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Moderators of Change in Physical Activity Levels during Restrictions Due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Young Urban Adults. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12166392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate moderators of change in physical activity (PA) levels after 30 days (30-d) of restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults. This research is an extension of the CRO-PALS study and analyses for this study were performed on young adults (20–21 y.o., n = 91). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sport participation, student and socioeconomic status were assessed pre- and post-30-d restrictions. Differences in MVPA levels were examined using repeated-measures ANOVAs. After 30-d of restrictions, the drop in MVPA in females (−64.8 min/day, p = 0.006) and males was shown (−57.7 min/day, p < 0.00). However, active participants decreased, while non-active peers increased their MVPA level (−100.7 min/day, p < 0.00, and +48.9 min/day, p = 0.051, respectively). Moreover, students and non-students decreased their MVPA level (−69.0 min/day, p < 0.00, and −35.0 min/day, p = 0.22, respectively) as well as sport participants and non-sport participants (−95.3 min/day, p < 0.001, and −53.9 min/day, p < 0.00, respectively). Our results suggest that 30-d of restrictions equally affect females and males where the evident drop in MVPA is seen in both genders. However, active people decreased their PA level during lockdown and the opposite pattern was seen in non-active peers, where restrictions for them can represent an opportunity to change their behavior in a positive direction in order to gain better health status.
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Brusseau TA, Burns RD, Fu Y, Weaver RG. Impact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss. Child Obes 2019; 15:541-547. [PMID: 31364859 PMCID: PMC9208378 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Summer weight gain and fitness loss has been identified as a public health concern for children. The objective of this study was to compare changes in weight status and cardiovascular fitness in children attending year-round and traditional calendar schools. Methods: Participants were 321 children from a traditional and year-round school. BMI and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) Laps were collected during school. Multilevel general linear mixed-effects models were utilized to examine changes in BMI and PACER over the summer while also considering summer camp and sport participation. Results: Children had higher BMI z-scores during Fall 2018 compared with Spring 2018 (b = 0.09, p = 0.006). This effect was modified by Break Length, as students with 3-week (b = -0.09, p = 0.012) and 7-week breaks (b = -0.10, p = 0.003) displayed attenuated increases in BMI z-scores compared with 12-week breaks. For PACER Laps, students who participated in summer sports displayed improvements compared with nonparticipants (b = 4.6 laps, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Shorter summer breaks appear to have a protective effect on summer weight gain when compared with a traditional 12-week break. In addition, children who participated in organized sport over the summer did see a significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness. Schools might consider a year-round school calendar for its potential to protect against summer weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Brusseau
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Address correspondence to: Timothy A. Brusseau, PhD, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ryan D. Burns
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - You Fu
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Carlisle CC, Weaver RG, Stodden DF, Cattuzzo MT. Contribution of Organized Sport Participation to Health-Related Fitness in Adolescents. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19884191. [PMID: 31696145 PMCID: PMC6820164 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19884191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organized sport (OS) participation and health-related fitness (HRF) in adolescents. A total of 320 adolescents (176 boys) aged between 10 and 16 years reported their engagement in OS and were assessed on 5 components of HRF (cardiovascular endurance, push-ups, curl-ups, flexibility, and body mass index). Data on OS participation frequency and duration were collected through a self-reported questionnaire. Adolescents were stratified by OS participation (engaged, n = 113; nonengaged, n = 220; 55% boys). Nonparametric quantile regression models were used to estimate the differences in HRF by participation group. Less than 30% of the participants reported they were regularly engaged in OS. Frequency of participation ranged from 2 to 5 days per week (median = 2; SD = 3), and duration of participation ranged from 45 to 180 minutes per week (median = 81.7; SD = 32.4). Adolescents who participated in OS displayed better cardiovascular endurance (+4.1 laps completed), with no statistically significant difference detected on any other HRF component. Our results highlight engagement in OS as a promising strategy for achieving cardiovascular endurance. Engagement in OS alone does not seem to be sufficient to enhance fitness components other than cardiovascular endurance.
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Oliveira CB, Pinto RZ, Saraiva BTC, Tebar WR, Delfino LD, Franco MR, Silva CCM, Christofaro DGD. Effects of active video games on children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:4-12. [PMID: 31418915 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of active video games (AVGs) on obesity-related outcomes and physical activity levels in children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS Literature search was performed in five electronic databases and the main clinical trials registries. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of AVGs compared with no/minimal intervention on obesity-related outcomes (body mass index [BMI], body weight, body fat, and waist circumference) and physical activity levels of children and adolescents were eligible. Two independent reviewers extracted the data of each included study. PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias and GRADE approach to evaluate overall quality of evidence. Pooled estimates were obtained using random effect models. RESULTS Twelve studies were considered eligible for this review. Included studies mostly reported outcome data at short-term (less or equal than three months) and intermediate-term follow-up (more than 3 months, but <12 months). AVGs were more effective than no/minimal intervention in reducing BMI/zBMI at short-term (SMD = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.05) and intermediate-term follow-up (SMD = -0.36; 95% CI: -0.01 to -0.71). In addition, AVGs were more effective in reducing body weight compared with no/minimal intervention at intermediate-term follow-up (SMD = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.46 to -0.04). Regarding physical activity levels, AVGs were not more effective compared with minimal intervention at short-term and intermediate-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our review identified that AVGs were better than minimal intervention in reducing BMI and body weight, but not for increasing physical activity in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystian B Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rafael Z Pinto
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna T C Saraiva
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - William R Tebar
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Leandro D Delfino
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Claudiele C M Silva
- Department of Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Diego G D Christofaro
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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MacAlpine EM, Talwar D, Storey EP, Doroshow SM, Lawrence JTR. Weight Gain After ACL Reconstruction in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients. Sports Health 2019; 12:29-35. [PMID: 31487229 DOI: 10.1177/1941738119870192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent athletes who sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear have significantly reduced activity levels during recovery. Activity level is linked to body mass index (BMI); however, it is unclear how recovery from an ACL reconstruction (ACLR) affects relative BMI and whether these changes persist after return to activity. HYPOTHESIS Patients' BMI percentile will significantly increase after ACLR, but will trend toward baseline after return to activity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A retrospective review of 666 pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent ACLR was performed. Body mass was assessed by evaluating change in BMI percentile at 8 standard-of-care time windows relative to BMI percentile at time of surgery. Linear regression and bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the effect of time window and other demographic factors on the change in BMI percentile. These analyses were rerun after dividing patients by clinical obesity categorization (underweight, normal, overweight, or obese) at time of surgery to assess the effect of preinjury body mass levels. RESULTS BMI percentile of all BMI categories tended to increase postoperatively, peaking 6 to 9 months after surgery, with a median increase of 1.83 percentile points. After this peak, BMI approached baseline but remained elevated at 0.95 percentile points 2 years postoperatively. Beginning 3 months after surgery, the normal-weight group had significantly larger changes in BMI percentile at each time window, peaking at 4.15 points above baseline at 9 months. This BMI increase among normal-weight patients persisted in the second postoperative year, with a median percentile increase of 2.63 points. CONCLUSION Pediatric and adolescent patients, especially those with a normal BMI, undergo significant changes to their BMI during recovery from ACLR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patients' failure to return to their presurgical BMI percentile 2 years postoperatively suggests that ACLR may have long-reaching and often unappreciated effects on body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle M MacAlpine
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Divya Talwar
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eileen P Storey
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Doroshow
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Todd R Lawrence
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Interest and participation in organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents continue to grow. Because of increased participation, and younger entry age, in organized sports, appropriate practice, game schedules, and content become more important, taking into account athlete developmental stage and skills. Parental support for organized sports in general, with focus on development and fun instead of winning, has emerged as a key factor in the athlete's enjoyment of sports. Schools and community sports organizations who support multiple levels of sport (eg, recreational, competitive, elite) can include more youth who want to play sports and combat sport dropout. This report reviews the benefits and risks of organized sports as well as the roles of schools, community organizations, parents, and coaches in organized sports. It is designed to complement the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical reports "Physical Activity Assessment and Counseling in Pediatric Clinical Settings" and "Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes" by reviewing relevant literature on healthy organized sports for youth and providing guidance on organized sport readiness and entry. The report also provides guidance for pediatricians on counseling parents and advocating for healthy organized sports participation.
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Kabiri LS, Rodriguez AX, Perkins-Ball AM, Diep CS. Organized Sports and Physical Activities as Sole Influencers of Fitness: The Homeschool Population. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4010013. [PMID: 33467328 PMCID: PMC7739429 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeschool children may rely solely on organized sports and physical activities to achieve recommended levels of physical activity and fitness. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in fitness levels between homeschool children who did, and did not, participate in organized sports or physical activities, and then examine relationships between hours per week in sports or physical activities and cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by portions of the FitnessGram® test battery. Organized sports/physical activity participation information was gathered on 100 children ages 10-17 years who completed tests of upper, abdominal, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The current investigation revealed that participation alone was not associated with higher levels of physical fitness as assessed by the 90° push-up test or curl-up test nor was time in participation related to cardiorespiratory fitness as assessed by the Progressive Aerobic Capacity Endurance Run (PACER). These activities alone may be insufficient for meeting physical activity recommendations and improving physical fitness. Therefore, children and adolescents educated at home may need additional opportunities to participate in unstructured daily physical activity.
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8
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Lee JE, Pope Z, Gao Z. The Role of Youth Sports in Promoting Children's Physical Activity and Preventing Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review. Behav Med 2018; 44:62-76. [PMID: 27337530 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2016.1193462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth sport participation plays an important role in promoting physical activity among children and may be a possible venue for the prevention of pediatric obesity. To design effective physical activity interventions, it is imperative to understand how different aspects of sport participation influence physical activity (PA). The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the impact of youth sport participation on children's PA and obesity status. A total of 44 studies published up to January 2014 concerning youth sport participation, PA, and obesity status were identified. Inclusion criteria were studies comparing PA levels of sport participants to nonparticipants or those comparing PA levels in different sport types and settings. Studies with the outcome variables of obesity status (e.g., body mass index, fat percentage, waist circumference) were also included. Participation in youth sport was positively associated with children's PA levels, and youth participating in sports were more likely to persist in their PA. However, the relationship between youth sport participation and obesity status was inconclusive. Educators and sports professionals should find ways to involve children in various sports settings and policies and help obese children engage more in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota
| | - Zachary Pope
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota
| | - Zan Gao
- a School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota
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9
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Sun H, Vamos CA, Flory SS, DeBate R, Thompson EL, Bleck J. Correlates of long-term physical activity adherence in women. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:434-442. [PMID: 30356617 PMCID: PMC6189252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the factors that may influence women's adherence to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using longitudinal data. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of long-term physical activity (PA) participation among women. METHODS Female data from Waves I, III, and IV (n = 5381) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were used for the analysis. The outcome of PA adherence was operationalized as (1) consistently physically active (at least 5 instances during the week) in both Waves III and IV (during adulthood), and (2) consistently not physically active or only physically active in either Wave III or IV. Predictor variables from Wave I (during adolescence) included race/ethnicity, PA level, self-perception of being physically fit, general health status, attempt to change weight, parents' income level, parents' education, well-being, depression, access to PA resources, days of physical education (PE), and grade level. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the outcome variable. RESULTS PA levels during adolescence significantly predicted PA adherence (aOR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.35-2.05). Additionally, wanting to lose weight (aOR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.20-1.85), using fitness center in the neighborhood (aOR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.05-1.58), and having 5 days of PE a week (aOR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.09-2.02) were significant predictors. Women who did not perceive being physically fit (aOR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.44-0.95) and Black, non-Hispanics (aOR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.44-0.82) were less likely to adhere to PA. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that physically active adolescents were more likely to become active adults. Future research should address interventions (e.g., PE program, community resources) that may promote lifetime PA in women, with the goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichun Sun
- Department of Teaching and Learning, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Vamos
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sara S.B. Flory
- Department of Teaching and Learning, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Rita DeBate
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Erika L. Thompson
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jennifer Bleck
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Nazaruk D, Tedders SH, Alfonso ML, Vogel RL. The Determinants of Physical Activity in Rural Women, Aged 20 to 44 Years, in Georgia. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2017; 40:11-17. [PMID: 27870748 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity rates in rural women are very low. The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of physical activity in rural women aged 20 to 44 years. A survey was used to collect data on a cluster sample of 184 participants. This study was guided by Self-Determination Theory. Survey data suggest that the highest type of motivation was identified regulation, and husband's support had the strongest effect on physical activity. Findings suggest that a history of sports participation can lead to the formation of intrinsic motivation. The results will assist in developing effective physical activity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziyana Nazaruk
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro
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11
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Williams WM, Yeo S. Is Attitude a Key Factor to Consider When Designing Physical Activity Interventions for Black Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798414551790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases continue to be disproportionately higher in Black women in comparison with other ethnic groups, with physical inactivity being linked to the growing incidences of many of these diseases. The review of the literature indicates that attitude which is shaped by beliefs, self-efficacy, and cultural factors is a key variable in promoting physical activity (PA) in Black adolescent girls. Specific aims of this review were to identify PA interventions designed specifically for adolescent girls, with an emphasis on Black adolescent girls, and to identify what factor promotes PA in this group. The long-term goal is to use the information from this review to design effective PA programs aimed at Black adolescent girls. Physical activity and fitness were improved in four of the interventions in this review that focused on enhanced self-efficacy, goal setting, social support, and measures aimed at changing attitudes. Overall, this review shows that more effective interventions targeting Black adolescent girls are needed that consider the cultural factors (beliefs, self-efficacy, and family dynamics) that shape one’s attitude toward being physically active.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - SeonAe Yeo
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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12
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Bohr AD, Brown DD, Laurson KR, Smith PJK, Bass RW. Relationship between socioeconomic status and physical fitness in junior high school students. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2013; 83:542-547. [PMID: 23834605 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on physical fitness often regards socioeconomic status (SES) as a confounding factor. However, few studies investigate the impact of SES on fitness. This study investigated the impact of SES on physical fitness in both males and females, with an economic-based construct of SES. METHODS The sample consisted of 954 6th, 7th, and 8th graders from a public, urban, Illinois middle school. The students participated in the FITNESSGRAM battery of fitness assessments as part of physical education. Descriptive statistics were calculated for height, weight, age, and sex. Students were grouped as high or low SES depending on whether they qualified for the federal free lunch program. A multivariate analysis of variance controlled for age and stratified by sex compared the raw scores from the fitness test for low and high SES students. Odds ratios stratified by sex were calculated for the likelihood of not achieving the FITNESSGRAM Healthy Fitness Zone standards among SES groups. RESULTS Girls of the low SES group had significantly lower scores on the FITNESSGRAM assessments and were significantly less likely to achieve Healthy Fitness Zone status than the girls from the high SES groups. For boys, SES was a significant main effect for body composition but not for the other fitness tests conducted. CONCLUSION SES is related to physical fitness in girls but not in boys. A potential explanation for this is that boys are more likely to engage in vigorous leisure time activity regardless of SES than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Bohr
- University of Colorado at Boulder, 4185 47th St., Unit C, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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13
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Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Stracciolini A, Hewett TE, Micheli LJ, Best TM. Exercise deficit disorder in youth: a paradigm shift toward disease prevention and comprehensive care. Curr Sports Med Rep 2013; 12:248-55. [PMID: 23851413 PMCID: PMC4137789 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0b013e31829a74cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widely recognized benefits of daily play, recreation, sports, and physical education on the physical and psychosocial well-being of children and adolescents, many contemporary children and adolescents worldwide do not meet the recommendations for daily physical activity (PA). The decline in PA seems to start early in life, which leads to conditions characterized by reduced levels of PA in the pediatric population that are inconsistent with current public health recommendations. Unlike many other diseases and disorders in pediatrics, physical inactivity in youth is unique in that it currently lacks a clinical gold standard for diagnosis. This makes the diagnosis and treatment medically challenging, though no less important, as the resultant ramifications of a missed diagnosis are of significant detriment. Exercise-deficient children need to be identified early in life and treated with developmentally appropriate exercise programs designed to target movement deficiencies and physical weaknesses in a supportive environment. Without such interventions early in life, children are more likely to become resistant to our interventions later in life and consequently experience adverse health consequences. Integrative approaches that link health care professionals, pediatric exercise specialists, school administrators, community leaders, and policy makers may provide the best opportunity to promote daily PA, reinforce desirable behaviors, and educate parents about the exercise-health link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Foss KB, Xu Y, Khoury J, Dolan LM, McCambridge TM, Hewett TE. Injury initiates unfavourable weight gain and obesity markers in youth. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:1477-81. [PMID: 23673521 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association of knee injuries with subsequent changes in body mass index and body composition during maturation in young females. METHODS A prospective longitudinal study design was employed to evaluate young females active in soccer or basketball (N=862). Participants who completed at least 1-year follow-up to provide consecutive annual measures of BMIZ and %fat were included in the study analysis to determine the effect of knee injuries on the trajectory of these obesity markers in youth. RESULTS Of the 71 reported knee injuries, 12 (17%) occurred in athletes at the prepubertal stage, 24 (34%) in athletes at the pubertal stage, and 35 (49%) in postpubertal athletes. Controlling for the effects of maturation, female athletes who reported knee injury demonstrated a greater yearly increase in BMIZ (LS means and 95% CI for the injured group=0.039 (-0.012 to 0.089), for the non-injured group=-0.019 (-0.066 to 0.029), and group difference=0.057 (0.005 to 0.11), p=0.03) and in %body fat (LS means and 95% CI for the injured group=1.05 (0.45 to 1.65), for the non-injured group=0.22 (-0.21 to 0.064), and group difference=0.83 (0.21 to 1.45), p=0.009), compared to those without knee injuries. This indicates that the athletes with knee injuries will increase their body mass index percentile by up to 5 units more than someone of the same age without an injury, and in body fat by up to 1.5%, compared to their non-injured peers. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that knee injury during the growing years may be associated with unfavourable changes in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Athletic Training Division, School of Allied Medical Professions, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kim Barber Foss
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Division of Health Sciences, Department of Athletic Training, College of Mount St. Joseph, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jane Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence M Dolan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Teri M McCambridge
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Family Medicine and of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Kremer P, Elshaug C, Leslie E, Toumbourou JW, Patton GC, Williams J. Physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depression among children and young adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:183-7. [PMID: 23648221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescent mental disorders remain a relatively neglected area of research, despite evidence that these conditions affect youth disproportionately. We examined associations between physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depressive symptoms among Australian children and adolescents. DESIGN Large cross-sectional observational study. METHODS Self-reported physical activity and leisure-time screen behaviours, and depressive symptoms using the Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire were assessed in 8256 students aged 10-16 years (mean age=11.5 years, SD=0.8). RESULTS Thirty three percent of the sample reported moderate to high depressive symptoms, with rates higher among females (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.36; p=0.001). Increased opportunities to be active at school outside class (OR=0.70; 0.58, 0.85; p<0.001), being active in physical education classes (OR=0.77; 0.69, 0.86; p<0.001), greater involvement in sports teams at school (OR=0.77; 0.67, 0.88; p<0.001) and outside of school (OR=0.84; 0.73, 0.96; p=0.01) were all independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. Meeting recommended guidelines for physical activity (OR=0.62; 0.44, 0.88; p=0.007) and, for 12-14 year olds, leisure-time screen use (OR=0.77; 0.59, 0.99; p=0.04) were also independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of physical activity among children and young adolescents, and lower levels of leisure-time screen use among young adolescents, are associated with lower depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the causal relationships between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kremer
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
| | | | - Eva Leslie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- School of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Deakin University, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Williams
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Dowda M, Pfeiffer KA, Lobelo F, Porter DE, Pate RR. Cardiorespiratory fitness and proximity to commercial physical activity facilities among 12th grade girls. J Adolesc Health 2012; 50:497-502. [PMID: 22525114 PMCID: PMC3336089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between proximity to commercial physical activity (PA) facilities and cardiorespiratory fitness of 12th grade girls. METHODS Adolescent girls (n = 786, 60% African American, mean age = 17.6 ± .6 years) performed a submaximal fitness test (Physical Work Capacity 170 test). Commercial PA facilities were mapped and counted within a .75-mile street-network buffer around girls' homes using Geographic Information Systems. Sedentary activities and vigorous physical activity (≥6 metabolic equivalents) were determined by the average number of 30-minute blocks reported per day on the 3-Day Physical Activity Recall. Mixed model regressions were calculated using school as a random variable. RESULTS Girls had higher weight-relative Physical Work Capacity 170 test scores if there was a commercial PA facility (n = 186, 12.4 ± 4.2 kg m/min/kg) within a .75-mile street-network buffer of home as compared with girls without a nearby facility (n = 600, 11.2 ± 3.6 kg m/min/kg). After adjusting for demographic variables, sports participation, sedentary behaviors, and vigorous physical activity, having one or more commercial PA facilities within a .75-mile street-network buffer of homes was significantly related to cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS Both with and without adjustment for covariates, the presence of a commercial PA facility within a .75-mile street-network buffer of a girl's home was associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Nelson TF, Stovitz SD, Thomas M, LaVoi NM, Bauer KW, Neumark-Sztainer D. Do youth sports prevent pediatric obesity? A systematic review and commentary. Curr Sports Med Rep 2011; 10:360-70. [PMID: 22071397 PMCID: PMC4444042 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0b013e318237bf74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sport is a promising setting for obesity prevention among youth, but little is known about whether it prevents obesity. We reviewed research comparing sport participants with nonparticipants on weight status, physical activity, and diet. Among 19 studies, we found no clear pattern of association between body weight and sport participation. Among 17 studies, we found that sport participants are more physically active than those who do not participate. We found seven studies that compared the diet of sport participants with non-participants. These studies reported that youth involved in sport were more likely to consume fruits, vegetables, and milk, and also more likely to eat fast food and drink sugar-sweetened beverages and consume more calories overall. It is unclear from these results whether sports programs, as currently offered, protect youth from becoming overweight or obese. Additional research may foster understanding about how sport, and youth sport settings, can help promote energy balance and healthy body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toben F. Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Steven D. Stovitz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Suite 420, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Megan Thomas
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Nicole M. LaVoi
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 203 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine W. Bauer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454
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WALL MEGANI, CARLSON SUSANA, STEIN ARYEHD, LEE SARAHM, FULTON JANETE. Trends by Age in Youth Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:2140-7. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31821f561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johnson KE, Taliaferro LA. Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms among middle and older adolescents: a review of the research literature. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2011; 16:235-51. [PMID: 21951351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the review was to describe current knowledge regarding relationships between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Inverse relationships were found between PA, particularly sports participation, and depressive symptoms. Limitations of the current research are discussed, including measurement issues. A major gap exists regarding research with youth at high risk for depressive symptoms and low levels of PA, including older, low-income, minority females. Future research should focus on high-risk populations such as youth attending alternative high schools. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses should consider promoting PA among middle and older adolescents as a way to prevent depressive symptoms and consider integrating PA into care plans for those experiencing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Johnson
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Mak KK, Day JR. Secular trends of sports participation, sedentary activity and physical self-perceptions in Hong Kong adolescents, 1995-2000. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1731-4. [PMID: 20586996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the 5-year secular changes in sports participation, sedentary activity, and physical self-perceptions among Hong Kong adolescents. METHODS A total of 2932 and 5692 secondary students, aged 13-18 participated in the Health Related Behavior General (HRBG) Survey in 1995-1996 and 2000-2001, respectively. Extracurricular sports participation at least weekly or as a team member (none, 1-2 events, 3 or more events), sedentary activities (0-1 h/day, 2 h/day or more) including television/video watching and homework were assessed. Additionally, physical self-perceptions, physical fitness (fit/very fit, moderately fit, unfit/very unfit) and body weight (intention to lose weight, satisfied, intention to gain weight) were reported. Secular trends of sports participation, and sedentary activities and physical self-perceptions were assessed. RESULTS During the 5 years, the prevalence of sports participation (at least weekly or membership) decreased significantly in boys. The prevalence of both TV/video watching and homework for at least 2 h/day increased significantly in both sexes. The prevalence of being unfit/very unfit increased significantly in girls. No significant secular difference in weight perception was observed for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Sports participation decreased and sedentary activities increased during the 5-year period. Physical self-perceptions did not change significantly, except an increase in being physically unfit was observed in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kei Mak
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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