1
|
Garbeloto F, Maia J, Barreira TV, Hedeker D, Chaput JP, Garganta R, Farias C, Santos R, Stodden DF, Tani G, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S. Is there an association between proficiency in fundamental movement skills and mderate-to-vigorous physical activity in childhood on weekdays and weekends? The REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24085. [PMID: 38622994 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study probes into the association between children's fundamental movement skills (FMS) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during weekdays and weekends. METHODS This cross-sectional sample included 1014 children aged 6-10 years from the REACT project. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometry, and five FMS (stationary dribble, kick, catch, overhand throw, and underhand roll) were assessed with the digital platform Meu Educativo®. Three groups were formed based on the frequency of FMS that each child mastered: group 1 (wizard level in four or five FMS); group 2 (wizard level in two or three FMS); and group 3 (wizard level in at most one skill). Multilevel models were used to analyze the data treating children (level-1) nested within schools (level-2). RESULTS Compared to group 1, groups 2 (-12.9 ± 2.3 min day-1) and 3 (-23.9 ± 2.4 min day-1) were less physically active during weekdays and weekends (group 2: -14.7 ± 2.7 min day-1 and group 3: -22.4 ± 2.9 min day-1), independent of age and sex. There was a decline in MVPA during the weekend. Further, on average, boys were more active than girls, and with increasing age, children were less active. CONCLUSION On average, children with higher FMS levels are generally more physically active than their peers with lower FMS levels. Even though MVPA tends to decline on weekends, FMS proficiency is a significant factor in maintaining 60 min of MVPA on weekends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garbeloto
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maia J, Santos C, Pereira S, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Garbeloto F, Tani G, Cruz H, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Katzmarzyk PT. A multivariate multilevel approach to unravel the associations between individual and school factors on children's motor performance in the REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24080. [PMID: 38562064 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to (1) estimate the relationship between physical fitness (PF) and object control fundamental movement skills (FMS), (2) identify child characteristics that relate with PF and FMS, and (3) examine associations between the school environment, PF, and FMS. METHODS The sample included 1014 Portuguese children aged 6-10 years from the REACT project. PF was assessed via running speed, shuttle run, standing long jump, handgrip, and the PACER test. Object control FMS were assessed with stationary dribble, kick, catch, overhand throw, and underhand roll. Test performances were transformed into z-scores, and their sum was expressed as overall PF and FMS. Child-level variables included body mass index (BMI) z-scores, accelerometer-measured sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and socioeconomic status (SES). School size, physical education classes, practice areas, and equipment were also assessed. RESULTS Approximately, 90% of the variance in object control PF and FMS was at the child level, and 10% at the school level. The correlation between PF and object control FMS was .62, which declined to .43 with the inclusion of covariates. Older, more active, and higher SES children had higher object control PF and FMS, and boys outperformed girls. BMI was negatively associated with PF but not with object control FMS. Sedentary time and number of physical education classes were not significant predictors. Most school predictors did not jointly associate with PF and object control FMS. CONCLUSION PF and object control FMS z-scores were moderately related. Not all child characteristics were associated with both PF and object control FMS, and their effect sizes were different. School characteristics only explained 10% of the total variation in PF and object control FMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cruz
- Matosinhos City-Hall, Division of Innovation, Education and Pedagogy, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moon J, Webster CA, Stodden DF, Brian A, Mulvey KL, Beets M, Egan CA, McIntosh LIF, Merica CB, Russ L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity interventions to increase elementary children's motor competence: a comprehensive school physical activity program perspective. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:826. [PMID: 38491432 PMCID: PMC10943790 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular participation in physical activity (PA) benefits children's health and well-being and protects against the development of unhealthy body weight. A key factor in children's PA participation is their motor competence (MC). The comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) framework offers a way to classify existing PA interventions that have included children's MC development and understand the potential avenues for supporting children's MC. However, there have been no systematic reviews or meta-analyses of PA interventions and their effects on the MC of elementary school children (aged 5-12 years) from a CSPAP perspective. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) for articles on 29 November 2021. The CSPAP framework was used to categorize the different intervention approaches. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020179866). RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included in the review, and twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. A wide range of PA intervention approaches (e.g., single component or multicomponent) within the context of the CSPAP framework appear to be promising pathways in enhancing children's MC. The results of the aggregate meta-analysis presented that effect sizes for the development of MC from pre-and post- intervention ranged from moderate to large (Hedges' g = 0.41-0.79). The analysis revealed that the predicted moderators, including study length, delivery agent, and study design, did not result in statistically significant moderate variations in MC outcomes. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity in study design, instruments, and study context, and studies were implemented in over 11 countries across diverse settings. CONCLUSIONS This study uniquely contributes to the literature through its primary focus on the effectiveness of PA interventions on elementary children's MC. This review emphasizes the importance of customizing CSPAP to fit the specific characteristics of each school setting, including its environmental, demographic, and resource attributes. The effectiveness of CSPAP, particularly its physical education (PE) component, is significantly enhanced when these programs are adapted to address the unique needs of each school. This adaptation can be effectively achieved through targeted professional teacher training, ensuring that PE programs are not only contextually relevant but also optimized for maximum impact in diverse educational environments. Researchers and practitioners should pursue how to effectively translate the evidence into practice to better conceptualize CSPAPs designed for children's MC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Moon
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Collin A Webster
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ali Brian
- Department of Educational and Developmental Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kelly Lynn Mulvey
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael Beets
- Department of Exercise Science in Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cate A Egan
- College of Education, Health and Human Sciences Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Lori Irene Flick McIntosh
- College of Education, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Lander University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Christopher B Merica
- College of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Laura Russ
- Indepedent Researcher, Unaffiliated, Wilmington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pereira S, Katzmarzyk PT, Garbeloto F, Chaput JP, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Borges R, Garganta R, Santos C, Farias C, Stodden DF, Tani G, Maia J. Individual and school correlates of body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness in primary school children from the REACT project: A multivariate multilevel analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24065. [PMID: 38476020 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper examines the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) using a multivariate multilevel approach and investigates the links between individual and school-related correlates with children's BMI and CRF. METHODS This cross-sectional sample included 1014 children (6-10 years) from 25 Portuguese primary schools. BMI was calculated, and CRF was assessed with the PACER test. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) included five object control tasks. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep, and sedentary time were assessed with the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer. Socioeconomic status (SES) and school variables were also obtained. A multivariate multilevel model was used, and alpha was set at 5%. RESULTS BMI and CRF systematically increased with age. Most of the joint variance (94.4%) was explained at the child level, and BMI and CRF were correlated at this level (ρ = -.37). More active children demonstrated higher CRF levels and had lower BMI levels; sedentary and sleep time were not significantly associated with BMI or CRF. FMS were positively associated with CRF but were not significantly associated with BMI. Children at higher SES were more fit and had lower BMI than their peers of lower SES. Finally, school-level variables were not significantly related to BMI and CRF. CONCLUSION BMI and CRF had a low but statistically significant negative correlation in this sample of children. Most of the variation in BMI and CRF was explained by child-level characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Exercise Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Renata Borges
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hand AF, Hong S, Pfeifer CE, Stodden DF, Haugen KH, Terlizzi BM, Abrams TC, Yee K, Spaulding D, Dubina M, Bellon CR, Grieve GL, Sole CJ, Sacko RS. The Functional Movement Screen and Self-reported Injury in Senior Military College Cadets. Mil Med 2024; 189:e242-e249. [PMID: 37506177 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secular trend of increasing musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) across all branches of the U.S. Military is a critical limiting factor in the effective and efficient process of preparing military personnel for combat. The need to evaluate functional capacity beyond current physical fitness test (PFT) standards is the key in understanding an individual's risk of noncombat-related injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between Functional Movement ScreenTM (FMS) scores, incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, and standardized PFT scores among freshman Cadets during their first 10 weeks of enrollment at a senior military college. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two participants (72 male and 10 female participants; mage: 18.2 years) completed the FMS, an institution-specific PFT (2-min maximum pushups, 2-min maximum abdominal crunches, and 1.5 mile timed run), and an Incidence of Injury and Incidence of Pain Questionnaire. Independent t-tests, Spearman's rank correlation coefficients logistic regression analysis, and Receiver Operator Curves were performed to evaluate relationships between the study variables. RESULTS FMS composite and PFT sex-normed total scores were higher in females (16.4, 236.1) than in males (15.0, 204.9). Ninety percent of all females reported injury or pain during the 10-week survey period compared to 48% of males. CONCLUSIONS No significant difference between FMS scores and injury and pain was found within both sex groups. Therefore, use of the composite FMS score as an indicator for risk of injury or to predetermine PFT performance is not recommended for this study's population. The rate of incidence of injury or pain in Cadets during a 10-week enrolment period is high. Females outperformed males in the FMS and PFT and reported higher rates of injury and pain. The utility of the FMS may be limited when substantially scaled for implementation across entire military populations. Future research should evaluate performance associations of the FMS with Army Combat Fitness Test components in a population of equally distributed sex and race.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fraley Hand
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Siqi Hong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Craig E Pfeifer
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kasee H Haugen
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Bryan M Terlizzi
- Department of Education and Kinesiology, Limestone University, Gaffney, SC 29340, USA
| | - T Cade Abrams
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kimbo Yee
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Daniel Spaulding
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mason Dubina
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Christopher R Bellon
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - George L Grieve
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Christopher J Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Palmer KK, Pennell A, Terlizzi B, Nunu MA, Stodden DF, Robinson LE. Performance Metrics From Product-Oriented Measures of Fundamental Motor Skills-A Comparison and Developmental Perspective. J Mot Learn Dev 2023; 11:401-423. [PMID: 38500698 PMCID: PMC10947211 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study (a) examined the associations among different performance metrics derived from different strategies (i.e., maximum and average scores) and trials from product-oriented measures of motor skills, and (b) explored how different performance metrics from product-oriented assessments of motor skills change in young children with typical development. Children (N = 279; 156 girls; Mage = 4.44 years) completed a battery of product-oriented assessments for throwing (in meters per second, five trials); kicking (in meters per second, five trials); jumping (in centimeters, five trials); running (in meters per second, two trials); and hopping (in meters per second, four trials-two preferred foot, two nonpreferred foot). A total of 36 performance metrics were derived-throw (n = 7), kick (n = 7), jump (n = 7), run (n = 4), and hop (n = 11). Intraclass correlations examined reliability among performance metrics for each skill; linear mixed models examined whether variations changed across early childhood. There was excellent reliability among all performance metrics for each skill (all ICC> .90). Linear mixed models revealed that children's motor performance improved for two metrics of the throw, five variations of the jump, and three metrics of the hop (all p <.05). Researchers should be aware that some performance metrics from product-oriented assessments (e.g., maximum and average of three or five trials) are highly related and change, whereas others do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Palmer
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam Pennell
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael A Nunu
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Leah E Robinson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaput JP, Pereira S, Katzmarzyk PT, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Garbeloto F, Tani G, Stodden DF, Maia J. Sleep and fundamental movement skills in primary schoolchildren: The REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2023:e24019. [PMID: 37990287 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether sleep is related to fundamental movement skills (FMS) in the pediatric population is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association between sleep characteristics (duration, efficiency, regularity) and FMS proficiency levels in school-aged children. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 996 children (mean age: 8.3 ± 1.2 years) from 25 of the 32 primary schools in Matosinhos, northern Portugal. Data collection occurred between January and June 2022. Sleep was assessed using an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer worn on the wrist for 7 consecutive days. FMS proficiency levels were assessed in the schools with a new digital platform (Meu Educativo®) that evaluated five object control skills (dribble, kick, catch, throw, and underhand roll), with a total score ranging between 5 and 15. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression was used to test the associations between sleep characteristics and FMS proficiency levels. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index z-score, socioeconomic status, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. RESULTS The results showed that sleep characteristics (duration, efficiency, and regularity) were not related to FMS proficiency. Being a boy, older age, and higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels were all significantly associated with better FMS proficiency levels. There were no significant sex-by-age interactions. CONCLUSION Sleep was not found to be related to FMS performance in children. This finding suggests that sleep is not a good correlate of FMS proficiency levels in school-aged children, and attention should be dedicated to other more important factors such as skill-learning-specific physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedeker D, Pereira S, Garbeloto F, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Maia J, Katzmarzyk PT. Statistical analysis of the longitudinal fundamental movement skills data in the REACT project using the multilevel ordinal logistic model. Am J Hum Biol 2023:e24015. [PMID: 37982324 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The REACT project was designed around two main aims: (1) to assess children's growth and motor development after the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to follow their fundamental movement skills' developmental trajectories over 18 months using a novel technological device (Meu Educativo®) in their physical education classes. In this article, our goal is to describe statistical analysis of the longitudinal ordinal motor development data that was obtained from these children using the multilevel ordinal logistic model. METHODS Longitudinal ordinal data are often collected in studies on motor development. For example, children or adolescents might be rated as having poor, good, or excellent performance levels in fundamental movement skills, and such ratings may be obtained yearly over time to assess changes in fundamental movement skills levels of performance. However, such longitudinal ordinal data are often analyzed using either methods for continuous outcomes, or by dichotomizing the ordinal outcome and using methods for binary data. These approaches are not optimal, and so we describe in detail the use of the multilevel ordinal logistic model for analysis of such data from the REACT project. Our intent is to provide an accessible description and application of this model for analysis of ordinal motor development data. DISCUSSION Our analyses show both the between-subjects and within-subjects effects of age on motor development outcomes across three timepoints. The between-subjects effect of age indicate that children that are older have higher motor development ratings, relative to thoese that are younger, whereas the within-subject effect of age indicates higher motor development ratings as a child ages. It is the latter effect that is particularly of interest in longitudinal studies of motor development, and an important advantage of using the multilevel ordinal logistic model relative to more traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garbeloto F, Pereira S, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Garganta R, Hedeker D, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. Validity and reliability of Meu Educativo®: A new tool to assess fundamental movement skills in school-aged children. Am J Hum Biol 2023:e24011. [PMID: 37962092 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is evidence showing that children's proficiency in fundamental movement skills (FMS) is positively related to weight status, physical activity, fitness levels, cognitive development, as well as academic performance. Yet, the feasibility of FMS assessment is challenging, especially with relatively large samples of children. This article presents a new tool named Meu Educativo® to assess children's FMS levels, including its validity and reliability. METHODS We relied on the validity evidence approach based on test content to develop the FMS assessment checklist and the rating system with a team of experts. In this article, we used five FMS (stationary dribbling, kick, overhand throw, catch the ball, and underhand roll). Further, we conducted a series of reliability studies and used percent agreement and Cohen's kappa (κ) as statistics. RESULTS Experts agreed highly on the checklist's components in the five FMS. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.63 for stationary dribbling to 0.93 for overhand throw, and the intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.94. CONCLUSION Based on the first results, Meu Educativo® was not only easy to use, but was also a reliable tool for FMS assessments. Notwithstanding the need for future studies, Meu Educativo® is a new tool that can be used by teachers, coaches, and motor development specialists dealing with school-aged children and researchers working with large samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brian A, Taunton Miedema S, Starrett A, Griffin S, Stribing A, Miedema B, Walker M, Casner C, Wainwright N, Wadsworth D, Goodway JD, Stodden DF. SKIPping With PALS: Exploring Parental Engagement in a Motor Intervention for Their Preschool Children. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023; 94:668-677. [PMID: 35442166 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore how parent involvement influenced the effectiveness of a movement intervention targeting gross motor skills and physical activity behavior in preschool-aged boys and girls. Methods: Parents received training at monthly school-based sessions and online to implement the movement intervention once per month at school and once per week at home across 6 months (N = 104; Mage = 48.30 months, SD = 6.90). Children completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 at baseline and wore physical activity trackers 24/7 for six weeks during the intervention. COVID-19 disrupted the intervention and prevented immediate post testing. Children (N = 60; Mage = 60.86 months, SD = 6.57) who returned to the center one year later completed gross motor skill retention testing. Results: For each additional school-based session attended by the parents (up to six), children's locomotor and manipulative skills were 1.87 and 1.95 points higher, respectively, at the start of the following academic year. For physical activity, each session increase in attendance at the school-based component of the intervention resulted in an additional 1455 steps in average weekly step count. Conclusion: Increased parent engagement demonstrated greater change in gross motor skills and larger acute physical activity responses. Understanding barriers that impact the level of parental intervention engagement (i.e., dose) also provides insight into why some children learn and others do not within a parent-led intervention. Although the implementation and results of this study were impacted by COVID, these data can help researchers optimize future intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pereira S, Katzmarzyk PT, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Garbeloto F, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Maia J. Background, rationale, and methodological overview of the REACT project-return-to-action on growth, motor development, and health after the COVID-19 pandemic in primary school children. Am J Hum Biol 2023. [PMID: 37489725 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The REACT project was designed around two main aims: (1) to assess children's growth and motor development after the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to follow their fundamental movement skills' developmental trajectories over 18 months using a novel technological device (Meu Educativo®) in their physical education classes. In this introductory article, the first of the Journal's special issue dedicated to REACT, our goal was to present the project rationale, its methodology, training and certification of the team, statistical approach, quality control, governance, and study management. METHODS We sampled 1000 children (6-10 years of age) from 25 of the 32 primary schools in Matosinhos, northern Portugal. The protocol included a set of variables clustered around the child (growth, physical fitness, fundamental movement skills, and health behaviors), family (demographics, socioeconomic status, parental support for sports participation and physical activity), school (policies and practices for health behaviors, infrastructure for physical education and sports practices), and neighborhood and home environments (safety, sidewalks, sports facilities, as well as children electronic devices and play equipment at home). A set of standard protocols were implemented in REACT together with a rigorous system of training and certification of all members of the research team. This was complemented with a pilot study to assess, in loco, the quality of data acquisition, data entry, and control. DISCUSSION Results from REACT will provide school administrators and teachers with novel and far-reaching information related to children's growth and motor development as well as health behaviors after the COVID-19 pandemic. It will also provide city-hall education officials with insight regarding children's physical fitness, fundamental movement skills, and sports practices that will be of great importance in devising novel intervention programs to increase health-enhancing physical activity, and combat sedentariness and obesity. Finally, it will offer parents a wealth of information regarding their children's growth, motor development, and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hulteen RM, Terlizzi B, Abrams TC, Sacko RS, De Meester A, Pesce C, Stodden DF. Reinvest to Assess: Advancing Approaches to Motor Competence Measurement Across the Lifespan. Sports Med 2023; 53:33-50. [PMID: 35997861 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of motor competence is a vital process to advancing knowledge in the field of motor development. As motor competence is being more widely linked to research in other academic domains (e.g., public health, neuroscience, behavioral health), it is imperative that measurement methodology and protocols are reproducible with high degrees of validity and reliability. When addressing the plethora of available assessments, mostly developed for youth populations, there are potential questions and concerns that need to be addressed and/or clarified. One of the most prominent issues is the lack of a lifespan measure of motor competence, which is at odds with the premise of the field of motor development-studying changes in motor behavior across the lifespan. We address six areas of concern in lifespan assessment which include: (1) lack of assessment feasibility for conducting research with large samples, (2) lack of accountability for cultural significance of skills assessed, (3) limited sensitivity and discriminatory capabilities of assessments, (4) developmental and ecological validity limitations, (5) a problematic definition of 'success' in skill performance, and (6) task complexity and adaptability limitations. It is important to critically analyze current assessment methodologies as it will help us to envision the development and application of potential new assessments through a more comprehensive lens. Ultimately, we propose that reinvesting in how we think about assessment will be highly beneficial for integrating motor development from a holistic perspective, impact scientific advancements in other developmental domains, and increase global and lifespan surveillance of motor competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hulteen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 2229 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA.
| | - Bryan Terlizzi
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - T Cade Abrams
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie Street, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
| | - An De Meester
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - David F Stodden
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cade Abrams T, Terlizzi BM, De Meester A, Sacko RS, Megan Irwin J, Luz C, Rodrigues LP, Cordovil R, Lopes VP, Schneider K, Stodden DF. Potential Relevance of a Motor Skill “Proficiency Barrier” on Health-Related Fitness in Youth. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36437559 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2153300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential impact of a motor skill proficiency barrier on measures of cardiorespiratory (CRF) and musculoskeletal (MSF) fitness in youth. A sample of 241 youth (114 girls) aged 10 - 18 years, completed the Motor Competence Assessment battery with composite scores indexed according to age- and gender-adjusted percentile scores. Motor competence (MC) levels were categorized as low (≤ 25%tile - proficiency barrier), moderate (≥ 26%tile to < 75%tile), and high (≥ 75%tile). CRF levels (Health Risk, Needs Improvement, and Healthy) were assessed using the Fitnessgram® 20 m PACER test. Low (≤ 20%tile), moderate (≥ 21%tile to ≤ 80%tile), and high (≥ 80%tile) MSF levels were assessed using grip strength normative data. Two 3 × 3 chi-square tests were conducted to determine the probability of MC level predicting CRF and MSF levels. Results demonstrated statistically significant models for performance on both the PACER (χ2[4, N = 241] = 22.65, p < .001) and grip strength (χ2[4, N = 241] = 23.95, p < .001). Strong evidence of a proficiency barrier impacting CRF was noted, as no low skilled youth met the "Healthy" fitness zone standards for PACER performance. Evidence supporting a barrier with grip strength was not as strong, as 20.8% of youth exhibiting low MC displayed high grip strength. However, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Results emphasize the importance of developing MC during childhood as it may provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF and MSF across youth.HighlightsThese data support the notion of Seefeldt's (1980) proficiency barrier as it relates to CRF, as no youth demonstrating low MC met the healthy fitness zone criteria for PACER performance. The development of MC may both directly and indirectly provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF levels across childhood and adolescence.Evidence supporting a proficiency barrier with MSF as measured by grip strength was not as strong; however, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Thus, the development of MC may be a protective factor to mitigate low levels of MSF via enhanced neuromuscular function.Promoting the development of MC in a variety of developmentally appropriate activities and settings (e.g. MC skills practice, structured and unstructured play, and performance contexts) is important to promote positive trajectories of CRF and MSF across childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cade Abrams
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan M. Terlizzi
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - An De Meester
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan S. Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, South Carolina, USA
| | - J. Megan Irwin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The College of Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carlos Luz
- Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1549-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Paulo Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer de Melgaço, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, (CIDESD), Portugal
| | - Rita Cordovil
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada – Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Vítor P. Lopes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-223 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, (CIDESD), Portugal
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David F. Stodden
- Human Performance and Development Lab, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Starrett A, Pennell A, Irvin MJ, Taunton Miedema S, Howard-Smith C, Goodway JD, Stodden DF, Brian A. An Examination of Motor Competence Profiles in Preschool Children: A Latent Profile Analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 2022; 93:437-446. [PMID: 34236281 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1859440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Identifying profiles of preschoolers' motor competence (MC) is essential for providing accurate and targeted intervention. However, little is known regarding children's MC profiles, more specifically how skills may present in unique clusters. The purposes of the study were to explore MC profiles of U.S. children ages 3-6 years, quantify the uniqueness of these profiles, and examine differences by age, gender, race, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and Body Mass Index z-scores. Methods: Participants included children (N = 582, ngirls = 296) aged 3-6 years (Mage = 4.97, SD = .75) enrolled in one of seven early childhood education centers (Alabama, Louisiana, Ohio [× 2], South Carolina [× 2], Texas). Each child's MC was assessed with the 12 skills comprising the TGMD-2. Latent profile analysis was performed using the 12 MC skills. Results: Five profiles of MC emerged, three of which show developing MC but in varying combinations. Wald tests revealed possible MC advantages for preschool children who are older, boys, reside in an urban region, and are of higher socioeconomic status, but only for the proficient MC profile. Conclusion: By uncovering five unique latent MC profiles, professionals should consider the presentation/origins of each profile and use such knowledge to create targeted, individualized MC interventions in American preschoolers. From a research perspective, the implications of this study suggest that researchers should consider person-oriented approaches examining individual skill scores (vs. summed subscale scores) whenever possible.
Collapse
|
15
|
Terlizzi B, Abrams TC, Sacko RS, Hand AF, Silvey K, Stodden DF. The Relationship Between Functional Motor Competence and Performance on the Army Combat Fitness Test in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets. Mil Med 2022; 188:usab537. [PMID: 35018453 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of functional motor competence (FMC; i.e., neuromuscular coordination and control required to meet a wide range of movement goals) is critical to long-term development of health- and performance-related physical capacities (e.g., muscular strength and power, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance). Secular decline in FMC among U.S. children and adolescents presents current and future challenges for recruiting prospective military personnel to successfully perform the physical demands of military duty. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between FMC and physical military readiness (PMR) in a group of Cadets enrolled in an Army Reserve Officer Training Corps program. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets from a southeastern university and a military college in the southeast (females = 22; Mage = 19.5 ± 2.5) volunteered for participation in the study. Cadets performed a battery of eight FMC assessments consisting of locomotor, object projection, and functional coordination tasks. To assess PMR, Cadets performed the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT).Values from all FMC assessments were standardized based on the sample and summed to create a composite FMC score. ACFT scores were assigned to Cadets based upon ACFT scoring standards. We used Pearson correlations to assess the relationships between individual FMC assessment raw scores, FMC composite scores, and total ACFT points. We also evaluated the potential impact of FMC on ACFT in the entire sample and within each gender subgroup using hierarchical linear regression. Finally, we implemented a 3 × 2 chi-squared analysis to evaluate the predictive utility of FMC level on pass/fail results on the ACFT by categorizing Cadets' composite FMC score into high (≥75th percentile) moderate (≥25th percentile and <75th percentile), and low (<25th percentile) based on the percentile ranks within the sample. ACFT pass/fail results were determined using ACFT standards, requiring a minimum of 60 points on each the ACFT subtests. RESULTS FMC composite scores correlated strongly with total ACFT performance (r = 0.762) with individual FMC tests demonstrating weak-to-strong relationships ACFT performance (r = 0.200-0.769). FMC uniquely accounted for 15% (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.36) of the variance in ACFT scores in females (R2 = 0.516, F2,19 = 10.11, P < 0.001) and 26% (95% CI: 0.09-0.43) in males (R2 = 0.385, F2,65 = 20.37, P < 0.001), respectively, above and beyond the impact of age. The 3 × 2 chi-squared analysis demonstrated 74% of those with low, 28% with moderate, and 17% with high FMC failed the ACFT (χ2 [1, N = 90] = 27.717, V = 0.555, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION FMC composite scores are strongly correlated with ACFT scores, and low levels of FMC were a strong predictor of ACFT failure. These data support the hypothesis that the development of sufficient FMC in childhood and adolescence may be a critical antecedent for PMR. Efforts to improve FMC in children and adolescents may increase PMR of future military recruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Terlizzi
- Human Performance and Development Lab-Blatt Physical Education Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - T Cade Abrams
- Human Performance and Development Lab-Blatt Physical Education Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Health and Human Performance Department, The Citadel Military College, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Amy F Hand
- Human Performance and Development Lab-Blatt Physical Education Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - David F Stodden
- Human Performance and Development Lab-Blatt Physical Education Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pfeifer CE, Sacko RS, Ortaglia A, Monsma EV, Beattie PF, Goins J, Stodden DF. Fit to Play? Health-Related Fitness Levels of Youth Athletes: A Pilot Study. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:245-251. [PMID: 31809462 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pfeifer, CE, Sacko, RS, Ortaglia, A, Monsma, EV, Beattie, PF, Goins, J, and Stodden, DF. Fit to play? Health-related fitness levels of youth athletes: A pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 245-251, 2022-A recent National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement suggests that many youth are not prepared for the physical demands of sport. The purpose of this study was to compare health-related fitness (HRF) of youth athletes with normative findings from the general population. We recruited 136 athletes (63 male and 73 female athletes) aged 11-19 (16.01 ± 1.35) years and collected HRF (body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal strength and endurance). Results were categorized based on FITNESSGRAM® standards and compared with Canadian youth general population normative data. Most male athletes were classified as "needs improvement" for cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, and body mass index (BMI). Conversely, most female athletes were at or above the "healthy fitness zone" for all measures. Male athletes at both age groups (11-14, 15-19; p < 0.001) and female athletes aged 11-14 (p < 0.05) demonstrated lower cardiorespiratory endurance compared with Canadian general population. Female athletes (both age groups) demonstrated greater muscular strength, and male athletes (age, 15-19 years) demonstrated lower BMI than the Canadian general population. The results are concerning as male athletes demonstrated poorer HRF compared with the general population. Although most female athletes were within healthy ranges, a portion of them were still at risk. Considering the demands sport places on the body, evaluating HRF is paramount for performance and injury prevention but more importantly for overall health. Youth sport and strength coaches should evaluate and aim to enhance HRF, as participation in sport does not guarantee adequate HRF. Promoting long-term athletic development and life-long health should be a priority in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Pfeifer
- Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Eva V Monsma
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | | | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moore EM, Drenowatz C, Stodden DF, Pritchett K, Brodrick TC, Williams BT, Goins JM, Torres-McGehee TM. Examination of Athlete Triad Symptoms Among Endurance-Trained Male Athletes: A Field Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:737777. [PMID: 34901104 PMCID: PMC8664375 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.737777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies examining the physiological consequences associated with deficits in energy availability (EA) for male athletes are sparse. Purpose: To examine male athlete triad components; low energy availability (LEA) with or without an eating disorder risk (ED), reproductive hormone [testosterone (T)], and bone mineral density (BMD) in endurance-trained male athletes during different training periods. Methods: A cross-sectional design with 14 participants (age: 26.4 ± 4.2 years; weight: 70.6 ± 6.4 kg; height: 179.5 ± 4.3 cm; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2) were recruited from the local community. Two separate training weeks [low (LV) and high (HV) training volumes] were used to collect the following: 7-day dietary and exercise logs, and blood concentration of T. Anthropometric measurements was taken prior to data collection. A one-time BMD measure (after the training weeks) and VO2max-HR regressions were utilized to calculate EEE. Results: Overall, EA presented as 27.6 ± 10.7 kcal/kgFFM·d-1 with 35% (n = 5) of participants demonstrating increased risk for ED. Examining male triad components, 64.3% presented with LEA (≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1) while participants presented with T (1780.6 ± 1672.6 ng/dl) and BMD (1.31 ±.09 g/cm2) within normal reference ranges. No differences were found across the 2 training weeks for EI, with slight differences for EA and EEE. Twenty-five participants (89.3%) under-ingested CHO across both weeks, with no differences between weeks. Conclusion: Majority of endurance-trained male athletes presented with one compromised component of the triad (LEA with or without ED risk); however, long-term negative effects on T and BMD were not demonstrated. Over 60% of the participants presented with an EA ≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1, along with almost 90% not meeting CHO needs. These results suggest male endurance-trained athletes may be at risk to negative health outcomes similar to mechanistic behaviors related to EA with or without ED in female athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Moore
- Kinesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Linz, University of Upper Austria, Upper Austria, Austria
| | - David F Stodden
- Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kelly Pritchett
- Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | - Thaddus C Brodrick
- Exercise Science, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Brittany T Williams
- Exercise Science, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Justin M Goins
- Exercise Science, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Toni M Torres-McGehee
- Exercise Science, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Costa CLA, Cattuzzo MT, Stodden DF, Ugrinowitsch H. Motor competence in fundamental motor skills and sport skill learning: Testing the proficiency barrier hypothesis. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 80:102877. [PMID: 34560612 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether motor competence in fundamental motor skills influences sports motor skill learning. Motor competence in fundamental motor skills related to the overhead volleyball serve (i.e., throwing and volleying) was evaluated in 38 children (aged 9-10 yrs) and participants were divided into lower and higher motor competence groups. The groups practiced the volleyball serve under random or constant-random conditions during an acquisition phase and then assessed in pre-test, intermediate, and retention tests. A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed performance improvement from pre-test to retention test only for high motor competence groups in fundamental motor skills. Initial competence in fundamental motor skills influences sport skills learning and demonstrates a potential proficiency barrier to learning complex-sports motor skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cicero L A Costa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria T Cattuzzo
- Higher School of Physical Education, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Herbert Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Michael SL, Wright C, Woods AM, van der Mars H, Brusseau TA, Stodden DF, Burson SL, Fisher J, Killian CM, Mulhearn SC, Nesbitt DR, Pfledderer CD. Rationale for the Essential Components of Physical Education. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:202-208. [PMID: 33465020 PMCID: PMC10167694 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1854427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This introductory article provides the context and rationale for conducting systematic literature reviews on each of the essential components of physical education, including policy and environment, curriculum, appropriate instruction, and student assessment. Methods: Four research teams from Doctoral Physical Education Teacher Education programs (D-PETE) conducted these systematic reviews using the PRISMA guidelines process. Results: This article explains the role of the national framework for increasing physical education and physical activity (i.e., Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program) in supporting the essential components of physical education. It also highlights the expectations for physical education and provides a brief history of these components. Lastly, this article highlights each of the articles presented in the special feature. Conclusion: Understanding the implementation of these components may be important for improving the physical education experience for all students and creating a foundation for lifelong physical activity and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Michael
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Carly Wright
- SHAPE America—Society of Health and Physical Educators
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nesbitt D, Fisher J, Stodden DF. Appropriate Instructional Practice in Physical Education: A Systematic Review of Literature From 2000 to 2020. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:235-247. [PMID: 34009091 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1864262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate instruction is a key component of quality physical education, which aligns student learning activities with grade-level learning outcomes. Historically, in the 1980s and late 1990s, an abundance of research was conducted to empirically link teacher effectiveness to student learning outcomes. In recent years, however, limited research has been published. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to: (a) identify research studies examining appropriate instructional practice in K-12 physical education since 2000, (b) describe the study characteristics and summarize the findings, (c) compare research to the SHAPE America's guidelines for appropriate instruction, and (d) make recommendations for future research. Methods: This study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) standards of quality for reporting meta-analyses. A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted. Two reviewers retrieved articles, assessed risk of bias, and performed data extraction. The findings were synthesized using a descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 37 articles met the inclusion criteria. A thematic analysis was conducted to reduce the included articles into four themes that influenced student outcomes: (1) student engagement and participation, (2) motivation, (3) student learning, and (4) physical activity and fitness. Conclusions: This review of the literature provides evidence of the benefits of effective teaching practices and suggests that future studies in instruction should focus on teacher effectiveness and its relation to student learning outcomes. Recommendations and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bardid F, Utesch T, Stodden DF, Lenoir M. Developmental perspectives on motor competence and physical fitness in youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31 Suppl 1:5-7. [PMID: 33871089 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Bardid
- School of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Till Utesch
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pesce C, Stodden DF, Lakes KD. Editorial: Physical Activity "Enrichment": A Joint Focus on Motor Competence, Hot and Cool Executive Functions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:658667. [PMID: 33767654 PMCID: PMC7985325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kimberley D Lakes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stribing A, Stodden DF, Monsma E, Lieberman LJ, Brian AS. Content/face validity of motor skill perception questionnaires for youth with visual impairments: A Delphi method. British Journal of Visual Impairment 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0264619621990687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Youth with visual impairments (VIs) tend to have lower levels of motor competence and physical activity with increased sedentary behavior and risk of obesity when compared to their peers without VIs. Knowing the influence that motor competence plays on physical activity behaviors in childhood, it is important to identify factors, such as self and others’ perceptions, that may be supporting/inhibiting motor competence levels for youth with VIs. To rigorously examine self-perceptions, parents’ perceptions, and metaperceptions, it is important to have instruments with appropriate content and face validity. Therefore, the purpose of this Delphi study was to determine the content/face validity of the self-perception, parents’ perception, and metaperception questionnaires for youth with VIs. Participants ( N = 13, male = 2; female = 11) included experts from four categories: (1) teachers directly working with students with VIs in schools (teachers of the visually impaired [TVI], orientation and mobility specialists [O and M], adapted and general physical educators [ n = 6]); (2) researchers who publish studies in the field of physical education, motor behavior, or VIs ( n = 3); (3) parents of children with VIs ( n = 2); and (4) individuals with documented VIs ( n = 2). After two rounds of completing the Delphi procedure, results showed means above 4.0 out of 5.0 for all three questionnaires. The panel of experts deemed the content/face validity of the instruments acceptable.
Collapse
|
24
|
Silvey K, Porter J, Sacko RS, Hand AF, Terlizzi BM, Abrams TC, Stodden DF. The Potential Role of Functional Motor Competence to Promote Physical Military Readiness: A Developmental Perspective. Mil Med 2021; 186:242-247. [PMID: 33608726 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased physical fitness in military recruiting populations is problematic for the development of physical military readiness (PMR) and presents a threat to national security. The demonstration of low levels of fitness may be an indicator of a more foundational problem in the physical development of military recruits. We propose the development of functional motor competence (FMC) across childhood and adolescence as a necessary antecedent to advanced PMR training and military-specific tasks (i.e., rucking and obstacle course navigation) and as an integral part of sustained PMR. The development of FMC supports increases in cardiovascular and muscular endurance through repeated efforts performed during practice and in sport, as well as muscular power as many FMC movements mimic plyometrics in a strength in conditioning sense. We posit that an inadequate foundation in FMC will serve as a barrier to achieving sufficient PMR and combat success of the fighting force. We propose three possible solutions to ensure sufficient PMR levels through the implementation of developmentally appropriate FMC-based training. First would be promoting FMC-based training in junior reserve officer training corp and ROTC programs. Second would be a more global approach, on the scale of the National Defense Education Act, specifically focusing on promoting quality daily physical education that could reach millions of children. Third, individual branches could begin promoting the tenets of foundational FMC training concepts in their physical training manuals, which ideally would address FMC before and throughout basic training, as well as subsequent active duty training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Silvey
- Physical Education Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | | | - Ryan S Sacko
- Health and Human Performance Department, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Amy F Hand
- Athletic Training Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bryan M Terlizzi
- Physical Education Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Thomas C Abrams
- Physical Education Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Physical Education Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Palmer KK, Stodden DF, Ulrich DA, Robinson LE. Using process- and product-oriented measures to evaluate changes in motor skills across an intervention. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2021; 25:273-282. [PMID: 34354338 PMCID: PMC8336534 DOI: 10.1080/1091367x.2021.1876069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine if process- and product-oriented measures similarly evaluate changes in motor skills across an intervention and (2) examine the relationship between preschoolers' motor skills when assessed using process-oriented and product-oriented measures before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention. Preschoolers (n= 65, M age= 4.6±0.42 years) completed both process- and product-oriented measures of six FMS- run, hop, jump, catch, throw, and kick, before and after a high-autonomy motor skill intervention. Aggregate total, locomotor, and ball skills, as well as each individual skill, were examined. Children demonstrated improvements in process-oriented (p<0.01) skills, but only improved on the product hop, throw, and kick (p<0.001) after the intervention. Children's ranks on process- and product-oriented measures were correlated at pretest (r s = 0.28-0.72) and posttest (r s = 0.39-0.68). Therefore, process- and product-oriented measures assess different aspects of motor competence and do not equally evaluate intervention efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara K. Palmer
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Dale A. Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Leah E. Robinson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pesce C, Lakes KD, Stodden DF, Marchetti R. Fostering Self-Control Development With a Designed Intervention in Physical Education: A Two-Year Class-Randomized Trial. Child Dev 2020; 92:937-958. [PMID: 32840871 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether a theory-based intervention in physical education (PE) designed to train self-control may positively impact children's quick-temperedness and disruptiveness and whether changes in executive functions (EFs) may be a correlate or antecedent of such effects. One hundred and sixteen children aged 8-9 years participated in a 2-year intervention and completed three assessments at baseline, 6- and 18-month follow-ups in quick-temperedness and disruptiveness, hot and cool EFs. After the intervention, children in the intervention group showed lower quick-temperedness and disruptiveness and improvement in hot EF. Changes over the intervention period were moderately associated and showed marginal evidence of causal ordering, suggesting that designed PE may benefit self-control through a possible linkage to hot EF improvement.
Collapse
|
27
|
Robinson LE, Wang L, Colabianchi N, Stodden DF, Ulrich D. Protocol for a two-cohort randomized cluster clinical trial of a motor skills intervention: The Promoting Activity and Trajectories of Health (PATH) Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037497. [PMID: 32532781 PMCID: PMC7295413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data supports that motor skills are an underlying mechanism that influence physical activity along with perceived motor and physical competence, but the relationship between motor skills and physical activity during the early years is unclear. The goal of this study, Promoting Activity and Trajectories of Health (PATH) for Children, is to examine and compare the immediate (pre-test to post-test) and sustained (3-year follow-up) effect of an intervention on motor performance, physical activity and perceived physical competence to a control condition (ie, standard practice) in preschool-age children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The PATH study is a two-cohort, randomised cluster clinical trial. 300 children between the ages of >3.5 to 5 years of age will be randomised to the motor skill intervention (n=153) or control (n=147) condition. Each assessment involves a measure of motor skill performance; product and process, seven consecutive days of physical activity monitoring and perceived physical competence. These measures will be assessed before and after the intervention (pre-test to post-test) and then each academic year across 3 years, grades kindergarten, first grade and second grade (3-year follow-up). To assess the clustered longitudinal effect of the intervention on outcome measures, random-effects models (eg, mixed model regression, growth curve modelling and structural equation modelling) will be used. The PATH study addresses gaps in paediatric exercise science research. Findings hold the potential to help shape public health and educational policies and interventions that support healthy development and active living during the early years. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for this study was obtained through the Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board, University of Michigan (HUM00133319). The PATH study is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Findings will be disseminated via print, online media, dissemination events and practitioner and/or research journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NHLBI ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT03189862. Registered 17 August 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03189862.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Robinson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Natalie Colabianchi
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dale Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lima RA, Stodden DF, Pfeiffer KA, Larsen LR, Barros MVG, Bugge A, Andersen LB. Dynamic Balance, but Not Precision Throw, Is Positively Associated with Academic Performance in Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2790. [PMID: 32316641 PMCID: PMC7215805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the longitudinal association between dynamic balance and throwing skill with academic performance and whether waist circumference mediated these relationships. The current one-year longitudinal study followed 1020 first (mean age 7.87 ± 0.34 years) through fifth grade (mean age 11.87 ± 0.37 years) children, measured twice in 2010 and 2011. Dynamic balance and precision throw were measures of motor competence. Waist circumference was measured with a measuring tape at the umbilicus level. Academic performance was assessed by a combined score of standardized Danish language and math tests. Structural equation modeling was used for analysis. All coefficients are standardized. Balance was associated with academic performance when both sexes were combined (β = 0.126, 95% CI: 0.074 to 0.179), and waist circumference partially mediated the relationship (β = 0.021, 95% CI: 0.008 to 0.034). For boys, balance was associated with academic performance, but waist circumference did not mediate the association. For girls, balance presented direct, mediated (via waist circumference), and total associations with academic performance. Dynamic balance is an important gross motor function that was longitudinally related to academic performance, and waist circumference partially mediated the relationship. Precision throw was not found to be associated with academic performance in both sexes combined or when analyzed separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Lima
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília-DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Wheat Street, Suite 218, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Karin A. Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Lisbeth R. Larsen
- Social Education, Svendborg, Faculty of Education and social sciences, UCL University College, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| | - Mauro V. G. Barros
- School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Campus Universitario HUOC-ESEF, Arnobio Marques 310, Santo Amaro, Recife PE 50.100-130, Brazil;
| | - Anna Bugge
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University College Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Lars B. Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sport; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, 6861 Sogndal, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jaakkola T, Yli‐Piipari S, Stodden DF, Huhtiniemi M, Salin K, Seppälä S, Hakonen H, Gråstén A. Identifying childhood movement profiles and tracking physical activity and sedentary time across 1 year. Transl Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | | | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education University of South Carolina Columbia SC USA
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Sanni Seppälä
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Arto Gråstén
- School of Education University of Tasmania Launceston TAS Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nicolai Ré AH, Okely AD, Logan SW, da Silva MMLM, Cattuzzo MT, Stodden DF. Relationship between meeting physical activity guidelines and motor competence among low-income school youth. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:591-595. [PMID: 31919034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Global health guidelines suggest that youth should accumulate at least 60min of daily, moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). The relationship between meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines and motor competence (MC) in youth is relatively unknown. This study assessed levels of MVPA and MC among socially vulnerable youth and determined if meeting the PA guidelines was associated with MC. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS A total of 1017 youths aged 3-14 years from three schools participated in the study. Participants wore accelerometers for seven consecutive days to assess PA. Motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd Edition and the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder. MVPA and MC were compared by sex and school levels (preschool, elementary school and middle school). Binary logistic regression models examined the predictive power of meeting PA guidelines and age on MC. RESULTS The prevalence of meeting PA guidelines declined across school levels among both girls (72% in preschool to 21% in middle school, p<0.001) and boys (84% in preschool to 57% in middle school, p<0.001). MC levels were low and also declined across age in both sexes (p<0.001). During preschool, age (older) was a consistent predictor of low MC, independently of meeting PA guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Except for adolescent boys, meeting PA guidelines was not associated with higher MC. Public health policies should focus on the quantity and quality of MVPA within schools and on alleviating the decline in PA and MC across childhood and adolescence, with special attention to girls and disadvantaged families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Samuel W Logan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, USA
| | | | | | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kramer TA, Sacko RS, Pfeifer CE, Gatens DR, Goins JM, Stodden DF. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN TM, Y-BALANCE TEST, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE TESTS IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019; 14:911-919. [PMID: 31803523 PMCID: PMC6878868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor balance, lack of neuromuscular control, and movement ability are predictors of performance and injury risk in sports and physical activity participation. The Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) and lower quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT) have been used by clinicians to evaluate balance, functional symmetry, and static and dynamic movement patterns, yet little information exists regarding the relationship between the FMS™, YBT, and physical performance tests (e.g. vertical jump) within the high school population. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the FMSTM, dynamic balance as measured by the YBT and physical performance tests (standing long jump, vertical jump, Pro Agility Test) in male and female high school athletes. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Fifty-six high school athletes (28 females, 28 males; mean age 16.4 ± 0.1) who participated in organized team sports were tested. Participants performed the FMS™, YBT, and three physical performance tests (standing long jump, vertical jump, Pro Agility Test). RESULTS Females outperformed males on the FMS™ and YBT, while males outperformed females on the performance tests. In both sexes, the composite FMSTM score was positively correlated with the left and composite YBT scores. Agility was negatively correlated with composite FMSTM in males (p < 0.05) and the left and composite YBT in females (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The FMSTM and YBT may evaluate similar underlying constructs in high school athletes, such as dynamic balance and lower extremity power. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the FMS and YBT to relate multiple constructs of muscular power to an individual's ability to balance. Furthermore, establishing the need for the utilization and application of multiple field-based tests by sports medicine professionals and strength and conditioning coaches when evaluating an athlete's movement and physical performance capabilities. Utilization of multiple field-based tests may provide the first step for the development of injury prevention strategies and long-term athlete development programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Kramer
- University of South Carolina. Columbia SC, USA Department of Athletic Training, Arnold School of Public Health Department of Physical Education
| | - Ryan S. Sacko
- The Citadel, Department of Health and Human Performance, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Craig E. Pfeifer
- University of Gloucestershire, School of Sport and Exercise, Longlevens, UK
| | | | - Justin M. Goins
- University of South Carolina. Columbia SC, USA Department of Athletic Training, Arnold School of Public Health Department of Physical Education
| | - David F. Stodden
- University of South Carolina. Columbia SC, USA Department of Athletic Training, Arnold School of Public Health Department of Physical Education
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sacko R, McIver K, Brazendale K, Pfeifer C, Brian A, Nesbitt D, Stodden DF. Comparison of Indirect Calorimetry- and Accelerometry-Based Energy Expenditure During Children's Discrete Skill Performance. Res Q Exerc Sport 2019; 90:629-640. [PMID: 31441713 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1642440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare children's energy expenditure (EE) levels during object projection skill performance (OPSP; e.g., kicking, throwing, striking) as assessed by hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers. Method: Forty-two children (female n = 20, Mage = 8.1 ± 0.8 years) performed three, nine-minute sessions of kicking, over-arm throwing, and striking at performance intervals of 6, 12, and 30 seconds. EE was estimated using indirect calorimetry (COSMED k4b2) and accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+) worn on three different locations (hip, dominant-wrist, and non-dominant-wrist) using four commonly used cut-points. Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze the agreement in EE estimations between accelerometry and indirect calorimetry (METS). Chi-square goodness of fit tests were used to examine the agreement between accelerometry and indirect calorimetry. Results: Hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers underestimated EE, compared to indirect calorimetry, during all performance conditions. Skill practice at a rate of two trials per minute resulted in the equivalent of moderate PA and five trials per minute resulted in vigorous PA (as measured by indirect calorimetry), yet was only categorized as light and/or moderate activity by all measured forms of accelerometry. Conclusion: This is one of the first studies to evaluate the ability of hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers to predict PA intensity levels during OPSP in children. These data may significantly impact PA intervention measurement strategies by revealing the lack of validity in accelerometers to accurately predict PA levels during OPSP in children.
Collapse
|
33
|
Henrique RS, Stodden DF, Fransen J, Feitoza AHP, Ré AHN, Martins CML, Prazeres TMP, Cattuzzo MT. Is motor competence associated with the risk of central obesity in preschoolers? Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23364. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S. Henrique
- Department of Physical EducationFederal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic TrainingUniversity of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre (HPRC)University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria T. Cattuzzo
- Department of Physical EducationFederal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Carlisle CC, Weaver RG, Stodden DF, Cattuzzo MT. Contribution of Organized Sport Participation to Health-Related Fitness in Adolescents. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19884191. [PMID: 31696145 PMCID: PMC6820164 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19884191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organized sport (OS) participation and health-related fitness (HRF) in adolescents. A total of 320 adolescents (176 boys) aged between 10 and 16 years reported their engagement in OS and were assessed on 5 components of HRF (cardiovascular endurance, push-ups, curl-ups, flexibility, and body mass index). Data on OS participation frequency and duration were collected through a self-reported questionnaire. Adolescents were stratified by OS participation (engaged, n = 113; nonengaged, n = 220; 55% boys). Nonparametric quantile regression models were used to estimate the differences in HRF by participation group. Less than 30% of the participants reported they were regularly engaged in OS. Frequency of participation ranged from 2 to 5 days per week (median = 2; SD = 3), and duration of participation ranged from 45 to 180 minutes per week (median = 81.7; SD = 32.4). Adolescents who participated in OS displayed better cardiovascular endurance (+4.1 laps completed), with no statistically significant difference detected on any other HRF component. Our results highlight engagement in OS as a promising strategy for achieving cardiovascular endurance. Engagement in OS alone does not seem to be sufficient to enhance fitness components other than cardiovascular endurance.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lima RA, Bugge A, Ersbøll AK, Stodden DF, Andersen LB. The longitudinal relationship between motor competence and measures of fatness and fitness from childhood into adolescence. Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
36
|
Lima RA, Bugge A, Ersbøll AK, Stodden DF, Andersen LB. The longitudinal relationship between motor competence and measures of fatness and fitness from childhood into adolescence. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95:482-488. [PMID: 29782811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine longitudinal (seven years) relationships among cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), body fatness, and motor competence. METHOD Data were collected as part of the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study (CoSCIS). Body fatness was assessed by the sum of four skinfolds. VO2peak was measured directly in a continuous running protocol. Motor competence was assessed using the Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder. This study used multilevel linear mixed models to evaluate the reciprocal longitudinal association between body fatness, VO2peak, and motor competence. All regressions were stratified by sex and adjusted by intervention and pubertal status. All variable coefficients were standardized. RESULTS A reciprocal relationship was observed between children's motor competence with body fatness and VO2peak at the seven-year follow-up (6-13 years of age). Children with higher motor competence at baseline had a lower risk of having higher body fatness (βboys=-0.45, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.38; βgirls=-0.35, 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.28) and higher VO2peak (βboys=0.34, 95% CI: 0.27-0.40; βgirls=0.27, 95% CI: 0.20-0.33) during childhood. Alternatively, higher body fatness or lower levels of VO2peak at baseline were associated with lower motor competence during childhood. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest motor competence, body fatness, and VO2peak demonstrate reciprocal relationships across childhood (6-13 years of age). Interventions addressing motor competence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fatness in early childhood are recommended, as intervention effects are likely to be enhanced because of the mutual reciprocal associations between these three variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Antunes Lima
- Ministério da Educação, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), Brasília, DF, Brazil; University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center for Research in Childhood Health, Campusvej, Denmark.
| | - Anna Bugge
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center for Research in Childhood Health, Campusvej, Denmark
| | - Annette K Ersbøll
- University of Southern Denmark, National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David F Stodden
- University of South Carolina, Yvonne & Schuyler Moore Child Development Research Center, Columbia, United States
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moore EM, Torres-McGehee TM, Drenowatz C, Williams BT, Broderick TC, Stodden DF, Goins JM. Examination Of Energy Availability On The Hormonal Profile Of Endurance-trained Male Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563169.28882.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Stewart G, Webster CA, Weaver RG, Stodden DF, Brian A, Egan CA, Michael RD, Sacko R, Patey M. Evaluation of a classroom movement integration training delivered in a low socioeconomic school district. Eval Program Plann 2019; 73:187-194. [PMID: 30682534 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Movement integration (MI), which involves infusing physical activity (PA) into general education classrooms, is an evidence-based strategy within whole-of-school approaches for helping children meet the national PA guideline of at least 60 min per day. This study evaluated an MI training delivered in a low socioeconomic elementary school that had recently invested in three movement facilitative classrooms (a kinesthetic classroom and two activity labs). We investigated (a) the training's fidelity in meeting recommended best practices for professional development and (b) school professionals' perspectives of the training. Eight school professionals participated in the study, including five classroom teachers, two activity lab supervisors, and the principal. The researchers used a video of the training to rate the fidelity of the training to best practice recommendations. Interviews, field notes, and informal conversations with participants were qualitatively analyzed for themes. The training received a total fidelity score of 42%. Qualitative findings highlighted participants' varied perspectives of the training's purpose, challenges associated with the training and future recommendations for MI trainings. For MI trainings to be a valuable asset in increasing teachers' value and effective implementation of MI, trainings need to be designed to be in line with best practice recommendations and teachers' perceived needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Brian
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Cate A Egan
- University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | | | - Ryan Sacko
- The Citadel, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA.
| | - Matthew Patey
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sacko RS, Nesbitt D, McIver K, Brian A, Bardid F, Stodden DF. Children's metabolic expenditure during object projection skill performance: New insight for activity intensity relativity. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1755-1761. [PMID: 30900951 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1592801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine children's energy expenditure (EE) during object projection skill performance at three intensity intervals. Methods: Children's (42, Mage = 8.1) average metabolic equivalents of task (METs) were calculated using a COSMED K4b2 while they repeatedly performed blocks of kicking, throwing (overhand), and striking (two-handed) during 6, 12, and 30-s interval conditions. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance examined differences in METs while controlling for skill level. Results: Data indicated a main effect for interval condition (df = 2, 123, F = 94.36, p <.001, η2 = .605). Post hoc t-tests demonstrated decreasing performance interval times yielded progressively higher METs (p <.001) across the three conditions (30s = 4.5±0.8 METs, 12s = 6.3±1.3, 6s = 8.3±1.6). There also was a main effect for sex (df = 1,120, F = 52.28, p <.001 η2 = .305). Boys demonstrated higher METs at each performance interval (p <.001). Conclusion: Skill practice with a maximum of one trial every 30s resulted in the equivalent of at least moderate physical activity (>4.0 METs) and intervals of 6s demonstrated vigorous physical activity (>7.0 METs). Practicing/performing object projection skills, even at intervals that allow for adequate instruction and feedback (i.e., 1 trial/30s), promotes MVPA in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Sacko
- a Department of Health and Human Performance , The Citadel , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Danielle Nesbitt
- b Department of Physical Education , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Kerry McIver
- c Department of Exercise Science , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Ali Brian
- b Department of Physical Education , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Farid Bardid
- d School of Education , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK.,e Department of Movement and Sports Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - David F Stodden
- b Department of Physical Education , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jaakkola T, Huhtiniemi M, Salin K, Seppälä S, Lahti J, Hakonen H, Stodden DF. Motor competence, perceived physical competence, physical fitness, and physical activity within Finnish children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1013-1021. [PMID: 30825382 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate reciprocal relationships among students' motor competence (MC) (leaping, throwing, catching, jumping skills), perceived physical competence, health-related fitness (HRF) (20 m shuttle run, push-up, abdominal muscles endurance tests) and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants included 422 Grade 5 Finnish children (246 girls). Two separate structural equation models investigated paths (a) from MC through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MVPA, and (b) from MVPA through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MC. Model 1 demonstrated an indirect path from MC through HRF to MVPA and a direct path from MC to perceived physical competence for both boys and girls. Additionally, model 1 revealed a direct path from perceived physical competence to MVPA for the girls and from MC to MVPA for the boys. MC, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 13% of variance in MVPA for the girls and 25% for the boys. Model 2 indicated indirect paths from MVPA through perceived physical competence to MC and from MVPA through HRF to MC for both boys and girls. Additionally, a direct path from MVPA to MC was found in the boys' group. MVPA, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 48% of variance in MC for the girls and 53% for the boys. Results of this study provide preliminary support for the reciprocal nature of relationships among MC development, perceived physical competence, HRF and MVPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kasper Salin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanni Seppälä
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Lahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harto Hakonen
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Luz C, Cordovil R, Rodrigues LP, Gao Z, Goodway JD, Sacko RS, Nesbitt DR, Ferkel RC, True LK, Stodden DF. Motor competence and health-related fitness in children: A cross-cultural comparison between Portugal and the United States. J Sport Health Sci 2019; 8:130-136. [PMID: 30997259 PMCID: PMC6450916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence and health-related fitness are important components for the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in children. This study examined cross-cultural performances on motor competence and health-related fitness between Portuguese and U.S. children. METHODS Portuguese (n = 508; 10.14 ± 2.13 years , mean ± SD) and U.S. (n = 710; 9.48 ± 1.62 years) children performed tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run), upper body strength (handgrip), locomotor skill performance (standing long jump), and object projection skill performance (throwing and kicking). Portuguese and U.S. children were divided into 2 age groups (6-9 and 10-13 years) for data analysis purposes. A two-factor one-way analysis of covariance (ANOVA) was conducted with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, handgrip, standing long jump scores, kicking, and throwing speed (km/h) as dependent variables. RESULTS Results indicated that Portuguese children, irrespective of sex, presented better performances in locomotor and cardiorespiratory performance (standing long jump and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) than U.S. children in both age bands. U.S. children outperformed Portuguese children during throwing and handgrip tests. Kicking tests presented gender differences: Portuguese boys and U.S. girls outperformed their internationally matched counterparts. CONCLUSION Cultural differences in physical education curricula and sports participation may impact differences in motor competence and fitness development in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Luz
- Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa & CIED, Lisboa 1549-003, Portugal
| | - Rita Cordovil
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1495-687, Portugal
| | - Luís Paulo Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer de Melgaço, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Ryan S. Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA
| | - Danielle R. Nesbitt
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rick C. Ferkel
- Physical Education & Sport, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, MI 48859, USA
| | - Larissa K. True
- Kinesiology Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA
| | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hill MW, Wdowski MM, Pennell A, Stodden DF, Duncan MJ. Dynamic Postural Control in Children: Do the Arms Lend the Legs a Helping Hand? Front Physiol 2019; 9:1932. [PMID: 30705636 PMCID: PMC6345241 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing empirical evidence lending support to the existence of an "upper body strategy" to extend the ankle and hip strategies in maintaining upright postural stability among adults. Both postural stability and arm movement functions are still developing in children. Therefore, enquiry concerning arm contribution to postural stability among children is needed. This proof of concept study seeks to determine whether the arms play a functionally relevant role in dynamic postural control among children. Twenty-nine children (girls, n = 15; age, 10.6 ± 0.5 years; height, 1.48 ± 0.08 m; mass, 42.8 ± 11.4 kg; BMI, 19.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed three dynamic balance tests; (1) Y Balance test®, (2) timed balance beam walking test, (3) transition from dynamic to static balance using the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI). Each test was performed with free and restricted arm movement. Restricting arm movements elicited a marked degradation in the Y Balance reach distance (all directions, P ≤ 0.001, d = -0.85 to -1.13) and timed balance beam walking test (P ≤ 0.001, d = 1.01), while the DPSI was the only metric that was not different between free and restricted arm movements (P = 0.335, d = -0.08). This study provides direct evidence that the arms play a functionally relevant role in dynamic balance performance among children. These findings may provide the impetus to develop training interventions to improve the use of the arms in activities of daily living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian M Wdowski
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Pennell
- Human Performance and Development Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David F Stodden
- Human Performance and Development Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Egan CA, Webster CA, Stewart GL, Weaver RG, Russ LB, Brian A, Stodden DF. Case study of a health optimizing physical education-based comprehensive school physical activity program. Eval Program Plann 2019; 72:106-117. [PMID: 30326329 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report a qualitative case study, in which we examined enablers and barriers related to the development, implementation, and sustainability of a comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) aligned with the Health Optimizing Physical Education (HOPE) curriculum model at a middle school. Literature on program-diffusion and school-university partnerships guided data collection and analysis. Data sources included semi-structured interviews with the program implementation team (n = 9) and the school's health and physical education teachers (n = 7); a focus group interview with students; documents (e.g., lesson plans), and observations. Constant comparison techniques were used to code and draw out themes from the data. Findings revealed the extensive effort needed for program implementation and highlighted the importance of strong external support mechanisms, conducting needs assessments, and training teachers to market physical activity programming. Partnerships may provide critical support for schools in their efforts to generate and sustain CSPAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cate A Egan
- University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, United States.
| | - Collin A Webster
- University of South Carolina 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - Gregory L Stewart
- Methodist University 540 Ramsey Street, Fayetteville, NC, 28311, United States.
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- University of South Carolina 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - Laura B Russ
- University of South Carolina 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - Ali Brian
- University of South Carolina 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - David F Stodden
- University of South Carolina 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Bridging the gap between innovative research and teaching is a fundamental necessity for physical education practitioners to promote motor skill development and competency. This requires practitioners to understand, synthesize, and appropriately apply relevant research from different academic domains in their instructional environments. Ballistic motor skills such as kicking, throwing, and striking are fundamentally integrated into many games and sports and provide a foundation for physical activity and fitness for children and adults. Unfortunately, many individuals do not attain a high level of competence in these types of skills by adolescence. The purpose of this review is to integrate theory, pedagogical best practices, and current evidence on studies relating to Fitts' Law's application of the speed-accuracy trade-off and impulse-variability theory to provide an evidence-based framework for promoting effective instructional environments for learning ballistic motor skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio L Molina
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Missouri Western State University , St. Joseph , Missouri , USA
| | - Tim S Bott
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Valdívia AB, Henrique RS, Pereira S, Chaves RN, Tani G, Freitas D, Prista A, Stodden DF, Katzmarzyk PT, Hedeker D, Maia J. Familial resemblance in gross motor coordination. The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 45:463-469. [PMID: 30646775 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1568549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of gross motor coordination (GMC) is governed by biological and environmental factors whose effect sizes are still unclear. AIM To investigate sibling resemblance in GMC, as well as biological and environmental correlates of GMC among Peruvian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample comprised 1256 biological siblings (6-15 years old), from three geographical areas of Peru. GMC was assessed using the Korperkoordinationtest für Kinder (KTK) test battery. Anthropometry, biological maturation and physical fitness (PF) were also measured. Multilevel modelling was performed using Stata 14 software. RESULTS In general, sister-sister pairs (SS) showed the highest resemblance in GMC (ρ = 0.24) compared to brother-sister (BS) (ρ = 0.10) and brother-brother (BB) pairs (ρ = 0.07). On average, BB pairs had higher GMC than SS pairs and older siblings had higher GMC than younger siblings. Further, those with lower body mass index (BMI) and higher PF had higher GMC. There was also a significant interaction between age and PF with GMC. Siblings from the rainforest region demonstrated higher GMC than those from sea level and high-altitude siblings demonstrated lower GMC than their sea-level peers. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate statistically significant sibling resemblance in GMC. Age, BMI, PF and geographical area were significant correlates of GMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael S Henrique
- b Higher School of Physical Education , University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira
- c CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Raquel N Chaves
- d Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Technology of Parana . Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Go Tani
- e School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Duarte Freitas
- f Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira Funchal , Portugal
| | - Antonio Prista
- g Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University. Maputo , Mozambique
| | - David F Stodden
- h Department of Physical Education , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- i Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- j Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Chicago. Chicago , IL , USA
| | - José Maia
- c CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Evidence supports a positive association between competence in fundamental movement skills (e.g., kicking, jumping) and physical activity in young people. Whilst important, fundamental movement skills do not reflect the broad diversity of skills utilized in physical activity pursuits across the lifespan. Debate surrounds the question of what are the most salient skills to be learned which facilitate physical activity participation across the lifespan. In this paper, it is proposed that the term 'fundamental movement skills' be replaced with 'foundational movement skills'. The term 'foundational movement skills' better reflects the broad range of movement forms that increase in complexity and specificity and can be applied in a variety of settings. Thus, 'foundational movement skills' includes both traditionally conceptualized 'fundamental' movement skills and other skills (e.g., bodyweight squat, cycling, swimming strokes) that support physical activity engagement across the lifespan. A proposed conceptual model outlines how foundational movement skill competency can provide a direct or indirect pathway, via specialized movement skills, to a lifetime of physical activity. Foundational movement skill development is hypothesized to vary according to culture and/or geographical location. Further, skill development may be hindered or enhanced by physical (i.e., fitness, weight status) and psychological (i.e., perceived competence, self-efficacy) attributes. This conceptual model may advance the application of motor development principles within the public health domain. Additionally, it promotes the continued development of human movement in the context of how it leads to skillful performance and how movement skill development supports and maintains a lifetime of physical activity engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hulteen
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - David F Stodden
- Yvonne and Schuyler Moore Child Development Research Center, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ye S, Lee JE, Stodden DF, Gao Z. Impact of Exergaming on Children's Motor Skill Competence and Health-Related Fitness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E261. [PMID: 30205483 PMCID: PMC6162827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a combined exergaming and physical education (PE) program on children's motor skill competence (MSC) and health-related fitness (HRF) as compared to traditional PE. A total of 261 second- and third-grade children (127 boys; 8.25 ± 0.66 years for male; 8.29 ± 0.74 years for female; 73.6% non-Hispanic white) participated in the nine-month study from 2012 to 2013. Children were assigned to one of the two groups: (a) intervention group (125 min of alternating PE and exergaming weekly); and (b) comparison group (125-min weekly PE). MSC was assessed via product scores in two locomotor and two object control skills. HRF included the cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, and body mass index (BMI). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to analyze the effect of the combined exergaming⁻PE program on children's MSC and HRF. There were significant group by time interaction effects for BMI, p < 0.01, η² = 0.20; musculoskeletal fitness, p < 0.01, η² = 0.13; and object control skills (the comparison group demonstrating greater improvement), p = 0.01, η² = 0.03. The findings suggest that the combined exergaming program can have a positive effect on children's BMI and musculoskeletal fitness, indicating that exergaming can be an alternative school-based program to supplement traditional PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyue Ye
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, College of Physical Education, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China.
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sacko RS, McIver K, Brian A, Stodden DF. New insight for activity intensity relativity, metabolic expenditure during object projection skill performance. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2412-2418. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1459152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Sacko
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kerry McIver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ali Brian
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David F. Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The three aims of this systematic review are to describe: (1) use of the term fundamental motor/movement skills (FMS) in published articles; (2) the quality of definitions; and (3) relative use of process- and product- oriented assessments to measure FMS. The inclusion criteria included: (a) peer-reviewed article, (b) printed in English, (c) published between January 2000 and 31 December 2015, (d) presence of either the term "fundamental motor or movement skill" in the title and/or abstract, and (e) FMS were a measured outcome. There has been an increase in the number of publications on FMS in recent years, with the majority of studies conducted in Australia (n = 41, 33%). Approximately 24% of studies (n = 30) did not provide any explicit definition of FMS. A majority of studies reported the use of process-oriented measures (n = 98, 79%) compared to product-oriented measures (n = 23, 19%), and few studies used both (n = 6, 5%). We recommend that researchers provide: (1) an operational definition of FMS that states FMS are the "building blocks" (or similar terminology) of more advanced, complex movements; (2) specific categories of skills that compose FMS; and (3) at least one specific example of a FMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Logan
- a College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - Samantha M Ross
- a College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - Keanu Chee
- a College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - David F Stodden
- b Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training , University of South Carolina, Solomon Blatt Physical Education Center , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Leah E Robinson
- c Child Movement Activity and Developmental Health Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Center for Human Growth and Development , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lima RA, Pfeiffer KA, Bugge A, Møller NC, Andersen LB, Stodden DF. Motor competence and cardiorespiratory fitness have greater influence on body fatness than physical activity across time. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1638-1647. [PMID: 28164374 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the longitudinal associations among physical activity (PA), motor competence (MC), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak ), and body fatness across 7 years, and also analyzed the possible mediation effects of PA, MC, and VO2peak on the relationships with body fatness. This was a seven-year longitudinal study with three measuring points (mean ages [in years] and respective sample size: 6.75±0.37, n=696; 9.59±1.07, n=617; 13.35±0.34, n=513). PA (moderate-to-vigorous PA-MVPA and vigorous PA-VPA) was monitored using accelerometers. MC was assessed by the "Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder-KTK" test battery. VO2peak was evaluated using a continuous running protocol until exhaustion. Body fatness was determined by the sum of four skinfolds. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the longitudinal associations among PA, MC, VO2peak, and body fatness and the potential mediation effects of PA, MC, and VO2peak . All coefficients presented were standardized (z-scores). MC and VO2peak directly influenced the development of body fatness, and VO2peak mediated the associations between MVPA, VPA, MC, and body fatness. MC also mediated the associations between MVPA, VPA, and body fatness. In addition, VO2peak had the largest total association with body fatness (β=-0.431; P<.05), followed by MC (β=-0.369; P<.05) and VPA (β=-0.112; P<.05). As PA, MC, and VO2peak exhibited longitudinal association with body fatness, it seems logical that interventions should strive to promote the development of fitness and MC through developmentally appropriate physical activities, as the synergistic interactions of all three variables impacted body fatness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Lima
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil.,Center for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - K A Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A Bugge
- Center for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - N C Møller
- Center for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - L B Andersen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education & Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|