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Correia JM, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Infante J, Mendonca GV. Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Aerobic Capacity, Body Composition, and Markers of Metabolic Health in Healthy Male Recreational Runners: A Randomized Crossover Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:1041-1050. [PMID: 38242204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal nutrition is highly valuable for athletes aiming at maintaining or improving body composition and sports performance. When combined with structured exercise, time-restricted energy intake may represent an effective nonpharmacological approach to achieving these results. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of time-restricted eating (TRE) vs 4 weeks of habitual diet on aerobic capacity, body composition, and metabolic health in 18- to 30-year-old men accustomed to endurance running. DESIGN This trial used a randomized-crossover study design. Participants completed graded exercise tests, body composition scans, and fasting blood samples before and after each intervention condition. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Sixteen male physical education students were recruited and enrolled in the study from the Faculty of Human Kinetics-University of Lisbon in September 2020, in Lisbon, Portugal. One participant was excluded after 1 week because of a lack of adherence to the study protocol. Therefore, 15 participants completed the study and were involved in the final analysis. INTERVENTION During the TRE condition, participants consumed two to three meals within an 8-hour eating window (between 1:00 and 9:00 pm). Only water, tea, and coffee (without caloric additives) were permitted to be consumed in the remaining 16 hours per 24-hour period. During the non-TRE condition, participants consumed their habitual diet without any timing restrictions. The order of the TRE intervention and the habitual diet condition was randomized and counterbalanced, and participants served as their own controls. The participants followed a structured training routine during each dietary condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body composition variables, indices of running aerobic capacity, and markers of metabolic health were assessed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and covariance were performed to analyze differences between conditions and time with each intervention. RESULTS Neither condition elicited observed changes in total body mass, fat mass, or fat-free mass between time points. Moreover, no significant changes were observed for markers of metabolic health. Significant improvements were obtained with both conditions for the first ventilatory threshold, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and velocity at VO2max (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of endurance running and TRE, compared with 4 weeks of endurance running and a habitual diet, in healthy trained 18- to 30-year-old male recreational runners did not result in observed differences in total body mass, fat mass, or fat-free mass. In addition, TRE did not offer any additional benefit for improving submaximal or peak exercise capacity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Infante
- Spertlab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
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Elghoul Y, Ben Kahla A, Bahri F, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Frikha M, Aziz AR. Effects of fasting during Ramadan month on soccer-specific technical performance, cognitive function, and perceptions in soccer players. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:646-654. [PMID: 38771259 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2357467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting (RF) and high-intensity short-term maximal performance on elite soccer players' shooting accuracy, executive function (EF), and perceptions. Sixteen Muslim elite players fasting during Ramadan underwent assessments before (BR), during (DR), and after Ramadan (AR). Soccer-specific technical performance was evaluated using the Loughborough Soccer Shooting Test (LSST) before and after a 5-metre shuttle run test (5mSRT), conducted at the same time-of-day (17:00 h). Performance metrics recorded included higher distance (HD), total distance (TD), and fatigue index (FI). RPE after a 5-min warm-up and each repetition of the 5mSRT were obtained, and the mean RPE score was calculated. Trail Making Test (TMT Parts A and B) were used after the warm-up and the 5mSRT. Perceived difficulty (PD) was assessed following the LSST. HD, TD, and FI were not affected by RF (p > 0.05). DR, RPE and accuracy scores in the LSST were significantly lower after the 5mSRT compared to BR (1.29 vs. 1.24 AU; 1.29 vs. 1.24, respectively). In conclusion, RF had no adverse effects on physical performance. However, when combined with high-intensity running sessions, RF may impact accuracy and PD, and these adverse effects seem to have been translated into EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousri Elghoul
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Ben Kahla
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Bahri
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Frikha
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Hufŭf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Rashid Aziz
- Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore
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Eroglu MN, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Ramírez-Adrados A, Colina-Coca C, Burgos-Postigo S, López-Torres O, Fernández-Elías VE. The Effects of 24-h Fasting on Exercise Performance and Metabolic Parameters in a Pilot Study of Female CrossFit Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4841. [PMID: 38004236 PMCID: PMC10674902 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have tested intermittent fasting (IF) in athletes, but its effects on female CrossFit athletes remain relatively unexplored in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 24-h IF on the physical performance of female CrossFit practitioners. Eleven female CrossFit athletes (age: 30.91 ± 3.42, weight: 65.26 ± 7.55 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m) participated in the study. The study used a crossover design with fasting and eating conditions. Participants completed an exercise test, standing long jump, and handgrip strength assessment. Hydration status, heart rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, rates of perceived exertion, and hunger were measured. Results showed significant differences in blood lactate concentration (F = 5.435, p = 0.042, η2p = 0.352). Resting blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001), but post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were higher in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001). No differences were found in performance times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study of females suggests that 24-h fasting does not impair exercise performance or negatively affect physiological parameters in CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Nur Eroglu
- Coaching Education Department, Sports Science Faculty, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Serdivan 54050, Turkey;
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Ramírez-Adrados
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Clara Colina-Coca
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Valentín E. Fernández-Elías
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
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Mosli H. Exercise Habits During Ramadan Among Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study From Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e49665. [PMID: 38033445 PMCID: PMC10686315 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting during Ramadan may affect several habits, including physical activity levels. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess changes in exercise habits among healthcare providers (HCPs) during Ramadan in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with changes in exercise habits during Ramadan. Methodology This cross-sectional, observational study included HCPs working in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using an electronic self-administered questionnaire between March and April 2020. McNemar's test was used to assess the difference between exercise habits during Ramadan and the rest of the year. Pearson's chi-square test was used to explore the factors affecting the rate and intensity of exercise during Ramadan. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 89 HCPs were enrolled in the study. Of these, 64% (n = 57) were female, and 67.4% (n = 60) worked in governmental hospitals. Of these, 58.4% (n = 52) had moderate physical activity, and 41.6% (n = 37) had low exercise intensity during Ramadan. The percentage of low-intensity exercises increased to 52.8% (n = 47). Almost one-third of the HCPs who usually performed moderate or severe-intensity exercise decreased their intensity significantly to a low level. In addition, 10.8% (n = 4) of respondents upgraded their exercise intensity from low to moderate or severe levels during Ramadan. Meanwhile, Ramadan had no significant impact on the usual exercise rate. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the reduction in the intensity of exercise among HCPs during Ramadan without changing the usual exercise rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Mosli
- Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Hajji J, Sabah A, Aljaberi MA, Lin CY, Huang LY. The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on the Coping Strategies Used by Male Footballers Affiliated with the Tunisian First Professional League. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11071053. [PMID: 37046980 PMCID: PMC10094225 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to discover coping strategies among professional male Tunisian footballers during the Ramadan 2021 fast. One hundred and eighty footballers who belong to twelve Tunisian professional clubs (age: 25.54 ± 4.41 years, weight: 77.19 ± 5.99 kg; height: 180.54 ± 7.28 cm; BMI: 23.67 ± 0.58) were tested during three sessions: one week before Ramadan, during the last week of Ramadan, and one week after Ramadan 2021. The footballers completed the Arabic version of the Inventory of Coping Strategies for Competitive Sport (ICSCS) scale in each session. Responses were recorded retrospectively one hour after a competition. The analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of Ramadan fasting on the adaptation profile of footballers (F = 3.51; p-value = 0.0001). Before and after Ramadan fasting, active coping dominates the adaptation profile of Tunisian professional footballers. During Ramadan, footballers use an irregular and unbalanced coping profile. The lifestyle change induced by the Ramadan fast significantly and negatively affected the adaptation profile of Tunisian professional footballers. Under the effect of the month of Ramadan, footballers developed a different coping profile from that of normal months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Hajji
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, Gafsa University, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Tunis University, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
| | - Aiche Sabah
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Chlef 02076, Algeria
| | - Musheer A Aljaberi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
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Mekki M, Paillard T, Bouhlel E, Shephard RJ, Tabka Z, Trabelsi Y. Anthropometric, Psychosocial, Physiological, and Postural Observances During Ramadan in Men With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221078141. [PMID: 35184575 PMCID: PMC8864263 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221078141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to carry out a Ramadan observance (RO) on anthropometric, psychosocial, physiological, and postural characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty COPD patients were evaluated. Tests performed 1 week before Ramadan (C), and during the second (R-2) and the fourth weeks of Ramadan (R-4) included standard anthropometry, spirometry, a quality of life questionnaire (VQ11), a 6-minute walking test (6MWT), measurement of maximal voluntary contraction force of the quadriceps (MVC), Timed Get Up and Go (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Unipedal Stance (UST). During R-2, there were significant decreases in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volumes, 6MWT distance, MVC, BBS, and UST, with significant increases in TUG and significant changes in VQ11. During R-4, there was some recovery, but all variables remained significantly different from initial control data. To conclude, RO adversely affects pulmonary function, exercise performance, postural balance, and quality of life in COPD, with some recovery by the R-4. Although a number of functional consequences remain to be elucidated, functional losses were insufficient to limit daily living in our sample, but further studies are recommended in those with more severe COPD, paying particular attention to postural disturbances and a possible increase in the risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mekki
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular, Biology, Medicine and Health (LR19 ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Thierry Paillard
- Movement, Balance, Performance and Health Laboratory (EA 4445), E2S/University of Pau and des Pays de l'Adour, France
| | - Ezdine Bouhlel
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular, Biology, Medicine and Health (LR19 ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular, Biology, Medicine and Health (LR19 ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology: From Integral to Molecular, Biology, Medicine and Health (LR19 ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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7
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Roth C, Schoenfeld BJ, Behringer M. Lean mass sparing in resistance-trained athletes during caloric restriction: the role of resistance training volume. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1129-1151. [PMID: 35146569 PMCID: PMC9012799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many sports employ caloric restriction (CR) to reduce athletes’ body mass. During these phases, resistance training (RT) volume is often reduced to accommodate recovery demands. Since RT volume is a well-known anabolic stimulus, this review investigates whether a higher training volume helps to spare lean mass during CR. A total of 15 studies met inclusion criteria. The extracted data allowed calculation of total tonnage lifted (repetitions × sets × intensity load) or weekly sets per muscle group for only 4 of the 15 studies, with RT volume being highly dependent on the examined muscle group as well as weekly training frequency per muscle group. Studies involving high RT volume programs (≥ 10 weekly sets per muscle group) revealed low-to-no (mostly female) lean mass loss. Additionally, studies increasing RT volume during CR over time appeared to demonstrate no-to-low lean mass loss when compared to studies reducing RT volume. Since data regarding RT variables applied were incomplete in most of the included studies, evidence is insufficient to conclude that a higher RT volume is better suited to spare lean mass during CR, although data seem to favor higher volumes in female athletes during CR. Moreover, the data appear to suggest that increasing RT volume during CR over time might be more effective in ameliorating CR-induced atrophy in both male and female resistance-trained athletes when compared to studies reducing RT volume. The effects of CR on lean mass sparing seem to be mediated by training experience, pre-diet volume, and energy deficit, with, on average, women tending to spare more lean mass than men. Potential explanatory mechanisms for enhanced lean mass sparing include a preserved endocrine milieu as well as heightened anabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - B J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Stratton MT, Albracht-Schulte K, Harty PS, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, Tinsley GM. Physiological responses to acute fasting: implications for intermittent fasting programs. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:439-452. [PMID: 35142356 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of abstention from calorie consumption with periods of ad libitum food intake. There is significant interest in the body of literature describing longitudinal adaptations to IF. Less attention has been given to the acute physiological responses that occur during the fasting durations that are commonly employed by IF practitioners. Thus, the purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses - including alterations in substrate metabolism, systemic hormones, and autophagy - that occur throughout an acute fast. Literature searches were performed to locate relevant research describing physiological responses to acute fasting and short-term starvation. A single fast demonstrated the ability to alter glucose and lipid metabolism within the initial 24 hours, but variations in protein metabolism appeared to be minimal within this time frame. The ability of an acute fast to elicit significant increases in autophagy is still unknown. The information summarized in this review can be used to help contextualize existing research and better inform development of future IF interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stratton
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Madelin R Siedler
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Bezuglov E, Talibov O, Khaitin V, Pirmakhanov B, Waśkiewicz Z, Butovskiy M, Morgans R. Running Performance during the Holy Month of Ramadan in Elite Professional Adult Soccer Players in Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111731. [PMID: 34770245 PMCID: PMC8583445 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Religious fasting in the Holy Month of Ramadan is an important element of the Muslim culture during which no eating or drinking is permitted from dawn till dusk. A considerable number of Muslim soccer players abide by these restrictions, which may cause a negative impact on key running performance parameters during competitive matches. Alterations to diet and water intake during the Holy Month of Ramadan may affect various running performance parameters in elite Muslim professional adult soccer players. This study was conducted with two groups of soccer players from the Russian Premier League (RPL): The Exposure Group (EG) consisted of 13 Muslims age 24.0 ± 2.8 years abiding by religious fasting and the Control Group (CG) included 13 non-Muslim age 26.0 ± 4.4 years. Using the Instat system, the running performance of each player was controlled in both groups during matches from the RPL before and in the third week of Ramadan (a total of two matches for every player). None of the measured parameters demonstrated significant changes in any match. In conclusion, restrictions in diet and liquid intake during the Holy Month of Ramadan had no negative influence on the running performance of elite Muslim professional adult soccer players during daytime matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (Z.W.); (R.M.)
- “Smart Recovery” Sports Medicine Clinic LLC, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- PFC CSKA, 125252 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Football Union, 115172 Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, 300028 Moscow, Russia;
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sochi, Russia
| | - Oleg Talibov
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, 300028 Moscow, Russia;
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Emergency Medicine, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Khaitin
- Department of Physical Methods of Treatment and Sports Medicine, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- FC Zenit, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bekzhan Pirmakhanov
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- FC Kairat, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (Z.W.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mikhail Butovskiy
- “Smart Recovery” Sports Medicine Clinic LLC, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- FC Rubin, 420036 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (Z.W.); (R.M.)
- PFC CSKA, 125252 Moscow, Russia
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Yang F, Liu C, Liu X, Pan X, Li X, Tian L, Sun J, Yang S, Zhao R, An N, Yang X, Gao Y, Xing Y. Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:669325. [PMID: 34733872 PMCID: PMC8558421 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained attention as a promising diet for weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases management. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of IF on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). A systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the IF intervention with a control group diet were included. Fourteen effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a fixed-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to the ones within control groups, participants exposed to the IF intervention reduced their body weight (WMD, −1.78 kg; 95% CI, −2.21 to −1.35; p <0.05), waist circumference (WMD, −1.19 cm; 95% CI, −1.8 to −0.57; p <0.05), fat mass (WMD, −1.26 kg; 95% CI, −1.57 to −0.95; p <0.05), body mass index (WMD, −0.58 kg/m2; 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.37; p <0.05), systolic blood pressure (WMD, −2.14 mmHg; 95% CI: −3.54 to −0.73; p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −1.38 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.35 to −0.41, p <0.05), fasting blood glucose (WMD: −0.053 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.105 to 0.001; p <0.05), fasting insulin (WMD, −0.8 mIU/L; 95% CI, −1.15 to −0.44; p <0.05), insulin resistance (WMD, −0.21; 95% CI, −0.36 to −0.05; p <0.05), total cholesterol (WMD, −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.02; p <0.05), and triglycerides (WMD, −0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.13 to −0.04; p <0.05). No effects were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin. This meta-analysis supports the role of IF in improving the component composition of CMRFs, including weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, compared to a control group diet. Further research on IF interventions should take into account long-term and well-designed administration to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandu Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Microwave Hydration Monitoring: System Assessment Using Fasting Volunteers. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21216949. [PMID: 34770259 PMCID: PMC8587514 DOI: 10.3390/s21216949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydration is an important aspect of human health, as water is a critical nutrient used in many physiological processes. However, there is currently no clinical gold standard for non-invasively assessing hydration status. Recent work has suggested that permittivity in the microwave frequency range provides a physiologically meaningful metric for hydration monitoring. Using a simple time of flight technique for estimating permittivity, this study investigates microwave-based hydration assessment using a population of volunteers fasting during Ramadan. Volunteers are measured throughout the day while fasting during Ramadan and while not fasting after Ramadan. Comparing the estimated changes in permittivity to changes in weight and the time s fails to establish a clear relationship between permittivity and hydration. Assessing the subtle changes in hydration found in a population of sedentary, healthy adults proves difficult and more work is required to determine approaches suitable for tracking subtle changes in hydration over time with microwave-based hydration assessment techniques.
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12
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Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Supramaximal Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Randomized and Counterbalanced Crossover Study in Healthy Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147227. [PMID: 34299702 PMCID: PMC8303210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a crossover design, we explored the effects of both short- and long-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) vs. regular diet on Wingate (WnT) performance and body composition in well-trained young men. Twelve healthy male physical education students were included (age: 22.4 ± 2.8 years, height: 174.0 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 73.6 ± 9.5 kg, body mass index: 24.2 ± 2.0 kg/m2). The order of dieting was randomized and counterbalanced, and all participants served as their own controls. TRF was limited to an 8-h eating window and non-TRF involved a customary meal pattern. Participants performed WnT tests and body composition scans at baseline, post-one and post-four weeks of the assigned diet. Before testing, participants were asked to fill out a dietary record over four consecutive days and were instructed to continue their habitual training throughout the study. Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were similar at baseline in both conditions. WnT mean power and total work output increased post-four weeks of TRF. Both conditions were similarly effective in increasing fat-free mass after four weeks of intervention. However, there was no correlation between change in fat-free mass and WnT mean power after TRF. TRF did not elicit any changes in WnT performance or body composition one week post-intervention. Thus, long-term TRF can be used in combination with regular training to improve supramaximal exercise performance in well-trained men.
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13
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Mhenni T, Souissi A, Tayech A, Yousfi N, Mejri MA, Chamari K, Souissi N, Khlifa R, Haddad M. The effect of Ramadan fasting on the morning-evening difference in team-handball-related short-term maximal physical performances in elite female team-handball players. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1488-1499. [PMID: 34112026 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1932994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The combined effect of Ramadan fasting and the time of theday on the physical performance of team-handball players has not yet been fully investigated. This study investigated the effects of Ramadan fasting on the morning-evening difference in team-handball-related short-term maximal physical performance. With acounterbalanced study design, 15 elite female team-handball players underwent the hand grip (HG), ball throwing velocity (BTV), modified agility T-test (MAT), and repeated shuttle-sprint and jump ability (RSSJA) tests at 07:00 h and 17:00 h, one week before Ramadan (BR), and during thesecond (SWR) and fourth week of Ramadan (4WR). The oral temperature (OT) was monitored prior to exercise and the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale were obtained after RSSJA. The results showed that the time of theday had an effect on OT under all conditions. The HG, BTV, and MAT test performances were higher in the evening than in the morning BR (P< .001, P< .05, and P< .001, respectively). However, the diurnal variation noted in the HG and MAT tests was reversed during the SWR and 4WR, while the BTV variation was blunted during the SWR and reversed during the 4WR. The best RSSJA performance was observed in the evening BR. However, for the best and mean sprint times, areversal of this diurnal variation was observed, which was blunted for the mean jump height and sprint time decrement during Ramadan. Moreover, RPE were influenced by the time of theday and the month of Ramadan. These findings suggest that the diurnal variation of team-handball-related short-term maximal physical performance may be reversed and/or blunted during Ramadan fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Mhenni
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ''Sports Performance Optimization'', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Tayech
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ''Sports Performance Optimization'', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Narimen Yousfi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ''Sports Performance Optimization'', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Arbi Mejri
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ''Sports Performance Optimization'', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Khlifa
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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14
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. Efficacy of Popular Diets Applied by Endurance Athletes on Sports Performance: Beneficial or Detrimental? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020491. [PMID: 33540813 PMCID: PMC7912997 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes need a regular and well-detailed nutrition program in order to fill their energy stores before training/racing, to provide nutritional support that will allow them to endure the harsh conditions during training/race, and to provide effective recovery after training/racing. Since exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms can significantly affect performance, they also need to develop strategies to address these issues. All these factors force endurance athletes to constantly seek a better nutritional strategy. Therefore, several new dietary approaches have gained interest among endurance athletes in recent decades. This review provides a current perspective to five popular diet approaches: (a) vegetarian diets, (b) high-fat diets, (c) intermittent fasting diets, (d) gluten-free diet, and (e) low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diets. We reviewed scientific studies published from 1983 to January 2021 investigating the impact of these popular diets on the endurance performance and health aspects of endurance athletes. We also discuss all the beneficial and harmful aspects of these diets, and offer key suggestions for endurance athletes to consider when following these diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen, am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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15
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Self-Coping Strategies Among Jordanian Athletes During Ramadan Fasting: A Questionnaire Proposal. Asian J Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: This study aims to categorize the adaptation strategies of Muslim athletes who fast during Ramadan and proposes a self-coping strategy questionnaire as a complementary assessment tool. A total of 109 Jordanian Muslim athletes (mean age 20.0 ± 8.5 years) were surveyed by completing a self-coping questionnaire designed to classify an individual athlete’s level of adaptation. This study was conducted during the month of Ramadan 2019 and developed based on the training, nutritional, psychological, self-control, and recovery dimensions. Seventy percent of athletes found that they developed good or very good coping mechanisms. Coping strategies vary from one dimension to another, but in general, athletes often had a positive perceived coping. Athletes expressed that they are shifting the training hours with a preference for quality training rather than quantity and associated with a longer rest time. In addition, they were in favor of food hygiene associated with a strategy of sharing meals and providing water. The majority (59%) of the athletes said they were psychologically prepared for the potential effects of fasting. This research shows that athletes develop self-adjusting strategies to counter the effects of fasting. The questionnaire on the self-coping strategies provides important and precise information on the level of coping achieved by the athletes.
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16
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Graja A, Ghattassi K, Boudhina N, Bouzid MA, Chahed H, Ferchichi S, Driss T, Souissi N, Hammouda O. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive, physical and biochemical responses to strenuous short-term exercises in elite young female handball players. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113241. [PMID: 33157076 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RF) on cognitive and physical performance and biochemical responses to specific exercises in elite young female handball players. Twelve athletes participated in three experimental sessions: one week before Ramadan (BR), during the first week of Ramadan (FWR) and during the last week of Ramadan (LWR). The present crossover study was carried out in Tunisia during the 2013 Ramadan month lasting from 9 July to 7 august. During each session, a battery of tests was performed as follow: Hooper index, vigilance test (VT), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), five jump test (5-JT), modified agility T-test (MAT), maximal standing ball-throw velocity test (MSBVT) and Running-based Anaerobic Sprint (RAST) Test. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded immediately after the RAST. Blood samples were collected before and after exercises during each session. The results showed that ESS scores were higher during LWR than BR (p < 0.05). Moreover, MSBVT time decreased (p < 0.05) during LWR, therefore performance enhanced. The power of three final sprints from the RAST decreased significantly only during LWR compared to BR (p < 0.05). RAST fatigue index and RPE scores were higher during LWR more than BR (p < 0.05). The results showed also that hematological measures (i.e., red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit), plasma osmolarity and energetic markers were unaffected by RF. Biomarkers of muscle damage were higher after the RAST only during LWR compared to BR (p < 0.01 for all). In conclusion, RF increased ESS and decreased RAST performances associated with higher muscle damage and fatigue, especially at LWR. These previous alterations could be attributed to disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms rather than nutritional deficiency or dehydratation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Graja
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; High institute of sport and physical education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghattassi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nahla Boudhina
- High institute of sport and physical education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Henda Chahed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
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17
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Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Affects Adipokines and Leptin/Adiponectin Ratio in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their First-Degree Relatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1281792. [PMID: 32775407 PMCID: PMC7407010 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1281792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background In view of the association of Ramadan intermittent fasting with profound changes in lifestyle both in nondiabetic and diabetic patients, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on adiponectin, leptin and leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR), growth hormone (GH), human-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and diabetic and metabolic syndrome factors in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM), their first-degree relatives (FDRs), and healthy controls. Methods This cohort study involved 98 Yemeni male subjects aged 30-70 years old: 30 Type 2 DM, 37 FDRs of Type 2 diabetic patients, and 31 healthy control subjects. Subjects' body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP) were measured, and venous blood samples were collected twice: the first samples were collected a couple of days prior to Ramadan fasting (baseline) and the second samples after 3 weeks of fasting. Results Ramadan fasting did not affect BMI, WC, and BP in Type 2 DM and their FDRs with respect to the baseline levels prior to Ramadan, whereas triglyceride and cholesterol were borderline significantly decreased in Type 2 DM with no effect in FDRs. Fasting blood glucose was not affected in Type 2 DM but was significantly increased in FDRs and control groups, whereas glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was slightly decreased in Type 2 DM, FDRs, and healthy controls. C-peptide, insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly increased in Type 2 DM and FDRs, with no effect in the control group, whereas β-cell function (HOMA-β) was significantly decreased in FDRs and controls with no change in Type 2 DM. Ramadan fasting significantly decreased GH in both FDRs and control groups, and significantly increased hs-CRP in the control with no effect in Type 2 DM and FDRs. Adiponectin was significantly decreased, and leptin and LAR were significantly increased in Type 2 DM, FDRs, and control groups. Conclusion Ramadan intermittent fasting decreased adiponectin and increased leptin, LAR, insulin, and insulin resistance in both Type 2 DM and FDRs as well as decreased GH in both FDRs and healthy controls and increased hs-CRP in healthy controls. Moreover, Ramadan intermittent fasting neither worsens a patient's glycemic parameters nor improves it, with the exception of a slight improvement in HbA1c in Type 2 DM, FDRs, and healthy controls.
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18
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Brini S, Ouerghi N, Bouassida A. SMALL SIDED GAMES VS REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING EFFECTS ON AGILITY IN FASTING BASKETBALL PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603213948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction The coinciding of month of Ramadan with international basketball competitions could affect players’ performance. Objective This field investigation examined the impacts of a basic training program in small-sided games and repeated sprint ability during intermittent fasting for Ramadan (R) and one month after Ramadan (AR) [control month] on body composition, agility and lower limb power. Methods Sixteen basketball players (age, 23.4±2.3 years) performed two training programs [small-sided games (SSG) and repeated sprint ability (RSA)] during R and AR, interrupted by fifteen days of total recovery. The players were randomly allocated to two groups (GSSG, n=8 and GRSA, n=8). Body composition, agility T test, squat jump (SJ) test, countermovement jump (CMJ) test and five-jump (FJT) test performances were measured on four occasions: before R (P1) and at the end of R (P2),as well as before AR (P3) and at the end of AR (P4). Results The results showed that body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF %) decreased significantly at the end of R for both groups (all p < 0.001). Moreover, the performances in the agility T test, SJ test, CMJ test and FJT test improved significantly at the end of R for both groups (p<0.001 and p<0.01). Also, by comparing R with the control month, we recorded significantly better agility and FJT performances in the R month (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study indicated that Ramadan combined with RSA and SSG training may improve agility and lower limb power, enabling coaches and physical trainers to choose between these two training modalities, depending on the training objectives. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seifeddine Brini
- University of Jendouba, Tunisia; University of Carthage, Tunisia
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19
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M. Correia J, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, V. Mendonca G. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Specific Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review Including Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051390. [PMID: 32408718 PMCID: PMC7284994 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has been studied in athletes during Ramadan and in those willing to decrease adiposity while maintaining or increasing lean body mass. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of IF on performance outcomes. We searched peer-reviewed articles in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Sport Discus (up to December 2019). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated IF (Ramadan and time-restricted feeding (TRF)), and included performance outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Twenty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Findings indicated that maximum oxygen uptake is significantly enhanced with TRF protocols (SMD = 1.32, p = 0.001), but reduced with Ramadan intermittent fasting (Ramadan IF; SMD = −2.20, p < 0.001). Additional effects of IF may be observed in body composition (body mass and fat mass). Non-significant effects were observed for muscle strength and anaerobic capacity. While Ramadan IF may lead to impairments in aerobic capacity, TRF may be effective for improving it. As there are few studies per performance outcome, more research is needed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Inês Santos
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351933206691
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20
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Akın S, Özer FF, Şahin GG, Özer NT. Effects of Ramadan fasting on lean body mass in the older people. Eur Geriatr Med 2020; 11:163-168. [PMID: 32297235 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-019-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In Islam, Ramadan fasting is a unique model that is associated with the restriction of food and fluid intake. We aimed to estimate the physiological effects of Ramadan fasting on muscle function and muscle mass in the older people. METHODS A random sample was recruited from healthy older Muslims people aged 60 years and older, who expressed an intention to fast for 30 days during the month of Ramadan. Walking speed was expressed in meters per second (m/s). Muscle strength was assessed by hand grip strength (HGS) with a dynamometer. A Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device (BodystatQuadScan 1500, UK) was used for the evaluation of body composition. Dietary data of the patients during Ramadan were obtained by a 43-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS The mean age [Standard Deviation(SD)] of the older people was 66.7(4.7) years of age and 50% were females. There were no significant changes in body weight, muscle function and muscle mass before and after Ramadan fasting in both genders. The mean SMI, mean (SD) kg/m2, values of females and males with adequate milk and yogurt consumption before and after Ramadan fasting were 8.03 (0.75) kg/m2 and 8.43(1.03) kg/m2 for females (p = 0.133) and 10.11(0.79) kg/m2 and 10.35 (0.93) kg/m2 for males (p = 0.59), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ramadan fasting supplied no risk for muscle function and muscle mass in the older people. If the older people consume enough milk and yogurt in Ramadan, they may not loss muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Akın
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38090, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Firuzan Fırat Özer
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38090, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Güneş Şahin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Erciyes School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38090, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Tuğra Özer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Erciyes School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38090, Kayseri, Turkey
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21
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Makvandi S, Karimi L, Mahdavian M, Bastami A. No Differences in Hematological Parameters of Fasting and Non-Fasting Pregnant Women Three Months after Ramadan. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:258-262. [PMID: 31124419 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Ramadan is a holy month in the Islamic calendar. Ramadan fasting is a religious obligation for all healthy adult Muslims. Many pregnant Muslim women choose to fast during Ramadan while others prefer not to do so. The aim of this study was to compare the basic hematological parameters of fasting and non-fasting pregnant women 3 months after Ramadan. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 3 months after the end of Ramadan, the concentrations of basic hematological parameters in 200 healthy pregnant women with a previous history of fasting (n = 100) and non-fasting (n = 100) were measured. Results: The results showed that the fasters and non-fasters were similar in maternal age, gestational age, gravidity, pre-pregnancy weight, and maternal weight at enrollment. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean of hemoglobin (12.34 ± 1.15 g/dL vs 12.60 ± 1.11 g/dL, p = 0.10) and hematocrit (36.39 ± 2.79 % vs 36.27 ± 3.14 %, p = 0.77) in the fasting and non-fasting groups, respectively. In addition, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups when other hematological parameters were compared (p >0.05). Conclusion: Although the immediate effects of Ramadan fasting on hematological parameters are not known, this study concluded that partial fasting during Ramadan from a hematological point of view is of no concern for pregnant women 3 months after the end of Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Makvandi
- 1 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leyla Karimi
- 2 Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Mahdavian
- 3 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Arasteh Bastami
- 1 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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The effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:1023-1030. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study aimed to examine the effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting (RF) on substrate oxidation, energy production, blood lipids and glucose as well as body composition. Nine healthy Muslim men (fasting (FAST) group) and eight healthy non-practicing men (control (CNT) group) were assessed pre- and post-RF. FAST were additionally assessed at days 10, 20 and 30 of RF in the morning and evening. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, substrate oxidation and energy production by indirect calorimetry, blood metabolic profile by biochemical analyses and energy balance by activity tracker recordings and food log analyses. A significant group×time interaction revealed that chronic RF reduced body mass and adiposity in FAST, without changing lean mass, whereas CNT subjects remained unchanged. In parallel to these findings, a significant main diurnal effect (morning v. evening) of RF on substrate oxidation (a shift towards lipid oxidation) and blood metabolic profile (a decrease in glucose and an increase in total cholesterol and TAG levels, respectively) was observed, which did not vary over the course of the Ramadan. In conclusion, although RF induces diurnal metabolic adjustments (morning v. evening), no carryover effect was observed throughout RF despite the extended daily fasting period (18·0 (sd 0·3) h) and changes in body composition.
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Chamari K, Briki W, Farooq A, Patrick T, Belfekih T, Herrera CP. Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive function in trained cyclists: a pilot study. Biol Sport 2015; 33:49-56. [PMID: 26985134 PMCID: PMC4786586 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1185888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed selected measures of cognitive function in trained cyclists who observed daylight fasting during Ramadan. Eleven cyclists volunteered to participate (age: 21.6±4.8 years, VO2max: 57.7±5.6 ml kg(-1)·min(-1)) and were followed for 2 months. Cognitive function (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), Reaction Time index (RTI) and Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) tests) and sleep architecture (ambulatory EEG) were assessed: before Ramadan (BR), in the 1st week (RA1) and 4th week of Ramadan (RA4), and 2 weeks post-Ramadan (PR). Both cognitive tests were performed twice per day: before and after Ramadan at 8-10 a.m. and 4-6 p.m., and during Ramadan at 4-6 p.m. and 0-2 a.m., respectively. Training load (TL) by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method and wellness (Hooper index) were measured daily. If the TL increased over the study period, this variable was stable during Ramadan. The perceived fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) increased at RA4. Sleep patterns and architecture showed clear disturbances, with significant increases in the number of awakenings and light sleep durations during Ramadan (RA1 and RA4), together with decreased durations of deep and REM sleep stages at PR. RTI (simple and multiple reaction index) reaction and movement times did not vary over the study period. The RVP test showed reduced false alarms during Ramadan, suggesting reduced impulsivity. Overall accuracy significantly increased at RA1, RA4 and PR compared to baseline. At RA4, the accuracy was higher at 0-2 a.m. compared to 4-6 p.m. Despite the observed disturbances in sleep architecture, Ramadan fasting did not negatively impact the cognitive performance of trained cyclists from the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chamari
- Athletes Health and Performance Research Center (AHP), Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - W Briki
- University of French West Indies and Guyana, Department of Sport Sciences, (ACTES) Laboratory, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - A Farooq
- Athletes Health and Performance Research Center (AHP), Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - T Patrick
- National Sports Medicine Program (NSMP), Aspetar, Doha, Qatar; Sport Performance Research Institute of New Zealand (SPRINZ)
| | - T Belfekih
- National Sports Medicine Program (NSMP), Aspetar, Doha, Qatar
| | - C P Herrera
- Athletes Health and Performance Research Center (AHP), Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Ghayour Najafabadi M, Rahbar Nikoukar L, Memari A, Ekhtiari H, Beygi S. Does Ramadan Fasting Adversely Affect Cognitive Function in Young Females? SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:432428. [PMID: 26697263 PMCID: PMC4677254 DOI: 10.1155/2015/432428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of Ramadan fasting on cognitive function in 17 female athletes. Data were obtained from participants of two fasting (n = 9) and nonfasting (n = 8) groups at three periods of the study (before Ramadan, at the third week in Ramadan, and after Ramadan). Digit span test (DST) and Stroop color test were employed to assess short-term memory and inhibition/cognitive flexibility at each time point. There were no significant changes for DST and Stroop task 1 in both groups, whereas Stroop task 2 and task 3 showed significant improvements in Ramadan condition (p < 0.05). Interference indices did not change significantly across the study except in post-Ramadan period of fasting group (p < 0.05). Group × week interaction was significant only for error numbers (p < 0.05). Athletes in nonfasting showed a significant decrease in number of errors in Ramadan compared to baseline (p < 0.05). The results suggest that Ramadan fasting may not adversely affect cognitive function in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Rahbar Nikoukar
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Memari
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Beygi
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults. Sports Med 2015; 46:35-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tinsley GM, Gann JG, La Bounty PM. Intermittent Fasting Programs and Their Effects on Body Composition. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Roy AS, Bandyopadhyay A. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on selective fitness profile parameters in young untrained Muslim men. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2015; 1:e000020. [PMID: 27900122 PMCID: PMC5117010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of sleep deprivation and dietary irregularities during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on selective fitness profile parameters in young untrained male Muslim individuals. Methods 77 untrained Muslim men were recruited in the study. They were divided into the experimental group (EG; n=37, age: 22.62±1.77 years) and the control group (CG; n=40, age: 23.00±1.48 years). EG was undergoing RIF while CG abstained. Aerobic fitness, anaerobic capacity or high-intensity efforts (HIEs), agility, flexibility, vertical jump height and handgrip strength were measured on 8 separate occasions—15 days before RIF, 7 days before RIF, 1st day of RIF, 7th day of RIF, 15th day of RIF, 21st day of RIF, last day of RIF and 15 days after RIF. Results Aerobic fitness and HIE showed a significant difference (p<0.05) during RIF in EG. Agility and flexibility score showed a significant decrease in EG during RIF, whereas changes in the vertical jump score (VJT) and handgrip strength were statistically insignificant. Studied parameters showed an insignificant variation in CG during RIF. Aerobic fitness, HIEs, agility and flexibility showed a significant intergroup variation during different experimental trials. Conclusions The present investigation revealed that RIF had adverse effects on aerobic fitness, HIEs, agility and flexibility of young untrained Muslims of Kolkata, India. VJT, waist-hip ratio and handgrip strength were not affected by RIF in the studied population. Mild but statistically insignificant reduction in body mass was also reflected after the mid-Ramadan week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Singha Roy
- Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology , Kolkata, West Bengal , India
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology , Kolkata, West Bengal , India
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Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and psychopathology status of Egyptian male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:501-8. [PMID: 25529262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ramadan fasting is believed to be beneficial. We assessed a random sample of 100 Egyptian male schizophrenia outpatients using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and dietary, anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory measures at baseline (T1) before Ramadan of 2014 and during the fourth week of Ramadan (T2). The metabolic syndrome was identified in 31 patients and these showed a reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations and increase in the levels of dietary intakes, body mass index (BMI), waste circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, all PANSS subscales, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), white blood cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, fibrinogen and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). In a multiple regression analysis, total energy intake and body mass index (BMI) emerged as the main independent predictors of deterioration in most inflammatory and psychopathology parameters. These findings did not support our hypothesis but suggested that Ramadan fasting has a negative impact on schizophrenia patients, especially those with metabolic syndrome. This could draw attention to the need in the psycho-education management of such patients to focus more on nutrition education for safe fasting.
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Kul S, Savaş E, Öztürk ZA, Karadağ G. Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:929-942. [PMID: 23423818 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of self-controlled cohort studies comparing body weights, blood levels of lipids and fasting blood glucose levels before and after Ramadan taking into account gender differences. Several databases were searched up to June 2012 for studies showing an effect of Ramadan fasting in healthy subjects, yielding 30 articles. The primary finding of this meta-analysis was that after Ramadan fasting, low-density lipoprotein (SMD = -1.67, 95 % CI = -2.48 to -0.86) and fasting blood glucose levels (SMD = -1.10, 95 % CI = -1.62 to -0.58) were decreased in both sex groups and also in the entire group compared to levels prior to Ramadan. In addition, in the female subgroup, body weight (SMD = -0.04, 95 % CI = -0.20, 0.12), total cholesterol (SMD = 0.05, 95 % CI = -0.51 to 0.60), and triglyceride levels (SMD = 0.03, 95 % CI = -0.31, 0.36) remained unchanged, while HDL levels (SMD = 0.86, 95 % CI = 0.11 to 1.61, p = 0.03) were increased. In males, Ramadan fasting resulted in weight loss (SMD = -0.24, 95 % CI = -0.36, -0.12, p = 0.001). Also, a substantial reduction in total cholesterol (SMD = -0.44, 95 % CI = -0.77 to -0.11) and LDL levels (SMD = -2.22, 95 % CI = -3.47 to -0.96) and a small decrease in triglyceride levels (SMD = -0.35, 95 % CI = -0.67 to -0.02) were observed in males. In conclusion, by looking at this data, it is evident that Ramadan fasting can effectively change body weight and some biochemical parameters in healthy subjects especially in males compared to pre-Ramadan period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Kul
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Aloui A, Chtourou H, Masmoudi L, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N. Effects of Ramadan fasting on male judokas’ performances in specific and non-specific judo tasks. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.722454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether fasting during Ramadan influences injury incidence in professional Muslim and non-Muslim footballers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Professional First Division League of Qatar. PARTICIPANTS About 527 male football players (462 Muslim and 65 non-Muslim) from 7 league clubs (first year of data collection) and 8 clubs (second and third years). INTERVENTIONS Daily collection of training and match exposure from August 2008 until April 2011 by club medical staff. Injuries during training and match play were recorded on standardized injury cards. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury incidence was calculated as number of injuries per hour exposed to risk, and expressed as rate per 1000 hours. The probability of injury for different Arabic months between Muslims and non-Muslims was calculated using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs). RESULTS There was no significant difference in total, match, and training injury incidence between the Ramadan and non-Ramadan periods. Non-Muslim footballers had a significantly higher injury incidence rate than Muslim footballers both during Ramadan (8.5 vs 4.0 injuries/1000 hours, P = 0.009) and non Ramadan (6.6 vs 4.9 injuries/1000 hours, P = 0.004) periods. The GEE analysis revealed that after adjusting for age and random factors (month and club), the probability of match injury among non-Muslims was the highest in Ramadan and the 2 consecutive following months (adjusted odds ratio of injury among non-Muslims compared with Muslims was 3.7 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-7.9], P = 0.001 during Ramadan (ninth) month; 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1-4.9), P = 0.021 during 10th month; and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-5.8), P = 0.013 during 11th month). Finally, there was no change in injury patterns over the months of the Islamic calendar. CONCLUSIONS Ramadan does not impact injury incidence for Muslim footballers in Qatar, suggesting the current adjustments and scheduling of football activities during Ramadan are sufficient. The increased match injury among non-Muslims during and 2 months post-Ramadan may suggest less effective coping strategies.
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Souissi N, Chtourou H, Zouita A, Dziri C, Souissi N. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on postural control in judo athletes. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.667980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Maughan RJ, Zerguini Y, Chalabi H, Dvorak J. Achieving optimum sports performance during Ramadan: some practical recommendations. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S109-17. [PMID: 22769241 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.696205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Muslim athletes should fast from sunrise to sunset each day throughout the 30 days of Ramadan. Most athletes will continue to train throughout Ramadan, and they may also be required to compete at this time, but they will also engage in the religious, cultural, and social activities that Ramadan represents. The available evidence indicates that high-level athletes can maintain performance during Ramadan if physical training, food and fluid intake, and sleep are appropriate and well controlled. Individualized monitoring of athletes may help to prevent fatigue and overtraining and to reduce the risk of consequent illness and injury. The timing and intensity of training may require adjustment to optimize the training response, and training close to or after sunset may have advantages, but this will vary between individual and team sports and between environments that are predominantly Muslim and those that are predominantly non-Muslim. Training late in the day allows nutrition interventions after training to promote adaptations to the training stimulus, to promote recovery, and might help to reduce muscle damage. Sleep deficits have a number of adverse effects on well-being and performance, and athletes should ensure adequate sleep throughout Ramadan. In non-Muslim majority environments, especially in team sports, coaches and athletes should be sensitive to the needs of their team-mates who may be fasting. Event organizers should take account of the needs of Muslim athletes when scheduling the dates and timings of sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Maughan
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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Aziz AR, Chia MYH, Low CY, Slater GJ, Png W, Teh KC. Conducting an acute intense interval exercise session during the Ramadan fasting month: what is the optimal time of the day? Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:1139-50. [PMID: 22947072 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.708375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of Ramadan fasting on performance during an intense exercise session performed at three different times of the day, i.e., 08:00, 18:00, and 21:00 h. The purpose was to determine the optimal time of the day to perform an acute high-intensity interval exercise during the Ramadan fasting month. After familiarization, nine trained athletes performed six 30-s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) cycle bouts followed by a time-to-exhaustion (T(exh)) cycle on six separate randomized and counterbalanced occasions. The three time-of-day nonfasting (control, CON) exercise sessions were performed before the Ramadan month, and the three corresponding time-of-day Ramadan fasting (RAM) exercise sessions were performed during the Ramadan month. Note that the 21:00 h session during Ramadan month was conducted in the nonfasted state after the breaking of the day's fast. Total work (TW) completed during the six WAnT bouts was significantly lower during RAM compared to CON for the 08:00 and 18:00 h (p < .017; effect size [d] = .55 [small] and .39 [small], respectively) sessions, but not for the 21:00 h (p = .03, d = .18 [trivial]) session. The T(exh) cycle duration was significantly shorter during RAM than CON in the 18:00 (p < .017, d = .93 [moderate]) session, but not in the 08:00 (p = .03, d = .57 [small]) and 21:00 h (p = .96, d = .02 [trivial]) sessions. In conclusion, Ramadan fasting had a small to moderate, negative impact on quality of performance during an acute high-intensity exercise session, particularly during the period of the daytime fast. The optimal time to conduct an acute high-intensity exercise session during the Ramadan fasting month is in the evening, after the breaking of the day's fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rashid Aziz
- Sports Physiology, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore.
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Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Souissi N. The effect of ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:177-85. [PMID: 22375237 PMCID: PMC3289213 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was designed to assess the effects of Ramadan fasting on the profile of mood state and perceived exertion in young soccer players and aerobic and anaerobic performances during the Yo-Yo, repeated sprint ability (RSA) and the Wingate tests. Methods Twenty junior male soccer players completed the Yo-Yo, the RSA, and the Wingate tests on three different occasions: one-week before Ramadan (BR), the second week (SWR) and the fourth week (ER) of Ramadan. The total distance (TD) covered and the estimated maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) during the Yo-Yo test were recorded. During the RSA test, peak power (PP) during each sprint, the percentage of decrement of PP (PD) and total work (Wtotal) were calculated. During the Wingate test, peak (Ppeak) and mean (Pmean) powers and fatigue index (FI) were recorded. Results TD and MAV (P=0.01) during the Yo-Yo test and PP (P=0.01, P=0.004, P=0.001, P=0.01, P=0.03 for sprints 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively) and Wtotal (P=0.02) during the RSA test were significantly higher during BR than ER. Furthermore, muscle fatigue during the RSA test increased significantly from BR to ER (P=0.01). Ppeak and Pmean during the Wingate test decreased significantly from BR to SWR and ER (P<0.0005). FI was higher during SWR (P=0.001) and ER (P<0.0005) than BR. In addition, rating of perceived exertion scores and fatigue estimated by the profile of mood state questionnaire were higher during Ramadan in comparison with BR. Conclusions The present study suggests that both aerobic and anaerobic performances during the Yo-Yo, the RSA and the Wingate tests were affected by Ramadan fasting in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Unit, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax, Tunisia
- Corresponding Author: Address: Research Laboratory ''Sports Performance Optimization'', Bp263, Ave Med Ali Akid, 1004 El Menzah, Tunis, Tunisa. E-mail:
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Souissi
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Laboratory “Sports performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
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Singh R, Hwa OC, Roy J, Jin CW, Ismail SM, Lan MF, Hiong LL, Aziz AR. Subjective Perception of Sports Performance, Training, Sleep and Dietary Patterns of Malaysian Junior Muslim Athletes during Ramadan Intermittent Fasting. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:167-76. [PMID: 22375236 PMCID: PMC3289208 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the subjective perception of daily acute fasting on sports performance, training, sleep and dietary patterns of Muslim athletes during the Ramadan month. Methods Seven hundred and thirty-four (411 male and 323 female) Malaysian Junior-level Muslim athletes (mean age 16.3 ± 2.6 y) participated in the survey which was designed to establish the personal perception of their sport performance, sleep pattern, food and fluid intake during Ramadan fasting. The survey was conducted during and immediately after the month of Ramadan in 2009. Results Twenty-four percent of the athletes perceived that there was an adverse effect of the Ramadan fast on their sporting performance and 29.3% reported that quality of training during Ramadan was also negatively influenced. Majority (48.2%) of the athletes stated that Ramadan fasting did not affect their normal sleep pattern but 66.6% of them complained of sleepiness during the daytime. Half of the athletes (41.4%) maintained the caloric intake during Ramadan as they normally would with the majority of them (76.2%) reporting that they consumed more fluids during Ramadan. Conclusions Overall, Malaysian Junior-level Muslim athletes showed diverse views in their perception of changes in their training, sleep and dietary patterns during Ramadan fast. These individual differences probably indicate differences in the athletes’ adaptability and coping strategies during fasting and training in Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindarjeet Singh
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Corresponding Author: Address: Healthy Lifestyle Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia. E-mail:
| | - Ooi Cheong Hwa
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jolly Roy
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Wen Jin
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohamad Faizal Lan
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Loo Lean Hiong
- National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul-Rashid Aziz
- Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore 397799, Singapore
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Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A. Effect of ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:161-6. [PMID: 22375235 PMCID: PMC3289211 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition, calorie intake and physical performance in young female athletes undertaking training sessions during Ramadan. Methods Twelve voluntary female athletes (15-27 years old) were assigned to the research. A prospective study was conducted to investigate the athletes on four different occasions: one week before Ramadan (T1), the second (T2) and fourth (T3) weeks of Ramadan, and two weeks after the end of Ramadan (T4). Food intake, body composition and physical performance (agility, balance and explosive leg power) were investigated on each occasion. Further, Physical performance was assessed by agility, vertical jump and balance tests. Results There was a significant main effect for time for body composition indices. A significant decrease was observed in weight (P=0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (P=0.01) in T2 compared with T1, further decrease in weight (P<0.001) and BMI (P<0.001) was observed in T3 compared to T1. Calorie intake decreased significantly in T3 compared with T1 (P=0.008), and increased significantly in T4 compared with T3 (P=0.04). There was a significant main effect for time for agility performance (P=0.03), but no significant main effect for time was observed for vertical jumping (P=0.1) and balance performance (P=0.3). Conclusions This study has found that Ramadan fasting could affect the body composition, but not physical performance in female athletes during Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hossein Memari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Sports Medicine Research Center, No 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, P.O Box: 14395-578 Iran. E-mail:
| | - Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nekoo Panahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya R. Nikookar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbarnejad
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, Najafabadi MG. Investigating Two Different Training Time Frames during Ramadan Fasting. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:205-10. [PMID: 22375240 PMCID: PMC3289215 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Muslim athletes may continue training and competing while they are fasting. There is a concern about negative effects of fasting on sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two training time frames on athletes’ body composition and performance during Ramadan fasting. Methods An observational study was conducted and thirty four male volunteer athletes from different sports including volleyball, karate, taekwondo and football were assigned in two groups. The first group included 14 elite athletes who during Ramadan voluntarily participated in training sessions at 1 hour before Iftar (BI) and the second group of 20 elite athletes who during Ramadan participated in training sessions at 3 hours after Iftar (AI). Testing was performed one week before; in the first and fourth weeks of Ramadan and one week after Ramadan. Weights, heights and skinfold thickness were assessed at each time point and body mass index was calculated. Each player was assessed for agility and explosive strength as well. Results The mean weight and body mass index of both groups decreased significantly during Ramadan (P<0.001). Performance variables were not negatively affected by fasting in BI or AI group athletes. Conclusions Weight reduction might come with either BI or AI training schedules in Ramadan. Daytime or evening training did not inversely affect the agility and power performances in a group of elite athletes during Ramadan fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir-Hossein Memari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Sports Medicine Research Center, No 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, P.O Box: 14395-578, Iran. E-mail:
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Kirkendall DT, Chaouachi A, Aziz AR, Chamari K. Strategies for maintaining fitness and performance during Ramadan. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S103-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.687114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Chtourou H, Aziz AR, Chamari K. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S53-73. [PMID: 22738880 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.698297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural modifications that accompany Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) are usually associated with some alterations in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological responses of athletes that may affect sport performance. Muslim athletes who are required to train and/or compete during the month-long, diurnal fast must adopt coping strategies that allow them to maintain physical fitness and motivation if they are to perform at the highest level. This updated review aims to present the current state of knowledge of the effects of RIF on training and performance, focusing on key-factors that contribute to the effects of Ramadan on exercise performance: energy restriction, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm perturbation, dehydration, and alterations in the training load. The available literature contain few studies that have examined the effects of RIF on physical performance in athletes and, to date, the results are inconclusive, so the effects of RIF on competition outcomes are not at present wholly understood. The diverse findings probably indicate individual differences in the adaptability and self-generated coping strategies of athletes during fasting and training. However, the results of the small number of well-controlled studies that have examined the effects of Ramadan on athletic performance suggest that few aspects of physical fitness are negatively affected, and where decrements are observed these are usually modest. Subjective feelings of fatigue and other mood indicators are often cited as implying additional stress on the athlete throughout Ramadan, but most studies show that these factors may not result in decreases in performance and that perceived exercise intensity is unlikely to increase to any significant degree. Current evidence from good, well-controlled research supports the conclusion that athletes who maintain their total energy and macronutrient intake, training load, body composition, and sleep length and quality are unlikely to suffer any substantial decrements in performance during Ramadan. Further research is required to determine the effect of RIF on the most challenging events or exercise protocols and on elite athletes competing in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Chamari K, Haddad M, Wong DP, Dellal A, Chaouachi A. Injury rates in professional soccer players during Ramadan. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S93-102. [PMID: 22697802 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.696674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many of the socio-cultural lifestyle and dietary changes that take place during Ramadan may affect the risk of injury in athletes, but little evidence is available. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects over two consecutive years of the holy month of Ramadan on injury rates in 42 professional players of a Tunisian top-level professional soccer team. Players were retrospectively organized into fasting and non-fasting groups and monitored for 3 months: 4 weeks before Ramadan, during the month of Ramadan (4 weeks), and 4 weeks after Ramadan each year. During Ramadan, training started at 22.00 h. The circumstances (training/match) and mechanism of injury (traumatic/overuse) were recorded. No significant differences between the three periods were observed for weekly mean training load, training strain, training duration, and Hooper's Index (quality of sleep, and quantities of stress, delayed-onset muscle soreness, and fatigue). Compared with non-fasting players, fasters had a lower (P < 0.05) Hooper's Index and stress during and after Ramadan. No significant difference in injury rates was observed between fasting and non-fasting players. Nevertheless, the rates of non-contact (6.8 vs. 0.6 and 1.1) and training overuse (5.6 vs. 0.6 and 0.5) injuries were significantly higher in fasting players during the month of Ramadan than before or after Ramadan. In conclusion, Ramadan, along with the corresponding changes in nutritional habits, sleeping schedule, and socio-cultural and religious events, significantly increased overuse and non-contact injuries in fasting players despite the fact that the training load, strain, and duration were maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Chamari
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
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Shephard RJ. The impact of Ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients 2012; 4:491-505. [PMID: 22822448 PMCID: PMC3397348 DOI: 10.3390/nu4060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramadan observance requires a total abstention from food and drink from sunrise to sunset for a period of one month. Such intermittent fasting has only minor effects upon the overall nutrition and physiological responses of the general sedentary population. Larger meals are consumed at night and in the early morning. Body mass usually remains unchanged, the total energy intake remains roughly constant, and there is little alteration in the relative consumption of protein, fats and carbohydrates. However, Ramadan observance may be of greater consequence for the training and performance of the competitive athlete, particularly when the festival is celebrated in the hotter part of the year and daylight hours are long, as is the case for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London, England. The normal sleeping time then tends to be shortened, and blood sugar and tissue hydration decrease progressively throughout the hours of daylight. Some limitation of anaerobic effort, endurance performance and muscle strength might be anticipated from the decrease in muscle glycogen and body fluid reserves, and a reduced blood glucose may cause a depressed mood state, an increased perception of effort, and poorer team work. This review considers empirical data on the extent of such changes, and their likely effect upon anaerobic, aerobic and muscular performance, suggesting potential nutritional and behavioral tactics for minimizing such effects in the Muslim competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Effects of Ramadan fasting on training induced adaptations to a seven-week high-intensity interval exercise programme. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effects of ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic performance and lactate, heart rate and perceptual responses in young soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29:79-91. [PMID: 23486092 PMCID: PMC3588618 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion in regularly trained young soccer players. Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. Mean age, stature, body mass and training age of the players were 17.4±1.2 years, 175.4±3.6 cm, 69.6±4.3 kg and 5.1±1.3 years, respectively. During the Ramadan period, all subjects voluntarily chose to follow the fasting guidelines and abstained from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. Body composition, hydration status, dietary intake and sleep duration were assessed on four occasions: before Ramadan, at the beginning of Ramadan, at the end of Ramadan and 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan. On each occasion, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses of players were also determined during an incremental running test. Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed that body mass, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass, hydration status, daily sleeping time and daily energy and macronutrient intake of players did not vary significantly throughout the study period (p>0.05). However, players experienced a small but significant decrease in skinfold thicknesses over the course of the study (p<0.05). Although ratings of perceived exertion at submaximal workloads increased during Ramadan (p<0.05), blood lactate and heart rate responses had decreased by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). In line with these changes, peak running performance and running velocity at anaerobic threshold also improved by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). Improvements in aerobic exercise performance with time were probably due to the effects of pre-season training program that was performed after the break of the fast (Iftar) during the month of Ramadan. The results of the present study suggest that if regular training regimen, body fluid balance, daily energy intake and sleep duration are maintained as before Ramadan, Ramadan fasting does not have detrimental effects on aerobic exercise performance or body composition in young soccer players.
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Brisswalter J, Bouhlel E, Falola JM, Abbiss CR, Vallier JM, Hausswirth C. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on middle-distance running performance in well-trained runners. Clin J Sport Med 2011; 21:422-7. [PMID: 21857506 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0b013e3182293891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) affects 5000-m running performance and physiological parameters classically associated with middle-distance performance. DESIGN Two experimental groups (Ramadan fasting, n = 9, vs control, n = 9) participated in 2 experimental sessions, one before RIF and the other at the last week of fasting. SETTING For each session, subjects completed 4 tests in the same order: a maximal running test, a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extensor, 2 rectangular submaximal exercises on treadmill for 6 minutes at an intensity corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold (VT1), and a running performance test (5000 m). PARTICIPANTS Eighteen, well-trained, middle-distance runners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal oxygen consumption, MVC, running performance, running efficiency, submaximal VO(2) kinetics parameters (VO(2), VO(2)b, time constant τ, and amplitude A1) and anthropometric parameters were recorded or calculated. RESULTS At the end of Ramadan fasting, a decrease in MVC was observed (-3.2%; P < 0.00001; η, 0.80), associated with an increase in the time constant of oxygen kinetics (+51%; P < 0.00007; η, 0.72) and a decrease in performance (-5%; P < 0.0007; η, 0.51). No effect was observed on running efficiency or maximal aerobic power. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ramadan changes in muscular performance and oxygen kinetics could affect performance during middle-distance events and need to be considered to choose training protocols during RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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Bakhotmah BA. The puzzle of self-reported weight gain in a month of fasting (Ramadan) among a cohort of Saudi families in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. Nutr J 2011; 10:84. [PMID: 21831261 PMCID: PMC3170249 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During Ramadan fast, approximately one billion Muslims abstain from food and fluid between the hours of sunrise to sunset, and usually eat a large meal after sunset and another meal before sunrise. Many studies reported good health-related outcomes of fasting including weight loss. The objective of this study is to identify the local pattern of expenditure on food consumption, dietary habits during Ramadan and correlate that to self-reported weight gain after Ramadan in a group of families in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia. METHODS A Cross-section study using a pre-designed questionnaire to identify the local pattern of expenditure on food consumption, dietary habits during Ramadan and correlate that to self-reported weight gain after Ramadan in a representative cohort of Saudis living in Jeddah. It was piloted on 173 nutrition students and administered by them to their families. RESULTS A total of 173 Saudi families were interviewed. One out of 5 indicated that their expenditure increases during Ramadan. Approximately two thirds of the respondents (59.5%) reported weight gain after Ramadan. When asked about their perspective explanations for that: 40% attributed that to types of foods being rich in fat and carbohydrates particularly date in (Sunset meal) 97.7% and rice in (Dawn meal) 80.9%. One third (31.2%) indicated that it was due to relative lack of physical exercise in Ramadan and 14.5% referred that to increase in food consumption. Two thirds (65.2%) of those with increased expenditure reported weight gain. CONCLUSION Surprisingly weight gain and not weight loss was reported after Ramadan by Saudis which indicates timely needed life-style and dietary modification programs for a population which reports one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkees Abed Bakhotmah
- Department of Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Home Economy, King Abdulaziz University, P O Box 53100, Jeddah 21583, Saudi Arabia.
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