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Duncombe SL, Stylianou M, Price L, Walker JL, Barker AR. Making a HIIT: Methods for quantifying intensity in high-intensity interval training in schools and validity of session rating of perceived exertion. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1678-1686. [PMID: 38164965 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2291736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Using the data from Making a HIIT, this paper aimed to: 1) investigate the different heart rate (HR) quantification methods reported in school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) studies; and 2) assess the criterion validity of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE). During an 8-week HIIT intervention, 213 students (13.1 (0.6) years; 46% female) completed 10-minute HIIT workouts during physical education lessons. In total, 1057 HR and RPE measurements were collected across 68 HIIT workouts. For aim 1, the average and peak HR across all participants and workouts were 79% (8%) and 92% (6%) of HRmax, respectively. The average RPE was 6 (2) points on a 10-point scale. An average of 51% of students in a class had an average HR ≥ 80% for each workout. The between-person variation for peak and average HR were 19% and 30% , respectively. Both average and peak HR decreased by 0.5% each week (p < 0.001). To assess aim 2, a within-participant correlation was calculated for the internal training load produced using HR and RPE data. The correlation was 0.39 (p < 0.001), which suggests utility of using RPE when HR is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Price
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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2
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Manojlovic M, Roklicer R, Trivic T, Milic R, Maksimović N, Tabakov R, Sekulic D, Bianco A, Drid P. Effects of school-based physical activity interventions on physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents with disabilities: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1180639. [PMID: 37362446 PMCID: PMC10289231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1180639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the influence of school-based physical exercise programs on physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents with disabilities. Methods: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed were thoroughly searched to identify relevant investigations. To be included in the systematic review, studies needed to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: 1) performed school-based physical exercise interventions; 2) parameters evaluated referred to health-related physical fitness (HRPF), skill-related physical fitness (SRPF), and cardiometabolic health; 3) a sample of participants consisted of children and adolescents with disabilities; 4) the mean age of respondents was less than 18 years; and 5) were written in the English language. Results: After searching the databases, a total of 474 studies have been identified, 18 of them met the eligibility criteria, and their outcomes were presented. Relating to the respondents' characteristics, the investigations involved 681 children and adolescents with disabilities, out of which 440 were male and 241 female. Regarding types of physical exercise interventions, the most commonly implemented were combined aerobic and resistance training, aerobic exercise, sports games, adapted high-intensity interval training, as well as sprint interval training. The obtained results unambiguously demonstrated that applied exercise interventions improved HRPF components such as cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility. In terms of the SRPF, agility, balance, coordination, and power were considerably enhanced following the school-based exercise. On the other hand, the influence on indices of body composition and cardiometabolic health is quite controversial. The majority of the available studies did not find favorable effects. Additionally, no adverse events were reported in 7 of 8 research, and adherence to exercise was approximately 92%. Conclusion: School-based physical exercise programs were very efficient in improving HRPF and SRPF in children and adolescents with disabilities, while the evidence concerning the variables of body composition and cardiometabolic health is inconclusive and warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Manojlovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Brixen-Bressanone, Italy
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rade Milic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Maksimović
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roman Tabakov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Wu J, Yang Y, Yu H, Li L, Chen Y, Sun Y. Comparative effectiveness of school-based exercise interventions on physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1194779. [PMID: 37342273 PMCID: PMC10278967 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schools provide a favorable setting for health education, however, the most effective school-based exercise mode for improving physical fitness remains unclear. This network meta-analysis was designed to assess and rank the comparative efficacy of six exercise modalities on physical fitness indicators in a school-based setting. Methods An online search of the Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases was conducted. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials were considered. Outcomes included measures of anthropometry and body composition, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Data were pooled with a random effects model using the frequentist framework. Results A total of 66 studies with 8,578 participants (48% girls) were included. High-intensity interval training was the most effective intervention reducing body mass index (mean difference (MD) = -0.60 kg·m-2, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = -1.04 to -0.15, p = 0.009), elevating VO2max (MD = 3.59 mL·kg-1·min-1, 95% CI = 2.45 to 4.74, p < 0.001), and 20-meter sprint performance (MD = -0.35 s, 95% CI = -0.55 to -0.14, p = 0.001). Aerobic training had the highest probability of reducing waist circumference (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.60, 95% CI = -0.88 to -0.32, p < 0.001). Active video games emerged as a promising modality for improving countermovement jump (MD = 2.43 cm, 95% CI = 0.06 to 4.80, p = 0.041) and shuttle running performance (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.43, p = 0.003). Strength training was the best exercise mode for improving standing long jump performance (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.07 to 1.98, p = 0.035) while combined training was rated the first for decreasing body fat percent (MD = -2.56%, 95% CI = -4.73 to -0.40, p = 0.022) and increasing push-up repetitions (SMD = 3.59, 95% CI = 0.81 to 6.37, p = 0.012). Conclusion School-based exercise interventions have multiple effects on physical fitness. The findings of this study will help to inform physical education teachers and coaches how best to deliver exercise programs in a school setting. Since the study was limited by the original research, the conclusions will require further verification using high-quality randomized controlled trials. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, Identifier: CRD42023401963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasen Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Business School, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youping Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Yasar Z, Ross MD, Gaffney CJ, Postlethwaite RD, Wilson R, Hayes LD. Aerobically trained older adults show impaired resting, but preserved exercise-induced circulating progenitor cell count, which was not improved by sprint interval training. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:465-475. [PMID: 36786845 PMCID: PMC10011317 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Older adults exhibit a reduced number and function of CD34 + circulating progenitor cells (CPC), a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise promotes the mobilisation of CPCs from bone marrow, so whether ageing per se or physical inactivity in older age reduces CPCs is unknown. Thus, this study examined the effect of age on resting and exercise-induced changes in CPCs in aerobically trained adults and the effect of 8 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) on resting and exercise-induced CPCs in older adults. Twelve young (22-34 years) and nine older (63-70 years) adults participated in the study. Blood was sampled pre and immediately post a graded exercise test to exhaustion in both groups. Older participants repeated the process after 8 weeks of SIT (3 × 20 s 'all-out' sprints, 2 × a week). Total CPCs (CD34+) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs: CD34+KDR+) were determined by flow cytometry. Older adults exhibited lower basal total CD34+ CPCs (828 ± 314 vs. 1186 ± 272 cells·mL-1, p = 0.0149) and CD34+KDR+ EPCs (177 ± 128 vs. 335 ± 92 cells·mL-1, p = 0.007) than younger adults. The maximal exercise test increased CPCs in young (CD34+: p = 0.004; CD34+KDR+: p = 0.017) and older adults (CD34+: p < 0.001; CD34+KDR+: p = 0.008), without difference between groups (p = 0.211). SIT did not alter resting or exercise-induced changes in CPCs in the older cohort (p > 0.232). This study suggests age per se does not impair exercise-induced CPC counts, but does lower resting CPC counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerbu Yasar
- Active Ageing Research Group, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mark D. Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J. Gaffney
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Russell Wilson
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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Bento A, Carrasco L, Raimundo A. Mediating Effect of Motivation on the Relationship of Fitness with Volitional High-Intensity Exercise in High-School Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060800. [PMID: 36981457 PMCID: PMC10048690 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and motivation in adolescents and analyze if the associations of physical fitness with volitional exercise intensity in adolescents are mediated by motivation. The participants were 108 adolescents (58 girls 16.0 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The intervention was applied in the first 10-15 min of each Physical Education class (PEC), twice a week, for 16 weeks and ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥90% of the maximal heart rate (HR) was used as a criterion for satisfactory compliance with high-intensity exercise. Volition intensity was assessed through a forearm wearable plethysmography heart rate sensor to ensure compliance with the exercise stimulus at the predetermined target HR zone. Motivation was estimated with a validated questionnaire (BREQ-3). Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals, and values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The mediation analysis revealed a non-significant indirect effect of physical fitness through motivation on exercise intensity, specifically on CRF (B = -0.0355, 95% BootCI [-0.5838; 0.4559]), muscular fitness (B = -0.7284, 95% BootCI [-2.0272; 0.2219]) and body fat (B = 0.5092, 95% BootCI [-0.4756; 1.6934]). These results suggest that high or low values of motivation did not increase or decrease volitional high-intensity exercise, and lower levels of fitness (CRF, muscular and body fat) were associated with higher volitional exercise intensity. These findings highlight the need for regular moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise for maintaining or improving physical fitness, regardless of motivation regulations, and emphasize the importance of new strategies in PEC with acute vigorous-intensity activities that retain the health-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Pirotecnia St., E-41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
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Men J, Zou S, Ma J, Xiang C, Li S, Wang J. Effects of high-intensity interval training on physical morphology, cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0271845. [PMID: 37167291 PMCID: PMC10174557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-intensity interval training in children and adolescents. METHODS Eight databases were searched. Descriptive analysis of the efficacy and safety of high-intensity interval training on body shape, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic risk markers of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Subgroup analysis was performed using age, participants, intervention time, and exercise frequency as covariates. RESULTS 47 studies included 2995 children and adolescents. The results of the meta-analysis showed that high-intensity interval training significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness indicators (VO2max, SBP, DBP and HRmax) and cardiovascular disease biomarkers (TC and HDL-C). HIIT had no significant effect on body shape indicators (BMI, BF% and WC) or cardiovascular disease biomarkers (TG and LDL-C). CONCLUSION Currently, there is insufficient evidence that HIIT with interval running as the predominant form improves physical indicators in children and adolescents. However, HIIT can be promoted in children and adolescents to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce some metabolic risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Men
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuangling Zou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Chenmin Xiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
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Williams RA, Dring KJ, Morris JG, Sunderland C, Nevill ME, Cooper SB. Effect of two-weeks of school-based sprint training on physical fitness, risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases and cognitive function in adolescent girls: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:884051. [PMID: 35992157 PMCID: PMC9390877 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.884051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School-based physical activity interventions are accessible to most adolescents and could enhance adolescent cardiometabolic health and cognition; yet the feasibility and success of school-based physical activity interventions is understudied. Methods Sixteen adolescent girls (age: 11.7 ± 0.3 y; height: 1.58 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 45.5 ± 9.2 kg) were randomized to either an intervention (2-weeks sprint training; n = 8) or control group (continuation of regular physical activity levels; n = 8). Following familiarization, all participants completed baseline measurements including fasted and postprandial capillary blood samples, a battery of cognitive function tests (Stroop Test, Sternberg Paradigm and Flanker Task), and an assessment of physical fitness (20 m sprint and multi-stage fitness test). The intervention group completed 2-weeks progressive sprint training (3 sessions per week: week one 6 × 10 s sprints, week two 8 × 10 s sprints). Follow-up measurements were completed 48 h after the final sprint training session. Data were analyzed via ANCOVA to examine between group differences at follow-up whilst controlling for baseline score. Results Accuracy in the intervention group during the three-item Sternberg paradigm was greater when compared with the control group (Intervention: 99.6 ± 1.1%; Control: 97.7 ± 2.2%, p = 0.046). BDNF concentration was also higher in the intervention group at follow-up than control group (Intervention: 39.12 ± 9.88 ng.ml−1; Control: 22.95 ± 9.13 ng.ml−1, p < 0.001). There were no differences at follow-up between the intervention and control group for measures of cardiometabolic health (fasted cytokine concentrations or postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses) or on the Stroop Test or Flanker Task (all p > 0.05). However, the intervention group reported enjoying the sprint training and that they found the sessions valuable. Conclusion Two-weeks sprint interval training in a school-setting enhanced working memory and increased concentrations of BDNF in adolescent girls. The intervention was deemed enjoyable and worthwhile by the adolescent girls and thus the longer-term implementation of such an intervention should be examined.
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Bento A, Carrasco L, Raimundo A. The Mediating Effect of Physical Fitness and Dietary Intake on the Relationship of Physical Activity with Body Composition in High School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127301. [PMID: 35742552 PMCID: PMC9223657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and health-related physical fitness (PF) in adolescents and analyze if the associations of PA with body composition (BC) in adolescents are mediated by physical fitness or energy intake (EI). The participants were 236 adolescents (140 girls 16.1 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. BCs were measured on an electrical weight scale. Triaxial accelerometers were used to determine PA levels and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels. EI was estimated with a validated questionnaire. Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals. The mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of MVPA only through PF on BC, specifically through CRF on body fat (B = −0.0146, 95% BootCI (−0.0219; −0.0076)) and on lean body mass (B = 0.0096, 95% BootCI (0.0049; 0.0152)), as well as through upper body strength on body fat (B = −0.012, 95% BootCI (−0.0171; −0.0072)) and on lean body mass (B = 0.0059, 95% BootCI (0.003; 0.0095)). These results suggest that PA of at least a moderate intensity is relevant to BC and health-related PF in adolescents, regardless of the EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain;
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
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Cao M, Li S, Tang Y, Zou Y. A Meta-Analysis of High-Intensity Interval Training on Glycolipid Metabolism in Children With Metabolic Disorders. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:887852. [PMID: 35633975 PMCID: PMC9133662 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.887852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Metabolic disorders are common among children and adolescents with obesity and are associated with insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method to improve cardiometabolic health. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the effects of HIIT on glycolipid metabolism in children with metabolic disorders. Methods Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on glycolipid metabolism markers. Subgroup analysis with potential moderators was explored [i.e., training intensity standard and work/rest time ratio (WRR)]. Results Eighteen trials involving 538 participants were included. HIIT showed positive effects on glycolipid metabolism, such as triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), blood glucose (BG), blood insulin (BI), and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR, when compared to the non-training control group (CON); in addition to BG (p = 0.257), the combined results of other indicators have high heterogeneity (p = 0.000). HIIT showed no superior effects when compared to moderate-intensity training (MIT). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that HIIT protocol with a WRR of 1:1 was superior to MIT for reducing TG and LDL-C and used %maximal aerobic speed (MAS) as the exercise intensity was superior to MIT for reducing TG. HIIT protocol used %heart rate (HR) as the exercise intensity was superior to MIT for increasing HDL-C, decreasing BI, and HOMA-IR. Conclusion HIIT improved glycolipid metabolism in children with metabolic disorders. WRR and training intensity can affect the intervention effects of HIIT. Systematic Review Registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/], identifier [CRD42021291473].
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cao
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yucheng Tang
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M. School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266427. [PMID: 35507539 PMCID: PMC9067698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To investigate the effectiveness of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) to explore the intervention characteristics and process outcomes of published school-based HIIT interventions. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from inception until 31 March 2021. Studies were eligible if 1) participants aged 5-17 years old; 2) a HIIT intervention within a school setting ≥ 2 weeks duration; 3) a control or comparative exercise group; 4) health-related, cognitive, physical activity, nutrition, or program evaluation outcomes; and 5) original research published in English. We conducted meta-analyses between HIIT and control groups for all outcomes with ≥ 4 studies and meta-regressions for all outcomes with ≥ 10 studies. We narratively synthesised results between HIIT and comparative exercise groups. RESULTS Fifty-four papers met eligibility criteria, encompassing 42 unique studies (35 randomised controlled trials; 36 with a high risk of bias). Meta-analyses indicated significant improvements in waist circumference (mean difference (MD) = -2.5cm), body fat percentage (MD = -1.7%), body mass index (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -1.0), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = +1.0), resting heart rate (MD = -5bpm), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (MD = -0.7), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = -0.9) for HIIT compared to the control group. Our narrative synthesis indicated mixed findings between HIIT and other comparative exercise groups. CONCLUSION School-based HIIT is effective for improving several health outcomes. Future research should address the paucity of information on physical activity and nutrition outcomes and focus on the integration and long-term effectiveness of HIIT interventions within school settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018117567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Bond
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Renae Earle
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Varley-Campbell
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L. Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Busnatu SS, Serbanoiu LI, Lacraru AE, Andrei CL, Jercalau CE, Stoian M, Stoian A. Effects of Exercise in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:82. [PMID: 35052246 PMCID: PMC8775269 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of exercise in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight children and adolescents until the adolescent age, which is 18 years. A systemic search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, from inception to 29 June 2021. All statistical analyses were conducted in Review Manager 5.4.1. All studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. A random-effect model was used to pool the studies, and the results are reported in the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% Confidence interval (CI). Twelve randomized control trials were selected for meta-analysis. Significant results were obtained for BMI in children after the interventions (0.38 95% CI 0.14, 0.62; p = 0.002; I2 = 65%). LDL level was also found significantly reduced (0.41 95% CI 0.01, 0.82; p = 0.05; I2 = 83%). Other factors such as HDL level, blood pressure, blood glucose level, body weight, and waist circumference were also analyzed. We found that exercise interventions significantly improved several cardiometabolic risk factors such as BMI, LDL level, BP, and blood glucose level. However, no significant effect on HDL concentration, waist circumference, and body weight were found. Long-term interventions are needed to attain improvement in all cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sebastian Busnatu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Liviu Ionut Serbanoiu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreea Elena Lacraru
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Catalina Liliana Andrei
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Cosmina Elena Jercalau
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Marilena Stoian
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Anca Stoian
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.S.B.); (A.E.L.); (C.L.A.); (C.E.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Paulino da Silva Bento AF, Páez LC, Manuel de Mendonça Raimundo A. High-intensity interval training in high-school physical education classes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 24:100867. [PMID: 34825104 PMCID: PMC8605213 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School and Physical Education classes (PEC) are privileged spaces, promoters of positive changes for the rest of life. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is presented as a time-efficient alternative to aerobic training, as it leverages the number of exercise participants, resulting in improvements in health outcomes. Despite the widespread interest in the advantages that the HIIT methodology reveals, there is a lack of randomized controlled studies investigating the impact on adolescents, mainly adressing adolescents’ environment, such as schools. This study aims to evaluate the utility of a HIIT program integrated into high-school PEC, as a strategy that allows students to improve their Physical Fitness, Physical Activity (PA) level, and Motivation for Exercise. Methods This study is a two-arm randomized controlled trial design with adolescents from the 10th to 12th grades (15–17 years). The trial will aim to recruit 300 students from 1 secondary school. The HIIT sessions will be applied in the first 10–15 min of each PEC, twice a week, for 16 weeks, ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥ 90% of maximal heart rate will be a criterion for satisfactory compliance to high-intensity exercise. A rated perceived exertion scale will be measured in each exercise session to estimate effort, fatigue, and training load. The control group will continue the usual programmed PEC. Study outcomes will be measured at baseline and after the HIIT program. Cardiorespiratory fitness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include: muscular fitness, PA and motivation for exercise. Discussion HIIT protocols presents wide applicability in PEC and great adaptation to the facilities. The authors aim to provide novel HIIT protocols for schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Filipe Paulino da Silva Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre CHRC, Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Armando Manuel de Mendonça Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre CHRC, Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
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Lee EJ, So WY, Youn HS, Kim J. Effects of School-Based Physical Activity Programs on Health-Related Physical Fitness of Korean Adolescents: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062976. [PMID: 33799424 PMCID: PMC7998220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As adolescents spend the majority of their time focused on exams and assignments, they do not have sufficient time to engage in physical activity; this lack of physical activity is an important public health concern. This study aimed to investigate how school-based physical activity programs affect the health-related physical fitness of adolescents in the Republic of Korea. For this study, a total of 120 high school students participated in a school-based physical activity program that included badminton and table tennis for 15 weeks each (35 min/day, three times a week), with a total of 30 weeks for one academic year. The parameters for health-related physical fitness measured muscle strength (handgrip strength), power (standing long jump), cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle run test), flexibility (sit and reach), body mass index (BMI), and the total score. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in muscle strength (p < 0.001), power (p < 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001), flexibility (p = 0.005), and the overall health-related physical fitness score (p = 0.001). However, students’ BMI showed no significant difference before and after participation (p = 0.825). The results of this study indicated that school-based physical activity programs can have a positive effect on the health-related physical fitness of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jae Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea;
| | - Wi-Young So
- Sports Medicine Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Su Youn
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, WonKwang University, Iksan-si 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6623 (H.-S.Y.); +82-43-840-3212 (J.K.); Fax: +82-63-850-6666 (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Office of Academic Affairs, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6623 (H.-S.Y.); +82-43-840-3212 (J.K.); Fax: +82-63-850-6666 (H.-S.Y.)
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Martin-Smith R, Cox A, Buchan DS, Baker JS, Grace F, Sculthorpe N. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in Healthy, Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082955. [PMID: 32344773 PMCID: PMC7215828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a sustainable and effective method for improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in adolescents. HIIT is proven to produce equal or greater improvements in CRF when compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adolescents. Methods: The studies included were considered eligible if: (1) Participants were adolescents (11–18 years old); (2) Examined changes in CRF measured either directly or indirectly; (3) Included a non-exercising control group or MICE comparison group; (4) Participants were matched at enrolment; (5) Reported HIIT protocol information; (6) Provided HIIT intensity. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on CRF. Meta-regression and moderator analyses were performed out to quantitatively examine moderators of protocol design on CRF improvements. Results: HIIT displays a moderate effect to improve CRF (g = 0.86, 95% CI 0.518–1.106, p < 0.001). Neither study duration (weeks), nor total or weekly accumulated HIIT volume (min) displayed any significant moderation effect on pooled improvement on CRF (p > 0.05). Conclusions: HIIT is an effective method to improve CRF in adolescents, irrespective of body composition. Notably, meta regression analysis identified that prolonged high volume HIIT programs are similarly effective to short term low volume HIIT programs. This becomes of particular interest for those involved in school curricula, where short HIIT exercise may provide a pragmatic adjunct to the health benefits of Physical Education (PE) lessons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Martin-Smith
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashley Cox
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK;
| | - Duncan S. Buchan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire Campus Lanarkshire, Scotland G72 0LH, UK; (D.S.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Fergal Grace
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Federation University, Mt Helen, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia;
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire Campus Lanarkshire, Scotland G72 0LH, UK; (D.S.B.); (N.S.)
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