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Fischetti F, Pepe I, Greco G, Ranieri M, Poli L, Cataldi S, Vimercati L. Ten-Minute Physical Activity Breaks Improve Attention and Executive Functions in Healthcare Workers. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:102. [PMID: 38921638 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Occupational health is a major problem in modern work environments. Physical activity breaks (PABs), short exercise periods delivered during working hours, incorporating exergames or outdoor activities, have emerged as a novel approach that could be used to improve work efficiency and workplace wellbeing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of PABs on attention levels and executive functions in healthcare workers. A total of 27 healthcare workers (M = 14, W = 13; 49.55 ± 12.46 years), after 4 h of work, randomly performed one of three 10 min conditions weekly in a counterbalanced order: No Physical Activity Break (NPAB); Outdoor Physical Activity Break (OPAB); Physical Activity Break with Exergame (PABEx). After the conditions, executive functions and selective attention were assessed by the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and the Trail Making A,B test (TMT A,B), respectively. Significant differences between OPAB and NPAB as well as between PABEx and NPAB in the TMT-A test χ2(2) = 44.66 (p < 0.001) and TMT-B test χ2(2) = 48.67 (p < 0.001) were found, respectively. TMT-A and SCWT interference/time scores of the PABEx and OPAB conditions were significantly lower than those of NPAB (p < 0.001). In the SCWT interference/error score, no significant difference was found between the PABEx and NPAB (p > 0.05), but the score was statistically lower in the OPAB condition than PABEx (p = 0.001) and PABEx condition compared to OPAB for TMT-A (p = 0.001). Findings showed that the OPAB and PABEx conditions are effective in improving selective attention and executive functions in healthcare workers. Employers can foster a healthier and more productive workforce by promoting a culture of movement and prioritizing employee health, which in turn can enhance patient care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pepe
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ranieri
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Poli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Medeiros de Morais MS, Macêdo SGGF, do Nascimento RA, Vieira MCA, Moreira MA, da Câmara SMA, Almeida MDG, Maciel ÁCC. Dissatisfaction with body image and weight gain in middle-aged women: A cross sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290380. [PMID: 38206926 PMCID: PMC10783740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between weight gain and body image perception in in middle-aged women. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 453 women. Body image was assessed using the Stunkard scale, in which women were classified as: satisfied or dissatisfied (general, thinness or obesity). The identification of possible factors associated with body image dissatisfaction was performed using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age was 55.7 (±9.6) years; 80.8% were classified as dissatisfied with body image. As for body composition, women satisfied with their body image had lower values of body fat and higher values of lean mass. In the logistic regression, for general dissatisfaction and obesity, the associated variables were BMI, education and physical activity. As for "dissatisfaction with thinness", only BMI was associated. CONCLUSION Thus, the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction is high in women and part of associated factors are linked to lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mayle Andrade Moreira
- Department of Federal University of Ceará, Physiotherapy Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Collins AM, Molina-Hidalgo C, Aghjayan SL, Fanning J, Erlenbach ED, Gothe NP, Velazquez-Diaz D, Erickson KI. Differentiating the influence of sedentary behavior and physical activity on brain health in late adulthood. Exp Gerontol 2023; 180:112246. [PMID: 37356467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Public health messaging calls for individuals to be more physically active and less sedentary, yet these lifestyle behaviors have been historically studied independently. Both physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are linked through time-use in a 24-hour day and are related to health outcomes, such as neurocognition. While the benefits of PA on brain health in late adulthood have been well-documented, the influence of SB remains to be understood. The purpose of this paper was to critically review the evolving work on SB and brain health in late adulthood and emphasize key areas of consideration to inform potential research. Overall, the existing literature studying the impact of SB on the components and mechanisms of brain health are mixed and inconclusive, provided largely by cross-sectional and observational work employing a variety of measurement techniques of SB and brain health outcomes. Further, many studies did not conceptually or statistically account for the role of PA in the proposed relationships. Therefore, our understanding of the way in which SB may influence neurocognition in late adulthood is limited. Future efforts should include more prospective longitudinal and randomized clinical trials with intentional methodological approaches to better understand the relationships between SB and the brain in late adulthood, and how these potential links are differentiated from PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Collins
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | | | - Sarah L Aghjayan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Emily D Erlenbach
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Neha P Gothe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Velazquez-Diaz
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA; Exphy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Liu J, Qiang F, Dang J, Chen Q. Depressive Symptoms as Mediator on the Link between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function: Longitudinal Evidence from Older Adults in China. Clin Gerontol 2023; 46:808-818. [PMID: 35603686 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2077158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the extent to which depressive symptoms mediate the link between physical activity and cognitive function among older adults in China. METHODS This study utilizes the 2013-18 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) dataset, of which 3,658 subjects over the age of 50 satisfied inclusion criteria. Degree of physical activity, prevalence of depressive symptoms, and performance in cognitive function are measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) instruments. A structural mediation model was built to assess the degree to which depressive symptoms act as mediator between physical activity and cognitive function. RESULTS Physical activity is positively and significantly associated with cognitive function (std β = 0.034, p-value = .007), while physical activity is negatively and significantly associated with prevalence of depressive symptoms (std β = -0.088, p-value < .001). Results indicate that depressive symptoms partially and significantly mediate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function (std β = 0.003, p-value = .035). Total influence of physical activity on cognitive performance is evaluated to be 0.037 standard deviations (p-value = .035). CONCLUSIONS Findings uncover an underexamined mental well-being channel through which physical activity can positively influence late adulthood cognition. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In recommending behavioral modifications to reduce risks of late adulthood cognitive decline, encouraging physical activity for older individuals is key, since it is both directly associated with better cognitive performance, as well as indirectly through lowering prevalence of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Faying Qiang
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingxia Dang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoyi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
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Moreira PDA, de Matos SMA, Pitanga FJG, Giatti L, Barreto SM, Harter Griep R, de Almeida MDCC, Santos CADST. Association between Sedentary Behavior and Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: Cross-Sectional Results from ELSA-Brasil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14234. [PMID: 36361115 PMCID: PMC9654160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to verify the association between Sedentary Behavior (SB) and performance on cognitive function tests in middle-aged and elderly adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 6505 participants (55.2% women) of ELSA-Brasil, with a median age of 61 years. The different types of SB considered were sitting time and screen time. The scores obtained in the memory, language, and executive function tests were used to assess cognitive performance (CP). The association between SB and CP was assessed using linear regression. RESULTS For men, sitting time was associated with better performance in memory, language, and executive function tests. Screen time on the weekend, showed a favorable association with performance in the executive function test. Occupational screen time on weekdays was positively associated with language test performance. For women, sitting time and occupational screen time were positively associated with performance on memory tests. SB was favorably associated with performance in language tests and executive function tests. CONCLUSIONS SB seems to favor CP in this population without evident dementia and with a high level of education. The type of SB (mentally active or passive) and the schooling seem to be of particular interest for cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pricilla de Almeida Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40220-141, BA, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Alvim de Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40220-141, BA, Brazil
| | - Francisco José Gondim Pitanga
- Department of Physical Education, School of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40220-141, BA, Brazil
| | - Luana Giatti
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, School of Medicine & Clinical Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandhi Maria Barreto
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, School of Medicine & Clinical Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosane Harter Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Nemoto Y, Sato S, Kitabatake Y, Takeda N, Maruo K, Arao T. Do the impacts of mentally active and passive sedentary behavior on dementia incidence differ by physical activity level? A 5-year longitudinal study. J Epidemiol 2022; 33:410-418. [PMID: 35569952 PMCID: PMC10319527 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20210419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has not been determined whether mentally active sedentary behavior (MASB) and passive sedentary behavior (PSB) differentially affect cognitive function, and whether these associations differ according to physical activity (PA) level. We examined the comparative impacts of MASB and PSB on dementia onset and aimed to understand whether the associations differed by PA level. METHODS A 5-year longitudinal study involving all community-dwelling older adults in a rural area in Japan (n = 5,323). Dementia onset was examined using long-term care insurance data. PA was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and categorized as low (<2.5 MET-h/week), moderate (<16.0 MET-h/week), or high (≥16.0 MET-h/week). We also assessed PSB (TV-watching time; <1 h/day, <3 h/day, ≥3 h/day) and MASB (Book-reading time; <10 min/day, <30 min/day, ≥30 min/day). To examine the associations of MASB and PSB with dementia onset, we performed the Fine-Gray models accounting for competing risk of death. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 606 (11.4%) participants developed dementia. MASB was independently associated with a lower risk of dementia; the magnitude of the impact was significant at higher PA levels. There was no association between PSB and developing dementia across all PA levels. Furthermore, dementia risk for individuals with high PA levels and moderate or high MASB levels was approximately 60% lower than those with low PA levels and low MASB. CONCLUSIONS Providing interventions to promote MASB, which reduces dementia risk, and PA, which increases MASB's effect on dementia incidence, can be beneficial in delaying or preventing dementia onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nemoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Takeda
- Center for Promotion of Higher Education, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Arao
- Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
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Panahzadeh F, Mirnasuri R, Rahmati M. Exercise and Syzygium aromaticum reverse memory deficits, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114871. [PMID: 34856360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common disease in the brain, is associated with cognitive and mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging evidence suggests that endurance training and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill and Perry (Myrtaceae) (commonly referred to as clove) are effective interventions to maintain oxidative balance and improve cognitive function. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training and clove oil affect spatial memory, apoptosis, mitochondrial homeostasis, and cognitive function in Alzheimer's rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 81 rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups: Healthy (H), sham (sh), Healthy-exercise (HE), Healthy-clove (HC), Healthy-exercise-clove (HEC), Alzheimer's (A), Alzheimer's-exercise (AE), Alzheimer's-clove (AC), and Alzheimer's-exercise-clove (AEC). Alzheimer's induction was induced by the injection of 1-42 amyloid into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The exercise training protocol was performed for 3 weeks, every day for 30 min in swimming training, and clove oil supplementation (0.1 mg/kg) was gavaged daily for 3 weeks in the supplement rat. Shuttle box test was used to measure spatial memory after the last training session, and to determine the mRNAs and protein levels and apoptosis, Real-Time PCR, immunofluorescent, and tunnel methods were used, respectively. RESULTS Alzheimer's caused a significant decrease in the PRDX6 and GCN5L1 mRNAs and protein levels and a significant increase in apoptosis in the hippocampus of the Alzheimer's group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Alzheimer's also reduced the time delay in entering the dark environment and increased the time spent in the dark environment (P = 0.001). Following endurance training and consumption of clove oil, spatial memory (P = 0.001), apoptosis (P = 0.001) and mRNAs and protein levels of PRDX6 (P = 0.001) and GCN5L1 (P = 0.017), were recovered in AE, AC and AEC groups, as compared with A group. CONCLUSION Swimming training and consumption of clove can possibly be considered as an effective intervention to maintain oxidative balance and improve mitochondrial homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Panahzadeh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Rahim Mirnasuri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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How are combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep related to cognitive function in older adults? A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 159:111698. [PMID: 35026335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between cognitive function and each of physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour in older adults are well documented. However, these three "time use" behaviours are co-dependent parts of the 24-hour day (spending time in one leaves less time for the others), and their best balance for cognitive function in older adults is still largely unknown. This systematic review summarises the existing evidence on the associations between combinations of two or more time-use behaviours and cognitive function in older adults. Embase, Pubmed, PsycInfo, Medline and Emcare databases were searched in March 2020 and updated in May 2021, returning a total of 25,289 papers for screening. A total of 23 studies were included in the synthesis, spanning >23,000 participants (mean age 71 years). Findings support previous evidence that spending more time in physical activity and limiting sedentary behaviour is broadly associated with better cognitive outcomes in older adults. Higher proportions of moderate-vigorous physical activity in the day were most frequently associated with better cognitive function. Some evidence suggests that certain types of sedentary behaviour may be positively associated with cognitive function, such as reading or computer use. Sleep duration appears to share an inverted U-shaped relationship with cognition, as too much or too little sleep is negatively associated with cognitive function. This review highlights considerable heterogeneity in methodological and statistical approaches, and encourages a more standardised, transparent approach to capturing important daily behaviours in older adults. Investigating all three time-use behaviours together against cognitive function using suitable statistical methodology is strongly recommended to further our understanding of optimal 24-hour time-use for brain function in aging.
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Wanders L, Bakker EA, van Hout HPJ, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE, Visser LNC, Wouters H, Thijssen DHJ. Association between sedentary time and cognitive function: A focus on different domains of sedentary behavior. Prev Med 2021; 153:106731. [PMID: 34280406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies which examined the association between sedentary behavior (SB) and cognitive function have presented equivocal findings. Mentally active/inactive sedentary domains may relate differently to cognitive function. We examined associations between SB and cognitive function, specifically focusing on different domains. Participants were recruited from the Nijmegen Exercise Study 2018 in the Netherlands. SB (h/day) was measured with the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed with a validated computer self-test (COST-A), and a z-score calculated for global cognitive function. Multivariate linear regression assessed associations between tertiles of sedentary time and cognitive function. Cognition tests were available from 2821 participants, complete data from 2237 participants (43% female), with a median age of 61 [IQR 52-67] and a mean sedentary time of 8.3 ± 3.2 h/day. In fully adjusted models, cognitive function was significantly better in participants with the highest total sedentary time (0.07 [95% CI 0.02-0.12], P = 0.01), work-related sedentary time (0.13 [95% CI 0.07-0.19], P < 0.001), and non-occupational computer time (0.07 [95% CI 0.02-0.12], P = 0.01), compared to the least sedentary. Leisure sedentary time and time spent sedentary in the domains TV, reading or creative time showed no association with cognitive function in final models (all P > 0.05). We found a strong, independent positive association between total SB and cognitive function in a heterogenous population. This relation was not consistent across different domains, with especially work- and computer-related SB being positively associated with cognitive function. This highlights the importance of assessing the various sedentary domains in understanding the relation between sedentary time and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wanders
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée A Bakker
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hein P J van Hout
- Departments of General Practice and Medicine for Older Persons, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie N C Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Wouters
- General Practitioners Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Wang S, Yin H, Liu Z, Jia Y, Shang B, Meng Q, Yan M, Wang L, Chen L. How Exercise Protects Against Mild Cognitive Impairment in Nursing Home-Dwelling Older Adults: A Path Analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:674-680. [PMID: 33966018 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To explore how exercise protects against mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from physical, psychological, and social perspectives, we conducted a cross-sectional study in four nursing homes in Changchun, China, selected by convenience sampling. A total of 338 older adults aged 60 years or more with normal cognition or MCI were included. Data including demographic characteristics, exercise habits, frailty status, depression, sleep quality, social support, and cognitive status were collected. Weighted least squares estimation with mean and variance adjusted chi-square and bootstrapping with 2000 resamples were used to conduct the analyses through Mplus 8.3. The results showed that both direct and indirect effects of exercise on MCI were significant. Frailty and depression were two independent mediating factors, and depression could also play a mediating role when combined with sleep quality or frailty. Social support played a partial mediating role between exercise and depression. Formulations of exercise programs for MCI prevention and improvement in nursing home-dwelling older adults should consider the mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hatt CR, Brydges CR, Mogle JA, Sliwinski MJ, Bielak AAM. Evaluating the Consistency of Subjective Activity Assessments and Their Relation to Cognition in Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6030074. [PMID: 34449640 PMCID: PMC8395599 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research examining whether activity engagement is related to cognitive functioning in older adults has been limited to using retrospective reports of activity which may be affected by biases. This study compared two measurements (estimated weekly versus reported daily), and whether these activity assessments were related to cognition in older adults; (2) Methods: Participants from US (n = 199) and Australian (n = 170) samples completed a weekly estimate of activity, followed by 7 consecutive days of daily reporting. Differences between weekly estimates and daily reports were found, such that estimations at the weekly level were lower than self-reported daily information. Multivariate multiple regression was used to determine whether total activity, activity domains and the discrepancy between assessment types (i.e., weekly/daily) predicted cognitive performance across three cognitive domains (fluid, verbal, memory); (3) Results: When activity assessments were totaled, neither predicted cognition; however, when activity was grouped by domain (cognitive, social, physical), different domains predicted different cognitive outcomes. Daily reported cognitive activity significantly predicted verbal performance (β = 1.63, p = 0.005), while weekly estimated social activity predicted memory performance (β = −1.81, p = 0.050). Further, while the magnitude of discrepancy in total activity did not significantly predict cognitive performance, domain specific differences did. Differences in physical activity reported across assessments predicted fluid performance (β = −1.16, p = 0.033); (4) Conclusions: The significant discrepancy between the measurement types shows that it is important to recognize potential biases in responding when conducting activity and cognition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Hatt
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-316-644-8646
| | | | - Jacqueline A. Mogle
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Martin J. Sliwinski
- Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Allison A. M. Bielak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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Hartman SJ, Dillon LW, LaCroix AZ, Natarajan L, Sears DD, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Sallis JF, Schenk S, Allison M, Takemoto M, Herweck AM, Nguyen B, Rosenberg DE. Interrupting Sitting Time in Postmenopausal Women: Protocol for the Rise for Health Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28684. [PMID: 33983131 PMCID: PMC8160808 DOI: 10.2196/28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many older adults spend the majority of their waking hours sitting, which increases their risk of chronic diseases. Given the challenges that many older adults face when engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, understanding the health benefits of decreasing sitting time and increasing the number of sit-to-stand transitions is needed to address this growing public health concern. Objective The aim of this 3-arm randomized controlled trial is to investigate how changes in sitting time and brief sit-to-stand transitions impact biomarkers of healthy aging and physical, emotional, and cognitive functioning compared with a healthy attention control arm. Methods Sedentary and postmenopausal women (N=405) will be recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 study conditions for 3 months: healthy living attention control (Healthy Living), reduce sitting time (Reduce Sitting), and increase sit-to-stand transitions (Increase Transitions). Assessments conducted at baseline and 3 months included fasting blood draw, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, physical functioning, cognitive testing, and 7 days of a thigh-worn accelerometer (activPAL) and a hip-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph). Blood-based biomarkers of healthy aging included those associated with glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma insulin and glucose, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance). Results Recruitment began in May 2018. The intervention is ongoing, with data collection expected to continue through the end of 2022. Conclusions The Rise for Health study is designed to test whether 2 different approaches to interrupting sitting time can improve healthy aging in postmenopausal women. Results from this study may inform the development of sedentary behavior guidelines and interventions to reduce sitting time in older adults. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03473145; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03473145 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/28684
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri J Hartman
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay W Dillon
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James F Sallis
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Alexandra M Herweck
- Hebert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bao Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dori E Rosenberg
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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Denay KL, Breslow RG, Turner MN, Nieman DC, Roberts WO, Best TM. ACSM Call to Action Statement: COVID-19 Considerations for Sports and Physical Activity. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:326-328. [PMID: 32769667 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keri L Denay
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rebecca G Breslow
- Division of Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - David C Nieman
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
| | - William O Roberts
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and UHealth Sports Medicine, Institute University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Olanrewaju O, Stockwell S, Stubbs B, Smith L. Sedentary behaviours, cognitive function, and possible mechanisms in older adults: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:969-984. [PMID: 32026419 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity can improve cognitive function of older adults, but the influence of sedentary behaviour on cognition is less clear. This systematic review investigated associations between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function in older adults without dementia, and possible mechanisms involved. METHODS Major databases were searched for studies in English between 01/01/1999 and 31/10/2019. The systematic review followed COSMOS-E guideline and a pre-registered protocol (CRD42019122229). Risk of bias was assessed using NICE Quality appraisal checklist. Findings were narratively synthesized and presented. FINDINGS Eighteen studies comprised of 13 cross-sectional and five longitudinal analyses (n = 40,228). Evidence suggested varied associations between varied sedentary behaviours and cognitive function in older adults. 50% of study analyses did not control for physical activity. 3/18 studies demonstrated associations between higher sedentary levels and lower levels of brain biomarkers, while 1/18 showed auto-regulatory effect in the left hippocampus. Conducting a meta-analysis was not justifiable due to considerable methodological, participant, outcome and exposure heterogeneity. CONCLUSION There is a lack of clarity about the overall and independent association between sedentary behaviour and cognition in older age. Underlying mechanisms are similar to physical activity and probably multi-modal. More studies with robust designs and methodology are needed to confirm effect of sedentary behaviour on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B Stubbs
- Positive Ageing Research Institute, FHSCME, Anglia Ruskin University, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Yuan M, Fu H, Liu R, Fang Y. Effect of Frequency of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Serial Mediation of Depression and Quality of Sleep. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E709. [PMID: 31979038 PMCID: PMC7037160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep quality and depression are two reciprocal causation socioemotional factors and their roles in the relationship between physical exercise and cognition are still unclear. METHODS A face-to-face survey of 3230 older adults aged 60+ was conducted in Xiamen, China, in 2016. Frequency of exercise (FOE) referred to the number of days of exercise per week. Quality of sleep (QOS) was categorized into five levels: very poor/poor/fair/good/excellent. The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to measure depression (DEP) and cognitive function (CF), respectively. Serial multiple mediator models were used. All mediation analyses were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro. RESULTS 2469 respondents had valid data with mean scores for GDS-15 and MoCA being 1.87 and 21.61, respectively. The direct path from FOE to CF was significant (c'= 0.20, p < 0.001). A higher FOE was associated with better QOS (B = 0.04, p < 0.01), which in turn was associated with fewer symptoms of DEP (B = -0.40, p < 0.001), and further contributed to better CF (B = -0.24, p < 0.001). Similarly, a higher FOE was associated with lower GDS-15 scores (B = -0.17, p < 0.001) which then resulted in higher MoCA scores (B = -0.24, p < 0.001). However, QOS alone did not alter the relationship between FOE and CF. CONCLUSIONS FOE is a protective factor of CF in older adults. Moreover, CF is influenced by QOS through DEP, without which the working path may disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Hanhan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Ruoyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
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16
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Oh J, Chopik WJ, Kim ES. The association between actor/partner optimism and cognitive functioning among older couples. J Pers 2019; 88:822-832. [PMID: 31784979 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher optimism has been linked with health, well-being, and cognitive functioning. Spouses also play an important role on people's health, especially in older adulthood. Yet, whether a spouse's optimism is associated with an individual's cognitive functioning is understudied. Thus, we examined this question. METHOD Participants were 4,457 heterosexual couples (N = 8,914; Mage = 66.73, SD = 9.67) from the Health and Retirement Study-a large, diverse, prospective, and nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged >50. Optimism was assessed at baseline (t1 ) and cognition was measured every two years with up to five repeated assessments of cognition data over the 8-year follow-up period (t1 ; t2 ; t3 ; t4 ; t5 ). RESULTS Results from multi-level dyadic data analyses showed small but positive associations between actor optimism and actor cognitive functioning (memory: r = .16, mental status = .10), as well as partner optimism and actor cognitive functioning (memory: r = .04, mental status = .03). These associations mostly persisted over time. CONCLUSIONS Participants' own optimism and their partner's optimism were both positively associated with cognitive functioning.Thus, with further research, optimism (at both the individual and couple level) might emerge as an innovative intervention target that helps adults maintain cognitive functioning as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Oh
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - William J Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Eric S Kim
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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The Social Context of Sedentary Behaviors and Their Relationships With Health in Later Life. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:797-806. [PMID: 30859891 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined sedentary behaviors among older adults and explored associations with social context and health measures using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 1,687). Multivariate models were estimated to explore associations of time in six sedentary behaviors (i.e., television watching, sitting and talking, hobbies, computer use, driving, and resting) with sociodemographic characteristics and level of social engagement and with health status. Results indicated substantial variability in sedentary behaviors, with television watching being the most frequent and resting the least frequent activities. Sedentary behaviors varied by sociodemographic characteristics, including age, race/ethnicity, and education, as well as by level of social engagement. Television watching and resting, but not other behaviors, were associated with poorer health. These findings help to unpack the role of social context in sedentary behaviors and could inform public health interventions aimed at reducing time spent in behaviors that are adversely associated with health.
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Loprinzi P. The effects of sedentary behavior on memory and markers of memory function: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2019; 47:387-394. [PMID: 31032693 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1607603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the association of sedentary behavior on memory and markers of memory among humans of all ages.Methods: PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar databases were searched. Inclusionary criteria included: Published in English; conducted among humans (children to older adults); employ a cross-sectional, prospective or experimental design; include a measure of sedentary behavior as the independent variable (e.g. time spent sitting or watching television); and include a memory-related outcome measure (e.g. behavioral performance on a memory task, brain tissue volume in a memory structure). Information on participant characteristics, study design, sedentary behavior measure, memory outcome measure, and hypothesized mechanisms were extracted. The relationship between sedentary behavior and memory was synthesized while considering the data extraction parameters.Results: In total, 25 articles met the inclusionary criteria, including 8 studies among children/adolescents and 17 among adults. Sedentary behavior was assessed subjectively (e.g. TV viewing, computer use, reading) and objectively (e.g. accelerometry). Outcome measures included behavioral performance on various memory tasks (e.g. episodic and working memory), BDNF levels, brain volumetric measures of the temporal lobe, and hippocampal glucose metabolism. Overall, for both the child and adult studies, findings were mixed, with studies demonstrating null, inverse, and positive associations between sedentary behavior and memory. Sedentary behavior type may play a distinct role in the relationship between sedentary behavior and memory, as computer use, in particular, appeared to favorably influence memory when compared to other sedentary types (e.g. TV viewing, which showed in inverse association with memory in select studies).Conclusion: There is conflicting evidence of the relationship between sedentary behavior and memory-related outcomes among children and adults. Future studies are needed to further disentangle these complex interrelationships. Such studies should also carefully consider how physical activity may or may not moderate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing body of research suggests that regular participation in long-term exercise is associated with enhanced cognitive function. However, less is known about the beneficial effects of acute exercise on semantic memory. This study investigated brain activation during a semantic memory task after a single session of exercise in healthy older adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Using a within-subjects counterbalanced design, 26 participants (ages, 55-85 years) underwent two experimental visits on separate days. During each visit, participants engaged in 30 min of rest or stationary cycling exercise immediately before performing a Famous and Non-Famous name discrimination task during fMRI scanning. RESULTS Acute exercise was associated with significantly greater semantic memory activation (Famous>Non-Famous) in the middle frontal, inferior temporal, middle temporal, and fusiform gyri. A planned comparison additionally showed significantly greater activation in the bilateral hippocampus after exercise compared to rest. These effects were confined to correct trials, and as expected, there were no differences between conditions in response time or accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Greater brain activation following a single session of exercise suggests that exercise may increase neural processes underlying semantic memory activation in healthy older adults. These effects were localized to the known semantic memory network, and thus do not appear to reflect a general or widespread increase in brain blood flow. Coupled with our prior exercise training effects on semantic memory-related activation, these data suggest the acute increase in neural activation after exercise may provide a stimulus for adaptation over repeated exercise sessions. (JINS, 2019, 25, 557-568).
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Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:To examine the contribution of vigorous physical activity to subsequent cognitive functioning, taking into account the effect of social network. METHODS The sample included respondents aged 65 years and older who participated in both the fourth and sixth waves of Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n = 17,104). Cognitive functioning in Wave 6, measured as the average of standardized scores for recall, fluency, and numeracy, was regressed on the extent of vigorous physical activity, social network size, and several confounders in Wave 4 (including the corresponding cognition score at baseline). Interaction terms for physical activity and network size were also considered. RESULTS Moderate and high levels of vigorous physical activity, as well as social network size, were related to the cognition outcome after controlling for the confounders. Introduction of the interaction terms showed a direct and positive association of both moderate and high physical activity with the cognition outcome scores as social network size increased. However, among respondents in small- (0-1 members) and moderate-sized networks (2-3 members), greater physical activity was unrelated to the cognition score at follow-up. Only the interaction of high social connectedness (4-7 network members) and vigorous physical activity was significant. CONCLUSIONS Vigorous physical activity is, indeed, related to subsequent cognitive functioning. However, the relationship is tempered by social network size. Therefore, interventions that increase both social connectedness and physical activity, especially among older people who are isolated and sedentary, are warranted.
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21
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Cognitive Functioning and Associated Factors in Older Adults: Results from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014-2015. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2019; 2019:4527647. [PMID: 30853977 PMCID: PMC6378075 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4527647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aims to investigate cognitive functioning and associated factors in a national general population-based sample of older Indonesians. Methods Participants were 1228 older adults, 65 years and older (median age 70.0 years, Interquartile Range=6.0), who took part in the cross-sectional Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014-15. They were requested to provide information about sociodemographic and various health variables, including cognitive functioning measured with items from the Telephone Survey of Cognitive Status (TICS). Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association of sociodemographic factors, health variables, and cognitive functioning. Results The overall mean cognition score was 14.7 (SD=4.3) (range 0-34). In adjusted linear regression analysis, older age, having hypertension, and being underweight were negatively associated with better cognitive functioning and higher education was positively associated with better cognitive functioning. Conclusion Several sociodemographic and health risk factors for poor cognitive functioning were identified which can guide intervention strategies in Indonesia.
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Nemoto Y, Sato S, Takahashi M, Takeda N, Matsushita M, Kitabatake Y, Maruo K, Arao T. The association of single and combined factors of sedentary behavior and physical activity with subjective cognitive complaints among community-dwelling older adults: Cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195384. [PMID: 29659622 PMCID: PMC5901918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) might be a meaningful indicator of dementia onset or mild cognitive impairment, and identifying the related factors of SCC could contribute to preventing these diseases. However, the relationship between SCC and lifestyle factors remains largely unproven. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of type of sedentary behavior, physical activity, or their combination with SCC among community-dwelling older adults. In 2016, 6677 community-living elderly were recruited to participate in a survey investigating cognition, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. In total, 5328 participants responded to the questionnaire (79.8% valid response rate). SCC was assessed using the National Functional Survey Questionnaire (Kihon checklist). The relationships between SCC and physical activity, sedentary behavior (reading books or newspapers, and television viewing), or combined physical activity and sedentary behavior were examined via multiple logistic regression analysis. The analysis revealed that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥150 min/week) was significantly related with a lower risk of SCC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74–0.97), and that reading behavior showed a dose-response relationship with SCC (OR for 10–20 min/day = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.53–0.75; OR for 20–30 min/day = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.49–0.71; OR for ≥30 min/day = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.39–0.57). In addition, among those reporting high physical activity and ≥30 min/day for reading time, the OR for SCC was 0.40 (95% CI = 0.32–0.50) compared with the combined group reporting lower physical activity and non-readers. The present study shows that increased physical activity and reading time may be related to a reduced risk for SCC among community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nemoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takeda
- Division of Liberal Arts, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazushi Maruo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Arao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Purpose of review This article critically reviews the utility of “phenotypes” as behavioral descriptors in aging/HIV research that inform biological underpinnings and treatment development. We adopt a phenotypic redefinition of aging conceptualized within a broader context of HIV infection and of aging. Phenotypes are defined as dimensions of behavior, closely related to fundamental mechanisms, and, thus, may be more informative than chronological age. Primary emphasis in this review is given to comorbid aging and cognitive aging, though other phenotypes (i.e., disability, frailty, accelerated aging, successful aging) are also discussed in relation to comorbid aging and cognitive aging. Recent findings The main findings that emerged from this review are as follows: (1) the phenotypes, comorbid aging and cognitive aging, are distinct from each other, yet overlapping; (2) associative relationships are the rule in HIV for comorbid and cognitive aging phenotypes; and (3) HIV behavioral interventions for both comorbid aging and cognitive aging have been limited. Summary Three paths for research progress are identified for phenotype-defined aging/HIV research (i.e., clinical and behavioral specification, biological mechanisms, intervention targets), and some important research questions are suggested within each of these research paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Stoff
- AIDS Research Training-Health Disparities and HIV Aging/Comorbidity Research Programs, Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane Room 9E25, MSC 9831, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Karl Goodkin
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Dilip Jeste
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Prince SA, Reed JL, McFetridge C, Tremblay MS, Reid RD. Correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:915-935. [PMID: 28524615 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically review evidence to identify intrapersonal, social environmental, physical environmental and policy correlates of sedentary behaviour (SB) among adults. METHODS Six databases were searched to identify studies that reported on intrapersonal, social, physical environmental and/or policy correlates of SB across domains (i.e. occupational, leisure and transportation) in adults (mean ≥ 18 years old). Subgroup differences (sex, age, disease status, publication status and date, weekdays vs. weekend) were examined. Risk of bias was assessed, and a qualitative synthesis completed. PROSPERO CRD42014009814 RESULTS: Searching identified 22,779 articles; 257 were used in the analysis. Most studies used self-reported SB and were cross-sectional. The most studied domain of SB and correlate was leisure and intrapersonal, respectively. Consistent evidence found positive relationships between full-time employment and higher transportation and lower leisure SB; higher income/socioeconomic status and greater transportation and occupation SB; living in more urban areas and greater sitting time and total SB; ownership of televisions and greater leisure SB; and, active workstations and lower occupational SB. CONCLUSIONS The review identifies the need for longitudinal studies, as well as further research on factors in the physical, social and policy environments. The review also recognizes the need to standardize methodology for collecting, defining and reporting SB and correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Prince
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J L Reed
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C McFetridge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M S Tremblay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R D Reid
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Copeland JL, Ashe MC, Biddle SJ, Brown WJ, Buman MP, Chastin S, Gardiner PA, Inoue S, Jefferis BJ, Oka K, Owen N, Sardinha LB, Skelton DA, Sugiyama T, Dogra S. Sedentary time in older adults: a critical review of measurement, associations with health, and interventions. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1539. [PMID: 28724714 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary time (ST) is an important risk factor for a variety of health outcomes in older adults. Consensus is needed on future research directions so that collaborative and timely efforts can be made globally to address this modifiable risk factor. In this review, we examined current literature to identify gaps and inform future research priorities on ST and healthy ageing. We reviewed three primary topics:(1) the validity/reliability of self-report measurement tools, (2) the consequences of prolonged ST on geriatric-relevant health outcomes (physical function, cognitive function, mental health, incontinence and quality of life) and(3) the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ST in older adults. METHODS A trained librarian created a search strategy that was peer reviewed for completeness. RESULTS Self-report assessment of the context and type of ST is important but the tools tend to underestimate total ST. There appears to be an association between ST and geriatric-relevant health outcomes, although there is insufficient longitudinal evidence to determine a dose-response relationship or a threshold for clinically relevant risk. The type of ST may also affect health; some cognitively engaging sedentary behaviours appear to benefit health, while time spent in more passive activities may be detrimental. Short-term feasibility studies of individual-level ST interventions have been conducted; however, few studies have appropriately assessed the impact of these interventions on geriatric-relevant health outcomes, nor have they addressed organisation or environment level changes. Research is specifically needed to inform evidence-based interventions that help maintain functional autonomy among older adults.This consensus statement has been endorsed by the following societies: Academy of Geriatric Physical Therapy, Exercise & Sports Science Australia, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Society of Behavioral Medicine, and the National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen C Ashe
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Shilpa Dogra
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms. J Neurosci Nurs 2017; 48:E2-E12. [PMID: 27224681 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and social networks may influence the relationship between physical activity and cognition. Using structural equation modeling, depressive symptoms and social networks were examined as mediators between physical activity and cognition in community-dwelling older adults (N = 122), with a range of cognitive abilities (e.g., normal, mild cognitive impairment). The model included age, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleeping, social networks, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. A path was observed between physical activity, depressive symptoms, and cognition; specifically, those who were more physically active experienced less depression and better cognitive functioning. No relationship between social networks and cognition was found. This model fits the data well (goodness-of-fit index = .93, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .90, root mean square error of approximation = .06). Results suggest that physical activity may mitigate depressive symptoms, with beneficial effects on cognitive functioning in both those with and without mild cognitive impairment. Suggestions for managing depression and improving cognitive functioning are provided.
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Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. The fat-but-fit paradigm within the context of cognitive function. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K. Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management; The University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677
| | - Paul D. Loprinzi
- Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management; The University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677
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Stillman CM, Cohen J, Lehman ME, Erickson KI. Mediators of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Function: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:626. [PMID: 28018195 PMCID: PMC5161022 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is known to maintain and improve neurocognitive health. However, there is still a poor understanding of the mechanisms by which PA exerts its effects on the brain and cognition in humans. Many of the most widely discussed mechanisms of PA are molecular and cellular and arise from animal models. While information about basic cellular and molecular mechanisms is an important foundation from which to build our understanding of how PA promotes cognitive health in humans, there are other pathways that could play a role in this relationship. For example, PA-induced changes to cellular and molecular pathways likely initiate changes to macroscopic properties of the brain and/or to behavior that in turn influence cognition. The present review uses a more macroscopic lens to identify potential brain and behavioral/socioemotional mediators of the association between PA and cognitive function. We first summarize what is known regarding cellular and molecular mechanisms, and then devote the remainder of the review to discussing evidence for brain systems and behavioral/socioemotional pathways by which PA influences cognition. It is our hope that discussing mechanisms at multiple levels of analysis will stimulate the field to examine both brain and behavioral mediators. Doing so is important, as it could lead to a more complete characterization of the processes by which PA influences neurocognitive function, as well as a greater variety of targets for modifying neurocognitive function in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PittsburghPA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Jamie Cohen
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Morgan E Lehman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PittsburghPA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
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Klinedinst NJ, Resnick B, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Dorsey SG. The Interplay of Genetics, Behavior, and Pain with Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2016; 55 Suppl 1:S67-77. [PMID: 26055783 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY About 25% of older adults suffer from depressive symptoms. Commonly studied candidate genes associated with depression include those that influence serotonin (SLC6A4), dopamine (COMT), or neuroplasticity (BDNF, NTRK3). However, the majority of candidate gene studies do not consider the interplay of genetics, demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and how they jointly contribute to depressive symptoms among older adults. The purpose of this study was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of depressive symptoms among older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS In this descriptive study, demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics (age, gender, comorbidities, volunteering, physical activity, pain, and fear of falling) were obtained via interview of 114 residents in a continuing care retirement community. Peripheral whole blood was collected for DNA extraction. We examined common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the aforementioned genes using path analyses. RESULTS SNPs in the NTRK3 gene, pain, physical activity, and fear of falling were directly associated with depressive symptoms in older adults. Those who had polymorphisms in the NTRK3 gene, pain, fear of falling, and were less physically active were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms. None of the SNPs in SLC6A4, COMT, or BDNF genes were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. IMPLICATIONS Our use of a path analysis to examine a biopsychosocial model of depressive symptoms provided the opportunity to describe a comprehensive clinical picture of older adults at risk for depressive symptoms. Thus, interventions could be implemented to identify older adults at risk for depressive symptoms.
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Falck RS, Davis JC, Liu-Ambrose T. What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:800-811. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shibata A, Oka K, Sugiyama T, Ding D, Salmon J, Dunstan DW, Owen N. Perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and prospective changes in TV viewing time among older Australian adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:50. [PMID: 25889061 PMCID: PMC4396559 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a growing interest in environmental initiatives to reduce sedentary behaviour. A few existing studies on this topic are mostly cross-sectional, focused on the general adult population, and examining neighbourhood walkability. This study examined associations of perceived environmental attributes with change in TV viewing time over seven years among older Australian adults in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study. Methods The AusDiab study is a population-based study on diabetes and its risk factors in adults. We used the data on 1072 older adults (60+ years at baseline) collected in 2004–05 (baseline) and in 2011–12 (follow-up; 45. 4% men, mean age 67.5 years). Generalized linear modelling examined associations with 7 years change in TV viewing time of nine perceived neighbourhood-environment attributes relating to local shops, alternative routes, footpaths, parks, attractiveness, natural features, bicycle/walkway tracks, local traffic, and safety. Results On average, participants increased their TV viewing time from 127 min/day to 137 min/day over the 7 years period. Adjusted for baseline TV viewing levels, TV viewing time at follow-up was 8% lower (95%CI: 0.85, 0.99) among those who did not perceive local traffic as a deterrent compared to those who perceived traffic as a deterrent. A trend for significant interaction between working status and the presence of a parks nearby indicated that, for those who were not working, those who reported having parks nearby had a marginal association with lower TV viewing time at follow-up than those who did not (p = 0.048). Conclusions Overall TV viewing time increased on average by 10 minutes/day over 7 years among older Australian adults. Local traffic that makes walking difficult or unpleasant may increase older adults’ leisure-time sedentary behaviours such as TV viewing, possibly by deterring outdoor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shibata
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-14 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,School of Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Ding Ding
- Sydney Medical School and Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. .,School of Population Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,School of Population Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Ferreira L, Tanaka K, Santos-Galduróz RF, Galduróz JCF. Respiratory training as strategy to prevent cognitive decline in aging: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:593-603. [PMID: 25848235 PMCID: PMC4374650 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s79560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate oxygenation may cause lesions and brain atrophy during aging. Studies show a positive association between pulmonary function and the cognitive performance of individuals from middle age on. Objective To investigate the effect of aerobic physical exercises and respiratory training on the blood oxygenation, pulmonary functions, and cognition of the elderly. Design This was a randomized and controlled trial with three parallel groups. A total of 195 community-dwelling elderly were assessed for eligibility; only n=102 were included and allocated into the three groups, but after 6 months, n=68 were analyzed in the final sample. Participants were randomized into a social interaction group (the control group), an aerobic exercise group (the “walking” group), or a respiratory training group (the “breathing” group). The main outcome measures were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respiratory muscular strength, cirtometry (thoracic–abdominal circumference); oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SpO2), and hemogram. Results No differences were observed for any of the blood parameters. Aerobic exercise and respiratory training were effective in improving the pulmonary parameters. Better cognitive performance was observed for the breathing group as regards abstraction and mental flexibility. The walking group remained stable in the cognitive performance of most of the tests, except attention. The control group presented worst performance in mental manipulation of information, abstraction, mental flexibility, and attention. Conclusion Our results showed that both the walking and breathing groups presented improvement of pulmonary function. However, only the breathing group showed improved cognitive function (abstraction, mental flexibility). The improvement in cognitive functions cannot be explained by blood parameters, such as SpO2, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ferreira
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Tanaka
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São André, SP, Brazil ; Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP. Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:747. [PMID: 25324754 PMCID: PMC4179677 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control of physical activity and sedentary behavior is receiving increased attention in the neuroscientific and behavioral medicine literature as a means of better understanding and improving the self-regulation of physical activity. Enhancing individuals' cognitive control capacities may provide a means to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior. First, this paper reviews emerging evidence of the antecedence of cognitive control abilities in successful self-regulation of physical activity, and in precipitating self-regulation failure that predisposes to sedentary behavior. We then highlight the brain networks that may underpin the cognitive control and self-regulation of physical activity, including the default mode network, prefrontal cortical networks and brain regions and pathways associated with reward. We then discuss research on cognitive training interventions that document improved cognitive control and that suggest promise of influencing physical activity regulation. Key cognitive training components likely to be the most effective at improving self-regulation are also highlighted. The review concludes with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Buckley
- School of Psychology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason D. Cohen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Sean P. Mullen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUrbana, IL, USA
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Physical activity and cognitive functioning in the oldest old: Within- and between-person cognitive activity and psychosocial mediators. Eur J Ageing 2014; 11:333-347. [PMID: 25598770 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-014-0314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examines the role of social contact intensity, cognitive activity, and depressive symptoms as within- and between-person mediators for the relationships between physical activity and cognitive functioning. METHOD All three types of mediators were considered simultaneously using multilevel structural equations modeling with longitudinal data. The sample consisted of 470 adults ranging from 79.37 to 97.92 years of age (M = 83.4; SD = 3.2) at the first occasion. RESULTS Between-person differences in cognitive activity mediated the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning, such that individuals who participated in more physical activities, on average, engaged in more cognitive activities and, in turn, showed better cognitive functioning. Mediation of between-person associations between physical activity and memory through social contact intensity was also significant. At the within-person level, only cognitive activity mediated the relationship between physical activity and change in cognition; however, the indirect effect was small. Depressive symptomatology was not found to significantly mediate within- or between-person effects on cognitive change. DISCUSSION Our findings highlight the implications of physical activity participation for the prevention of cognitive decline and the importance of meditational processes at the between-person level. Physical activity can provide older adults with an avenue to make new friendships and engage in more cognitive activities which, in turn, attenuates cognitive decline.
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Santos NC, Costa PS, Cunha P, Portugal-Nunes C, Amorim L, Cotter J, Cerqueira JJ, Palha JA, Sousa N. Clinical, physical and lifestyle variables and relationship with cognition and mood in aging: a cross-sectional analysis of distinct educational groups. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:21. [PMID: 24605100 PMCID: PMC3932406 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is relevant to unravel the factors that may mediate the cognitive decline observed during aging. Previous reports indicate that education has a positive influence on cognitive performance, while age, female gender and, especially, depressed mood were associated with poorer performances across multiple cognitive dimensions (memory and general executive function). Herein, the present study aimed to characterize the cognitive performance of community-dwelling individuals within distinct educational groups categorized by the number of completed formal school years: “less than 4,” “4, completed primary education,” and “more than 4.” Participants (n = 1051) were randomly selected from local health registries and representative of the Portuguese population for age and gender. Neurocognitive and clinical assessments were conducted in local health care centers. Structural equation modeling was used to derive a cognitive score, and hierarchical linear regressions were conducted for each educational group. Education, age and depressed mood were significant variables in directly explaining the obtained cognitive score, while gender was found to be an indirect variable. In all educational groups, mood was the most significant factor with effect on cognitive performance. Specifically, a depressed mood led to lower cognitive performance. The clinical disease indices cardiac and stroke associated with a more negative mood, while moderate increases in BMI, alcohol consumption and physical activity associated positively with improved mood and thus benefitted cognitive performance. Results warrant further research on the cause-effect (longitudinal) relationship between clinical indices of disease and risk factors and mood and cognition throughout aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício S Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave - EPE Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos Portugal-Nunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Cotter
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave - EPE Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João J Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Clinical Academic Center - Braga Braga, Portugal
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Zhao E, Tranovich MJ, Wright VJ. The role of mobility as a protective factor of cognitive functioning in aging adults: a review. Sports Health 2014; 6:63-9. [PMID: 24427444 PMCID: PMC3874220 DOI: 10.1177/1941738113477832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Over 33 chronic disease states and health disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, are grouped into what is known as sedentary death syndrome. All these conditions are positively affected by 30 minutes of brisk exercise daily. In addition, only 30% of aging is based on genetics, with 70% on lifestyle. Therefore, a large majority of aging is controlled by individual health behaviors. Exercise is a powerful tool for healthy aging of the body and the mind. Courses of short- and long-term exercise provide benefits to musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health and can prevent age-related brain structural and functional losses. This review examines the evidence in support of mobility as an inexpensive and effective protective factor in maintaining brain health and preventing cognitive decline in aging adults. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed search was performed for articles in English from 1990 to 2012. Reference lists were also reviewed and relevant articles obtained. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Evidence suggests that maintaining a high level of cardiopulmonary fitness and mobility exhibits protective effects on structural changes that occur with aging in areas of the brain associated with memory, attention, and task completion. Chronic exercise is also associated with preservation of overall cognitive functioning and prevention of dementia. Conclusion: In combination with other preventative measures, physical mobility can assist in preventing or slowing cognitive decline in aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zhao
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Vonda J. Wright
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Vonda J. Wright, MD, MS, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 South Water St, Pittsburgh, PA 15203 (e-mail: )
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Klinedinst NJ, Resnick B. Volunteering and depressive symptoms among residents in a continuing care retirement community. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2013; 57:52-71. [PMID: 24313849 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2013.867294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This descriptive study examined the relationship between volunteer activities, depressive symptoms, and feelings of usefulness among older adults using path analysis. Survey data was collected via interview from residents of a continuing care retirement community. Neither feelings of usefulness nor volunteering were directly associated with depressive symptoms. Volunteering was directly associated with feelings of usefulness and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through total physical activity. Age, fear of falling, pain, physical activity, and physical resilience explained 31% of the variance in depressive symptoms. Engaging in volunteer work may be beneficial for increasing feelings of usefulness and indirectly improving depressive symptoms among older adults.
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Teixeira CVL, Gobbi S, Pereira JR, Vital TM, Hernandéz SSS, Shigematsu R, Gobbi LTB. Effects of square-stepping exercise on cognitive functions of older people. Psychogeriatrics 2013; 13:148-56. [PMID: 25913763 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cognitive functions can decline with age, and interventions focusing on stimulating them may have positive results. Previous studies have shown that square-stepping exercise (SSE) has a good influence on balance, but this exercise also seems to promote cognitive stimulation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyse the effect of 16 weeks of SSE on cognitive functions in non-demented community-dwelling older people. METHODS This was a longitudinal, non-randomized study. Forty-one older adults (60 years and older) were recruited, and 21 participated in the SSE group (practised only SSE sequences) and 20 were in the control group (continued with their activities of daily living). Both groups were evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Digit Span test, the Toulouse-Pierón Attention Test and the Modified Card Sorting Test. RESULTS The SSE group showed a significant improvement in global cognitive status, concentrated attention and mental flexibility after 16 weeks of the SSE intervention. CONCLUSION Evidence shows that SSE is a physical activity that positively influences cognitive functions in non-demented older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vieira Ligo Teixeira
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Physical Education, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Comorbidities and cognitive functioning: implications for nursing research and practice. J Neurosci Nurs 2012; 43:215-24. [PMID: 21796044 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0b013e3182212a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimal cognitive functioning is necessary to successfully negotiate one's environment, yet medical conditions can interfere with brain health, thus negatively impacting cognitive functioning. Such comorbidities include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and HIV, as well as others. The physiological properties of these comorbidities can reduce one's cognitive reserve and limit one's cognitive efficiency. This article provides an overview of a few common comorbidities known to affect cognitive functioning and addresses ways in which cognitive functioning may be ameliorated and protected or mitigated in lieu of cognitive declines in such clinical populations. Implications for nursing practice and research are posited.
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Mitchell AC, Leak RK, Zigmond MJ, Cameron JL, Mirnics K. Gene transcripts associated with BMI in the motor cortex and caudate nucleus of calorie restricted rhesus monkeys. Genomics 2012; 99:144-51. [PMID: 22227022 PMCID: PMC3292695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity affects over 500 million people worldwide, and has far reaching negative health effects. Given that high body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance are associated with alterations in many regions of brain and that physical activity can decrease obesity, we hypothesized that in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fed a high fat diet and who subsequently received reduced calories BMI would be associated with a unique gene expression signature in motor regions of the brain implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. In the motor cortex with increased BMI we saw the upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, altered gene expression in metabolic pathways, and the downregulation of pERK1/2 (MAPK1), a protein involved in cellular survival. In the caudate nucleus with increased BMI we saw the upregulation of known obesity related genes (the insulin receptor (INSR) and the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP2R)), apoptosis related genes, and altered expression of genes involved in various metabolic processes. These studies suggest that the effects of high BMI on the brain transcriptome persist regardless of two months of calorie restriction. We hypothesize that active lifestyles with low BMIs together create a brain homeostasis more conducive to brain resiliency and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
- Department of Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Judy L. Cameron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
- Department of Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
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Silva RJDS, Smith-Menezes A, Tribess S, Rómo-Perez V, Virtuoso Júnior JS. Prevalência e fatores associados à percepção negativa da saúde em pessoas idosas no Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2012; 15:49-62. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2012000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à percepção negativa de saúde em idosos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo de base populacional com delineamento transversal realizado no ano de 2009, em três cidades do Brasil. A amostra estratificada de forma aleatória simples foi composta de 909 adultos de 60 a 91 anos. Na identificação dos fatores associados com a percepção negativa de saúde (PNS), foi realizada análise bruta e mutivariável por estimativas das Razões de Prevalência (RP), por meio da regressão de Poisson; p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência para PNS foi de 49,6%, e após análise multivariada foi observado associação para os homens com o aumento da idade RP = 1,03 (IC = 1,01 - 1,06), risco de desnutrição RP = 1,66 (IC = 1,13 - 2,43) e incapacidade funcional RP = 1,79 (IC = 1,21-1,77). Para as mulheres, o uso superior a dois medicamentos RP = 1,41 (IC = 1,13 - 2,52), hipertensão arterial RP = 1,52 (IC = 1,43 - 1,97) e a incapacidade funcional RP = 1,36 (IC = 1,13 - 1,86). CONCLUSÕES: Quase a metade dos idosos possuem uma PNS, de maneira que ações preventivas de diminuição ao uso de medicamentos e comportamentos que favoreçam melhores condições nutricionais devem estar atreladas às políticas públicas à promoção da autonomia funcional e do bem-estar dos idosos.
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Teixeira CVL, Gobbi LTB, Corazza DI, Stella F, Costa JLR, Gobbi S. Non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions in older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hernandez SSS, Vital TM, Gobbi S, Costa JLR, Stella F. Atividade física e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em pacientes com demência de Alzheimer. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742011000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na demência de Alzheimer (DA) é comum a presença de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos resultantes de mudanças anatômicas e bioquímicas no cérebro. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática dos estudos que investigaram a relação entre atividade física e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos na DA. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa nas bases de dados: Academic Search Premier, Biological Abstracts, Medline, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct, Sport Discus e Web of Science, utilizando-se as seguintes palavras - chave e operadores boleanos: (Neuropsychiatric disturbances OR Neuropsychiatric symptoms OR Neuropsychological disturbances OR Aberrant behavior OR Aberrant behaviour OR Behavior disturbances OR Behaviour disturbances OR Behavior management OR Behaviour management OR Disruptive behavior OR Disruptive behaviour) AND (Alzheimer) AND (Exercise OR Motor intervention OR training OR Physical activity OR fitness), além de referências cruzadas dos artigos selecionados. Foram encontrados oito estudos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Concluiu-se que bons resultados têm sido evidenciados para os distúrbios de agitação e sono de pacientes com DA. Entretanto então há um consenso de qual o melhor tipo de atividade para estes pacientes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Florindo Stella
- Univ Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
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Vercambre MN, Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Kang JH. Physical activity and cognition in women with vascular conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 171:1244-50. [PMID: 21771894 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with vascular disease or risk factors have substantially higher rates of cognitive decline, yet little is known about means of maintaining cognition in this group. METHODS We examined the relation between physical activity and cognitive decline in participants of the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, a cohort of women with prevalent vascular disease or at least 3 coronary risk factors. Recreational physical activity was assessed at baseline (October 1995 through June 1996) and every 2 years thereafter. Between December 1998 and July 2000, a total of 2809 women 65 years or older underwent a cognitive battery by telephone interview, including 5 tests of global cognition, verbal memory, and category fluency. Tests were administered 3 additional times over 5.4 years. We used multivariable-adjusted general linear models for repeated measures to compare the annual rates of cognitive score changes across levels of total physical activity and energy expended in walking, as assessed at Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study baseline. RESULTS We found a significant trend (P < .001 for trend) toward decreasing rates of cognitive decline with increasing energy expenditure. Compared with the bottom quintile of total physical activity, significant differences in rates of cognitive decline were observed from the fourth quintile (P = .04 for the fourth quintile and P < .001 for the fifth quintile), or the equivalent of daily 30-minute walks at a brisk pace. This was equivalent to the difference in cognitive decline observed for women who were 5 to 7 years younger. Regularly walking for exercise was strongly related to slower rates of cognitive decline (P = .003 for trend). CONCLUSION Regular physical activity, including walking, was associated with better preservation of cognitive function in older women with vascular disease or risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noël Vercambre
- Foundation of Public Health, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Paris, France
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Miller DI, Taler V, Davidson PSR, Messier C. Measuring the impact of exercise on cognitive aging: methodological issues. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:622.e29-43. [PMID: 21514694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise and fitness have been proposed as potential factors that promote healthy cognitive aging. Support for this hypothesis has come from cross sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies. In the present review, we discuss several methodological problems that limit the conclusions of many studies. The lack of consensus on how to retrospectively measure exercise intensity is a major difficulty for all studies that attempt to estimate lifelong impact of exercise on cognitive performance in older adults. Intervention studies have a much better capacity to establish causality, but still suffer from difficulties arising from inadequate control groups and the choice and modality of administration of cognitive measures. We argue that, while the association between exercise and preserved cognition during aging is clearly demonstrated, the specific hypothesis that physical exercise is a cause of healthy cognitive aging has yet to be validated. A number of factors could mediate the exercise-cognition association, including depression, and social or cognitive stimulation. The complex interactions among these 3 factors and the potential impact of exercise on cognition remain to be systematically studied. At this time, the best prescription for lifestyle interventions for healthy cognitive aging would be sustained physical, social, and mental activities. What remains unknown is which type of activity might be most useful, and whether everyone benefits similarly from the same interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyana I Miller
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Vance DE, Eagerton G, Harnish B, McKie-Bell P, Fazeli PL. Cognitive prescriptions. J Gerontol Nurs 2011; 37:22-9; quiz 30-1. [PMID: 21175110 PMCID: PMC4624337 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20101202-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonpathological cognitive declines occur with aging and negatively affect everyday functioning and reduce quality of life. Many older adults, aware of such cognitive changes, seek ways to bolster their cognitive functioning. Evidence based on the cognitive aging literature supports a number of factors associated with cognitive functioning. These factors include physical exercise, intellectual exercise, nutrition, sleep hygiene, social interaction, and mood and emotional state. These factors can be manipulated and woven together by nurses and other health professionals to develop an easy-to-use, non-invasive cognitive prescription for improving the cognitive health of older adults. An example and directions for developing and implementing cognitive prescriptions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Vance
- School of Nursing, Room 456, 1701 University Boulevard, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, Office: 205-934-7589, Fax: 205-996-7183
| | - Greg Eagerton
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, 700 19 Street South, Birmingham, AL 35223, Office: 205-558-4810, Fax: 205-933-4487
| | - Brenna Harnish
- School of Nursing, Room 456, 1701 University Boulevard, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, Office: 205-934-7589, Fax: 205-996-7183
| | - Peggy McKie-Bell
- Department of Pathology, Shelby 671, 1825, University Boulevard, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182; Office: 205-934-6794; Fax: 205-996-9113
| | - Pariya L. Fazeli
- Department of Psychology & Center for Research in Applied Gerontology, Holly Mears Building, Room 130, 924 19th Street South, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, Office: 205-934-2551
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Mitchell AC, Aldridge G, Kohler S, Stanton G, Sullivan E, Garbett K, Faludi G, Mirnics K, Cameron JL, Greenough W. Molecular correlates of spontaneous activity in non-human primates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1353-8. [PMID: 20838826 PMCID: PMC3649869 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our monkey model, cortical ARC and BDNF expressions were strongly correlated with spontaneous physical activity. The expressions of ARC and BDNF were inversely correlated with serum CRP levels, suggesting that CRP could be a putative peripheral marker of brain resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Georgina Aldridge
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Shawn Kohler
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Greg Stanton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Krassimira Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gabor Faludi
- Department of Psychiatry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Judy L. Cameron
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Greenough
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Eggermont LHP, Milberg WP, Lipsitz LA, Scherder EJA, Leveille SG. Physical activity and executive function in aging: the MOBILIZE Boston Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57:1750-6. [PMID: 19702618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between physical activity and cognition, specifically executive function, and the possible mediating role of factors such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors, chronic pain, and depressive symptoms. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Population-based study of individuals aged 70 and older in the Boston area. PARTICIPANTS Older community-dwelling adults (n=544; mean age 78, 62% female). MEASUREMENTS Presence of heart disease (self-reported physician diagnosed), pain, and depressive symptomatology were assessed using interviewer-administered questions. Blood pressure was measured. Engagement in physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Cognitive function was measured using a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS The older adults who engaged in more physical activity had significantly better performance on all cognitive tests, except for Letter Fluency and the memory test of delayed recall, after adjusting for age, sex, education, and total number of medications. With further adjustment for CVD and CVD risk factors (heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and hypertension), pain, and depressive symptoms, PASE score remained significantly associated with executive function tests. CONCLUSION Even after multivariate adjustment, neuropsychological tests that were executive in nature were positively associated with physical activity participation in this cohort of older community-dwelling adults. In contrast, delayed recall of episodic memory was not associated with physical activity, supporting the idea that the relationship with executive function represents a specific biologically determined relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H P Eggermont
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Vance DE. A Brief Review of Selected Cognitive Remediation Therapies for Older Adults. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j148v24n04_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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