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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Morgans R, Encarnação S, Ribeiro J, Afonso P, Ruzmetov N, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Forte P. Analyzing Key Factors on Training Days within a Standard Microcycle for Young Sub-Elite Football Players: A Principal Component Approach. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:194. [PMID: 39058085 PMCID: PMC11280859 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Utilizing techniques for reducing multivariate data is essential for comprehensively understanding the variations and relationships within both biomechanical and physiological datasets in the context of youth football training. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the primary factors influencing training sessions within a standard microcycle among young sub-elite football players. A total of 60 male Portuguese youth sub-elite footballers (15.19 ± 1.75 years) were continuous monitored across six weeks during the 2019-2020 in-season, comprising the training days from match day minus (MD-) 3, MD-2, and MD-1. The weekly training load was collected by an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS), 1 Hz heart rate (HR) monitors, the perceived exertion (RPE) and the total quality recovery (TQR). A principal component approach (PCA) coupled with a Monte Carlo parallel analysis was applied to the training datasets. The training datasets were condensed into three to five principal components, explaining between 37.0% and 83.5% of the explained variance (proportion and cumulative) according to the training day (p < 0.001). Notably, the eigenvalue for this study ranged from 1.20% to 5.21% within the overall training data. The PCA analysis of the standard microcycle in youth sub-elite football identified that, across MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1, the first was dominated by the covered distances and sprinting variables, while the second component focused on HR measures and training impulse (TRIMP). For the weekly microcycle, the first component continued to emphasize distance and intensity variables, with the ACC and DEC being particularly influential, whereas the second and subsequent components included HR measures and perceived exertion. On the three training days analyzed, the first component primarily consisted of variables related to the distance covered, running speed, high metabolic load, sprinting, dynamic stress load, accelerations, and decelerations. The high intensity demands have a high relative weight throughout the standard microcycle, which means that the training load needs to be carefully monitored and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.); (P.A.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal;
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.); (P.A.)
- Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.); (P.A.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (P.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Afonso
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.); (P.A.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nemat Ruzmetov
- Department of Physical Culture and Sports, Urgench State University, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan;
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (P.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (P.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.); (P.A.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal;
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Rabbani A, Ermidis G, Clemente FM, Anderson L. Monitoring Within-Individual Dose-Response Relationships in Professional Soccer Players: The Importance of Fitness Level. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:670-676. [PMID: 38754857 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) examine within-individual player dose-response associations between selected training-load measures and changes in aerobic fitness level via submaximal exercise heart rate (HRex%) and (2) measure the relationships between these dose-response associations with basal HRex% (to study the influence of fitness level on dose-response relationship). METHODS During an in-season phase, selected training-load measures including total minutes, total distance, mechanical work (the sum number of accelerations and decelerations > 3 m2), high metabolic load distance, and Edwards' training impulse were collected via Global Positioning System and heart-rate sensors for analyzing accumulated load. A submaximal warm-up test was used repeatedly before and after 9 phases to elicit HRex% and track fitness changes at an individual level. RESULTS Negative to positive extensive ranges of within-individual associations were found among players for different metrics (r = -.84 to .89). The relationship between pooled HRex% (basal fitness) and dose-response correlations showed inverse very large (r = -.71) and large (r = -.65) values for accumulated weekly minutes and distance. However, moderate values were found for all other measures (r = -.35 to -.42). CONCLUSIONS Individual players show extensive different ranges of dose-response associations with training measures. The dose-response association is influenced by players' fitness level, and players with lower fitness levels show stronger inverse relationships with accumulated minutes and total distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Sport Sciences, Ittihad Kalba F.C, Kalba, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sport Science, OFI Crete F.C, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Pillitteri G, Petrigna L, Ficarra S, Giustino V, Thomas E, Rossi A, Clemente FM, Paoli A, Petrucci M, Bellafiore M, Palma A, Battaglia G. Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023:1-37. [PMID: 38146925 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2297190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
This study verified the relationship between internal load (IL) and external load (EL) and their association on injury risk (IR) prediction considering machine learning (ML) approaches. Studies were included if: (1) participants were male professional soccer players; (2) carried out for at least 2 sessions, exercises, or competitions; (3) correlated training load (TL) with non-contact injuries; (4) applied ML approaches to predict TL and non-contact injuries. TL included: IL indicators (Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE; Session-RPE, Heart Rate, HR) and EL indicators (Global Positioning System, GPS variables); the relationship between EL and IL through index, ratio, formula; ML indicators included performance measures, predictive performance of ML methods, measure of feature importance, relevant predictors, outcome variable, predictor variable, data pre-processing, features selection, ML methods. Twenty-five studies were included. Eleven addressed the relationship between EL and IL. Five used EL/IL indexes. Five studies predicted IL indicators. Three studies investigated the association between EL and IL with IR. One study predicted IR using ML. Significant positive correlations were found between S-RPE and total distance (TD) (r = 0.73; 95% CI (0.64 to 0.82)) as well as between S-RPE and player load (PL) (r = 0.76; 95% CI (0.68 to 0.84)). Association between IL and EL and their relationship with injuries were found. RPE, S-RPE, and HR were associated with different EL indicators. A positive relationship between EL and IL indicators and IR was also observed. Moreover, new indexes or ratios (integrating EL and IL) to improve knowledge regarding TL and fitness status were also applied. ML can predict IL indicators (HR and RPE), and IR. The present systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021245312).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ficarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
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Marynowicz J, Lango M, Horna D, Kikut K, Konefał M, Chmura P, Andrzejewski M. Within-Subject Principal Component Analysis of External Training Load and Intensity Measures in Youth Soccer Training. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2411-2416. [PMID: 38015730 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Marynowicz, J, Lango, M, Horna, D, Kikut, K, Konefał, M, Chmura, P, and Andrzejewski, M. Within-participant principal component analysis of external training load and intensity measures in youth soccer training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2411-2416, 2023-The aim of this study was to identify which combination of external training load (EL) and external intensity (EI) metrics during youth soccer training sessions captured similar or unique information. Data were collected from 18 youth soccer players during an 18-week in-season competition period using a 10-Hz global positioning system, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and session-RPE (sRPE). External training load measures included total distance (TD, in meters), PlayerLoad (PL, in arbitrary units), high-speed running distance (HSR, in meters), and number of accelerations (ACC, n). All EL metrics were also divided by session duration (minutes) to obtain EI values. A total of 804 training observations were undertaken (43 ± 17 sessions per player). The analysis was performed by use of the principal component analysis technique. The first principal component (PC) captured 49-70% and 68-89% of the total variance in EI and EL, respectively. The findings show that from the 5 EI metrics, most of the information can be explained by either TD per minute or PL per minute, with a loading from 0.87 to 0.98 and from 0.76 to 0.95, respectively. The majority of EL information can be explained by PL (loading: 0.93-0.98), TD (loading: 0.95-0.99), ACC (loading: 0.71-0.91), or sRPE (loading: 0.70-0.93). The second PC for EL metrics is most strongly correlated with HSR, with loadings from 0.53 to 0.84. The results suggest that the majority of the information contained in the EL variables can be captured in 1 PC without losing much information. The findings suggest that stakeholders who intend to provide a fast and holistic view of EL information in a daily training environment should report TD, PL, ACC, or sRPE plus HSR to coaching staff as a metrics that provides additional unique information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lango
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Horna
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Kikut
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; and
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Kyprianou E, Lolli L, Weston M, Gregson W. Inconsistent Effect of Psychometric-Scale Familiarization on the Relationship Between Ratings of Perceived Exertion and External Load Measures in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1254-1262. [PMID: 37648250 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the moderating effect of familiarization on the relationship between external load and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) in elite youth soccer players. METHODS Thirty-five elite male youth soccer players were monitored over a 31-week period. Players had no previous experience using the centiMax scale (arbitrary units [AU]). The final sample included familiarized (blackness test; n = 20) and nonfamiliarized players (n = 15) with the Borg centiMax scale. Players recorded a global RPE and differential RPEs (dRPE) for breathlessness (RPE-B) and leg-muscle exertion (RPE-L) 15 to 30 minutes following training sessions and competitive matches. Separate multivariable-adjusted random-effects generalized additive models with restricted maximum likelihood quantified familiarization versus no-familiarization differences in actual perceived exertion score (in AU) by number of accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed running distance (in meters) as predictor variables, respectively. RESULTS Players improved their blackness test score from 39% to 78%. For explorations by number of accelerations, familiarization effects were not practically relevant for the RPE and RPE-B variables. The width and sign of the effects for the RPE-L variable at 30 efforts of 10 AU (95% CI, 4-16 AU) suggested that scores were lower for players who underwent familiarization versus players who did not. Familiarization effects were not practically relevant for any RPE variable irrespective of the number of deceleration efforts and high-speed running distance covered. CONCLUSION Improved performance on the blackness test did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between proxy measures of external load and RPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Performance & Science, Houston Dynamo Football Club, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Science, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion: Relationships With External Intensity and Load in Elite Men's Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1415-1424. [PMID: 35661057 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the utility of differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) for monitoring internal intensity and load in association football. METHODS Data were collected from 2 elite senior male football teams during 1 season (N = 55). External intensity and load data (duration × intensity) were collected during each training and match session using electronic performance and tracking systems. After each session, players rated their perceived breathlessness and leg-muscle exertion. Descriptive statistics were calculated to quantify how often players rated the 2 types of rating of perceived exertion differently (dRPEDIFF). In addition, the association between dRPEDIFF and external intensity and load was examined. First, the associations between single external variables and dRPEDIFF were analyzed using a mixed-effects logistic regression model. Second, the link between dRPEDIFF and session types with distinctive external profiles was examined using the Pearson chi-square test of independence. RESULTS On average, players rated their session perceived breathlessness and leg-muscle exertion differently in 22% of the sessions (range: 0%-64%). Confidence limits for the effect of single external variables on dRPEDIFF spanned across largely positive and negative values for all variables, indicating no conclusive findings. The analysis based on session type indicated that players differentiated more often in matches and intense training sessions, but there was no pattern in the direction of differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide no evidence supporting the utility of dRPE for monitoring internal intensity and load in football.
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Houtmeyers KC, Brink MS, Helsen WF, Haelewijn N, Hagen M, Jaspers A, Vanrenterghem J. A lab-based comparison of differential ratings of perceived exertion between a run and jump protocol involving low or high impacts on the lower extremities. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:746-754. [PMID: 35348436 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2060136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe rating of perceived exertion method allows to describe training intensity in a single value. To better understand the underlying components, the separate rating of perceived breathlessness (RPE-B) and leg-muscle exertion (RPE-L) has been proposed. Here we hypothesized that the separation between the two components may (partly) be determined by the impacts on the lower extremities. In this study, we aimed to experimentally evaluate the differential effect of high versus low impact running and jumping on RPE-B and RPE-L in team sport activities by manipulating the movement strategy (heel strike and passive landing pattern versus forefoot strike and active landing pattern). Eighteen recreational team sport players participated in two submaximal tests consisting of a sequence of running and jumping bouts, whilst ground reaction forces (GRF) were collected. RPE-B and RPE-L data were collected after each bout using the CR100 scale. Paired-samples t-tests were used to analyse between-session differences in these variables. GRF analysis showed that absorption mechanics differed considerably between the two sessions. RPE-L was on average 6.50 AU higher in the low impact session (p = 0.006). However, RPE-B was also increased by 4.96 AU with low impact (p = 0.009). We conclude that the extent to which the lower extremities are being exposed to high or low impacts does not explain a possible separation between the two RPE types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobe C Houtmeyers
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium @MichelBrink, @WeHelsen, @HoutmeyersKobe
| | - Michel S Brink
- Center for Human Movement sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands @Nhaelewijn, @jaspersarne
| | - Werner F Helsen
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium @MichelBrink, @WeHelsen, @HoutmeyersKobe
| | - Nicolas Haelewijn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Brugge, Belgium, @ScienceJos
| | - Michiel Hagen
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium @MichelBrink, @WeHelsen, @HoutmeyersKobe
| | - Arne Jaspers
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium @MichelBrink, @WeHelsen, @HoutmeyersKobe
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium @MichelBrink, @WeHelsen, @HoutmeyersKobe
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Bastiaansen BJC, Vegter RJK, Wilmes E, de Ruiter CJ, Lemmink KAPM, Brink MS. Biomechanical Load Quantification Using a Lower Extremity Inertial Sensor Setup During Football Specific Activities. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35344475 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2051596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Training load monitoring systems in football do not focus on lower extremities and therefore potentially neglect important information to optimise performance or reduce injury risk. The current study aims to present joint and segment angular accelerations as novel indicators to quantify lower extremity biomechanical load measured by a new inertial sensor setup. Relationships were explored with commonly used whole-body training load indicators using principal component analysis (PCA). Sixteen male amateur football players performed a linear sprint and an agility T-test. An inertial sensor setup, and local position measurement system were used to collect training load data. Hip Load, Knee Load, Thigh Load and Shank Load were introduced to quantify lower extremity biomechanical load. Three principal components were identified for both tests, explaining 91% and 86% of the variance. The indicators for the lower extremities contributed to the second principal component for both tests and provide distinct information compared to whole-body load indicators. The results show the potential to use an inertial sensor setup combined with common monitoring systems to evaluate training load, which may help optimise future performance and reduce injury risk. These relationships should be further examined during other football specific activities such as shooting or jumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram J C Bastiaansen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Wilmes
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen A P M Lemmink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel S Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Oliveira R, Brito JP, Moreno-Villanueva A, Nalha M, Rico-González M, Clemente FM. Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1567. [PMID: 34828613 PMCID: PMC8622615 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Training intensity monitoring is a daily practice in soccer which allows soccer academies to assess the efficacy of its developmental interventions and management strategies. The current systematic review's purpose is to: (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined external and internal training intensity monitoring, and to (2) provide references values for the main measures for young male soccer players. A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 2404 studies initially identified, 8 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. From them, the following range intervals were found for training: rated perceived exertion (RPE) 2.3-6.3 au; session-RPE, 156-394 au; total distance, 3964.5-6500 m and; distance >18 km/h, 11.8-250 m. Additionally, a general tendency to decrease the intensity in the day before the match was Found. This study allowed to provide reference values of professional young male players for the main internal and external measures. All together, they can be used by coaches, their staff, or practitioners in order to better adjust training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - Matilde Nalha
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Maughan PC, MacFarlane NG, Swinton PA. The influence of season phase on multivariate load relationships in professional youth soccer. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:345-350. [PMID: 34706634 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess relationships between subjective and external measures of training load in professional youth footballers, whilst accounting for the effect of the stage of the season. Data for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and seven global positioning systems (GPS) derived measures were collected from 20 players (age = 17.4 ± 1.3 yrs, height = 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 71.8 ± 7.2 kg) across a 47-week season. The season was categorised by a pre-season phase, and two competitive phases (Comp1, Comp2). The structure of the data were investigated using principal component analysis. An extraction criterion of component with eigenvalues ≥1.0 was used. Two components were retained for the pre-season period explaining a cumulative variance of 77.1%. Single components were retained for both Comp1 and Comp2 explaining 73.3% and 74.3% of variance, respectively. Identification of single components may suggest that measures are related and can be used interchangeably, however these interpretations should be considered with caution. The identification of multiple components in the pre-season phase suggests that univariate measures may not be sufficient when considering load experienced. These results suggest that factoring load based on measures of volume and intensity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Maughan
- Aberdeen Football Club, Cormack Park Kingswells, Aberdeen, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
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