosphors of different concentrations by excitation-based cone-beam X-ray luminescence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3952-3965. [PMID: 29026681 PMCID: PMC5611915 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been proposed as a new molecular imaging modality recently. It can obtain both anatomical and functional tomographic images of an object efficiently, with the excitation of nanophosphors in vivo or in vitro by cone-beam X-rays. However, the ill-posedness of the CB-XLCT inverse problem degrades the image quality and makes it difficult to resolve adjacent luminescent targets with different concentrations, which is essential in the monitoring of nanoparticle metabolism and drug delivery. To address this problem, a multi-voltage excitation imaging scheme combined with principal component analysis is proposed in this study. Imaging experiments performed on physical phantoms by a custom-made CB-XLCT system demonstrate that two adjacent targets, with different concentrations and an edge-to-edge distance of 0 mm, can be effectively resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Junyan Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tianshuai Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wenlei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yuanke Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Hongbing Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Xue Z, Li X, Li Y, Jiang M, Liu H, Zeng S, Hao J. X-ray-Activated Near-Infrared Persistent Luminescent Probe for Deep-Tissue and Renewable in Vivo Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:22132-22142. [PMID: 28603963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are considered as new alternative optical probes due to being free of autofluorescence, benefited from the self-sustained emission after excitation and high signal-to-noise ratio. However, the NIR-emitted PLNPs always present a short decay time and require excitation by ultraviolet or visible light with a short penetrable depth, remarkably hindering their applications for in vivo long-term tracking and imaging. Therefore, it is important to develop NIR-emitted PLNPs with in vivo activation nature by new excitation sources with deeper penetrating depths. Here, we propose a new type of X-ray-activated ZnGa2O4:Cr PLNPs (X-PLNPs) with efficient NIR persistent emission and rechargeable activation features, in which both the excitation and emission possess a high penetrable nature in vivo. These X-PLNPs exhibit long-lasting, up to 6 h, NIR emission at 700 nm after the stoppage of the X-ray excitation source. More importantly, the designed X-PLNPs can be readily reactivated by a soft X-ray excitation source with low excitation power (45 kVp, 0.5 mA) to restore in vivo bioimaging signals even at 20 mm depth. Renewable in vivo whole-body bioimaging was also successfully achieved via intravenous injection/oral administration of X-PLNPs after in situ X-ray activation. This is the first time that NIR-emitted PLNPs have been demonstrated to be recharged by X-ray light for deep-tissue in vivo bioimaging, which paves the way for in vivo renewable bioimaging using PLNPs and makes the PLNPs more competitive in bioimaging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenluan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Youbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Mingyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Hongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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Chen H, Wang F, Moore T, Qi B, Sulejmanovic D, Hwu SJ, Mefford OT, Alexis F, Anker JN. Bright X-ray and up-conversion nanophosphors annealed using encapsulated sintering agents for bioimaging applications. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5412-5424. [PMID: 29497532 PMCID: PMC5826634 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanophosphors are promising contrast agents for deep tissue optical imaging applications because they can be excited by X-ray and near infrared light that penetrates deeply through tissue and generates almost no autofluorescence background in the tissue. For these bioimaging applications, the nanophosophors should ideally be small, monodispersed and brightly luminescent. However, most methods used to improve luminescence yield by annealing the particles to reduce crystal and surface defects (e.g. using flux or sintering agents) also cause particle fusion or require multiple component core-shell structures. Here, we report a novel method to prepare bright, uniformly sized X-ray nanophosphors (Gd2O2S:Eu or Tb) and upconversion nanophosphors (Y2O2S: Yb/Er, or Yb/Tm) with large crystal domain size without causing aggregation. A core-shell nanoparticle is formed, with NaF only in the core. We observe that increasing the NaF sintering agent concentration up to 7.6 mol% increases both crystal domain size and luminescence intensity (up to 40% of commercial microphosphors) without affecting the physical particticle diameter. Above 7.6 mol%, particle fusion is observed. The annealing is insensitive to the cation (Na+ or K+) but varies strongly with anion, with F->Cl->CO32->Br->I-. The luminescence depends strongly on crystal domain size. The data agree reasonably well with a simple domain surface quenching model, although the size-dependence suggests additional quenching mechanisms within small domains. The prepared bright nanophosphors were subsequently functionalized with PEG-folic acid to target MCF-7 breast cancer cells which overexpress folic acid receptors. Both X-ray and upconversion nanophosphors provided low background and bright luminescence which was imaged through 1 cm chicken breast tissue at a low dose of nanophosphors 200 µL (0.1 mg/mL). We anticipate these highly monodispersed and bright X-ray and upconversion nanophosphors will have significant potential for tumor targeted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of BioEngineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), and Institute of Environmental Toxicology (CU-ENTOX); Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. Tel:+1-864-656-1726.
| | - Fenglin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of BioEngineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), and Institute of Environmental Toxicology (CU-ENTOX); Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. Tel:+1-864-656-1726.
| | - Thomas Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Bin Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dino Sulejmanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shiou-Jyh Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - O Thompson Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Anker
- Department of Chemistry, Department of BioEngineering, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), and Institute of Environmental Toxicology (CU-ENTOX); Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. Tel:+1-864-656-1726.
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In vivo X-Ray excited optical luminescence from phosphor-doped aerogel and Sylgard 184 composites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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LUN MICHAELC, ZHANG WEI, LI CHANGQING. Sensitivity study of x-ray luminescence computed tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:3010-3019. [PMID: 28414356 PMCID: PMC6186397 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is a hybrid molecular imaging modality that combines the merits of both x-ray imaging (high resolution) and optical imaging (high sensitivity). In this study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of XLCT with phantom experiments by scanning targets of different phosphor concentrations at different depths. We found that XLCT is capable of imaging targets of very low concentrations (27.6 μM or 0.01 mg/mL) at significant depths, such as 21 mm. Our results demonstrate that there is little variation in the reconstructed target size with a maximum target size error of 4.35% for different imaging depths for XLCT. We have, we believe for the first time, compared the sensitivity of XLCT with that of traditional computed tomography (CT) for phosphor targets. We found that XLCT's use of x-ray-induced photons provides much higher measurement sensitivity and contrast compared to CT, which provides image contrast solely based on x-ray attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- MICHAEL C. LUN
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - WEI ZHANG
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - CHANGQING LI
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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29
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King MT, Jenkins CH, Sun C, Carpenter CM, Ma X, Cheng K, Le QT, Sunwoo JB, Cheng Z, Pratx G, Xing L. Flexible radioluminescence imaging for FDG-guided surgery. Med Phys 2017; 43:5298. [PMID: 27782732 DOI: 10.1118/1.4961745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Flexible radioluminescence imaging (Flex-RLI) is an optical method for imaging 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid tumors. The authors hypothesize that a gadolinium oxysulfide: terbium (GOS:Tb) flexible scintillator, which loosely conforms to the body contour, can enhance tumor signal-to-background ratio (SBR) compared with RLI, which utilizes a flat scintillator. The purpose of this paper is to characterize flex-RLI with respect to alternative modalities including RLI, beta-RLI (RLI with gamma rejection), and Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). METHODS The photon sensitivity, spatial resolution, and signal linearity of flex-RLI were characterized with in vitro phantoms. In vivo experiments utilizing 13 nude mice inoculated with the head and neck (UMSCC1-Luc) cell line were then conducted in accordance with the institutional Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care. After intravenous injection of 18F-FDG, the tumor SBR values for flex-RLI were compared to those for RLI, beta-RLI, and CLI using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS With respect to photon sensitivity, RLI, beta-RLI, and flex-RLI produced 1216.2, 407.0, and 98.6 times more radiance per second than CLI. Respective full-width half maximum values across a 0.5 mm capillary tube were 6.9, 6.4, 2.2, and 1.5 mm, respectively. Flex-RLI demonstrated a near perfect correlation with 18F activity (r = 0.99). Signal uniformity for flex-RLI improved after more aggressive homogenization of the GOS powder with the silicone elastomer during formulation. In vivo, the SBR value for flex-RLI (median 1.29; interquartile range 1.18-1.36) was statistically greater than that for RLI (1.08; 1.02-1.14; p < 0.01) by 26%. However, there was no statistically significant difference in SBR values between flex-RLI and beta-RLI (p = 0.92). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in SBR values between flex-RLI and CLI (p = 0.11) in a more limited dataset. CONCLUSIONS Flex-RLI provides high quality images with SBRs comparable to those from CLI and beta-RLI in a single 10 s acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Cesare H Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Conroy Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | | | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Hans A, Ozga C, Seidel R, Schmidt P, Ueltzhöffer T, Holzapfel X, Wenzel P, Reiß P, Pohl MN, Unger I, Aziz EF, Ehresmann A, Slavíček P, Winter B, Knie A. Optical Fluorescence Detected from X-ray Irradiated Liquid Water. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2326-2330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hans
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Ozga
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schmidt
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Timo Ueltzhöffer
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Xaver Holzapfel
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Philipp Reiß
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Marvin N. Pohl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emad F. Aziz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Knie
- University of Kassel and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34132 Kassel, Germany
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31
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Song L, Lin XH, Song XR, Chen S, Chen XF, Li J, Yang HH. Repeatable deep-tissue activation of persistent luminescent nanoparticles by soft X-ray for high sensitivity long-term in vivo bioimaging. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2718-2722. [PMID: 28198899 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) have emerged as important nanomaterials for biological imaging as a result of complete avoidance of tissue auto-fluorescence. However, the imaging sensitivity and long-term in vivo imaging are still limited due to the persistent luminescence that is rapidly decayed in vivo after an ex vivo excitation. To address this limitation, in vivo activation of PLNPs is highly desired. Herein, we present a new strategy for the activation of PLNPs (SrAl2O4:Eu2+) by using soft X-ray excitation. Importantly, as the soft X-ray light source possesses the advantage of deep tissue penetration, the PLNPs can be reactivated in vivo through living tissue using soft X-ray excitation. Furthermore, X-ray/persistent luminescence dual-modal imaging can be achieved to empower this strategy with high sensitivity. Our results suggest that this new strategy of in vivo energy charging in PLNPs would bring new insights for deep tissue and long-term bioimaging in living animals, and provide new perspectives for persistent luminescence bioimaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xia-Hui Lin
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao-Rong Song
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shan Chen
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Juan Li
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Huang-Hao Yang
- The Key Lab of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of the MOE and Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Zhang G, Liu F, Liu J, Luo J, Xie Y, Bai J, Xing L. Cone Beam X-ray Luminescence Computed Tomography Based on Bayesian Method. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:225-235. [PMID: 27576245 PMCID: PMC5391999 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2603843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT), which aims to achieve molecular and functional imaging by X-rays, has recently been proposed as a new imaging modality. Combining the principles of X-ray excitation of luminescence-based probes and optical signal detection, XLCT naturally fuses functional and anatomical images and provides complementary information for a wide range of applications in biomedical research. In order to improve the data acquisition efficiency of previously developed narrow-beam XLCT, a cone beam XLCT (CB-XLCT) mode is adopted here to take advantage of the useful geometric features of cone beam excitation. Practically, a major hurdle in using cone beam X-ray for XLCT is that the inverse problem here is seriously ill-conditioned, hindering us to achieve good image quality. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian method to tackle the bottleneck in CB-XLCT reconstruction. The method utilizes a local regularization strategy based on Gaussian Markov random field to mitigate the ill-conditioness of CB-XLCT. An alternating optimization scheme is then used to automatically calculate all the unknown hyperparameters while an iterative coordinate descent algorithm is adopted to reconstruct the image with a voxel-based closed-form solution. Results of numerical simulations and mouse experiments show that the self-adaptive Bayesian method significantly improves the CB-XLCT image quality as compared with conventional methods.
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Lécuyer T, Teston E, Ramirez-Garcia G, Maldiney T, Viana B, Seguin J, Mignet N, Scherman D, Richard C. Chemically engineered persistent luminescence nanoprobes for bioimaging. Theranostics 2016; 6:2488-2524. [PMID: 27877248 PMCID: PMC5118608 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging nanoprobes are a group of nanosized agents developed for providing improved contrast for bioimaging. Among various imaging probes, optical sensors capable of following biological events or progresses at the cellular and molecular levels are actually actively developed for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and monitoring of the treatment of diseases. The optical activities of nanoprobes can be tuned on demand by chemists by engineering their composition, size and surface nature. This review will focus on researches devoted to the conception of nanoprobes with particular optical properties, called persistent luminescence, and their use as new powerful bioimaging agents in preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lécuyer
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eliott Teston
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gonzalo Ramirez-Garcia
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Maldiney
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Viana
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie-Paris, CNRS UMR 8247, Chimie-ParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Scherman
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Richard
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258 CNRS, U 1022 Inserm, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
- Chimie-ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
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Jenkins CH, Naczynski DJ, Yu SJS, Xing L. Monitoring external beam radiotherapy using real-time beam visualization. Med Phys 2015; 42:5-13. [PMID: 25563243 DOI: 10.1118/1.4901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the performance of a novel radiation therapy monitoring technique that utilizes a flexible scintillating film, common optical detectors, and image processing algorithms for real-time beam visualization (RT-BV). METHODS Scintillating films were formed by mixing Gd2O2S:Tb (GOS) with silicone and casting the mixture at room temperature. The films were placed in the path of therapeutic beams generated by medical linear accelerators (LINAC). The emitted light was subsequently captured using a CMOS digital camera. Image processing algorithms were used to extract the intensity, shape, and location of the radiation field at various beam energies, dose rates, and collimator locations. The measurement results were compared with known collimator settings to validate the performance of the imaging system. RESULTS The RT-BV system achieved a sufficient contrast-to-noise ratio to enable real-time monitoring of the LINAC beam at 20 fps with normal ambient lighting in the LINAC room. The RT-BV system successfully identified collimator movements with sub-millimeter resolution. CONCLUSIONS The RT-BV system is capable of localizing radiation therapy beams with sub-millimeter precision and tracking beam movement at video-rate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare H Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Dominik J Naczynski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Shu-Jung S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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Cao X, Chen X, Kang F, Zhan Y, Cao X, Wang J, Liang J, Tian J. Intensity Enhanced Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Using Terbium-Doped Gd2O2S Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11775-11782. [PMID: 25992597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Weak intensity and poor penetration depth are two big obstacles toward clinical use of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). In this proof-of-concept study, we overcame these limitations by using lanthanides-based radioluminescent microparticles (RLMPs), called terbium doped Gd2O2S. The characterization experiment showed that the emission excited by Cerenkov luminescence can be neglected whereas the spectrum experiment demonstrated that the RLMPs can actually be excited by γ-rays. A series of in vitro experiments demonstrated that RLMPs significantly improve the intensity and the penetration capacity of CLI, which has been extended to as deep as 15 mm. In vivo pseudotumor study further prove the huge potential of this enhancement strategy for Cerenkov luminescence imaging in living animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Kang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | - Jie Tian
- §Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ahmad M, Bazalova-Carter M, Fahrig R, Xing L. Optimized Detector Angular Configuration Increases the Sensitivity of X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT). IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:1140-1147. [PMID: 25474808 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2376813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated that an optimized detector angular configuration based on the anisotropic energy distribution of background scattered X-rays improves X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) detection sensitivity. We built an XFCT imaging system composed of a bench-top fluoroscopy X-ray source, a CdTe X-ray detector, and a phantom motion stage. We imaged a 6.4-cm-diameter phantom containing different concentrations of gold solution and investigated the effect of detector angular configuration on XFCT image quality. Based on our previous theoretical study, three detector angles were considered. The X-ray fluorescence detector was first placed at 145 (°) (approximating back-scatter) to minimize scatter X-rays. XFCT image quality was compared to images acquired with the detector at 60 (°) (forward-scatter) and 90 (°) (side-scatter). The datasets for the three different detector positions were also combined to approximate an isotropically arranged detector. The sensitivity was optimized with detector in the 145 (°) back-scatter configuration counting the 78-keV gold Kβ1 X-rays. The improvement arose from the reduced energy of scattered X-ray at the 145 (°) position and the large energy separation from gold K β1 X-rays. The lowest detected concentration in this configuration was 2.5 mgAu/mL (or 0.25% Au with SNR = 4.3). This concentration could not be detected with the 60 (°) , 90 (°) , or isotropic configurations (SNRs = 1.3, 0, 2.3, respectively). XFCT imaging dose of 14 mGy was in the range of typical clinical X-ray CT imaging doses. To our knowledge, the sensitivity achieved in this experiment is the highest in any XFCT experiment using an ordinary bench-top X-ray source in a phantom larger than a mouse ( > 3 cm).
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Naczynski D, Sun C, Türkcan S, Jenkins C, Koh AL, Ikeda D, Pratx G, Xing L. X-ray-induced shortwave infrared biomedical imaging using rare-earth nanoprobes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:96-102. [PMID: 25485705 PMCID: PMC4296927 DOI: 10.1021/nl504123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR or NIR-II) light provides significant advantages for imaging biological structures due to reduced autofluorescence and photon scattering. Here, we report on the development of rare-earth nanoprobes that exhibit SWIR luminescence following X-ray irradiation. We demonstrate the ability of X-ray-induced SWIR luminescence (X-IR) to monitor biodistribution and map lymphatic drainage. Our results indicate X-IR imaging is a promising new modality for preclinical applications and has potential for dual-modality molecular disease imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik
Jan Naczynski
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Conroy Sun
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Silvan Türkcan
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Cesare Jenkins
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Stanford Nanocharacterization
Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Stanford Nanocharacterization
Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Debra Ikeda
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
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Mishra S, Kappiyoor R. Collimator Width Optimization in X-Ray Luminescent Computed Tomography (XLCT) with Selective Excitation Scheme. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2014; 4:641-686. [PMID: 25642356 DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2014.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
X-ray luminescent computed tomography (XLCT) is a promising new functional imaging modality based on computed tomography (CT). This imaging technique uses X-ray excitable nanophosphors to illuminate objects of interest in the visible spectrum. Though there are several validations of the underlying technology, none of them have addressed the issues of performance optimality for a given design of the imaging system. This study addresses the issue of obtaining best image quality through optimizing collimator width to balance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and resolution. The results can be generalized as to any XLCT system employing a selective excitation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mishra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - R Kappiyoor
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
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Cong W, Wang C, Wang G. Stored luminescence computed tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5672-5676. [PMID: 25321362 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphor nanoparticles made of doped semiconductors and pre-excited by x-ray radiation were recently reported for their luminescence emission in the range of 650-770 nm upon near-infrared (NIR) light stimulation. These nanophosphors can be functionalized as optical probes for molecular imaging. In this paper, we present stored luminescence computed tomography to reconstruct a nanophosphor distribution in an object. The propagation of x rays in a biological object allows significantly better localization and deeper penetration. Moreover, the nanophosphors, which are pre-excited with collimated x-ray beams or focused x-ray waves, can be successively stimulated for stored luminescence emissions by variable NIR stimulation patterns. The sequentially detected luminescence signals provide more information of a nanophosphor spatial distribution for more accurate image reconstruction and higher image resolution. A realistic numerical study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed approach.
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40
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Holt RW, Zhang R, Esipova TV, Vinogradov SA, Glaser AK, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cherenkov excited phosphorescence-based pO2 estimation during multi-beam radiation therapy: phantom and simulation studies. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:5317-5328. [PMID: 25146556 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Megavoltage radiation beams used in External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) generate Cherenkov light emission in tissues and equivalent phantoms. This optical emission was utilized to excite an oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent probe, PtG4, which has been developed specifically for NIR lifetime-based sensing of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2). Phosphorescence emission, at different time points with respect to the excitation pulse, was acquired by an intensifier-gated CCD camera synchronized with radiation pulses delivered by a medical linear accelerator. The pO2 distribution was tomographically recovered in a tissue-equivalent phantom during EBRT with multiple beams targeted from different angles at a tumor-like anomaly. The reconstructions were tested in two different phantoms that have fully oxygenated background, to compare a fully oxygenated and a fully deoxygenated inclusion. To simulate a realistic situation of EBRT, where the size and location of the tumor is well known, spatial information of a prescribed region was utilized in the recovery estimation. The phantom results show that region-averaged pO2 values were recovered successfully, differentiating aerated and deoxygenated inclusions. Finally, a simulation study was performed showing that pO2 in human brain tumors can be measured to within 15 mmHg for edge depths less than 10-20 mm using the Cherenkov Excited Phosphorescence Oxygen imaging (CEPhOx) method and PtG4 as a probe. This technique could allow non-invasive monitoring of pO2 in tumors during the normal process of EBRT, where beams are generally delivered from multiple angles or arcs during each treatment fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Holt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755
| | - Tatiana V Esipova
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755
| | - David J Gladstone
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon NH 03756.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755
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Xin Liu, Qimei Liao, Hongkai Wang. Fast X-Ray Luminescence Computed Tomography Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:1621-7. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2294633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li C, Martínez-Dávalos A, Cherry SR. Numerical simulation of x-ray luminescence optical tomography for small-animal imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:046002. [PMID: 24695846 PMCID: PMC3973658 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.4.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence optical tomography (XLOT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality in which x-ray excitable particles (phosphor particles) emit optical photons when stimulated with a collimated x-ray beam. XLOT can potentially combine the high sensitivity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of x-ray imaging. For reconstruction of XLOT data, we compared two reconstruction algorithms, conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) and a new algorithm, x-ray luminescence optical tomography with excitation priors (XLOT-EP), in which photon propagation is modeled with the diffusion equation and the x-ray beam positions are used as reconstruction priors. Numerical simulations based on dose calculations were used to validate the proposed XLOT imaging system and the reconstruction algorithms. Simulation results showed nanoparticle concentrations reconstructed with XLOT-EP are much less dependent on scan depth than those obtained with FBP. Measurements at just two orthogonal projections are sufficient for XLOT-EP to reconstruct an XLOT image for simple source distributions. The heterogeneity of x-ray energy deposition is included in the XLOT-EP reconstruction and improves the reconstruction accuracy, suggesting that there is a need to calculate the x-ray energy distribution for experimental XLOT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- University of California, School of Engineering, Merced, Merced, California 95343
- Address all correspondence to: Changqing Li, E-mail:
| | - Arnulfo Martínez-Dávalos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Física, A.P. 20-364, 01000 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Simon R. Cherry
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, Davis, California 95616
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Sudheendra L, Das GK, Li C, Stark D, Cena J, Cherry S, Kennedy IM. NaGdF 4:Eu 3+ Nanoparticles for Enhanced X-ray Excited Optical Imaging. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:1881-1888. [PMID: 24803724 PMCID: PMC3985768 DOI: 10.1021/cm404044n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescent nanoparticles (NPs), including lanthanide fluorides, have been evaluated for application to deep tissue in vivo molecular imaging using optical tomography. A combination of high material density, higher atomic number and efficient NIR luminescence from compatible lanthanide dopant ions indicates that particles that consist of ALnF4 (A = alkaline, Ln = lanthanide element) may offer a very attractive class of materials for high resolution, deep tissue imaging with X-ray excitation. NaGdF4:Eu3+ NPs produced an X-ray excited luminescence that was among the most efficient of nanomaterials that have been studied thus far. We have systematically studied factors such as (a) the crystal structure that changes the lattice environment of the doped Eu3+ ions within the unit cell; and extrinsic factors such as (b) a gold coating (with attendant biocompatibility) that couples to a plasmonic excitation, and (c) changes in the NPs surface properties via changes in the pH of the suspending medium-all with a significant impact on the X-ray excited luminescence of NaGdF4:Eu3+NPs. The luminescence from an optimally doped hexagonal phase NaGdF4:Eu3+ nanoparticle was 25% more intense compared to that of a cubic structure. We observed evidence of plasmonic reabsorption of midwavelength emission by a gold coating on hexagonal NaGdF4:Eu3+ NPs; fortunately, the NaGdF4:Eu3+ @Au core-shell NPs retained the efficient 5D0→7F4 NIR (692 nm) luminescence. The NaGdF4:Eu3+ NPs exhibited sensitivity to the ambient pH when excited by X-rays, an effect not seen with UV excitation. The sensitivity to the local environment can be understood in terms of the sensitivity of the excitons that are generated by the high energy X-rays (and not by UV photons) to crystal structure and to the surface state of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sudheendra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gautom K. Das
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Changqing Li
- School
of Engineering, University of California,
Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Daniel Stark
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jake Cena
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Simon Cherry
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ian M. Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering
and Radiology, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- E-mail:
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Moore T, Chen H, Morrison R, Wang F, Anker JN, Alexis F. Nanotechnologies for noninvasive measurement of drug release. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:24-39. [PMID: 24215280 DOI: 10.1021/mp400419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of chemotherapy and radiotherapy agents are available for treating cancer, but a critical challenge is to deliver these agents locally to cancer cells and tumors while minimizing side effects from systemic delivery. Nanomedicine uses nanoparticles with diameters in the range of ∼1-100 nm to encapsulate drugs and target them to tumors. The nanoparticle enhances local drug delivery efficiency to the tumors via entrapment in leaky tumor vasculature, molecular targeting to cells expressing cancer biomarkers, and/or magnetic targeting. In addition, the localization can be enhanced using triggered release in tumors via chemical, thermal, or optical signals. In order to optimize these nanoparticle drug delivery strategies, it is important to be able to image where the nanoparticles distribute and how rapidly they release their drug payloads. This Review aims to evaluate the current state of nanotechnology platforms for cancer theranostics (therapeutic and diagnostic particles) that are capable of noninvasive measurement of release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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45
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Liu X, Liao Q, Wang H. In vivo x-ray luminescence tomographic imaging with single-view data. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4530-3. [PMID: 24322066 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is a new molecular imaging modality. In this Letter, we first in vivo tomographically image the near-IR-emitting nanophosphor (Gd2O3:Eu3+) in nude mice (N=2). In practically, incorporating the compressive sensing technique, the XLCT reconstruction is performed only using single-view data. The experimental results indicate that the single-view reconstruction is feasible to image XLCT in vivo. The location error is less than 1.5 mm. Further, the imaging time can be greatly reduced compared with previous XLCT systems. Therefore, it is suited for imaging fast distribution of x-ray-excitable nanophosphors within a biological object.
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46
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Xiang L, Han B, Carpenter C, Pratx G, Kuang Y, Xing L. X-ray acoustic computed tomography with pulsed x-ray beam from a medical linear accelerator. Med Phys 2013; 40:010701. [PMID: 23298069 DOI: 10.1118/1.4771935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The feasibility of medical imaging using a medical linear accelerator to generate acoustic waves is investigated. This modality, x-ray acoustic computed tomography (XACT), has the potential to enable deeper tissue penetration in tissue than photoacoustic tomography via laser excitation. METHODS Short pulsed (μs-range) 10 MV x-ray beams with dose-rate of approximately 30 Gy∕min were generated from a medical linear accelerator. The acoustic signals were collected with an ultrasound transducer (500 KHz central frequency) positioned around an object. The transducer, driven by a computer-controlled step motor to scan around the object, detected the resulting acoustic signals in the imaging plane at each scanning position. A pulse preamplifier, with a bandwidth of 20 KHz-2 MHz at -3 dB, and switchable gains of 40 and 60 dB, received the signals from the transducer and delivered the amplified signals to a secondary amplifier. The secondary amplifier had bandwidth of 20 KHz-30 MHz at -3 dB, and a gain range of 10-60 dB. Signals were recorded and averaged 128 times by an oscilloscope. A sampling rate of 100 MHz was used to record 2500 data points at each view angle. One set of data incorporated 200 positions as the receiver moved 360°. The x-ray generated acoustic image was then reconstructed with the filtered back projection algorithm. RESULTS The x-ray generated acoustic signals were detected from a lead rod embedded in a chicken breast tissue. The authors found that the acoustic signal was proportional to the x-ray dose deposition, with a correlation of 0.998. The two-dimensional XACT images of the lead rod embedded in chicken breast tissue were found to be in good agreement with the shape of the object. CONCLUSIONS The first x-ray acoustic computed tomography image is presented. The new modality may be useful for a number of applications, such as providing the location of a fiducial, or monitoring x-ray dose distribution during radiation therapy. Although much work is needed to improve the image quality of XACT and to explore its performance in other irradiation energies, the benefits of this modality, as highlighted in this work, encourage further study.
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Paik T, Gordon TR, Prantner AM, Yun H, Murray CB. Designing tripodal and triangular gadolinium oxide nanoplates and self-assembled nanofibrils as potential multimodal bioimaging probes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2850-9. [PMID: 23432186 DOI: 10.1021/nn4004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the shape-controlled synthesis of tripodal and triangular gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoplates. In the presence of lithium ions, the shape of the nanocrystals is readily controlled by tailoring reaction parameters such as temperature and time. We observe that the morphology transforms from an initial tripodal shape to a triangular shape with increasing reaction time or elevated temperatures. Highly uniform Gd2O3 nanoplates are self-assembled into nanofibril-like liquid-crystalline superlattices with long-range orientational and positional order. In addition, shape-directed self-assemblies are investigated by tailoring the aspect ratio of the arms of the Gd2O3 nanoplates. Due to a strong paramagnetic response, Gd2O3 nanocrystals are excellent candidates for MRI contrast agents and also can be doped with rare-earth ions to form nanophosphors, pointing to their potential in multimodal imaging. In this work, we investigate the MR relaxometry at high magnetic fields (9.4 and 14.1 T) and the optical properties including near-IR to visible upconversion luminescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence of doped Gd2O3 nanoplates. The complex shape of Gd2O3 nanoplates, coupled with their magnetic properties and their ability to phosphoresce under NIR or X-ray excitation which penetrate deep into tissue, makes these nanoplates a promising platform for multimodal imaging in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejong Paik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Chen D, Zhu S, Yi H, Zhang X, Chen D, Liang J, Tian J. Cone beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography: A feasibility study. Med Phys 2013; 40:031111. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4790694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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49
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Chen H, Moore T, Qi B, Colvin DC, Jelen EK, Hitchcock DA, He J, Mefford OT, Gore JC, Alexis F, Anker JN. Monitoring pH-triggered drug release from radioluminescent nanocapsules with X-ray excited optical luminescence. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1178-87. [PMID: 23281651 PMCID: PMC3612352 DOI: 10.1021/nn304369m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy is to develop methods to deliver chemotherapy agents to tumor cells while reducing systemic toxicity to noncancerous cells. A promising approach to localizing drug release is to employ drug-loaded nanoparticles with coatings that release the drugs only in the presence of specific triggers found in the target cells such as pH, enzymes, or light. However, many parameters affect the nanoparticle distribution and drug release rate, and it is difficult to quantify drug release in situ. In this work, we show proof-of-principle for a "smart" radioluminescent nanocapsule with an X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectrum that changes during release of the optically absorbing chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin. XEOL provides an almost background-free luminescent signal for measuring drug release from particles irradiated by a narrow X-ray beam. We study in vitro pH-triggered release rates of doxorubicin from nanocapsules coated with a pH-responsive polyelectrolyte multilayer using HPLC and XEOL spectroscopy. The doxorubicin was loaded to over 5% by weight and released from the capsule with a time constant in vitro of ∼36 days at pH 7.4 and 21 h at pH 5.0, respectively. The Gd₂O₂S:Eu nanocapsules are also paramagnetic at room temperature with similar magnetic susceptibility and similarly good MRI T₂ relaxivities to Gd₂O₃, but the sulfur increases the radioluminescence intensity and shifts the spectrum. Empty nanocapsules did not affect cell viability up to concentrations of at least 250 μg/mL. These empty nanocapsules accumulated in a mouse liver and spleen following tail vein injection and could be observed in vivo using XEOL. The particles are synthesized with a versatile template synthesis technique which allows for control of particle size and shape. The XEOL analysis technique opens the door to noninvasive quantification of drug release as a function of nanoparticle size, shape, surface chemistry, and tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for optical materials science and engineering technology (COMSET), and environmental toxicology program; Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Bin Qi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Daniel C. Colvin
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Erika K. Jelen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dale A. Hitchcock
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jian He
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - O. Thompson Mefford
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - John C. Gore
- Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Anker
- Department of Chemistry, Center for optical materials science and engineering technology (COMSET), and environmental toxicology program; Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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50
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Kuang Y, Pratx G, Bazalova M, Meng B, Qian J, Xing L. First demonstration of multiplexed X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2013; 32:262-7. [PMID: 23076031 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2012.2223709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging of multiple probes or biomarkers represents a critical step toward high specificity molecular imaging. In this work, we propose to utilize the element-specific nature of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) signal for imaging multiple elements simultaneously (multiplexing) using XRF computed tomography (XFCT). A 5-mm-diameter pencil beam produced by a polychromatic X-ray source (150 kV, 20 mA) was used to stimulate emission of XRF photons from 2% (weight/volume) gold (Au), gadolinium (Gd), and barium (Ba) embedded within a water phantom. The phantom was translated and rotated relative to the stationary pencil beam in a first-generation CT geometry. The X-ray energy spectrum was collected for 18 s at each position using a cadmium telluride detector. The spectra were then used to isolate the K shell XRF peak and to generate sinograms for the three elements of interest. The distribution and concentration of the three elements were reconstructed with the iterative maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm. The linearity between the XFCT intensity and the concentrations of elements of interest was investigated. We found that measured XRF spectra showed sharp peaks characteristic of Au, Gd, and Ba. The narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the peaks strongly supports the potential of XFCT for multiplexed imaging of Au, Gd, and Ba ( FWHM(Au,Kα1) = 0.619 keV, FWHM(Au,Kα2)=1.371 keV , FWHM(Gd,Kα)=1.297 keV, FWHM(Gd,Kβ)=0.974 keV , FWHM(Ba,Kα)=0.852 keV, and FWHM(Ba,Kβ)=0.594 keV ). The distribution of Au, Gd, and Ba in the water phantom was clearly identifiable in the reconstructed XRF images. Our results showed linear relationships between the XRF intensity of each tested element and their concentrations ( R(2)(Au)=0.944 , R(Gd)(2)=0.986, and R(Ba)(2)=0.999), suggesting that XFCT is capable of quantitative imaging. Finally, a transmission CT image was obtained to show the potential of the approach for providing attenuation correction and morphological information. In conclusion, XFCT is a promising modality for multiplexed imaging of high atomic number probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kuang
- Radiation Oncology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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