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Knechtle B, Valero D, Villiger E, Thuany M, Andrade MS, Cuk I, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Weiss K. Sex difference in IRONMAN age group triathletes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311202. [PMID: 39374257 PMCID: PMC11458036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sex difference in athletic performance has been thoroughly investigated in single sport disciplines such as swimming, cycling, and running. In contrast, only small samples of long-distance triathlons, such as the IRONMAN® triathlon, have been investigated so far. AIM The aim of the study was to examine potential sex differences in the three split disciplines by age groups in 5-year intervals in a very large data set of IRONMAN® age group triathletes. METHODS Data from 687,696 (553,608 men and 134,088 women) IRONMAN® age group triathletes (in 5-year intervals from 18-24 to 75+ years) finishing successfully between 2002 and 2022 an official IRONMAN® race worldwide were analyzed. The differences in performance between women and men were determined for each split discipline and for the overall race distance. RESULTS Most finishers were in the age group 40-44 years. The fastest women were in the age group 25-29 years, and the fastest men were in the age group 30-34 years. For all split disciplines and overall race time, men were always faster than women in all groups. The performance difference between the sexes was more pronounced in cycling compared to swimming and running. From the age group 35-39 years until 60-64 years, the sex differences were nearly identical in swimming and running. For both women and men, the smallest sex difference was least significant in age group 18-24 years for all split disciplines and increased in a U-shaped manner until age group 70-74 years. For age groups 75 years and older, the sex difference decreased in swimming and cycling but increased in running. Considering the different characteristics of the race courses, the smallest performance gaps between men and women were found in river swimming, flat surface cycling and rolling running courses. CONCLUSIONS The sex difference in the IRONMAN® triathlon was least significant in age group 18-24 years for all split disciplines and increased in a U-shaped manner until age group 70-74 years. For 75 years and older, the sex difference decreased in swimming and cycling but increased in running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Valero
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Elias Villiger
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Para, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kramer T, Ventovuori V, Heinonen A, Parkkari J, Korhonen MT, Rovio A, Hoenemann JN, Möstl S, Sies W, Kaiser-Stolz C, Chilibeck P, Tanaka H, Kramer M, Rittweger J, Hautala AJ. Prevalence of electrocardiographic markers associated with myocardial fibrosis in masters athletes: a cohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001988. [PMID: 39224201 PMCID: PMC11367365 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is associated with an increased predisposition to adverse cardiac events. The accumulation of high-volume and high-intensity exercise over an extended duration potentially increases the risk of MF. Specific electrocardiographic markers have been correlated with the presence of MF. This study assessed the prevalence of MF-related electrocardiographic markers in a Track and Field Master Athletics Cohort (TaFMAC). Methods Twelve-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) were conducted on 155 athletes (90 males and 65 females) participating in the World Masters Athletics 2022. The ECG markers associated with MF, including pathological Q waves, inverted T waves, fragmented QRS complex, and prolonged QRS complex, were compared among different athletic specialities (endurance athletes n=51, sprinters n=69 and strength and power n=35). Results Overall, 71 instances of MF-related markers were identified from 155 ECG recordings (46%). Fragmented QRS emerged as the most common marker, with a prevalence of 29% in endurance and strength and power athletes, and 35% in sprinters. No significant group differences were observed in the prevalence of MF markers, whether analysed collectively (p=0.467) or individually (pathological Q waves p=0.367, inverted T waves p=0.309, fragmented QRS complex p=0.747 and prolonged QRS complex p=0.132). Conclusions The prevalence of MF markers, as determined by resting ECG, was evident in nearly half of masters athletes, irrespective of sex and sporting specialisation. These findings suggest resting ECG as a promising non-invasive method for the early identification of MF in athlete's hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Kramer
- Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Aerospace Center, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Ville Ventovuori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Stefan Möstl
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mira Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Cologne-Merheim Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Medicine, Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Head of Musculoskeletal Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Arto J Hautala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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3
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Adamczyk JG, Michalak B, Kopiczko A, Gryko K, Boguszewski D, Popowczak M, Gutkowski Ł, Gajda R. Relation between skin temperature and muscle stiffness in masters athletes: Effect of specific training adaptation. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103952. [PMID: 39167907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Aging process is correlated with negative changes in muscles properties such as their thermal responsiveness and stiffness. At the same time masters athletes are often considered as an exemplars of successful aging. Taking this into account, the aim of the study was to establish thermal portrait of lower limbs in Masters Athletes in Track & Field competing in 200 m race as well as to find out the effect of exercise on muscle stiffness. Thermal images and myotonometry were applied at restin state and immediately after the race. Indoor sprint in Masters athletes did not cause significant skin temperature changes. Only assymetries were found for Biceps femoris muscle (left vs right before p = 0,0410; after p = 0,046). Gastrocnemius was the most responsive area for sprinting in terms of muscle stiffness. Some specific adaptations to sprint were found. Masters athlete's thermal profile of lower extremities was generally characterized by symmetry. Maximal exertion did not result in an increase in muscle stiffness among the athletes, suggesting the positive influence of sports training in aging athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Michalak
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kopiczko
- Department of Human Biology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gryko
- Department of Team Sport Games, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boguszewski
- Department of Individual Sports, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gutkowski
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34 St., 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology, Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pułtusk, 06-100, Pułtusk, Poland; Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
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4
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Chan BCL, Luciano M, Lee B. A Longitudinal Study of Physical Activity and Personality in the Wellbeing of Older Adults. J Aging Health 2024; 36:484-491. [PMID: 37837410 DOI: 10.1177/08982643231206222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examines the interactions of physical activity and personality traits in the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of older adults. Methods: 520 Scottish participants (262 male; 258 female) completed self-reported surveys measuring their level of physical activity, personality, and SWB in 2011-2013 (mean age = 76.23 ± .68) and in 2014-2016 (mean age = 79.31 ± .62). Results: While all of the Big Five personality traits predicted SWB across the 3-year period in the expected direction, neither physical activity nor its joint effect with any of the personality traits was a significant predictor of subsequent SWB. Discussion: Further research on older adults with higher variation in age, exercise level, and cultural background is needed to disentangle how physical activity and personality influence SWB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Billy Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hybholt M. The Civilized Bodies of Middle-Aged Women: A Qualitative Study of Participation in an Exercise Intervention in Denmark. J Aging Phys Act 2024; 32:387-396. [PMID: 38262399 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The present paper explores how aging bodies of middle-aged women can enable and constrain participation in physical activity. The study is inspired by the process sociology of Norbert Elias and builds on qualitative empirical material from passive observations (N = 57), focus groups (N = 51), and individual follow-up interviews (N = 21) with middle-aged Danish women who participated in a 3-month research project with exercise intervention. The qualitative study found that awareness of bodily aging enabled the taking up of exercise in the intervention. Additionally, taking up regular exercise in midlife can be understood as a highly rationalized leisure-time activity in relation to societal moral norms of self-responsibility for own physiological health. Furthermore, the qualitative material indicates that participation enabled a self-realization among the middle-aged women, as strong and capable bodies counter to the biomedical view of decline in the aging body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hybholt
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Palumbo M, Modena R, Bortolan L, Skafidas S, Callovini A, Savoldelli A, Gilli F, Fornasiero A, Schena F, Pellegrini B, Zoppirolli C. Effects of a similar amount of regular non-structured or competitive physical activity across late adulthood: a cross-sectional study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1416080. [PMID: 38873229 PMCID: PMC11169712 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1416080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Master athletes are examples of successful aging. It is not clear whether it is the competitive-oriented training or just the amount of total regular exercise that reduces the age-related decline in physiological functions. We aimed to compare health-related parameters in competitive (C) and physically active older adults (A) that performed the same weekly physical activity (PA) amount. Methods Seventeen C and 17 A were matched for age (8 and 9 male participants under and over 70 years old respectively, for both groups) and weekly PA amount (GPAQ). Body composition, leg and arm maximal strength, balance and reaction time were measured; moreover, leg and arm exercise efficiency, estimated VO2max, and VO2/HR relationships were evaluated. Perception of life and sleep quality was also assessed through specific questionnaires (SF-36 and PSQI). The effect of group (C vs. A), age (U70 vs. O70) and their interaction was examined through a Two-Way ANOVA test. Results C dedicated more time to vigorous PA compared to A (p = 0.03), while less to moderate daily work (p < 0.01) and active commuting (p = 0.06). C exhibited better body composition (all p < 0.05), higher leg maximal strength (p < 0.05) and a trend for elevated arm strength (p = 0.06). Reaction time, leg and arm cycling efficiency were similar in the two groups (all p > 0.05), while balance reduced in A O70. Estimated VO2max was higher for C in leg cycling (p = 0.05) and remained constant across ages (all p > 0.05). VO2/HR relationship, life and sleep quality did not differ for groups and ages. Conclusions Regular physical exercise of about 6,000 METs/week seems to have a beneficial effect on health-related parameters, both in non-structured and competitive PA, when compared to sedentary behaviour. However, the older adults engaged in competitive training exhibit further advantages: better body composition, higher arm and leg muscle strength, and higher leg VO2max. This study highlights the importance of encouraging active lifestyles for maintaining long-term health, high levels of life quality perception and reducing age-related decline. However, vigorous training suitability needs to be verified by a team of PA specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Palumbo
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - R. Modena
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - L. Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S. Skafidas
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A. Callovini
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A. Savoldelli
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - F. Gilli
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A. Fornasiero
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F. Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - B. Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C. Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), University of Verona and Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Potvin-Desrochers A, Atri A, Clouette J, Hepple RT, Taivassalo T, Paquette C. Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the Motor and Cognitive Areas is Preserved in Masters Athletes. Neuroscience 2024; 546:53-62. [PMID: 38522662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a decline in physical and cognitive functions, often resulting in decreased quality of life. Physical activity has been suggested to potentially slow down various aspects of the aging process, a theory that has been supported by studies of Masters Athletes (MA). For example, MA usually have better cognitive and physical functions than age-matched sedentary and healthy older adults (OA), making them a valuable model to gain insights into mechanisms that promote physical and cognitive function with aging. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of motor and cognitive regions between MA and OA and determine if these differences in the resting brain are associated with differences in cognitive and physical performance between groups. Fifteen MA (9 males) and 12 age-matched OA (six males) were included. rs-FC images were compared to identify significant between-groups differences in brain connectivity. There was higher connectivity between the cognitive and motor networks for the OA group, whereas the MA group had stronger connectivity between different regions within the same network, both for the cognitive and the motor networks. These results are in line with the literature suggesting that aging reduces the segregation between functional networks and causes regions within the same network to be less strongly connected. High-level physical activity practiced by the MA most likely contributes to attenuating aging-related changes in brain functional connectivity, preserving clearer boundaries between different functional networks, which may ultimately favor maintenance of efficient cognitive and sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Potvin-Desrochers
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval and Research Site of the Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisha Atri
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval and Research Site of the Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Clouette
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval and Research Site of the Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, 101 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval and Research Site of the Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sato SD, Shah VA, Fettrow T, Hall KG, Tays GD, Cenko E, Roy A, Clark DJ, Ferris DP, Hass CJ, Manini TM, Seidler RD. Resting state brain network segregation is associated with walking speed and working memory in older adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592861. [PMID: 38766046 PMCID: PMC11100712 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Older adults exhibit larger individual differences in walking ability and cognitive function than young adults. Characterizing intrinsic brain connectivity differences in older adults across a wide walking performance spectrum may provide insight into the mechanisms of functional decline in some older adults and resilience in others. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine whether young adults and high- and low-functioning older adults show group differences in brain network segregation, and (2) determine whether network segregation is associated with working memory and walking function in these groups. The analysis included 21 young adults and 81 older adults. Older adults were further categorized according to their physical function using a standardized assessment; 54 older adults had low physical function while 27 were considered high functioning. Structural and functional resting state magnetic resonance images were collected using a Siemens Prisma 3T scanner. Working memory was assessed with the NIH Toolbox list sorting test. Walking speed was assessed with a 400 m-walk test at participants' self-selected speed. We found that network segregation in mobility-related networks (sensorimotor, vestibular, and visual networks) was higher in younger adults compared to older adults. There were no group differences in laterality effects on network segregation. We found multivariate associations between working memory and walking speed with network segregation scores. Higher right anterior cingulate cortex network segregation was associated with higher working memory function. Higher right sensorimotor, right vestibular, right anterior cingulate cortex, and lower left anterior cingulate cortex network segregation was associated with faster walking speed. These results are unique and significant because they demonstrate higher network segregation is largely related to higher physical function and not age alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire D Sato
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valay A Shah
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tyler Fettrow
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Kristina G Hall
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grant D Tays
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erta Cenko
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arkaprava Roy
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J Hass
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Manini
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Kinesiology and Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Guo S, Shaoni GLL, Stuart-Smith WA, Davies AJ, Gifford JA. Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4973. [PMID: 38068832 PMCID: PMC10708321 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary practices of masters athletes (MAs) may promote healthy ageing; however, they are poorly understood. The aims of this systematic review were to synthesise the literature on the dietary intakes of MAs and undertake comparisons between younger (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) MAs and the general population. A search was conducted across seven databases to identify relevant publications for screening and data extraction. Averages for energy intake (EI), macronutrients, and micronutrients were compared with data from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey (general population). Twenty-six studies (n = 2819) were included. Energy intake was higher for older (8908 kJ/d versus 7792 kJ/d) but not younger MAs (9073 kJ/d versus 8872 kJ/d) versus the general population. Younger versus older male MAs had higher energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy intake for older was comparable to younger female MAs (7819 kJ/d versus 7485 kJ/d), but older had higher protein, lower carbohydrate, and higher micronutrient intakes. Micronutrient intake was higher in MAs than the general population. Similar EIs for older MAs and younger general population may indicate potential for a higher-quality diet. Younger female MAs may restrict or misreport EI, requiring further investigation. There is a need for more comprehensive assessments of dietary intake in MAs to ascertain diet quality in relation to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheran Guo
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
| | - Gabriella L. L. Shaoni
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
| | - Wendy A. Stuart-Smith
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Alyse J. Davies
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Janelle A. Gifford
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sport and Physical Activity Research and Teaching Network (SPARTAN), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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10
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Palumbo F, Ciaccioni S, Guidotti F, Forte R, Galea E, Sacripanti A, Lampe N, Lampe Š, Jelušić T, Bradić S, Lascau ML, Rodica-Borza A, Pérez RC, Rodríguez-Montero FD, Kapan M, Gezeker K, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Educational Needs for Coaching Judo in Older Adults: The EdJCO Focus Groups. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:143. [PMID: 37624123 PMCID: PMC10458867 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Judo coaches are urged to develop specific competencies and skills for addressing the special needs of older practitioners. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the experts' opinions on judo training in late adulthood to develop sound educational programs for coaches of older judo practitioners. Overall, eighty-eight experts from an international consortium of judo and educational partners participated in national focus groups. During the focus groups, experts discussed five themes and generated statements pertinent to educate coaches to support older judo practitioners (e.g., benefits; necessary knowledge; risks; training groups definition; tools; and tests for monitoring training plans). The initial list of 262 statements was synthesized, validated, analyzed, and organized into a final list of 55 statements and six macro-areas: aging process (n = 10); safety and first aid (n = 6); physiology and fitness (n = 12); psychology and mental health (n = 11); organization and environment (n = 5); adapted judo teaching and training (n = 11). The present international eminence-based study, harmonizing diverse intercultural perspectives, highlighted the specific needs of older judo practitioners. The results of this study will contribute to the structure of a sound educational program for coaches of older judo practitioners to enhance the quality of older adults' sports experiences by linking safety, enjoyment, social interactions, and learning principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Palumbo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Simone Ciaccioni
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Flavia Guidotti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Roberta Forte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Envic Galea
- International Judo Federation Academy Foundation, XBX 1421 Ta’ Xbiex, Malta; (E.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Attilio Sacripanti
- International Judo Federation Academy Foundation, XBX 1421 Ta’ Xbiex, Malta; (E.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Nuša Lampe
- Judo Club Golovec, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.L.); (Š.L.)
| | - Špela Lampe
- Judo Club Golovec, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.L.); (Š.L.)
| | - Toma Jelušić
- Zajednica Sportskih Udruga Grada Rijeke “Riječki Sportski Savez”, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Slaviŝa Bradić
- Zajednica Sportskih Udruga Grada Rijeke “Riječki Sportski Savez”, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.J.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | - Raúl Camacho Pérez
- Club de Judo Newton, 28609 Sevilla La Nueva, Spain; (R.C.P.); (F.D.R.-M.)
| | | | - Mesut Kapan
- Izmir Alsancak Gymnastics Specialized Sports Club, İzmir 35210, Türkiye; (M.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Kaya Gezeker
- Izmir Alsancak Gymnastics Specialized Sports Club, İzmir 35210, Türkiye; (M.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.); (R.F.); (L.C.); (A.T.)
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Palumbo F, Ciaccioni S, Guidotti F, Forte R, Sacripanti A, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Risks and Benefits of Judo Training for Middle-Aged and Older People: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030068. [PMID: 36976954 PMCID: PMC10058523 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic overview aimed to review studies investigating the benefits and risks of judo training in older people, and to explore practical methodological applications (Registration ID: CRD42021274825). Searches of EBSCOhost, ISI-WoS, and Scopus databases, with no time restriction up to December 2022, resulted in 23 records meeting the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment was performed through the following tools: ROBINS-I for 10 experimental studies, NIH for 7 observational studies, and AGREE-II for 6 methodological studies. A serious risk of bias emerged for 70% of the experimental studies, whereas 100% of the observational and 67% of the methodological studies presented a “fair” quality. When involving 1392 participants (63 ± 12 years; females: 47%), the studies investigated novice (n = 13), amateur/intermediate (n = 4), expert (n = 4), and unknown (n = 3) level judoka by means of device-based, self-reported, and visual evaluation measures. Mean training encompassed 2 ± 1 sessions. week−1 of 61 ± 17 min for 7 ± 6 months. In relation to judo training exposure and outcomes, three main themes emerged: (i) health (56% of studies; e.g., bones, anthropometry, quality of life); (ii) functional fitness (43%; e.g., balance, strength, walking speed); and iii) psychosocial aspects (43%; e.g., fear of falling, cognition, self-efficacy). Although the included studies presented relevant methodological weaknesses, the data support the positive effects of judo training with advancing age. Future research is needed to help coaches plan judo programs for older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Palumbo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Simone Ciaccioni
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Flavia Guidotti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-8544-6432
| | - Roberta Forte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Attilio Sacripanti
- International Judo Federation Academy Foundation, XBX 1421 Ta’ Xbiex, Malta
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
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What Do We Know About the Value of Sport for Older Adults? A Scoping Review. J Aging Phys Act 2023:1-16. [PMID: 36669504 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2022-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Issues relating to older adults in sport are ongoing topics of interest among sport scientists; however, our knowledge on how older athletes have been studied is incomplete, which has implications for understanding the comprehensiveness of this evidence base. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of how sport and older adults have been studied since the first World Masters Games. Data on research topics, research methods, sport-specific information, and demographic information on older athletes were collected and reviewed. Results suggest older athletes who are White, male, and competitive athletes have largely been the focus of research. In addition, results highlight an alarming number of unreported data related to the demographics of athlete samples. As a result, the well-documented benefits of sport may reflect a homogenous group of older adults, limiting our overall understanding of aging and sport and the value of this research for developing evidence-informed policy.
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Conte D, Palumbo F, Guidotti F, Matulaitis K, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Investigating External and Internal Loads in Male Older Adult Basketball Players during Official Games. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:111. [PMID: 36547657 PMCID: PMC9782224 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the external [Player Load (PL), acceleration (ACC), changes of direction (COD), JUMP, and their relative values (PL/min; ACC/min; COD/min and JUMP/min)] and internal [percentage of the peak heart rate (%HRpeak) and the training load calculated with the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method (sRPE-load)] loads of masters (senior citizen) basketball players during official games. Thirteen male basketball masters players (age: 66.6 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 89.9 ± 8.7 kg; stature: 183.7 ± 4.6 cm) were monitored during an official Lietuvos Krepsinio Veteranu Lyga (LKVL) 65-year game. Beside descriptive analysis, a chi-square goodness of fit test was adopted to assess the differences in the distribution within JUMP, ACC and COD classes of intensities (i.e., low, medium and high). The results revealed PL = 269.9 ± 83.3 AU and PL/min = 6.54 ± 1.29 AU/min. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.001) in the distribution of the intensity classes were found for JUMP, ACC, and COD, with the lowest intensities as the most frequent. Finally, HRpeak = 81.7 ± 8.1% and sRPE-load = 148.9 ± 69.7 AU were found, with sRPE = ~3 AU. In conclusion, a low external load during an official basketball game was found compared to other basketball populations. Moreover, a high objective internal load did not correspond to a low perceived demand, which might increase the training adherence and motivation during long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Palumbo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Guidotti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Kestutis Matulaitis
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Serra L, Petrosini L, Mandolesi L, Bonarota S, Balsamo F, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C, Gelfo F. Walking, Running, Swimming: An Analysis of the Effects of Land and Water Aerobic Exercises on Cognitive Functions and Neural Substrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16310. [PMID: 36498383 PMCID: PMC9740550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the brain and cognitive reserves framework, aerobic exercise is considered as a protective lifestyle factor able to induce positive effects on both brain structure and function. However, specific aspects of such a beneficial effect still need to be completely clarified. To this aim, the present narrative review focused on the potential brain/cognitive/neural reserve-construction mechanisms triggered by different aerobic exercise types (land activities; such as walking or running; vs. water activities; such as swimming), by considering human and animal studies on healthy subjects over the entire lifespan. The literature search was conducted in PubMed database. The studies analyzed here indicated that all the considered kinds of activities exert a beneficial effect on cognitive/behavioral functions and on the underlying brain neurobiological processes. In particular, the main effects observed involve the cognitive domains of memory and executive functions. These effects appear related to structural and functional changes mainly involving the fronto-hippocampal axis. The present review supports the requirement of further studies that investigate more specifically and systematically the effects of each type of aerobic activity, as a basis to plan more effective and personalized interventions on individuals as well as prevention and healthy promotion policies for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serra
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonarota
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Balsamo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
| | | | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
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do Nascimento RA, Vieira MCA, Fernandes J, Azevedo IG, Moreira MA, Costa JV, da Câmara SMA, Maciel ÁCC. Exploring the relationships between anthropometric indices of adiposity and physical performance in middle-aged and older Brazilian women: a canonical correlation analysis. Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022074. [PMID: 36108670 PMCID: PMC9943635 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the influence of anthropometric indices of adiposity on the physical performance of middle-aged and older women. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 368 women from 50 years to 80 years old. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were analyzed, and physical performance was evaluated. The statistical analysis used measures of central tendency and dispersion for descriptive data, Pearson correlations to demonstrate the initial associations between the variables, and canonical correlation (CC) to evaluate the relationship between the set of anthropometric adiposity indices and performance-related variables. RESULTS The participants had a mean age of 58.57±8.21 years, a visceral adiposity index of 7.09±4.23, a body mass index of 29.20±4.94 kg/m2, and a conicity index of 1.33±0.07. The average handgrip strength was 25.06±4.89 kgf, gait speed was 1.07±0.23 m/s, and the mean Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score was 10.83±1.36. The first canonical function presented the highest shared variance, CC, and redundancy index (cumulative percentage of variance, 82.52; Wilks' lambda, 0.66; CC, 0.532; p<0.001). From the analysis of this canonical function, the conicity index (-0.59) displayed inverse correlations with handgrip strength (0.84) and the SPPB (0.68), as well as a direct correlation with gait speed (-0.43). CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged and older women, there was an inverse relationship between the conicity index and muscle strength and power, while a direct relationship was found between the same index and gait speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Fernandes
- Physiotherapy and Collective Health Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Guerra Azevedo
- Departamento de Procesos Terapeuticos, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Brazil,Correspondence: Ingrid Guerra Azevedo Departamento de Procesos Terapeuticos, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56 Campus San Francisco, Temuco 4813302, Chile E-mail:
| | | | - José Vilton Costa
- Department of Demography and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Rothschild CE. Exercise Considerations for the Masters Female Athlete. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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Harnett J, Climstein M, Walsh J, Gifford J. The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes - a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:253-262. [PMID: 35635719 PMCID: PMC9174319 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Masters athletes (MA) are generally considered healthier than their sedentary peers. However, the prevalence of chronic conditions in any population increases with age. Treatments involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. A substantial proportion of the general population also use dietary supplements (DS). This raises questions about the potential for drug-nutrient interactions which may lead to adverse effects. We sought to determine the potential for drug-nutrient interactions MA may be exposed to by examining the prevalence of chronic conditions treated with medications and their DS use. RECENT FINDINGS Common conditions in MA include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety. Treatments may involve prescribed medications. Few recent studies were identified on DS use; however, indications are for around 60% prevalence of supplement usage. The higher prevalence of DS use by MA may result in drug-nutrient interactions that impact the effectiveness and safety of prescribed medications for chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harnett
- Nutritional Pharmacology, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2005 Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225 Australia
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Janelle Gifford
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2005 Australia
- Sport and Physical Activity Research and Teaching Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Climstein M, Walsh J, Adams K, Sevene T, Heazlewood T, DeBeliso M. Prevalence of hyperglycemia in masters athletes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13389. [PMID: 35663526 PMCID: PMC9159136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ageing is associated with decreased physical activity, obesity and subsequently an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2dm). Master athletes (MA) have initiated exercise or sport later in life or pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period. Subsequently, MAs have been proposed as a model of successful ageing as this active lifestyle is associated with health benefits including decreased health risk of chronic diseases and a reduction in premature mortality. Given long-term physical activity/exercise has previously been shown to be protective against hyperglycemia, a risk factor for T2dm, it is plausible that MA may have protective benefit against developing hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperglycemia via fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in MAs competing at the World Masters Games (WMG). Methods This cross-sectional, observational survey utilized an online survey using open-source web-based software was used to investigate MAs physiological and medical-related parameters. Over 28,000 MAs competed in the WMG, of which 8,072 MAs completed the survey. Of these MAs, a total of 486 (males 277, females 209; range 27 to 91 years, mean age 55.1 ± 10.2 years) attained recent pathology results which included FPG which was subsequently analyzed for this study. FPG and other outcome variables were compared between genders and to the Australian and United States general population. Results Mean FPG for MAs was 5.03 mmol (±1.2, 95% CI [4.9-5.1] mmol) with majority (75.5%) of MAs reporting a normal (<5.5 mmol) FPG, followed by pre-diabetes (20.2%, >5.51 to <5.99 mmol) and abnormal (4.3%, >7.0 mmol). There was no significant difference (P = 0.333) in FPG between genders however, males had a slightly higher (+2.1%) FPG as compared to females (5.08 ± 1.2 mmol (95% CI [4.9-5.22] mmol) versus 4.98 ± 1.1 mmol (95% CI 4.8-5.1 mmol)). The majority of males (71.8%) and females (80.3%) were classified with a normal FPG. With regard to an abnormal FPG level, only 4.0% of males and 4.9% of females were classified abnormal which was suggestive of undiagnosed T2dm. With regard to age by decade, there was no significant difference (P = 0.06-1.00) between age groups and no relationship between the MAs' age and FPG (r = .054, P = 0.24). As a group, MAs had a significantly lower FPG as compared to the Australian (-3.2%, P = 0.005) and United States general populations (-13.9%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Most, however not all, MAs were found to have normal glycaemia, with only a small percentage indicating a risk of developing T2dm (i.e., impaired fasting glucose) and a smaller percentage identified with an abnormal FPG, suggestive of T2dm. These findings suggest MAs appear to be at low metabolic risk for developing T2dm based upon FPG and the physical activity/exercise they complete as MAs may indeed be protective against hyperglycemia whilst maintaining an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Climstein
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia,Exercise and Sport Science Exercise, Health & Performance, Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kent Adams
- Kinesiology Department, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Trish Sevene
- Kinesiology Department, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Tim Heazlewood
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark DeBeliso
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, CA, United States of America
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A New Approach for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Fitness and Cardiac Responses to Maximal Exercise Test in Master Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061648. [PMID: 35329974 PMCID: PMC8955590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the cardiac autonomic function at rest, at maximum exercise, and in recovery after exercise and to determine sex-specific and age-specific values for resting heart rate (RHR), hear rate (HR)-peak, HR recovery (HRR), and HR variability at rest in master runners. Fifty endurance runners (21 women) participated in this study (43.28 ± 5.25 years). The subjects came from different athletic clubs in Andalusia (Spain), and the testing protocol was performed in-season. A 3-km running test was performed and the cardiovascular response was monitored. Regarding sex, no significant differences were found regarding cardiovascular autonomic function at rest, during exercise, and following maximal exercise, only at rest, the standard deviation of all R-R intervals and low frequency values displayed significantly (p < 0.05) lower scores in women. 46% of athletes showed an RHR < 60 bpm. Additionally, HR-peak showed a significant correlation with age (r = −0.369; p = 0.009) and HRR5min (r = 0.476, p = 0.001). Also, endurance performance was inversely associated with obesity traits and cardiometabolic risk factors. In summary, age, sex, fitness, or anthropometrics characteristics did not show a relevant influence on cardiovascular autonomic modulation in master runners. However, the 3-km performance displayed a significant negative association with several factors of cardiometabolic risk.
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Li L, Yu L. The Influence of Pension Mode on the Mental Health of Older Adults-Evidence from Older Adults in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010119. [PMID: 35010386 PMCID: PMC8750477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful aging is achieved throughout the life course, and successful aging groups tend to have good psychosocial and physical conditions and are active in social activities. With increasing age, the mental health problems of older adults have become increasingly prominent, and the choice of pension mode is closely related to the mental health of older adults. Starting from the psychological level of the older adult, this paper used data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to study the impact of three pension methods on the mental health of older adults. The study found that, at present, there are three types of pension modes in China: living alone, family pension, and institutional care, and family pensions are still the mainstream pension mode. Older adults with deeper negative feelings are more inclined to family pensions than to live alone, but the spiritual comfort provided by family members does not improve the negative feelings of older adults. Institutional care deepens the negative feeling and reduces the positive feeling of older adults. In addition, retirement or pension and medical insurance, as life security in old age, can effectively reduce the negative feelings of old age and promote positive feelings. In view of the present situation of China's pension mode and the psychological characteristics of the older adults, we should further build a perfect family pension security system, promote the personalized service construction of older adult care institutions, promote applicable aging renovation of existing residential areas, and encourage older adults to engage in healthy exercise.
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22
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Is lifelong endurance training associated with maintaining levels of testosterone, interleukin-10, and body fat in middle-aged males? J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:450-455. [PMID: 34667891 PMCID: PMC8520705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging is associated with a gradual physiological decline, including an imbalance in hormone profile, increased adiposity, and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, lifelong physical exercise mitigates aging, as observed in endurance-trained middle-aged athletes (EMA). Aim: We compared and associated testosterone, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and body fat in EMA and untrained age-matched individuals (UAM). Methods: Participants were EMA (n=25; 51.48±9.49 years) and UAM (n=23; 46.0±9.37 years). Both groups underwent body composition measurements (evaluated by a skinfold protocol) and blood sampling for IL-10 (assessed through ELISA® kit) and testosterone (assessed with Roche Diagnostics® kit, Mannheim, Germany, by chemiluminescence technique in a third-party laboratory). Results: EMA had lower body fat (14.15±3.82% vs. 23.42±4.95%; P<0.05), higher testosterone (751.68±191.45 ng/dL vs. 493.04±175.15 ng/dL; P<0.05), and higher IL-10 (8.00±1.21 pg/mL vs. 5.89±1.16 pg/mL; P<0.05) compared to UAM. A significant linear correlation was found between testosterone and IL-10 (r=0.56; P=0.001), whereas significant inverse correlations were observed between body fat and testosterone (r=–0.52; P=0.001) and body fat and IL-10 (r=–0.69; P=0.001). Conclusions: EMA had higher levels of IL-10 and testosterone and lower body fat in comparison with UAM. In addition, higher IL-10 was associated with increased levels of circulating testosterone and lower body fat. Relevance for Patients: The adoption of endurance training as part of a healthy lifestyle may contribute to decreasing age-related testosterone reduction, besides reducing markers of inflammaging, preventing the occurrence of chronic age-related diseases, and thus contributing to healthy aging. For people who already have chronic diseases, physical exercise can shift the immune system toward a more anti-inflammatory profile and, thus, improve their pathological condition. In both cases, physical exercise can help attenuate the decline in testosterone, decrease body fat, and increase anti-inflammatory levels.
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23
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Cannella V, Villar F, Serrat R, Tulle E. Psychosocial Aspects of Participation in Competitive Sports Among Older Athletes: A Scoping Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:e468-e480. [PMID: 34131715 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the last decade, sport has been considered a tool in active aging to maintain physical fitness, improve mental wellbeing and form social relationships among older people. However, a thorough psychosocial understanding of the phenomenon of older athletes competing in sports events is lacking. Most research has focused on competitive sports participation in the young population. This study analyzes the general state of knowledge of competitive sports participation among athletes aged 50 years and older from a psychosocial perspective. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We followed the five-step process outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and expanded by Levac and colleagues (2010). After the search in four electronic databases, 69 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The findings indicate that psychosocial research into older people's participation in competitive sports has grown moderately in the last decade. While intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects have dominated the academic psychosocial discourse on older athletes' competitive sports participation, aspects related to the environment/community and policy have largely been overlooked. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identified several critical gaps in the literature, classified into conceptual (e.g., lesser attention to personality, emotional and cognitive aspects), methodological (e.g., longitudinal studies almost absent), and diverse aspects (e.g., focus on a wide indiscriminate age range; few comparisons between types of sports; underrepresentation of some nation or world regions as well as few cross-national comparative studies). These research gaps hint at opportunities that future research on older people's participation in competitive sports should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cannella
- Department of Cognition, Development, and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Feliciano Villar
- Department of Cognition, Development, and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Serrat
- Department of Cognition, Development, and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Tulle
- Department of Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Deck S, Doherty A, Hall C, Schneider A, Patil S, Belfry G. Perceived Time, Frequency, and Intensity of Engagement and Older Masters Athletes' Subjective Experiences. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:653590. [PMID: 34113845 PMCID: PMC8185057 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.653590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Masters athletes are a unique group of older adults whose experiences may provide valuable insights into the role of sport for successful aging. The purpose of this study was to explore whether masters athletes' social and psychological experiences vary with their time, frequency, and perceived exertion in training and competition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 men and women older masters athletes, aged 50–79 years (M = 66), who were active at the competitive level across a variety of sports (e.g., volleyball, curling, rowing, dragon boating, running, swimming, and basketball) at the time of the study. Results indicate that all participants experienced social and psychological benefits from engaging in masters sport. Only the high-frequency engagement subgroup (participating five to seven times per week in training and/or competition) reported social downsides, in terms of missing time with family and friends outside of masters sport. However, some participants described the positive family support (e.g., spouse who endorses sport participation) that overrides some of the social costs. These findings have implications for realizing positive experiences with minimal engagement in masters sport, yet an apparent threshold of participation beyond which negative social consequences may be experienced. This is an important consideration for the design and promotion of sport for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Deck
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alison Doherty
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Hall
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Schneider
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Swarali Patil
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Glen Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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25
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Taveira HV, de Lira CAB, Andrade MS, Viana RB, Tanaka H, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Rosemann T, Vancini RL. Isokinetic Muscle Strength and Postural Sway of Recreationally Active Older Adults vs. Master Road Runners. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623150. [PMID: 33815138 PMCID: PMC8012768 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk muscle strength and control is an important prerequisite for everyday activities among elderly people decreasing the predisposition to falls. High levels of physical exercise performed by older athletes could offer benefits to core/trunk muscle strength and postural control compared with recreational physical activities and among elderly people with lower levels of physical activity. The present study aimed to compare trunk muscle strength and postural control of older running athletes vs. older physically active adults. Participants were master road runners (RUN, n = 15, six women, 64.3 ± 3.6 years) and physically active elderly (control group, CON, n = 15, six women, 65.4 ± 5.0 years) people that were submitted to the evaluations: esthesiometer, posturography (force plate), and isokinetic test (Biodex dynamometer) of trunk muscle extension and flexion. RUN presented higher values for relative peak torque of trunk extensor muscles at 60°/s (p = 0.046) and 180°/s (p = 0.007) and relative average power during trunk extension at 60°/s (p = 0.008) and 180°/s (p = 0.004) compared to CON. CON had a higher medial-lateral oscillation speed of the center of pressure in the stable condition with eyes closed (p = 0.004) compared to RUN. RUN presented higher isokinetic torque of extensor trunk muscles and better postural control than CON. This supposedly could help with postural control and balance and contribute to the prevention of falls among the elderly. The practice of running systematically by master athletes may partially explained our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique V Taveira
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Claudio A B de Lira
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marilia S Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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26
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Gifford JR, Collins J. Critical Speed throughout Aging: Insight into the World Masters Championships. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:524-533. [PMID: 33560767 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine how the speed-distance relationship, described by critical speed (CS) and distance prime (D'), is altered with aging. METHODS Official race data from the past eight World Masters Athletics Indoor Track and Field World Championships were used for this study. CS and D' were calculated for female and male athletes (35-90 yr of age) who registered times for the 800-, 1500-, and 3000-m runs during a single championship to determine the relationship between age and CS and D'. Twenty-six athletes completed sufficient races in multiple championships to retrospectively assess the change in CS and D' over time. RESULTS Cross-sectional data indicated that CS continuously decreases after age 35 yr in a curvilinear manner with advancing age (R2 = 0.73, P < 0.001, n = 187), with even greater decreases in CS occurring after ~70 yr of age. D' also changed in a curvilinear manner with age (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.001, n = 103), such that decreases were observed between 35 and 70 yr, followed by an increase in D' thereafter. Retrospective, longitudinal data, with an average follow-up of 6.38 ± 1.73 yr, support these findings, indicating that the annual decrease in CS grows with advancing age (e.g., ~1% vs ~3% annual decrease in CS at age 55 vs 80 yr, respectively) and that D' shifts from an annual decrease (e.g., ~2.5% annual decrease at 55 yr) to an annual increase (e.g., ~2.5% annual increase at 80 yr) around 70 yr of age. Importantly, the relationship between CS and race pace was unaffected by age, supporting the relevance of CS throughout aging. CONCLUSION Even among world-class athletes, CS decreases and D' changes with aging. These adaptations may contribute to the diminished exercise ability associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Collins
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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27
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Geard D, Rebar AL, Dionigi RA, Reaburn PRJ. Testing a Model of Successful Aging on Masters Athletes and Non-Sporting Adults. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:11-20. [PMID: 32027570 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1702146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To test confirmatory factor analyses of successful aging composed of physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning factors in masters athletes (n = 764) and non-sporting adults (n = 404), and compare the physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning of masters athletes versus non-sporting adults. Method: Self-reported cross-sectional data were analyzed with confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning latent factors significantly loaded onto a higher-order successful aging latent factor (p < .05). Masters athletes had higher physical and social functioning than non-sporting adults (p < .05). Psychological and cognitive functioning did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Successful aging should be considered as a multi-faceted construct consisting of different domains of functioning for both masters athletes and non-sporting adults. Masters athletes were aged successfully relative to the non-sporting adults across the physical and social functioning domains. Physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning domains constitute an appropriate model to use in future experimental research investigating the effect of masters sport for successful aging.
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28
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Geard D, Rebar AL, Dionigi RA, Rathbone E, Reaburn P. Effects of a 12-Week Cycling Intervention on Successful Aging Measures in Mid-Aged Adults. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:170-181. [PMID: 32097099 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1724861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effect of 12-weeks of cycling training and competition versus recreational cycling on successful aging across physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning domains in mid-aged adults. Methods: Recreational cyclists were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 13, M age = 47.18 years) and comparison (n = 13, M age = 46.91 years) group. Analysis of Covariance was used on self-reported pre-post data to determine changes across time and differences between groups on outcomes. Results: The intervention group scored higher on the role limitation due to physical problems measure of physical functioning (p = .045) and the social activity measure of social functioning (p = .008) with large effect sizes (ηp 2 > .14). The remaining physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning measures were not significantly different (p > .05) between groups with small to medium effect sizes (ηp 2 > .01 to ≤ .06). Conclusion: Cycling training and competition promotes better physical and social functioning than recreational cycling. This finding indicates that an intervention that incorporates the training and competition aspects of sport may promote positive outcomes that are above and beyond those that can be gained from participation in recreational physical activity. Objective measurements on larger samples across a broader range of sports are required to confirm and extend these findings.
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29
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Brilliant SL, Claver M, LaPlace P, Schlesinger C. Physical Activity and Aging: Exploring Motivations of Masters Swimmers. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:23337214211044658. [PMID: 35059471 PMCID: PMC8764399 DOI: 10.1177/23337214211044658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity benefits the health of older adults (e.g., lowering risk of cardiovascular disease, depression, dementia, and falls). However, less than one in four Americans meets guidelines for physical activity and inactivity increases with age. Masters athletes are exemplary because of their remarkable physical functioning. Swimming is a global, fast-growing sport in Masters athletics. This qualitative study explored motivations and barriers of 18 older adult members of a Masters swim club in Southern California. Guided by a primary research question: Why do Masters swimmers choose swim late in life, when most of their age cohort are becoming less physically active, semi-structured interviews delved into the lived experiences of the participants, and solicited peer feedback. Four main themes emerged: (1) I Just Love the Sensation of Being in the Water, (2) Tell Your Body What to Do Instead of the Other Way Around, (3) Make a Commitment to Your Friends That You're Going to be There, and (4) I've Never Gone This Long in My Life Without Swimming. Participants expressed longing and regret that they could not swim due to COVID risk and safety guidelines. These findings can be used to design community programs to promote lifelong physical activity participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Claver
- California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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30
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Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Vancini R, Gomes M, Sousa C. Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon-Comrades Marathon 1921-2019. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:638-644. [PMID: 33260248 DOI: 10.1055/a-1303-4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Participation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the 'Comrades Marathon' (South Africa), during a century (1921-2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90's. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - RodrigoLuiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gomes
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Portugal
| | - CaioVictor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, Brasília, Brazil
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31
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Newland A, Gitelson R, Legg WE. Examining the Relationship Between Mental Skills and Grit in Senior Olympic Athletes. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:658-667. [PMID: 32078998 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the challenge of consistent physical activity among aging adults, it is important to find ways to increase physical activity levels in this population. Participants in the Senior Olympic Games may extend their sport participation through the use of mental skills. This study examined the relationship between mental skills use by Senior Olympic Games participants and their grit, or passion and perseverance, toward a long-term goal. The participants in the Arizona Senior Olympic Games (n = 304) completed an online survey of mental skills use (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory) and grit (Grit Scale-Short). Based on the ongoing validity and reliability issues of the Grit Scale-Short, two regression models were examined, with consistency of interests (passion) and perseverance of effort (perseverance) as dependent variables. After controlling for age and sex, mental skills accounted for 15.2% of the variance in consistency of interests and 13.1% of the variability in perseverance of effort. The results are discussed in light of the findings.
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32
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Louis J, Vercruyssen F, Dupuy O, Bernard T. Nutrition for Master Athletes: Is There a Need for Specific Recommendations? J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:489-498. [PMID: 31743086 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes are often considered exemplars of successful aging, thanks to their capacity to maintain a high sports performance during their entire life. A high training capacity, regular participation in sporting competitions, and delayed alterations in body composition and physiological capacities have been listed among the main factors contributing to impressive master athletes' performances. However, there is a paucity of data on the metabolism and dietary habits of master athletes, and the question of whether they need to adapt their nutrition to the aging process remains open. Herein, the authors presented a contemporary overview of the metabolic challenges associated with aging, including the risk of low energy availability, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced immobilization. After assembling scientific evidence to show that master athletes must adapt their dietary intake, the authors proposed a summary of nutritional recommendations for master athletes and suggested the next stage of research.
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33
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Zembron-Lacny A, Dziubek W, Wolny-Rokicka E, Dabrowska G, Wozniewski M. The Relation of Inflammaging With Skeletal Muscle Properties in Elderly Men. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319841934. [PMID: 30939990 PMCID: PMC6448117 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319841934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass and/or the qualitative impairment of the muscle tissue. There is growing evidence of the prominent role of low-grade chronic inflammation in age-related changes in the neuromuscular system. The purpose of the study was to identify the inflammatory mediators responsible for deficit in functional fitness and to explain whether inflammation is related to changes in body composition and the decline of muscle strength in older men. Thirty-three old-aged males (73.5 ± 6.3 years) and twenty young-aged males (21.2 ± 1.3 years) participated in the study. The body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), functional capacity (6-min walking test) and knee extension strength (isokinetic test) were estimated. In serum, circulating inflammatory markers H2O2, IL-1β, TNFα, and hsCRP as well as growth factors IGF-I and PDGFBB concentrations were determined (immunoenzymatic methods). The concentrations of H2O2, IL-1β, TNFα, and hsCRP were significantly higher in older than young men. The growth factors IGF-I and PDGFBB were twofold lower and related to high levels of IL-1β and TNFα in the elderly. The changes in cytokines and growth factors levels were correlated with age and peak torque (TQ at 60°/s and 180°/s) in the knee extension. The result of the 6-min walking test was inversely correlated with fat mass index (FMI, r = −.983; p < .001). The generation of inflammatory mediators in older men was related to changes in body composition, maximum strength muscle, and age-related changes in skeletal muscle properties responsible for deficit in functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wioletta Dziubek
- 2 Department of Physiotherapy in Internal Diseases, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Wolny-Rokicka
- 1 Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, University of Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dabrowska
- 3 University of the Third Age, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Wozniewski
- 2 Department of Physiotherapy in Internal Diseases, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
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Horton S, Dionigi RA, Gard M, Baker J, Weir P, Deneau J. "You Can Sit in the Middle or Be One of the Outliers": Older Male Athletes and the Complexities of Social Comparison. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2617. [PMID: 31849748 PMCID: PMC6901620 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporting events for older adults are proliferating in both popularity and participation numbers, mirroring the growth that is occurring globally with an aging population. Preliminary evidence indicates that older athletes have a tendency to compare themselves (in terms of their performance, participation, and aging) to inactive older adults deemed “worse-off.” Our aim was to examine the stories and experiences of older, male Masters athletes, not only in terms of their own lives and in relation to others but also in the broader context of current (neoliberal) policies that promote sport across the lifespan. We use social comparison theory to interpret our findings and highlight the strengths and limitations of social comparison as a psychological strategy. For this study, 17 male competitive athletes (age range from 70 to 90 years) who participated in either the 2013 or 2017 World Masters Games were interviewed as part of a larger project on the meaning of sport in their lives. Seven different sports were represented, and participants hailed from multiple countries. Within the interpretive paradigm, we used qualitative methods to interview each participant, analyze individual transcripts, and develop common themes across the data set to address the aforementioned aims. Our two major themes were, Sport as social comparison:“It’s the competitive nature” and Downward comparisons. A number of participants commented on the nature of sport, and competitive sport in particular, as being important to their motivation to train and prepare. Within the theme of Downward comparisons, we established two categories: Resisting loss and Assigning blame. While downward comparisons were used by our participants to separate themselves from other seniors of the same age, thereby bolstering their sense of self, participants also tied those comparisons to neoliberal notions of individual and moral responsibility for health. Participants believed that compromised health was due to individual negligence and bad decisions, with little reference to uncontrollable factors, such as non-modifiable risk factors for disease, disability, and/or socioeconomic status, which could be affecting people’s lives or decisions. Ultimately, our findings show that the useful psychological strategy of social comparison for maintaining a positive sense of self and performance may also have some negative individual and societal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Horton
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Rylee A Dionigi
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Gard
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patti Weir
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan Deneau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Age-related decrease in performance of male masters athletes in sprint, sprint–endurance, and endurance events. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schott N, Krull K. Stability of Lifestyle Behavior - The Answer to Successful Cognitive Aging? A Comparison of Nuns, Monks, Master Athletes and Non-active Older Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1347. [PMID: 31231291 PMCID: PMC6567482 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies of the effect of physical activity on cognition demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and cognitive decline. However, such health behaviors are hardly invariable over time. The relative homogeneity of the adult lifestyle of nuns/monks as well as master athletes reduces the likelihood of confounding due to differences in their participation in regular life-long physical activities. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in cognitive functions between nuns/monks, master athletes and sedentary, but otherwise healthy older adults. Additionally, we examined associations between demographic variables (education, sex, age), BMI, physical activity, exercise, and fitness and cognitive performance. Methods: We recruited three groups of healthy participants without cognitive deficits: (1) Nuns/Monks (n = 20; age 77.5 ± 5.56; 5 M, 15 W), (2) Master Athletes (n = 20; age 76.5 ± 5.33; 12 M, 8 W), and (3) Sedentary (n = 20; 76.4 ± 5.96, 6 M, 14 W). Cognitive performance (working memory, inhibition) was measured with a n-back task and a flanker task, participation in physical activities with the "German-PAQ-50+," and physical fitness with the 30s chair stand and arm curl test. Results: As predicted, ANOVA comparing groups revealed the three groups differed in cognition, physical activity, and physical fitness with inactive older adults performing lower on all tests than the other two groups. Hierarchical regression analyses showed a positive influence of lifestyle stability on accuracy and reaction time for working memory and inhibitory performance. The highest correlation coefficients for fitness and cognitive performance emerged for the group of nuns and monks. Conclusion: Life-long stability of an active lifestyle may confer benefits to some aspects of working memory, attention, and inhibitory control. Longitudinal studies are recommended to further examine the causal relationship of lifestyle stability and cognitive function in such specific cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schott
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Krull
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ronkainen NJ, Ryba TV, Tonge C, Tikkanen OM. Coaches' reflections on the meaning and value of Masters athletics. J Aging Stud 2019; 49:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Due to their high physical functioning, masters athletes are regularly proposed to exemplify successful aging. However, successful aging research on masters athletes has never been undertaken using a multidimensional successful aging model. To determine the best model for future successful aging research on masters athletes, we had masters swimmers (N = 169, M age = 57.4 years, 61% women) self-report subjective successful aging, and physical, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning. Using this data we tested one hypothesized and three alternative successful aging models. The hypothesized model fit the data best (-2LL = 2052.32, AIC = 1717) with physical (β = 0.31, SE = 0.11), psychological (β = 0.25, SE = 0.11), and social (β = 1.20, SE = 0.63) functioning factors significantly loading onto a higher order successful aging latent factor. Successful aging should be conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon in future masters athlete research.
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Dionigi RA, Fraser-Thomas J, Stone RC, Gayman AM. Psychosocial development through Masters sport: What can be gained from youth sport models? J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1533-1541. [PMID: 29106335 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1400147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although sport participation is encouraged throughout the lifespan, little research has been conducted on the role of sport in development later in life. This qualitative study explored adults' experiences of development within the context of Masters sport. We interviewed 14 adults (nine men and five women) aged 46-61 years involved in Masters sport. Data was interpreted drawing upon frameworks from youth sport (i.e., Personal Assets Framework for Sport; Côté, J., Bruner, M., Strachan, L., Erickson, K., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athletes' development and coaching. In J. Lyle & C. Cushion (Eds.), Sport coaching: Professionalism and practice (pp. 63-83). Oxford, UK: Elsevier, Côté, J., Turnnidge, J., & Evans, M. B. (2014). The dynamic process of development through sport. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 20(3), 14-26, Côté, J., Turnnidge, J., & Vieerima, M. (2016). A personal assets approach to youth sport. In K. Green & A. Smith (Eds.), Routledge handbook of youth sport (pp. 243-255). New York, NY: Routledge; 4/5Cs of positive youth development; Lerner, R. M., Fisher, C. B., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000). Toward a science for and of the people: Promoting civil society through the application of developmental science. Child Development, 71(1), 11-20. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00113; Vierimaa, M., Erickson, K., Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2012). Positive youth development: A measurement framework for sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(3), 601-614. doi:10.1260/1747-9541.7.3.601), combined with past research on mid-life and older athletes. Six key themes emerged as contributing to adults' personal development through sport: competence and confidence, character, commitment, connection, cognition, and challenge. Masters sport contexts appeared to facilitate changes in assets (i.e., 6Cs) similar to those within youth sport, but assets often held different meanings within the context of later life. Applying frameworks from youth sport and developmental psychology to Masters sport contexts appears useful. The current findings support the modification of existing models and highlight their potential in identifying lifelong developmental outcomes of sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee A Dionigi
- a School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health , Charles Sturt University , Port Macquarie , NSW , Australia
| | - Jessica Fraser-Thomas
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Science , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Rachael C Stone
- c School of Kinesiology and Health Studies , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada
| | - Amy M Gayman
- d Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education , Wilfred Laurier University , Waterloo , ON , Canada
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40
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Fien S, Climstein M, Quilter C, Buckley G, Henwood T, Grigg J, Keogh JWL. Anthropometric, physical function and general health markers of Masters athletes: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3768. [PMID: 28894644 PMCID: PMC5592080 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Once the general decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance falls below specific thresholds, the middle aged or older adult will be diagnosed as having sarcopenia (a loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength). Sarcopenia contributes to a range of adverse events in older age including disability, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and falls. One potentially relevant but understudied population for sarcopenia researchers would be Masters athletes. Masters sport is becoming more common as it allows athletes (typically 40 years and older) the opportunity to participate in individual and/or team sports against individuals of similar age. This study examined a variety of measures of anthropometric, physical function and general health markers in the male and female Masters athletes who competed at the 2014 Pan Pacific Masters Games held on the Gold Coast, Australia. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to collect body fat percentage, fat mass and fat-free mass; with body mass, height, body mass index (BMI) and sarcopenic status also recorded. Physical function was quantified by handgrip strength and habitual walking speed; with general health described by the number of chronic diseases and prescribed medications. Between group analyses utilised ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests to examine the effect of age group (40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and >70 years old) on the outcome measures for the entire sample as well as the male and female sub-groups. A total of 156 athletes (78 male, 78 female; mean 55.7 years) provided informed consent to participate in this study. These athletes possessed substantially better anthropometric, physical function and general health characteristics than the literature for their less physically active age-matched peers. No Masters athletes were categorised as being sarcopenic, although one participant had below normal physical performance and six participants had below normal muscle strength. In contrast, significant age-related reductions in handgrip strength and increases in the number of chronic diseases and prescribed medications were observed for the overall cohort as well as the male and female sub-groups. Nevertheless, even those aged over 70 years only averaged one chronic disease and one prescribed medication. These results may suggest that participation in Masters sport helps to maintain anthropometry, physical function and general health in middle-aged and older adults. However, it is also possible that only healthier middle-aged and older adults with favourable body composition and physical function may be able to participate in Masters sport. Future research should therefore utilise longitudinal research designs to determine the health and functional benefits of Master sports participation for middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Fien
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Water Based Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia.,Exercise Health & Performance Faculty Research Group, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clodagh Quilter
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia.,Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Georgina Buckley
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia.,Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Timothy Henwood
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutritional Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Community Wellness and Lifestyle, Southern Cross Care (SA & NT) Inc., Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Josie Grigg
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia.,Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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