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Quinn LO, Bruce LM, Young CM. The impact of Wheelchair Rugby classification lineup structure on possession outcome. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:493-498. [PMID: 38604817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact that the structure and combination of athlete classification within lineups has on possession outcome in Wheelchair Rugby (WR). DESIGN Retrospective. METHODS Analysis was conducted using data from all 18 WR matches from the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games. Pearson's chi-squared analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of lineup structures on performance and a nested generalised logistic mixed model (GLMM) was fitted to the data to investigate the association between independent variables and the outcome of possessions. Specifically, the impact of offensive and defensive lineup structures on possession outcome and whether the offensive and defensive lineup structures matching or not impact possession outcome. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between the offensive lineup structure and possession outcome. Balanced lineups had greater turnovers than expected. Balanced lineups also had fewer tries than expected, whilst high-low lineups had fewer than expected turnovers. There were no significant associations between the defensive lineup structure and possession outcome. Furthermore, no significant associations were found between whether the structure of the offensive and defensive lineup matched (or not) and the possession outcome. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the offensive team's lineup structure plays a more prominent role in impacting possession outcome, compared to the defensive team's lineup structure. The present results provide valuable insights into WR performance for coaches, practitioners, and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis O Quinn
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia. https://twitter.com/LewyQ
| | - Lyndell M Bruce
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia. https://twitter.com/LyndellBruce
| | - Chris M Young
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
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Bakatchina S, Brassart F, Dosseh K, Weissland T, Pradon D, Faupin A. Effect of Repeated, On-Field Sprints on Kinematic Variables in Wheelchair Rugby Players. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:547-553. [PMID: 37752068 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of repeated sprints on kinematic performance and propulsion variables during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases in wheelchair rugby players classified as defensive (low point in defensive [LP-D]) or offensive players (high point in offensive [HP-O]). DESIGN Twenty-two players (13 LP-D and 9 HP-O) performed 6 × 20-m repeated sprint field tests. We calculated peak wheelchair velocities, propulsion phase times, deceleration phase times, cycle times, and left-right velocity asymmetry of the best and last sprints during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases, the rate of decline in performance variables between the best and the last sprint and a fatigue index. RESULTS Peak velocities during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases and mean velocity over the whole sprint were significantly higher during the best than last sprint. Peak velocities were higher during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases for the best and last sprint for HP-O. The rate of decline in peak velocity during the constant peak velocity phase was higher for LP-D. Fatigue index and rate of decline in velocities and sprint time were higher for LP-D. CONCLUSIONS Performance variables and the rate of decline in performance variables depended on functional capacity and wheelchair type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadate Bakatchina
- From the Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France (SB, FB, AF); Laboratory of Biomechanics and Robotics, PPRIME Institute, CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France (SB); Laboratory of Material to SystemIntegration (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France (FB, TW); Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Université of Lome, Lome, Togo (KD); and Pole Parasport-ISPC Synergies, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, France (DP)
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Vigié O, Faupin A, Ngo MA, Fauvet C, Pradon D. Impact of floor covering on wheelchair rugby players: analysis of rolling performance. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1283035. [PMID: 38239893 PMCID: PMC10794522 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1283035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the increased interest in indoor wheelchair sports in many countries, research on the effect of floor coverings on sports performance is limited. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for covering characteristics for wheelchair sports, whether for competitive or recreational purposes. This study aimed to determine the impact of floor coverings on the biomechanical parameters of manual wheelchair propulsion for wheelchair rugby practice. Methods Ten wheelchair rugby players performed 6 maximum-velocity sprints over 20 meters, with a 20-second recovery time between sprints, on 3 different coverings, using their personal sports wheelchairs. The coverings were: wood parquet, Gerflor TX System Endurance®, and a plastic synthetic covering (balatum). Performance and propulsion technique variables were collected using inertial measurement units (265 Hz, Kinvent, France). Additionally, rolling resistance quantification tests were conducted on each covering. Results Rolling resistance was lowest on the wood parquet, with an average value of 3.98 ± 0.97 N. Best sprint performance was achieved on the wood parquet. The fatigue index on the parquet was significantly lower than on the balatum (p < 0.05). Discussion Our results highlight that floor surface influences both performance and propulsion technique variables. Therefore, we recommend performing wheelchair rugby training on wood parquet to optimize performance. It is also important to consider the impact of different coverings on sprint performance when organizing player rotations to maintain a high level of competition during tournaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Vigié
- Laboratory J-AP2S, UR201723207F, Toulon University, Toulon, Var, France
- Gredeg—Campus Azur du CNRS250 F06905 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, Nice, Alpes Maritime, France
| | - A. Faupin
- Laboratory J-AP2S, UR201723207F, Toulon University, Toulon, Var, France
| | - M-A. Ngo
- Gredeg—Campus Azur du CNRS250 F06905 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, Nice, Alpes Maritime, France
| | - C. Fauvet
- Laboratory J-AP2S, UR201723207F, Toulon University, Toulon, Var, France
| | - D. Pradon
- Pole Parasport—ISPC Synergies, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, Iles de France, France
- EndiCap UMR 1179 INSERM–Paris-Saclay University, Ile de France, France
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Briley SJ, O'Brien TJ, Oh YT, Vegter RJK, Chan M, Mason BS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Wheelchair rugby players maintain sprint performance but alter propulsion biomechanics after simulated match play. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1726-1737. [PMID: 37278319 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the influence of a sports-specific intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) on wheelchair sprint performance and the kinetics and kinematics of sprinting in elite wheelchair rugby (WR) players with and without spinal cord injury (SCI). Fifteen international WR players (age 30.3 ± 5.5 years) performed two 10-s sprints on a dual roller wheelchair ergometer before and immediately after an ISP consisting of four 16-min quarters. Physiological measurements (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion) were collected. Three-dimensional thorax and bilateral glenohumeral kinematics were quantified. Following the ISP, all physiological parameters significantly increased (p ≤ 0.027), but neither sprinting peak velocity nor distance traveled changed. Players propelled with significantly reduced thorax flexion and peak glenohumeral abduction during both the acceleration (both -5°) and maximal velocity phases (-6° and 8°, respectively) of sprinting post-ISP. Moreover, players exhibited significantly larger mean contact angles (+24°), contact angle asymmetries (+4%), and glenohumeral flexion asymmetries (+10%) during the acceleration phase of sprinting post-ISP. Players displayed greater glenohumeral abduction range of motion (+17°) and asymmetries (+20%) during the maximal velocity phase of sprinting post-ISP. Players with SCI (SCI, n = 7) significantly increased asymmetries in peak power (+6%) and glenohumeral abduction (+15%) during the acceleration phase post-ISP. Our data indicates that despite inducing physiological fatigue resulting from WR match play, players can maintain sprint performance by modifying how they propel their wheelchair. Increased asymmetry post-ISP was notable, which may be specific to impairment type and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Briley
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Brien
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Yim-Taek Oh
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mui Chan
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Gavel EH, Macrae HZ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Logan-Sprenger HM. Reliability of anaerobic and aerobic mobility performance tests used in wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball and wheelchair tennis: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1146-1170. [PMID: 37748031 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the reliability and validity of field-based mobility and performance tests used within the wheelchair sports of basketball (WCB), rugby (WCR) and tennis (WCT) can assist in understanding an athletes' physiological state, training effects, and/or assist with optimising their wheelchair-user interface. PURPOSE To examine, evaluate and synthesize current aerobic and anaerobic field-based mobility and performance tests used in WCB, WCR and WCT. METHODS A systematic search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated performance tests in WCB, WCR and WCT and reported reliability. RESULTS Twenty-one studies covering 45 mobility/performance tests were included (anaerobic, n = 35; aerobic, n = 10), with agility and repeated sprints (n = 13) being the most common, followed by linear-sprints (n = 11). Repeated sprint ability (n = 2) and submaximal field-tests (n = 2) were the least frequent. Intra-class correlations among all tests ranged from 0.62 to 0.99, with agility and repeated sprints being 0.65-0.98, followed by values of 0.62-0.99 for linear-sprint, 0.96-0.99 for repeated sprints and 0.85-0.97 for submaximal field-tests. CONCLUSION The most frequently measured performance tests were anaerobic tests focusing on agility and repeated sprints. Given the low number of aerobic tests in WCB, WCR and WCT, future research should focus on reliable and valid ways to measure and track performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Z Macrae
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Stieler E, de Mello MT, Lôbo ILB, Gonçalves DA, Resende R, Andrade AG, Lourenço TF, Silva AAC, Andrade HA, Guerreiro R, Silva A. Current Technologies and Practices to Assess External Training Load in Paralympic Sport: A Systematic Review. J Sport Rehabil 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37156538 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowing the methods to assess the external load in Paralympic sports can help multidisciplinary teams rely on scientific evidence to better prescribe and monitor the athlete's development, improving sports performance and reducing the risk of injury/illness of Paralympic athletes. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to systematically explore the current practices of quantifying the external load in Paralympic sports and provide an overview of the methods and techniques used. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO was carried out until November 2022. The measures of interest were objective methods for quantifying the external load of training or competition. The inclusion criteria for the studies were as follows: (1) peer-reviewed article; (2) the population were Paralympic athletes; (3) evaluated during training or competition; (4) reported at least one external load measure; and (5) published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of the 1961 articles found, 22 were included because they met the criteria, and 8 methods were identified to quantify the external load in training or competition in 8 Paralympic sports. The methods varied according to the characteristics of the Paralympic sports. To date, the devices used included an internal radiofrequency-based tracking system (wheelchair rugby) a miniaturized data logger (wheelchair tennis, basketball, and rugby); a linear position transducer (powerlifting and wheelchair basketball); a camera (swimming, goalball, and wheelchair rugby); a global positioning system (wheelchair tennis); heart rate monitors that assess external load variables in set (paracycling and swimming) and an electronic timer (swimming). CONCLUSIONS Different objective methods were identified to assess the external load in Paralympic sports. However, few studies showed the validity and reliability of these methods. Further studies are needed to compare different methods of external load quantification in other Paralympic sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Ingrid L B Lôbo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ibirité, MG,Brazil
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Renan Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - André G Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Thiago F Lourenço
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - Anselmo A C Silva
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA,Brazil
| | | | - Renato Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
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Grossmann F, Perret C, Roelands B, Meeusen R, Flueck JL. Reliability of a Submaximal Field Test in Wheelchair Rugby. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:192-198. [PMID: 35724690 DOI: 10.1055/a-1879-8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the test-retest reliability of performance and physiological variables of a submaximal wheelchair rugby field test. Eight trained wheelchair rugby athletes with a spinal cord injury (age: median 40, interquartile range 6.9 y; body mass: median 77.7, interquartile range 23.9 kg) performed a submaximal field test two times with a duration of 41 min, split up into four sets of eight min. Each set included eight laps with one eight-meter sprint (SP8) and one four-meter sprint (SP4). The absolute and relative reliability and the performance decrease (fatigue) across the sets were investigated. The examined variables were sprinting time, heart rate, and RPE. The measured parameters showed moderate (peak heart rate ICC3,1=0.663, peak rate of perceived exertion ICC3,1=0.718), good (SP4 ICC3,1=0.874), and excellent (mean heart rate ICC3,1=0.905, SP8 ICC3,1=0.985) test-retest reliability. Fatigue was observed for SP8 in test 2 between set 2/3 and set 2/4. For test 1 a significant decrease of performance for SP4 was found between set 2/3, set 2/4 and between set 3/4. In conclusion the submaximal field test showed moderate to excellent reliability for all measured parameters. The observed fatigue seems to be not clinically relevant. The test can be recommended to assess the effects of training or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grossmann
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Claudio Perret
- Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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Van der Slikke RMA, Sindall P, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS. Load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports: A narrative review of the use of technology and practical recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:189-200. [PMID: 34974822 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2025267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying measures of physical loading has been an essential part of performance monitoring within elite able-bodied sport, facilitated through advancing innovative technology. In wheelchair court sports (WCS) the inter-individual variability of physical impairments in the athletes increases the necessity for accurate load and performance measurements, while at the same time standard load monitoring methods (e.g. heart-rate) often fail in this group and dedicated WCS performance measurement methods are scarce. The objective of this review was to provide practitioners and researchers with an overview and recommendations to underpin the selection of suitable technologies for a variety of load and performance monitoring purposes specific to WCS. This review explored the different technologies that have been used for load and performance monitoring in WCS. During structured field testing, magnetic switch-based devices, optical encoders and laser systems have all been used to monitor linear aspects of performance. However, movement in WCS is multidirectional, hence accelerations, decelerations and rotational performance and their impact on physiological responses and determination of skill level, is also of interest. Subsequently both for structured field testing as well as match-play and training, inertial measurement units mounted on wheels and frame have emerged as an accurate and practical option for quantifying linear and non-linear movements. In conclusion, each method has its place in load and performance measurement, yet inertial sensors seem most versatile and accurate. However, to add context to load and performance metrics, position-based acquisition devices such as automated image-based processing or local positioning systems are required.Highlights Objective measures of wheelchair mobility performance are paramount in wheelchair court sport support, since they enable quantification of workload across athletes of all classifications and in structured field testing, training and match play settings.Given the variety of methods for load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports, this review: identified and examined the technology available; provides meaningful insights and decision guidelines; describes applicability for different goals; and proposes practical recommendations for researchers and sports professionals.Wheelchair mounted inertial sensors are most reliable and versatile for measuring wheelchair mobility performance and estimates of workload, yet a combination with local position measurement via indoor tracking or image-based processing could be useful to add context.For wheelchair athletes bound to a wheelchair for daily use, workload monitoring on a regular basis, both on- and off-court, is crucial to avoid overuse injuries. Alternatively, in athletes with lower severity impairments often lack frequent exposure to optimal and progressive loading, reducing the likelihood of positive physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk M A Van der Slikke
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Sindall
- School of Health and SocietyUniversity of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:317-331. [PMID: 34965513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term "elite" subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices.
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Gavel EH, Lacroix MA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Logan-Sprenger HM. Characterizing the Thermal Demands and Mobility Performance During International Wheelchair Rugby Competition. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:856904. [PMID: 36188931 PMCID: PMC9397831 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.856904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the thermoregulatory responses and mobility performance of wheelchair rugby (WCR) players during international competition. Methods Eleven male National Team WCR players volunteered for the study. Testing occurred during a four game series against international competition (temp 24.7 ± 0.7°C, relative humidity 50.1 ± 3.6%), with movement time (MT) and gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) recorded continuously. Results The mean maximal Tgi was 38.6 ± 0.6°C (37.9-39.7) and did not significantly differ among Low-Class, Mid-Class, and High-Class athletes (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was a strong and significant relationship between minutes (min) played per quarter of the game and change in Tgi (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). Athletes moved a total of 27:43 ± 9:40 min:seconds (s), spent a total of 15:02 ± 8.23 min:s in Zone 1 (53.5%), 8:19 ± 3:20 min:s in Zone 2 (31.7%), and 5:59 ± 1:51 min:s in Zone 3 (21.3%). There were no differences among classification in total movement time (p = 0.169) or for speed in Zone 1, Zone 2, or Zone 3 (p > 0.05). The relationship between peak forward speed and total movement time was strong (p = 0.021, r = 0.68). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the time spent in absolute movement zones is not classification dependent, the change in core temperature is related to movement time per quarter. Furthermore, peak speeds obtained on-court were linked to overall movement time which suggests athletes should warm-up before going on court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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Validity of a Wheelchair Rugby Field Test to Simulate Physiological and Thermoregulatory Match Outcomes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100144. [PMID: 36287757 PMCID: PMC9609776 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to verify the criterion-validity (concurrent) of an existing and reliable, submaximal wheelchair Rugby (WCR) field test by examining the correlations of selected measures of physical performance between the field test and real games. Therefore, ten WCR athletes were observed during two WCR real games and during completing the field test two times. Total distance, mean and peak velocity, playing time, number of sprints, sprints per minute, mean and maximal heart rate, body core temperature (Tc), sweat rate, body weight loss, rate of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were measured. Values were correlated with the data observed by completing the field test two times separated by seven days. The results showed significant correlations between games and field tests for sweat rate (r = 0.740, p < 0.001), body weight loss (r = 0.732, p < 0.001) and the increase of Tc (r = 0.611, p = 0.009). All other correlations were not significant. For perceptual responses Bland−Altman analysis showed data within the limits of agreement. Descriptive statistics showed similarity for mean velocity and total distance between tests and games. In conclusion the study provides the first indications that the submaximal field test seems comparable with the game outcomes in terms of increase in Tc, covered distance, mean velocity and perceptual responses. Nevertheless, more research and additional validation are required.
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Bakatchina S, Weissland T, Brassart F, Alberca I, Vigie O, Pradon D, Faupin A. Influence of Wheelchair Type on Kinematic Parameters in Wheelchair Rugby. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:861592. [PMID: 35721878 PMCID: PMC9203841 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.861592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn wheelchair rugby, players use either an offensive or defensive wheelchair depending on their field position and level of impairment. Performance of wheelchair rugby players is related to several parameters, however it is currently unclear if differences in performance are related to wheelchair type or no: the effect of wheelchair type on performance variables has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare offensive and defensive wheelchairs on performance variables during a straight-line sprint.MethodsThirteen able-bodied people performed two 20 m sprint trials: one with an offensive and one with a defensive wheelchair. Data were collected using inertial measurement units fixed on the wheelchair. Peak wheelchair velocities and left-right asymmetries in peak wheel velocities were measured during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases. Sprint time, cycle frequency, and mean and maximum velocity were calculated over the entire sprint.ResultsThe peak velocities of the first 2 pushes (acceleration phase) were significantly higher with the defensive than the offensive wheelchair (p < 0.04 and p < 0.02). Mean and maximum sprint velocity were significantly higher (p < 0.03 and p < 0.04, respectively) with the defensive wheelchair. Cycle frequency and asymmetry did not differ between wheelchairs.ConclusionPerformance was higher with the defensive than the offensive wheelchair, suggesting that the frequent finding that the higher performance of offensive as compared to defensive players is not related to the use of an offensive wheelchair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadate Bakatchina
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France
- *Correspondence: Sadate Bakatchina
| | - Thierry Weissland
- Laboratory of Material to System Integration (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Brassart
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Ilona Alberca
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Opale Vigie
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Didier Pradon
- Pole Parasport - ISPC Synergies, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, France
| | - Arnaud Faupin
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), University of Toulon, Toulon, France
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Total Testosterone and Cortisol During Wheelchair Rugby Training in Athletes With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:978-983. [PMID: 35580845 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hormonal assessment in the sport context is important to monitor the physiological adaptations of athletes. However, Paralympic athletes, especially with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), may have different hormonal responses than nondisabled athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood concentrations of total testosterone (TT) and cortisol (C) during acute (one training session) and chronic (1 and 2 month) training of athletes with CSCI in wheelchair rugby (WCR). DESIGN Longitudinal and observational study. METHODS Eight high-performance athletes with CSCI (31 [3.9] y; 75.6 [15.8] kg; 22.9 [4.2] kg/m2 body mass index; 6.2 [2] y of experience in sport) were evaluated at 3 different intervals (evaluations 1, 2, and 3 [E1, E2, and E3]) over 2 months of training. TT and C blood were evaluated before (pre) and after (post) the training sessions at each training moment, as well as the training load through the ratings of perceived exertion. RESULTS Athletes with CSCI had low TT concentrations. In acute training sessions, at E3, C decreases after the training session, unlike the TT/C ratio, which increased after the session. Regarding hormonal changes during chronic training at the end of the training period, unlike C, which increased. The training load (arbitrary units) decreased in E3 when compared with the other evaluation moments. CONCLUSION It was concluded that in chronic training, TT concentrations decreased, while C increased at the end of the 2 months of training. These results may indicate that training volume was high throughout training and that a reduction in training volume could benefit athletes. On the other hand, in the acute training session with reduced training load, a decrease in C was observed after the training session. This indicates that athletes may be well recovered in this training session. Therefore, we suggest acute and long-term hormonal assessment for athletes with CSCI as a strategy to monitor anabolic/catabolic hormonal status during WCR training.
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Grossmann F, Flueck JL, Roelands B, Meeusen R, Mason B, Perret C. Characteristics of Official Wheelchair Basketball Games in Hot and Temperate Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031250. [PMID: 35162273 PMCID: PMC8835511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared performance parameters of two wheelchair basketball games under hot (30.3 °C, 52% relative humidity) and temperate (21.6 °C, 30% relative humidity) environmental conditions and described the characteristics of wheelchair basketball. Eight wheelchair basketball players from two teams were monitored during two games using an indoor position tracking system. Total distance, mean- and peak-speed, playing-time, number of sprints, sprints per minute, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were recorded. Additionally, athletes with a lesion level above and below T6 were compared. No measured parameter differed between the games. Across quarters (Q) mean velocity (m/s) (Q1: 1.01; Q2: 1.10; Q3: 1.18; Q4: 1.06; p < 0.001) and sprints per minute (Q1: 16; Q2: 14; Q3: 23; Q4: 14; p = 0.033) differed significantly, independent of the conditions. Descriptive statistics did not reveal differences between the groups with a lesion level below or above T6. In the present study, hot environmental conditions seemed not to have an impact on activity parameters of wheelchair basketball players. It was speculated that the game intensity and therefore metabolic heat production was too low; consequently, the athletes had a sufficient heat loss to prevent a decrease in performance during the play in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grossmann
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Sports Medicine, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland; (J.L.F.); (C.P.)
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (B.R.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joelle Leonie Flueck
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Sports Medicine, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland; (J.L.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (B.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (B.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Barry Mason
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Claudio Perret
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Sports Medicine, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland; (J.L.F.); (C.P.)
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Bossuyt FM, Mason BS, Briley S, O'Brien TJ, Boninger ML, Arnet U, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Shoulder Tendon Adaptations Following a Graded Exercise Test to Exhaustion in Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With Different Impairments. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 2:755466. [PMID: 36188798 PMCID: PMC9397820 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.755466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify acute changes in biceps and supraspinatus tendon characteristics before and after a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) in highly trained wheelchair rugby (WR) athletes. A secondary aspect was to define chronic tendon adaptations related to the impairment of the athlete and the occupation of the tendon within the subacromial space (occupation ratio). Methods Twelve WR athletes with different impairments (age = 32 ± 6 years; body mass = 67.2 ± 11.2 kg; 9.0 ± 3.6 years competing) volunteered for this study. Performance Corrected Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index was used to quantify shoulder pain. Quantitative Ultrasound Protocols (QUS) were used to define supraspinatus and biceps tendon thickness, echogenicity, and echogenicity ratio of both dominant and non-dominant shoulder before and after the GXT including 22 ± 3.1 min submaximal propulsion and 10.2 ± 1.7 min maximal propulsion on a treadmill. Furthermore, the acromio-humeral distance (AHD) defined from ultrasound (US) images was used to calculate the occupation ratios. Results A mixed-effect multilevel analysis that included shoulder as grouping variable, demonstrated a significant reduction in the echogenicity of the biceps following GXT whilst controlling for impairment [spinal cord injury (SCI) and non-SCI] and the occupation ratio (β = −9.01, SEβ = 2.72, p = 0.001, 95% CI = [−14.34; −3.68]). This points toward fluid inflow into the tendon that may be related to overload and acute inflammation. In addition, persons with a SCI (n = 8) had a thicker supraspinatus tendon in comparison to persons with non-SCI (n = 3) which may be related to chronic tendon adaptations (β = −0.53 mm, SEβ = 0.26, p = 0.038, 95% CI = [−1.04; −0.03]). Finally, a greater occupation ratio was associated with signs of tendinopathy (i.e., greater biceps and supraspinatus tendon thickness, and lower supraspinatus echogenicity and echogenicity ratio). Conclusion Acute biceps tendon adaptations in response to the GXT in highly trained WR athletes were evident with chronic adaptations in the supraspinatus tendon being related to the impairment of the athlete. Ultrasound can be used to monitor tendon adaptations in WR athletes for medical diagnosis to assist the scheduling and type of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransiska Marie Bossuyt
- Shoulder, Health and Mobility Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fransiska Marie Bossuyt
| | - Barry S. Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Briley
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. O'Brien
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Boninger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ursina Arnet
- Shoulder, Health and Mobility Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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A High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Thermal Strain But Does Not Affect Repeated Sprint Performance in Athletes With a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:440-449. [PMID: 34991077 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of typical competition versus high-intensity intermittent warm-up (WU) on thermoregulatory responses and repeated sprint performance during wheelchair rugby game play. METHODS An intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) simulating the demands of wheelchair rugby was performed by male wheelchair rugby players (7 with cervical spinal cord injury [SCI] and 8 without SCI) following 2 WU protocols. These included a typical competition WU (control) and a WU consisting of high-intensity efforts (INT). Core temperature (Tcore), thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were recorded. Wheelchair performance variables associated to power, speed, and fatigue were also calculated. RESULTS During the WU, Tcore was similar between conditions for both groups. During the ISP, a higher Tcore was found for SCI compared to NON-SCI (38.1 [0.3] vs 37.7 [0.3] °C: P = .036, d = 0.75), and the SCI group experienced a higher peak Tcore for INT compared with control (39.0 [0.4] vs 38.6 [0.6] °C; P = .004). Peak Tcore occurred later in the ISP for players with SCI (96 [5.8] vs 48 [2.7] min; P < .001). All players reported a higher thermal sensation and thermal comfort following INT (P < .001), with no differences between conditions throughout the ISP. No significant differences were found in wheelchair performance variables during the ISP between conditions (P ≥ .143). CONCLUSIONS The high-INT WU increased thermal strain in the SCI group during the ISP, potentially due to increased metabolic heat production and impaired thermoregulation, while not impacting on repeated sprint performance. It may be advisable to limit high-INT bouts during a WU in players with SCI to mitigate issues related to hyperthermia in subsequent performance.
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Stieler E, Costa VTD, Cruz AÂS, Lôbo ILB, Noce F, Esteves AM, Mello MTD, Silva A. Training load, stress, recovery, mood, and motivation of athletes with spinal cord injury in wheelchair rugby during a competitive preseason. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220006821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Franco Noce
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brazil
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Criterion Validity of a Field-Based Assessment of Aerobic Capacity in Wheelchair Rugby Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1341-1346. [PMID: 33652413 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To confirm whether peak aerobic capacity determined during laboratory testing could be replicated during an on-court field-based test in wheelchair rugby players. METHODS Sixteen wheelchair rugby players performed an incremental speed-based peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) test on a motorized treadmill (TM) and completed a multistage fitness test (MFT) on a basketball court in a counterbalanced order, while spirometric data were recorded. A paired t test was performed to check for systematic error between tests. A Bland-Altman plot for V˙O2peak illustrated the agreement between the TM and MFT results and how this related to the boundaries of practical equivalence. RESULTS No significant differences between mean V˙O2peak were reported (TM: 1.85 [0.63] vs MFT: 1.81 [0.63] L·min-1; P = .33). Bland-Altman plot for V˙O2peak suggests that the mean values are in good agreement at the group level; that is, the exact 95% confidence limits for the ratio systematic error (0.95-1.02) are within the boundaries of practical equivalence (0.88-1.13) showing that the group average TM and MFT values are interchangeable. However, consideration of the data at the level of the individual athlete suggests that the TM and MFT results were not interchangeable because the 95% ratio limits of agreement either coincide with the boundaries of practical equivalence (upper limit) or fall outside (lower limit). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the MFT provides a suitable test at a group level with this cohort of wheelchair rugby players for the assessment of V˙O2peak (range 0.97-3.64 L·min-1), yet caution is noted for interchangeable use of values between tests for individual players.
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19
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Sanz-Milone V, Narciso FV, da Silva A, Misuta M, de Mello MT, Esteves AM. Sleep of Wheelchair Rugby Athletes: Training, Rest and
Competition. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:169-174. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1192-5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the sleep-wake cycle of wheelchair rugby
athletes during the pre-season compared to in-season. Wheelchair Rugby athletes
wore an actigraph monitor during two respective 10-day periods: 1) pre-season
and 2) in-season, each of which comprised three training days, three rest days,
and four competition days, respectively. In addition, the players completed
questionnaires regarding sleepiness, subjective quality of sleep, and
chronotype, as well as the use of the sleep diary along with the actigraph
measurements (20 days). The wheelchair rugby athletes had poor subjective sleep
quality in both stages observed by sleep efficiency below 85% (ES 0.31)
and high score in the Pittsburgh questionnaire (effect size-ES 0.55), the
actigraphy results presented an increase of sleep latency (ES 0.47), and wake
after sleep onset (ES 0.42). When comparing the athlete’s routine, the
competition days, demonstrated a reduction in the total time of sleep and the
sleep efficiency, in addition to an increase in wakefulness after sleep onset
when compared with the training and rest periods. As a result, the wheelchair
rugby players did not describe a pattern of sleep-wake cycle during different
training phases, as well as poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sanz-Milone
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V. Narciso
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e
Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
| | - Andressa da Silva
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e
Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
| | - Milton Misuta
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e
Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
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Personalized Tests in Paralympic Athletes: Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance Profile of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030118. [PMID: 32916810 PMCID: PMC7563775 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Paralympic sports, the goal of functional classifications is to minimize the impact of impairment on the outcome of the competition. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate aerobic and anaerobic personalized tests in Paralympic athletes and to correlate them with the classification of the international wheelchair rugby federation (IWRF). Sixteen elite players of the Italian wheelchair rugby team volunteered for the study. Aerobic (incremental test to exhaustion) and anaerobic (Wingate 30s all-out test, 5 and 10-meter sprint test, shuttle test, isometric test) sport-performance measurements were correlated singularly or grouped (Z scores) with the classification point. Moreover, a multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis investigated possible differences in the overall level of performance among the adjacent classified groups of players, considering the scores of each test. A statistically significant correlation between the performance parameters and the IWRF functional classification considering both aerobic and anaerobic personalized tests was detected (0.58 ≤ r ≤ 0.88; 0.0260 ≤ p ≤ 0.0001). The multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis showed differences only for the low-pointers versus mid-pointers (p = 0.0195) and high-pointers (p = 0.0075). Although single performance parameters correlated with athletes’ classification point, results of the multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis seem to suggest considering only the most significant anaerobic and sport-specific performance parameters among athletes. These should be combined with the physical assessment and the qualitative observation, which are already part of the classification process to improve its effectiveness.
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Sasadai J, Maeda N, Shimizu R, Kobayashi T, Sakai S, Komiya M, Urabe Y. Analysis of team-sport wheelchair falls during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a video-based cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033088. [PMID: 32152161 PMCID: PMC7064145 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present the fall characteristics of athletes playing wheelchair rugby (WR) and wheelchair basketball (WB) using official videos from the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games and compare the key fall characteristics among the team wheelchair sports event. METHODS Eighteen WR and 10 WB game videos for men (MWB) and women (WWB), including 8 teams per sport, were obtained from the official International Paralympic Committee of the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. The videos were analysed to assess the number of falls, playing time of fall, playing phase, contact with other athletes, the direction of the fall and the body part first in contact with the floor during the fall. RESULTS In total, 359 falls (96 for WR, 172 for MWB and 91 for WWB) occurred with a mean of 5.3, 17.2 and 9.1 falls per match, respectively (p<0.05). Significant differences among the three sports were detected in the playing time (p=0.011), presence of contact (p=0.037), direction (p<0.001) and body part first in contact with the floor (p<0.001). For WR, the falls were primarily lateral and caused by contact, occurring in the second half of the match. WB falls tended to be in the first half for women and the second half for men. Most falls were contact falls in the forward direction. CONCLUSION By observing the situational details, we described that a number of falls due to contact occurred during these team sports events, especially MWB. In addition, each sport exhibited characteristics attributable to differences in gender, degree of impairment and game rules. The directions of the falls and characteristics of the affected body parts indicate differences in impairments depending on the sport. A fall to the side or back may indicate a risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Sasadai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reia Shimizu
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences in heart rate (HR) responses during international wheelchair rugby competition between athletes with and without a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and across standardized sport classifications. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING The 2015 Parapan American Games wheelchair rugby competition. PARTICIPANTS Forty-three male athletes (31 ± 8 years) with a cervical SCI (n = 32) or tetraequivalent impairment (non-SCI, n = 11). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Average and peak HR (HRavg and HRpeak, respectively). To characterize HR responses in accordance with an athletes' International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) classification, we separated athletes into 3 groups: group I (IWRF classification 0.5-1.5, n = 15); group II (IWRF classification 2.0, n = 15); and group III (IWRF classification 2.5-3.5, n = 13). RESULTS Athletes with SCI had lower HRavg (111 ± 14 bpm vs 155 ± 13 bpm) and HRpeak (133 ± 12 bpm vs 178 ± 13 bpm) compared with non-SCI (both P < 0.001). Average HR was higher in group III than in I (136 ± 25 bpm vs 115 ± 20 bpm, P = 0.045); however, SCI athletes showed no difference in HRavg or HRpeak between groups. Within group III, SCI athletes had lower HRavg (115 ± 6 bpm vs 160 ± 8 bpm) and HRpeak (135 ± 11 bpm vs 183 ± 11 bpm) than non-SCI athletes (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate attenuated HR responses during competition in SCI compared with non-SCI athletes, likely due to injury to spinal autonomic pathways. Among athletes with SCI, IWRF classification was not related to differences in HR. Specific assessment of autonomic function after SCI may be able to predict HR during competition and consideration of autonomic impairments may improve the classification process.
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Francis J, Owen A, Peters DM. Making Every "Point" Count: Identifying the Key Determinants of Team Success in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1431. [PMID: 31338046 PMCID: PMC6626905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheelchair basketball coaches and researchers have typically relied on box score data and the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System to inform practice, however, these data do not acknowledge how the dynamic perspectives of teams change, vary and adapt during possessions in relation to the outcome of a game. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key dynamic variables associated with team success in elite men's wheelchair basketball and explore the impact of each key dynamic variable upon the outcome of performance through the use of binary logistic regression modeling. The valid and reliable template developed Francis et al. (2019) was used to analyze video footage in SportsCode from 31 games at the men's 2015 European Wheelchair Basketball Championships. The 31 games resulted in 6,126 rows of data which were exported and converted into a CSV file, analyzed using R (R Core Team, 2015) and subjected to a data modeling process. Chi-square analyses identified significant (p < 0.05) relationships between Game Outcome and 19 Categorical Predictor Variables. Automated stepwise binary regression model building was completed using 70% of the data (4,282 possessions) and produced a model that included 12 Categorical Predictor Variables. The accuracy of the developed model was deemed to be acceptable at accurately predicting the remaining 30% of the data (1,844 possessions) and produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.759. The model identified the odds of winning are more than double when the team in possession are in a state of winning at the start of the possession are increased five-fold when the offensive team do not use a 1.0 or 1.5 classified player, but are increased six-fold when the offensive team use three or more 3.0 or 3.5 players. The final model can be used by coaches, players and support staff to devise training and game strategies that involve selecting the most appropriate offensive and defensive approaches when performing ball possessions to enhance the likelihood of winning in elite men's wheelchair basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Francis
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Owen
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek. M. Peters
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Griggs KE, Stephenson BT, Price MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Heat-related issues and practical applications for Paralympic athletes at Tokyo 2020. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:37-57. [PMID: 32166104 PMCID: PMC7053936 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1617030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International sporting competitions, including the Paralympic Games, are increasingly being held in hot and/or humid environmental conditions. Thus, a greater emphasis is being placed on preparing athletes for the potentially challenging environmental conditions of the host cities, such as the upcoming Games in Tokyo in 2020. However, evidence-based practices are limited for the impairment groups that are eligible to compete in Paralympic sport. This review aims to provide an overview of heat-related issues for Paralympic athletes alongside current recommendations to reduce thermal strain and technological advancements in the lead up to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. When competing in challenging environmental conditions, a number of factors may contribute to an athlete's predisposition to heightened thermal strain. These include the characteristics of the sport itself (type, intensity, duration, modality, and environmental conditions), the complexity and severity of the impairment and classification of the athlete. For heat vulnerable Paralympic athletes, strategies such as the implementation of cooling methods and heat acclimation can be used to combat the increase in heat strain. At an organizational level, regulations and specific heat policies should be considered for several Paralympic sports. Both the utilization of individual strategies and specific heat health policies should be employed to ensure that Paralympics athletes' health and sporting performance are not negatively affected during the competition in the heat at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E. Griggs
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ben T. Stephenson
- Loughborough Performance Centre, English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Michael J. Price
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Understanding the Impact of Trunk and Arm Impairments on Wheelchair Rugby Performance During Competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:612-619. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the effect of trunk and arm impairments on physical and technical performance during wheelchair rugby (WR) competition. Methods: Thirty-one highly trained WR players grouped according to their trunk (no trunk [NT]; some trunk [T] function) and arm impairments (poor, moderate, and good arm function) participated in 5 WR matches. Players’ physical (wheelchair mobility) and technical (ball handling) activities were analyzed using an indoor tracking system and video analysis, respectively. Results: Trunk impairment explained some of the variance in physical (10.6–23.5%) and technical (16.2–33.0%) performance. T covered more distance, had more possession, scored more goals, and received and made more passes yet spent less time at low speeds and performed fewer inbounds than NT (≤.05). Arm impairment explained some of the variance in all physical (16.7–47.0%) and the majority of technical (13.1–53.3%) performance measures. Moderate and good arm function covered more distance, reached higher peak speeds, spent more time in higher speed zones, scored more goals, had more possession, and received and made more passes, with a higher percentage of 1-handed and long passes, than poor arm function. Good arm function also received more passes and made a higher percentage of 1-handed passes and defensive blocks than moderate arm function (P ≤ .05). Conclusions: Arm impairment affects a greater number of physical and technical measures of performance specific to WR than trunk impairment during competition. Having active finger function (good arm function) yielded no further improvements in physical performance but positively influenced a small number of technical skills.
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Iturricastillo A, Granados C, Cámara J, Reina R, Castillo D, Barrenetxea I, Lozano L, Yanci J. Differences in Physiological Responses During Wheelchair Basketball Matches According to Playing Time and Competition. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:474-481. [PMID: 30260747 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1511044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main purpose of the present study was to determine physiological responses in wheelchair basketball (WB) matches in relation to heart rate (HR), match load (ML), differentiated perceived exertion (dRPE), lactate concentrations (LA), and tympanic temperature (TEMP), while specifying the individual player's playing time during different types of matches. METHOD Nine Spanish First Division WB players participated in the study. Three groups were determined for each observation (i.e., HR, ML, dRPE, LA, and TEMP) according to the minutes played by the WB players: players who had played 30 min to 40 min (WB30-40), those who played 20 min to 30 min, and those who played 0 min to 20 min. RESULTS The WB30-40 group attained statistically significantly higher results in mean HR than the other groups in league and playoff matches (p < .05; Δ% > -25.73%; ES > -1.31, large). With regard to the difference in each variable between league and playoff matches, the differences were highlighted in the WB30-40 group according to ML (Edwards, p < .05, Δ% = -11.14%, ES = -0.87, large; Stagno's modified TRIMP, p < .05, Δ% = -16.95%, ES = -0.77, large). Tympanic temperature also reached higher values in playoff matches compared with league matches in WB30-40 (p < .05; Δ% = 1.1%; ES = 0.67, moderate) but not in LA values. CONCLUSIONS Coaches should take into account that playoff matches were more demanding than league matches, thus forcing coaches to try to peak WB players' physical performance for the former.
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The Effect of Small-Sided Game Formats on Physical and Technical Performance in Wheelchair Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:891-896. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of different small-sided games (SSGs) on physical and technical aspects of performance in wheelchair basketball (WB) players. Design: Observational cohort study. Methods: Fifteen highly trained WB players participated in a single 5v5 (24-s shot clock) match and three 3v3 SSGs (18-s shot clock) on a (1) full court, (2) half-court, and (3) modified-length court. During all formats, players’ activity profiles were monitored using an indoor tracking system and inertial measurement units. Physiological responses were monitored via heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Technical performance, that is, ball handling, was monitored using video analysis. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and effect sizes (ESs) were calculated to determine the statistical significance and magnitude of any differences between game formats. Results: Players covered less distance and reached lower peak speeds during half-court (P ≤ .0005; ES ≥ very large) compared with all other formats. Greater distances were covered, and more time was spent performing moderate- and high-speed activity (P ≤ .008; ES ≥ moderate) during full court compared with all other formats. Game format had little bearing on physiological responses, and the only differences in technical performance observed were in relation to 5v5. Players spent more time in possession, took more shots, and performed more rebounds in all 3v3 formats compared with 5v5 (P ≤ .028; ES ≥ moderate). Conclusions: Court dimensions affect the activity profiles of WB players during 3v3 SSGs yet had little bearing on technical performance when time pressures (shot clocks) were constant. These findings have important implications for coaches to understand which SSG format may be most suitable for physically and technically preparing WB players.
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Borel B, Lacroix J, Daviet JC, Mandigout S. Intensity level and on-court role of wheelchair rugby players during competition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:387-393. [PMID: 29845832 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims at quantifying the level of physical activity of wheelchair rugby players during matches in order to compare defensives players (DP) and offensives players (OP) profiles. Our hypothesis is that OP would present a higher energy expenditure and intensity level values during matches than DP, due to specific actions according to the on-court role. METHODS Fifty-two players, including 24 DP and 28 OP (mean age of 34±9 years), from eight French teams involved in the national elite championship and in the French national cup, participated. The seven wheelchair rugby players' classes were differentiated from 0.5 points (most severe deficiencies) to 3.5 points (less severe deficiencies). DP and OP were regrouped from 0.5 to 1.5 points and from 2 to 3.5 points, respectively. Energy expenditure (in kcal), intensity level (in metabolic equivalent of task) and physical activity time (in minutes) of wheelchair rugby players during competition were evaluated. RESULTS Statistical analysis between DP and OP showed a significant difference in vigorous activity time with a higher vigorous activity time for OP than DP; P<0.007), associated with higher mean intensity level for OP vs. DP (4.3±1.0 METs vs. 3.8±0.9 METs respectively; P=0.049). No significant differences between DP and OP were found for active energy expenditure (385±158 kcal vs. 446±199 kcal, for DP and OP respectively) during matches. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted significantly different wheelchair rugby player profiles between competing DP and OP for the time spent in high intensity and intensity level. Offensive players were more explosive during a match than DP; therefore, training should be adapted accordingly to their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Borel
- HAVAE Laboratory, EA 6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France -
| | - Justine Lacroix
- HAVAE Laboratory, EA 6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Daviet
- HAVAE Laboratory, EA 6310, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,CHU of Limoges, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Limoges, France
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Kelly VG, Chen KK, Oyewale M. Reliability of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test for elite wheelchair rugby players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1453167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Sciences Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kexun K. Chen
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Oyewale
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Vegter RJK, Mason BS, Paulson TAW, Lenton JP, van der Scheer JW, van der Woude LHV. Sprint performance and propulsion asymmetries on an ergometer in trained high- and low-point wheelchair rugby players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1586-1593. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - R. J. K. Vegter
- University Medical Center Groningen; Center for Human Movement Sciences; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - B. S. Mason
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - T. A. W. Paulson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - J. P. Lenton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- GBCT Para-Cycling; British Cycling; National Cycling Centre; Manchester UK
| | - J. W. van der Scheer
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - L. H. V. van der Woude
- University Medical Center Groningen; Center for Human Movement Sciences; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen; Center for Rehabilitation; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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31
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A 20×20m repeated sprint field test replicates the demands of wheelchair rugby. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:753-757. [PMID: 29373205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the physiological responses to, and the agreement between, a 20×20m repeated sprint field test and wheelchair rugby game play, as well as the reliability of the test. DESIGN Cross-sectional and longitudinal. METHODS Heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La-]B), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected in nineteen elite wheelchair rugby athletes before, during, and after a 20×20m repeated sprint field test and game play. Times to complete 5, 10, and 20m during the field test were also collected. RESULTS Peak HR and peak [La-]B were positively correlated during the field test (r=0.470, p=0.043), as were peak HR and peak speed (r=0.493, p=0.031), and peak [La-]B and peak speed (r=0.559, p=0.013). During game play, peak [La-]B was correlated with peak RPE (rho=0.703, p=0.001). Intra-class correlations (ICCs) between the field test and game play were significant for peak HR (ICC=0.922, p<0.001) and peak [La-]B (ICC=0.845, p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed good agreement between HR and [La-]B obtained during the field test and game play and excellent between-day reliability of the 20×20m sprint test. CONCLUSIONS The physiological demands of a 20×20m repeated sprint field test are similar to those of elite wheelchair rugby game play and the test is highly reliable. This simple to implement field test may be useful as a component of team selection and in assessing the effectiveness of training interventions or monitoring athletes across training phases.
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32
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Altering the Speed Profiles of Wheelchair Rugby Players With Game-Simulation Drill Design. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:37-43. [PMID: 28422583 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the speed profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players during game-simulation training drills of differing player number and shot-clock regulations. A secondary aim was to determine whether the profiles were further influenced by player classification. METHODS Eight elite WCR players (low-point n = 3, high-point n = 5) were monitored using a radio-frequency-based indoor tracking system during training sessions over a 5-mo period. Speed profiles were collected for 3 modified game-simulation drills-3-versus-3 drills (n = 8 observations), 30-s shot clock (n = 24 observations), and 15-s shot clock (n = 16 observations)-and were compared with regular game-simulation drills (4 vs 4, 40-s shot clock; n = 16 observations). Measures included mean and peak speed; exercise-intensity ratios, defined as the ratio of time spent performing at high and low speeds; and the number of high-speed activities performed. RESULTS Compared with regular game-simulation drills, 3-versus-3 drills elicited a moderate increase in mean speed (6.3%; effect size [ES] = 0.7) and the number of high-speed activities performed (44.1%; ES = 1.1). Minimal changes in speed profiles were observed during the 30-s shot clock, although moderate to large increases in all measures were observed during the 15-s shot-clock drills. Classification-specific differences were further identified, with increased activity observed for high-point players during the 3-versus-3 drill and for low-point players during the 15-s shot clock. CONCLUSION By reducing the number of players on court and the shot clock to 15 s, coaches can significantly increase elite WCR players' speed profiles during game-simulation drills.
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Neuromuscular Responses and Physiological Changes During Small-Sided Games in Wheelchair Basketball. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2018; 35:20-35. [PMID: 29256634 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to analyze the changes of physical performance and physiological responses during a high-intensity training task in wheelchair basketball (WB) players. Thirteen Spanish first division WB male players participated in this study. A test battery (change of direction ability, sprints, and sled towing) was performed to study neuromuscular responses before (pre) and after (post) the small-sided games (SSG). Furthermore, tympanic temperature and blood lactate concentration were measured before and immediately after players finished the SSG. The SSG tasks consisted in four players against four, 4 bouts of 4 min with 2 min of recovery periods. There was a 1.10% decline in performance in both 5- and 20-m sprints (p < .01; effect size [ES] ≤ 0.14), 1.82% decline in 5-m sled towing (p < .05; ES = 0.18), and 2.68% decline in 20-m sled towing (p < .01; ES = 0.27) between pre- and post-SSG. As in physical performance results, significant differences were observed between pre and post in physiological markers, with increasing tympanic temperature (36.21 ± 0.60 °C to 36.97 ± 0.59 °C; p < .001; ES = 1.27) and blood lactate concentrations (1.95 ± 1.30 mmol/L to 5.84 ± 2.04 mmol/L; p < .001; ES = 2.99) after SSG. The SSG produced a decrease in sprint and sled towing performance after 16 min of intense exercise. Moreover, the decrease in physical performance was accompanied with an increase in physiological responses. These neuromuscular responses could be similar in the real game; thus, coaching staff could benefit from this information when changing bench players.
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34
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Speed profiles in wheelchair court sports; comparison of two methods for measuring wheelchair mobility performance. J Biomech 2017; 65:221-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Load Monitoring Variables in Training and Competition Situations: A Systematic Review Applied to Wheelchair Sports. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2017; 34:466-483. [PMID: 29035578 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2016-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to identify the main variables for load monitoring in training and competition situations in wheelchair sports. Studies were identified from a systematic search of three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SportDiscuss), with search phrases constructed from MeSH terms, alone or in combination, limited to English-language literature, and published up to January 2016. Our main findings were that variables related to external load (distance, speed, and duration) are used to monitor load in competition. In training situations, researchers have used variables related to internal load (heart rate and VO2); in both training and competition situations, researchers used internal load measurements (training impulse and ratings of perceived exertion). We conclude that the main variables for load monitoring in competitive situations were distance, speed, and duration, whereas the variables for training situations were heart rate, VO2, training impulse, and ratings of perceived exertion.
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36
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Squair JW, Phillips AA, Currie KD, Gee C, Krassioukov AV. Autonomic testing for prediction of competition performance in Paralympic athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:311-318. [PMID: 28452146 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While we now appreciate that autonomic dysfunction can impact wheelchair rugby performance, this is currently not being assessed during classification, largely due to lack of a standardized and evidence-based strategy to assess autonomic function. Our aim, therefore, was to establish the optimal autonomic testing protocol that best predicts cardiovascular capacity during competition by comprehensively examining autonomic function in elite wheelchair rugby athletes with cervical SCI and thereby enhance the standardized classification. Twenty-six individuals with cervical SCI (C4-C8; AIS A, B, C) participated in this study during the 2015 Parapan American Games in Toronto, Canada. Clinic autonomic testing included: sympathetic skin responses, baseline hemodynamics, orthostatic challenge test, and cold-pressor tests. Further, we completed standard motor/sensory assessments and obtained each participants' International Wheelchair Rugby Federation classification. These clinic metrics were correlated to in-competition heart rate monitoring obtained during competition. The current study provides novel evidence that the change in systolic blood pressure during an orthostatic challenge test predicts approximately 50% of the in-competition peak heart rate (P<.001). Conversely, International Wheelchair Rugby Federation classification was poorly associated with in-competition peak heart rate (R2 =.204; P<.05). Autonomic testing provides deep insight regarding preserved autonomic control after SCI that is associated with performance in elite wheelchair rugby athletes. As such, incorporating assessments of cardiovascular capacity in classification will help to ensure a level playing field and may obviate the need for practices such as boosting to gain an advantage due to poor cardiovascular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Squair
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,MD/PhD Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A A Phillips
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K D Currie
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A V Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Griggs KE, Havenith G, Paulson TAW, J Price M, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Effects of cooling before and during simulated match play on thermoregulatory responses of athletes with tetraplegia. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:819-824. [PMID: 28389216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Athletes with high level spinal cord injuries (tetraplegia) are under greater thermal strain during exercise than the able-bodied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of pre-cooling using an ice vest and the combination of pre-cooling and cooling during play using water sprays in athletes with tetraplegia. DESIGN Counter-balanced, cross-over design. METHODS Eight wheelchair rugby players with tetraplegia completed a 60min intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) on a wheelchair ergometer in 20.2°C±0.2°C and 33.0%±3.1% relative humidity. The ISP was conducted on three occasions; no cooling (NC), pre-cooling with an ice vest (P) and pre-cooling with an ice vest and water sprays between quarters (PW). Gastrointestinal (Tgi) temperature, mean skin temperature (Tsk) and perceptual responses were measured throughout. RESULTS At the end of pre-cooling, the change in Tgi was not significantly different between conditions (P>0.05) but the change in Tsk was significantly greater in P and PW compared to NC (P<0.001). The change in Tgi over the ISP was significantly lower in PW and P compared to NC (P<0.05), whilst the change in Tsk was lower in PW compared to P and NC (P<0.05). Cooling had no effect on performance or perceptual responses (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Water spraying between quarters combined with pre-cooling using an ice vest lowers thermal strain to a greater degree than pre-cooling only in athletes with tetraplegia, but has no effect on simulated wheelchair rugby performance or perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E Griggs
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Design School, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Thomas A W Paulson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Michael J Price
- Department of Biomolecular and Sports Science, Coventry University, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
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From big data to rich data: The key features of athlete wheelchair mobility performance. J Biomech 2016; 49:3340-3346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Griggs K, Goosey-Tolfrey V, Paulson T. Supporting Paralympic wheelchair sport performance through technological, physiological and environmental considerations. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 44:295-296. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1234644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Griggs
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - V. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - T. Paulson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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40
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Paulson TAW, Mason B, Rhodes J, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Individualized Internal and External Training Load Relationships in Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players. Front Physiol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26733881 PMCID: PMC4685065 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The quantification and longitudinal monitoring of athlete training load (TL) provides a scientific explanation for changes in performance and helps manage injury/illness risk. Therefore, accurate and reliable monitoring tools are essential for the optimization of athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to establish the relationship between measures of internal [heart rate (HR) and session RPE (sRPE)] and external TL specific to wheelchair rugby (WR). Methods: Fourteen international WR athletes (age = 29 ± 7 years; body mass = 58.9 ± 10.9 kg) were monitored during 18 training sessions over a 3 month period during the competitive phase of the season. Activity profiles were collected during each training session using a radio-frequency based indoor tracking system (ITS). External TL was quantified by total distance (m) covered as well as time spent and distance covered in a range of classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. Banister's TRIMP, Edwards's summated HR zone (SHRZ), and Lucia's TRIMP methods were used to quantify physiological internal TL. sRPE was calculated as the product of session duration multiplied by perceived exertion using the Borg CR10 scale. Relationships between external and internal TL were examined using correlation coefficients and the 90% confidence intervals (90% CI). Results: sRPE (r = 0.59) and all HR-based (r > 0.80) methods showed large and very large relationships with the total distance covered during training sessions, respectively. Large and very large correlations (r = 0.56 − 0.82) were also observed between all measures of internal TL and times spent and distances covered in low and moderate intensity speed zones. HR-based methods showed very large relationships with time (r = 0.71−0.75) and distance (r = 0.70−0.73) in the very high speed zone and a large relationship with the number of high intensity activities (HIA) performed (r = 0.56−0.62). Weaker relationships (r = 0.32−0.35) were observed between sRPE and all measures of high intensity activity. A large variation of individual correlation co-efficient was observed between sRPE and all external TL measures. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that sRPE and HR-based internal TL measures provide a valid tool for quantifying volume of external TL during WR training but may underestimate HIA. It is recommended that both internal and external TL measures are employed for the monitoring of overall TL during court-based training in elite WR athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A W Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Mason
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
| | - James Rhodes
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
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Rhodes JM, Mason BS, Malone LA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Effect of team rank and player classification on activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2070-8. [PMID: 25812720 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1028087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to establish which indicators of mobility are associated with successful wheelchair rugby performance and determine whether these indicators differed across classification. Data were collected from 11 international teams during 30 matches (353 match observations) using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across two tournaments. Players (n = 111) were first grouped by team rank as determined by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) world ranking (LOW, MID, HIGH) and then into one of four groups based on their IWRF classification: Group I (0.5), Group II (1.0-1.5), Group III (2.0-2.5) and Group IV (3.0-3.5). The volume of activity (relative distance and mean speed), peak speed and time spent within classification-specific arbitrary speed zones were calculated for each individual. Although no differences were identified in the volume of activity, playing time was significantly reduced in LOW (34:51 ± 8:35) compared to MID (48:54 ± 0:51) and HIGH (45:38 ± 9:53), which was further supported by the greater number of substitutions performed by LOW. HIGH achieved greater peak speeds (3.55 ± 0.40 m · s-(1)) than LOW (3.27 ± 0.42 m · s(-1)) and MID (3.45 ± 0.41 m · s(-1)). Peak speed was further shown to be classification-dependent (P ≤ 0.005), whereby HIGH Groups III and IV players achieved greater peak speeds than LOW and MID. The time spent performing high-intensity activities was also greater in HIGH compared to LOW and MID, whilst further influenced by classification (P ≤ 0.0005). To conclude, peak speed and the ability to perform a greater number of high-intensity activities were associated with successful performance in wheelchair rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Rhodes
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Laurie A Malone
- b Research Department, Lakeshore Foundation , UAB/Lakeshore Foundation Research Collaborative , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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