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Liu Y, Williams CA, Weston KL, Duncombe SL, Malik AA, Barker AR. Validation and Calibration for Embedding Rating of Perceived Exertion Into High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents: A Lab-Based Study. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38194950 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a convenient and cost-effective tool that can be used to monitor high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). However, no methodological study has demonstrated the validity of RPE in this context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate and calibrate RPE for monitoring HIIE in adolescents. METHODS RPE, heart rate (HR), and oxygen uptake (V˙O2) data were retrospectively extracted from 3 lab-based crossover studies, with a pooled sample size of 45 adolescents, performing either cycling-based or running-based HIIE sessions. Within-participant correlations were calculated for RPE-HR and RPE-V˙O2, and receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to establish RPE cut points. RESULTS The results showed that RPE-HR demonstrated acceptable criterion validity (r = .53-.74, P < .01), while RPE-V˙O2 had poor validity (r = .40-.48, P < .01), except for HIIE at 100% peak power (r = .59, P < .01). RPE cut points of 4 and 5 were established in corresponding to HR/V˙O2 based thresholds. CONCLUSION RPE has some utility in evaluating intensity during lab-based running or cycling HIIE in adolescents. Future studies should expand the validation and calibration of RPE for prescribing and monitoring HIIE in children and adolescents in field-based contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,United Kingdom
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L Duncombe
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,United Kingdom
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD,Australia
| | - Adam A Malik
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian,Malaysia
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,United Kingdom
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Jenkins DG, Devin JL, Weston KL, Jenkins JG, Skinner TL. Benefits beyond cardiometabolic health: the potential of frequent high intensity 'exercise snacks' to improve outcomes for those living with and beyond cancer. J Physiol 2023; 601:4691-4697. [PMID: 37732418 DOI: 10.1113/jp284985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to consistently elicit rapid and significant adaptations in a number of physiological systems, across many different healthy and clinical populations. In addition, there is increasing interest in how some acute, yet transient responses to high intensity exercise potentially reduce the risks of particular diseases. Recent work has shown that discrete, brief bouts of high intensity exercise (termed 'exercise snacks') can improve glucose control and vascular health and thus counter the negative cardiometabolic consequences of prolonged, uninterrupted periods of inactivity. In this brief review, we advance the case, using evidence available from pre-clinical studies in the exercise oncology literature, that brief, frequently completed bouts of high intensity exercise embedded within an individual's overall daily and weekly physical activity schedule, may transiently impact the tumour microenvironment and improve the health outcomes for those who have been diagnosed and treated for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Jenkins
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - James L Devin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph G Jenkins
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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3
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Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M. School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266427. [PMID: 35507539 PMCID: PMC9067698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To investigate the effectiveness of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) to explore the intervention characteristics and process outcomes of published school-based HIIT interventions. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from inception until 31 March 2021. Studies were eligible if 1) participants aged 5-17 years old; 2) a HIIT intervention within a school setting ≥ 2 weeks duration; 3) a control or comparative exercise group; 4) health-related, cognitive, physical activity, nutrition, or program evaluation outcomes; and 5) original research published in English. We conducted meta-analyses between HIIT and control groups for all outcomes with ≥ 4 studies and meta-regressions for all outcomes with ≥ 10 studies. We narratively synthesised results between HIIT and comparative exercise groups. RESULTS Fifty-four papers met eligibility criteria, encompassing 42 unique studies (35 randomised controlled trials; 36 with a high risk of bias). Meta-analyses indicated significant improvements in waist circumference (mean difference (MD) = -2.5cm), body fat percentage (MD = -1.7%), body mass index (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -1.0), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = +1.0), resting heart rate (MD = -5bpm), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (MD = -0.7), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = -0.9) for HIIT compared to the control group. Our narrative synthesis indicated mixed findings between HIIT and other comparative exercise groups. CONCLUSION School-based HIIT is effective for improving several health outcomes. Future research should address the paucity of information on physical activity and nutrition outcomes and focus on the integration and long-term effectiveness of HIIT interventions within school settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018117567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Bond
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Renae Earle
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Varley-Campbell
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L. Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Basterfield L, Burn NL, Galna B, Batten H, Goffe L, Karoblyte G, Lawn M, Weston KL. Changes in children's physical fitness, BMI and health-related quality of life after the first 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in England: A longitudinal study. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1088-1096. [PMID: 35262450 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2047504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess one-year changes in physical fitness, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and body mass index (BMI), encompassing the 2020 COVID-19 UK lockdowns. Data were collected (October 2019, November 2020) from 178 8-10-year-olds in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, 85% from England's most deprived quintile. Twenty-metre shuttle run test performance (20mSRT), handgrip strength (HGS), standing broad jump (SBJ), sit-and-reach, height, body mass, HRQoL (Kidscreen-27 questionnaire) and sports club participation were measured. BMI z-scores and overweight/obesity were calculated (≥85th centile). Paired t-tests and linear regression assessed change, adjusting for baseline BMI. Significant (p<0.001) changes were observed: increases in mean BMI (+1.5kg·m-2), overweight/obesity (33% to 47%), SBJ (+6.8cm) and HGS (+1.5kg); decreases in 20mSRT performance (-3 shuttles), sit-and-reach (-1.8cm). More children at follow-up were categorized "very low" for 20mSRT performance (35% baseline v 51%). Increased BMI z-score was associated with decreased "Physical Wellbeing" HRQoL. Follow-up sports club participation was associated with better 20mSRT performance (p=0.032), and "Autonomy & Parents" (p=0.011), "Social Support & Peers" (p=0.038) HRQoL. Children's 20mSRT performance and BMI changed adversely over one year; national lockdowns potentially made negative contributions. Physical fitness, physical activity and sports programmes should be part of children's physical and mental recovery from the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Naomi L Burn
- UniSA Onlin, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah Batten
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louis Goffe
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guoda Karoblyte
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matt Lawn
- Walkergate Community School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Basterfield L, Burn NL, Galna B, Karoblyte G, Weston KL. The association between physical fitness, sports club participation and body mass index on health-related quality of life in primary school children from a socioeconomically deprived area of England. Prev Med Rep 2022; 24:101557. [PMID: 34976625 PMCID: PMC8683957 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between physical fitness components, body mass index (BMI) and sports club participation on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 8- to 11-year-old children from a socioeconomically deprived region of England. From May-October 2019, 432 children completed the HRQoL questionnaire Kidscreen-27 and Leisure Time Physical Activity Survey, and a physical fitness testing battery of 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT), handgrip strength (Handgrip), standing broad jump (Broad Jump), and sit-and-reach. Height, body mass, BMI and somatic maturity data were collected. Comparisons with reference populations were undertaken using a quintile framework. Linear and quantile regression assessed associations between physical fitness components and HRQoL variables. Using English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, 90% of children were from the most deprived quintile and 39% were overweight or obese. More children scored poorly on the Physical Wellbeing (40%) and Psychological Wellbeing (45%) HRQoL domains than the reference population (31%). Physical fitness scores were generally classed as 'low'-'very low' (42-58%). 20mSRT and Broad Jump performance explained an additional 10.7% of variance in Physical Wellbeing after adjusting for BMI z-score, sex and age (total R2 21.2%). Quantile regression identified a subset of children who rated Physical Wellbeing as high regardless of 20mSRT performance. Sports club participation was associated with better 20mSRT and Broad Jump performance, and all domains of HRQoL. Our data indicate that some physical fitness components and sports club participation are positively associated with HRQoL of children from socioeconomically deprived areas, irrespective of BMI z-score. Interventions to improve HRQoL should consider both aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition Research Centre and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Naomi L Burn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Constantine Building, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Brook Galna
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Guoda Karoblyte
- Human Nutrition Research Centre and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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Weston KL, Innerd A, Azevedo LB, Bock S, Batterham AM. Process Evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts): A Multi-Activity School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:737900. [PMID: 34617011 PMCID: PMC8488272 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.737900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decade, research into the impact of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on young people's health has markedly increased. Despite this, most authors have focused on the outcomes of their intervention, rather than the process of how the study was conducted. The aim of our study, therefore, was to conduct a mixed methods process evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts), a school-based HIIT intervention for adolescents. The objectives were to explore study recruitment, reach, intervention dose, fidelity, participants' experiences, context, and future implementation. Methods: Recruitment was assessed by comparing the number of students who received study information, to those who provided consent. Reach was described as the number of participants who completed the intervention. Dose was reported via the number of HIIT sessions delivered, total exercise time commitment, HIIT exercise time, and session attendance. Post-intervention focus groups were conducted with intervention participants (n = 33; aged 14.1 ± 0.3 years; mean ± standard deviation). These discussions explored aspects of intervention fidelity (extent that the intervention was delivered as intended); participants' experiences of the HIIT sessions; context (exploration of the nuances of school-based HIIT); and ideas for future implementation. Results: Recruitment, reach, and dose data indicate that Project FFAB was largely delivered as planned. Focus group data identified a mismatch between perceived vs. prescribed work: rest ratio for the multi-activity HIIT drills. Generally, the HIIT drills were well-received; participants often reported they were fun to complete, and the use of heart rate monitors was helpful for interpreting exercise intensity. Some participants stated that greater variety in the HIIT drills would be preferable. The timing and structure of the HIIT sessions that took place outside of physical education lessons received mixed responses. Conclusion: Collectively, our study supports the use of school-based HIIT and provides valuable insights into how such interventions can be implemented. Project FFAB could be modified to account for individuals' preferences on when the exercise sessions took place. In addition, a wider range of activities could be included, and the prescribed work: rest ratio of the HIIT drills could be better communicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Innerd
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Liane B Azevedo
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Huddersfield University, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Bock
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M Batterham
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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7
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Burn NL, Weston M, Atkinson G, Graham M, Weston KL. Brief Exercise at Work (BE@Work): A Mixed-Methods Pilot Trial of a Workplace High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:699608. [PMID: 34278300 PMCID: PMC8282817 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.699608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving markers of physical fitness and cardiometabolic health is promising. The workplace is one non-laboratory setting where the effectiveness of HIIT could be explored. The aim of this study was to undertake a mixed-methods exploratory pilot trial of a workplace HIIT intervention named Brief Exercise at Work (BE@Work). Methods: Fifty-four healthy employees (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age 46 ± 10 years) from two workplaces in Northeast England were allocated to 8 weeks of thrice-weekly workplace HIIT based on boxing, stair climbing and stepping, comprising 4-7 60 s high-intensity intervals interspersed with 75 s rest (n = 30), or a no-intervention control (n = 24). The primary outcome was the change SD of predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Markers of physical fitness, cardiometabolic health and mental well-being were also measured at baseline and follow-up. Participant perceptions of the intervention were explored in post-intervention focus groups (n = 9). Results: Mean (±SD) session attendance was 82% (±15%). Mean peak heart rate across the intervention was 87% of age-predicted maximal heart rate with a within- and between-subject SD of 5.5% and 3.7%, respectively. The SD of changes in predicted VO2max was 6.6 mL·kg-1·min-1 across both groups, which can be used to inform sample size estimations for a future full trial. The control-adjusted mean increase (95% confidence interval) in predicted VO2max was 3.9 (-0.2 to 8.1) mL·kg-1·min-1, corresponding to a Cohen's D of 0.47. We also observed preliminary evidence of small to moderate effects in favour of the intervention group for non-dominant leg extensor muscle power, markers of health-related quality of life, well-being and perceived stress and small to moderate effects in favour of the controls in perceived pain, physical activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. During HIIT, focus group participants reported physiological responses they perceived as unpleasant or tiring (e.g., breathlessness, local muscular fatigue), but also that they felt alert and energised afterwards. Conclusion: The findings of this exploratory pilot trial support the implementation of a definitive randomised controlled trial to quantify the effectiveness of a workplace HIIT intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Burn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Graham
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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O'Callaghan A, Harvey M, Houghton D, Gray WK, Weston KL, Oates LL, Romano B, Walker RW. Comparing the influence of exercise intensity on brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels in people with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:1731-1738. [PMID: 31606860 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is thought to be protective against the neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson's disease (PD), and is thought to increase during exercise. This has been proposed as a possible mechanism by which exercise improves outcomes for people with PD. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the role of exercise intensity on BDNF levels in people with PD. METHODS Participants of early- to mid-stage disease were recruited from a single PD service in north-east England, UK into two separate studies of exercise in PD, one involving moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and one involving high-intensity interval training (HIIT), both had control groups. In both the interventions, participants exercise three times per week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken for BDNF analysis at the start and end of the first session and the start and end of the final session, with corresponding samples taken in controls. RESULTS Data were available for 27 participants (13 intervention, 14 control) in the MICT intervention and 17 (9 intervention, 8 control) in the HIIT intervention. BDNF level did not rise significantly from the start to end of individual sessions. Across the 12 week period, they rose significantly in the HIIT intervention group, but not in controls or the MICT intervention group. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity interval training appears to have a greater impact on BDNF than MICT. Future work should directly compare exercise modalities and investigate the impact of BDNF levels on disease progression and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailish O'Callaghan
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE29 8NH, UK
- North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK
| | - Marguerite Harvey
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE29 8NH, UK
| | - David Houghton
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William K Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE29 8NH, UK.
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Lloyd L Oates
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE29 8NH, UK
| | | | - Richard W Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE29 8NH, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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9
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Burn NL, Weston M, Maguire N, Atkinson G, Weston KL. Effects of Workplace-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2020; 49:1255-1274. [PMID: 31115827 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. Physical activity of at least moderate intensity can improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Workplaces may provide a relatively controlled setting in which to improve cardiorespiratory fitness through physical activity. Limited work has been conducted to quantify the impact of delivering physical activity in the workplace on cardiorespiratory fitness. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to quantify the effects of workplace physical activity interventions on peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and explore study and participant characteristics as putative moderators. METHODS Seven databases were searched up to September 2018. Search terms included "workplace", "physical activity" and "intervention". Inclusion criteria were controlled trials where physical activity of at least moderate intensity was delivered in the workplace and compared to controls or non-active comparators; and cardiorespiratory fitness measured by actual or predicted VO2peak. Risk of bias was assessed using the PEDro scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted with between-study variation quantified and then explored for putative predictors with a meta-regression. Pooled estimate uncertainty was expressed as 90% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed against our threshold value for clinical relevance of 1 mL·kg-1·min-1. RESULTS The final dataset consisted of 25 estimates of VO2peak from 12 trials. The pooled mean differences between intervention and control arms was a beneficial improvement of 2.7 mL·kg-1·min-1 (90% CI 1.6-3.8). The 95% prediction interval ranged from a reduction in VO2peak of - 1.1 to an improvement of 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1. Between-study heterogeneity (τau) was ± 1.6 mL·kg-1·min-1. The meta-regression showed longer interventions (3.2 mL·kg-1·min-1; 90% CI 1.6-3.8) to have an additive effect and studies with a low risk of bias (- 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; 90% CI - 4.0 to - 1.0), and participants of greater baseline VO2peak (- 1.6 mL·kg-1·min-1; 90% CI - 3.6 to 0.4), and age (- 1.4 mL·kg-1·min-1; 90% CI - 3.2 to 0.3) having a lesser effect. Participant sex (percentage female) had an additive effect on VO2peak (0.4 mL·kg-1·min-1; 90% CI - 1.6 to 2.4). CONCLUSIONS Workplace-based physical activity interventions consisting of at least moderate-intensity activity improve cardiorespiratory fitness. At the present time, we surmise that no single group of employees (e.g. older employees or less fit individuals) can be definitively identified as standing to benefit more from workplace physical activity interventions than others. This demonstrates the potential utility of workplace physical activity interventions for improving cardiorespiratory fitness in a broad range of healthy employees. Protocol registration: PROSPERO (registration number: 42017057498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Burn
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK. .,Teesside University, Southfield Rd, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Neil Maguire
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
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10
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Makhumula-Nkhoma N, Weston KL, McSherry R, Atkinson G. The impact of venepuncture training on the reduction of pre-analytical blood sample haemolysis rates: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:4166-4176. [PMID: 31294491 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venepuncture involves the introduction of a needle into a vein to collect a representative blood sample for laboratory testing. In the pre-analytical phase, haemolysis (the rupturing of erythrocytes and release of their contents into the extracellular compartment) has safety, quality and cost implications. Training in correct venepuncture practice has the potential to reduce in vitro haemolysis rates, but the evidence for this notion has yet to be synthesised. DESIGN Systematic review (PRISMA Checklist). METHODS Published studies on the effectiveness of venepuncture training on haemolysis rates were searched in relevant databases. The McMaster critical appraisal tool was used to assess methodological quality. The GRADE tool was used to evaluate the body of evidence in relation to the research questions. Implementation fidelity was also scrutinised in each study. RESULTS Eight out of 437 retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria. None were randomised controlled trials (RCT). Between-study heterogeneity in design, intervention characteristics and the biochemical threshold for haemolysis precluded a meta-analysis. Post-training reductions in haemolysis rates of between 0.4%-19.8% were reported in four of the studies, which developed their intervention according to a clear evidence base and included mentoring in the intervention. Rises in haemolysis rates of between 1.3%-1.9% were reported in two studies, while the intervention effect was inconsistent within two other studies. CONCLUSION There are no RCTS on the effectiveness of venepuncture training for reducing haemolysis rates, and findings from the existing uncontrolled studies are unclear. For a more robust evidence base, we recommend more RCTs with standardisation of haemolysis thresholds and training-related factors. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE While venepuncture training is an important factor influencing quality of blood sample in clinical practice, more robust evidence is needed to make specific recommendations about training content for reduction of haemolysis rates. Standardisation of haemolysis thresholds would also enable future meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Robert McSherry
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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11
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Hurst C, Scott JPR, Weston KL, Weston M. High-Intensity Interval Training: A Potential Exercise Countermeasure During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:581. [PMID: 31191330 PMCID: PMC6541112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an effective approach for improving a range of physiological markers associated with physical fitness. A considerable body of work has demonstrated substantial improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness following short-term training programmes, while emerging evidence suggests that HIT can positively impact aspects of neuromuscular fitness. Given the detrimental consequences of prolonged exposure to microgravity on both of these physiological systems, and the potential for HIT to impact multiple components of fitness simultaneously, HIT is an appealing exercise countermeasure during human spaceflight. As such, the primary aim of this mini review is to synthesize current terrestrial knowledge relating to the effectiveness of HIT for inducing improvements in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness. As exercise-induced fitness changes are typically influenced by the specific exercise protocol employed, we will consider the effect of manipulating programming variables, including exercise volume and intensity, when prescribing HIT. In addition, as the maintenance of HIT-induced fitness gains and the choice of exercise mode are important considerations for effective training prescription, these issues are also discussed. We conclude by evaluating the potential integration of HIT into future human spaceflight operations as a strategy to counteract the effects of microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hurst
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P R Scott
- KBRwyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,Space Medicine Office, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency (ESA), Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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12
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR. Perceptual Responses to High- and Moderate-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1021-1030. [PMID: 29206781 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuous high-intensity exercise is proposed to evoke unpleasant sensations as predicted by the dual-mode theory and may negatively impact on future exercise adherence. Previous studies support unpleasant sensations in affective responses during continuous high-intensity exercise, but the affect experience during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) involving brief bursts of high-intensity exercise separated by low-intensity activity is poorly understood in adolescents. We examined the acute affective, enjoyment, and perceived exertion responses to HIIE compared with moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE) in adolescents. METHODS Thirteen adolescent boys (mean ± SD: age, 14.0 ± 0.5 yr) performed two counterbalanced exercise conditions: 1) HIIE: 8 × 1-min work intervals at 90% maximal aerobic speed; and 2) MIIE: between 9 and 12 × 1-min work intervals at 90% ventilatory threshold where the number of intervals performed were distance-matched to HIIE. HIIE and MIIE work intervals were interspersed with 75 s active recovery at 4 km·h. Affect, enjoyment, and RPE were recorded before, during, and after exercise. RESULTS Affect responses declined in both conditions but the fall was greater in HIIE than MIIE (P < 0.025, effect size [ES], 0.64 to 0.81). Affect remained positive at the end-work interval for both conditions (MIIE, 2.62 ± 1.50; HIIE, 1.15 ± 2.08 on feeling scale). No enjoyment differences were evident during HIIE and MIIE (P = 0.32), but HIIE elicited greater postexercise enjoyment compared with MIIE (P = 0.01, ES = 0.47). RPE was significantly higher during HIIE than MIIE across all work intervals (all P < 0.03, ES > 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Despite elevated RPE, HIIE did not elicit prominent unpleasant feelings as predicted by the dual-mode theory and was associated with greater postexercise enjoyment responses than MIIE. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the application of HIIE as an alternative form of physical activity in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Malik
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM.,Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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13
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR. Perceptual and Cardiorespiratory Responses to High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents: Does Work Intensity Matter? J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:1-12. [PMID: 30787646 PMCID: PMC6370969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) may not elicit prominent unpleasant feelings even with elevated perceived exertion and physiological stress in adolescents. However, the influence of different HIIE work intensities on the affective experience and cardiorespiratory responses is unknown. This study examined the acute affective, enjoyment, perceived exertion and cardiorespiratory responses to HIIE with different work intensities in adolescents. Participants (n = 16; 8 boys; age 12.0 ± 0.3 years) performed, on separate days, HIIE conditions consisting of 8 x 1-minute work-intervals at 70%, 85%, or 100% peak power separated by 75 seconds recovery at 20 W. Affect, enjoyment and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded before, during, and after HIIE. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake were collected during HIIE. Affect declined in all conditions (p < 0.01) but 100%HIIE elicited significantly lower affect than 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE at work-interval 8 (all p < 0.02, ES > 1.74; 70%HIIE = 2.5 ± 0.8; 85%HIIE = 1.1 ± 1.5; 100%HIIE = -1.5 ± 1.4 on feeling scale). Similar enjoyment was evident during and after all conditions (all p > 0.44). RPE was significantly higher during 100%HIIE than 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE across all work-intervals (all p < 0.01, ES > 1.56). The majority of the participants attained ≥90%HRmax during 85%HIIE (87%) and 100%HIIE (100%), but not during 70%HIIE (6%). Affect responses during HIIE are dependent on the intensity of the work-interval and are not entirely negative (unpleasant feelings). Despite similar enjoyment, positive affect experienced during 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE could serve as a strategy to encourage exercise adoption and adherence in adolescents, but only 85%HIIE elicits sufficient HR stimulus to facilitate potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Malik
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Harvey M, Weston KL, Gray WK, O'Callaghan A, Oates LL, Davidson R, Walker RW. High-intensity interval training in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled feasibility trial. Clin Rehabil 2018; 33:428-438. [PMID: 30514114 DOI: 10.1177/0269215518815221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether people with Parkinson's disease can exercise at a high-intensity across a 12-week intervention and to assess the impact of the intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness. DESIGN: This is a randomized, controlled, feasibility study with waiting list control. Assessors were blinded to group allocation. SETTING: The intervention took place at an exercise centre and assessments at a district general hospital. SUBJECTS: This study included 20 people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. INTERVENTION: A total of 36 exercise sessions over 12 weeks, with each session lasting ~45 minutes, were conducted. MAIN MEASURES: The main measures were maximal heart rates achieved during exercise, recruitment rate, attendance, drop-out, change in peak oxygen consumption, cardiac output, cognitive function and quality of life. The study was considered technically feasible if participants achieved ⩾85% of maximal heart rate during exercise. RESULTS: There were 12 male and 8 female participants; they had a mean age of 68.5 years (standard deviation 6.825). Two participants were of Hoehn and Yahr stage I, 11 stage II and 7 stage III. In all, 17 participants completed the intervention. The median (interquartile range) proportion of repetitions delivered across the intervention which met our high-intensity criterion was 80% (67% to 84%). Mean peak heart rate was 88.8% of maximal. Peak oxygen consumption increased by 2.8 mL kg-1 min-1 in the intervention group and 1.5 mL kg-1 min-1 in the control group after 12 weeks of exercise. We estimate that a fully powered randomized controlled trial would require 30 participants per group. CONCLUSION: High-intensity interval exercise is feasible in people with Parkinson's disease. Improvements in cardiorespiratory function are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Harvey
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- 2 School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - William K Gray
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ailish O'Callaghan
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK.,3 Cumberland Infirmary, North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust, Carlisle, UK
| | - Lloyd L Oates
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Richard Davidson
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Richard W Walker
- 1 Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK.,4 Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR. Perceptual and prefrontal cortex haemodynamic responses to high-intensity interval exercise with decreasing and increasing work-intensity in adolescents. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 133:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Lolli L, Batterham AM, Kratochvíl L, Flegr J, Weston KL, Atkinson G. A comprehensive allometric analysis of 2nd digit length to 4th digit length in humans. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0356. [PMID: 28659446 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely reported that men have a lower ratio of the 2nd and 4th human finger lengths (2D : 4D). Size-scaling ratios, however, have the seldom-appreciated potential for providing biased estimates. Using an information-theoretic approach, we compared 12 candidate models, with different assumptions and error structures, for scaling untransformed 2D to 4D lengths from 154 men and 262 women. In each hand, the two-parameter power function and the straight line with intercept models, both with normal, homoscedastic error, were superior to the other models and essentially equivalent to each other for normalizing 2D to 4D lengths. The conventional 2D : 4D ratio biased relative 2D length low for the generally bigger hands of men, and vice versa for women, thereby leading to an artefactual indication that mean relative 2D length is lower in men than women. Conversely, use of the more appropriate allometric or linear regression models revealed that mean relative 2D length was, in fact, greater in men than women. We conclude that 2D does not vary in direct proportion to 4D for both men and women, rendering the use of the simple 2D : 4D ratio inappropriate for size-scaling purposes and intergroup comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alan M Batterham
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Jaroslav Flegr
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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17
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Bond B, Weston KL, Williams CA, Barker AR. Perspectives on high-intensity interval exercise for health promotion in children and adolescents. Open Access J Sports Med 2017; 8:243-265. [PMID: 29225481 PMCID: PMC5708187 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s127395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity lowers future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, few children and adolescents achieve the recommended minimum amount of daily activity. Accordingly, there is virtue in identifying the efficacy of small volumes of high-intensity exercise for health benefits in children and adolescents for the primary prevention of CVD risk. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a novel overview of the available literature concerning high-intensity interval-exercise (HIIE) interventions in children and adolescents. Specifically, the following areas are addressed: 1) outlining the health benefits observed following a single bout of HIIE, 2) reviewing the role of HIIE training in the management of pediatric obesity, and 3) discussing the effectiveness of school-based HIIE training. In total, 39 HIIE intervention studies were included in this review. Based upon the available data, a single bout of high-intensity exercise provides a potent stimulus for favorable, acute changes across a range of cardiometabolic outcomes that are often superior to a comparative bout of moderate-intensity exercise (14 studies reviewed). HIIE also promotes improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health status in overweight and obese children and adolescents (10 studies reviewed) and when delivered in the school setting (15 studies reviewed). We thus conclude that high-intensity exercise is a feasible and potent method of improving a range of cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents. However, further work is needed to optimize the delivery of HIIE interventions in terms of participant enjoyment and acceptability, to include a wider range of health outcomes, and to control for important confounding variables (eg, changes in diet and habitual physical activity). Finally, research into the application of HIIE training interventions to children and adolescents of different ages, sexes, pubertal status, and sociocultural backgrounds is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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18
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Bond B, Weston KL, Barker AR. Acute cardiorespiratory, perceptual and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1335-1342. [PMID: 28859545 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1364300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine adolescents' acute cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and enjoyment responses following HIIE and work-matched continuous moderate intensity exercise (CMIE). Fifty-four 12- to 15-year olds (27 boys) completed 8 × 1-min cycling at 90% peak power with 75-s recovery (HIIE) and at 90% of the gas exchange threshold (CMIE). Absolute oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), percentage of maximal [Formula: see text] (%[Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during HIIE. Enjoyment was measured using the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) following HIIE and CMIE. Boys elicited higher absolute [Formula: see text] during HIIE work (p < .01, effect size (ES) > 1.22) and recovery (p < .02, ES > 0.51) intervals but lower %[Formula: see text] during HIIE recovery intervals compared to girls (p < .01, ES > 0.67). No sex differences in HR and %HRmax were evident during HIIE and 48 participants attained ≥90% HRmax. Boys produced higher RPE at intervals 6 (p = .004, ES = 1.00) and 8 (p = .003, ES = 1.00) during HIIE. PACES was higher after HIIE compared with CMIE (p = .003, ES = 0.58). Items from PACES "I got something out of it", "It's very exciting" and "It gives me a strong feeling of success" were higher after HIIE (all p < .01, ES > 0.32). The items "I feel bored" and "It's not at all interesting" were higher after CMIE (all p < .01, ES > 0.46). HIIE elicits a maximal cardiorespiratory response in most adolescents. Greater enjoyment after HIIE was due to elevated feelings of reward, excitement and success and may serve as a strategy to promote health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Malik
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK.,c Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - Craig A Williams
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Bert Bond
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- b Health and Social Care Institute , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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Abstract
Muscular power is important for maintaining physical functioning with aging. Proper quantification of the reliability of muscular power tests is crucial to inform monitoring of individuals and sample size planning for interventional studies. This study evaluated short- and long-term reliability of leg extensor power measurement in 72 adults (age 62.7 ± 8.6 years). Participants completed four repeat trials on the Nottingham leg extensor power rig, with a further trial twelve weeks later. Mean change, typical error, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. For short-term reliability, mean change in power output was trivial after two trials (1.2-4.8%). Typical errors were small following four trials in the dominant leg of males (10.9-5.8%), three in the non-dominant leg of males (9.9-6.2%) and the dominant leg of females (10.0-9.6%) and two in the non-dominant leg in females (8.3%). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were very high (0.88-0.96). For long-term reliability, mean change remained trivial (1.0-2.5%), typical errors remained small (5.8-8.6%), and ICCs very high (0.94-0.96). The leg extensor power rig is a reliable method for assessing lower body muscular power, both short- and long-term, with only minimal habituation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hurst
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Business and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Alan M Batterham
- b Health and Social Care Institute , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- b Health and Social Care Institute , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Business and Law , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
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20
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Lolli L, Batterham AM, Weston KL, Atkinson G. ALLOMETRIC SCALING OF VO
2max
: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Br J Sports Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096952.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Lolli L, Batterham AM, Weston KL, Atkinson G. THE QUANTIFICATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS INDEPENDENT FROM CHANGES IN BODY MASS: ILLUSTRATION OF AN ALLOMETRIC APPROACH. Br J Sports Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096952.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Weston KL, Azevedo LB, Bock S, Weston M, George KP, Batterham AM. Effect of Novel, School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) on Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescents: Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts) - An Exploratory Controlled Before-And-After Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159116. [PMID: 27486660 PMCID: PMC4972319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-volume high-intensity interval training holds promise for cardiometabolic health promotion in adolescents, but sustainable interventions must be practical and engaging. We examined the effect of a school-based multi-activity low-volume high-intensity interval training intervention on adolescents’ cardiometabolic health. Methods In an exploratory controlled before-and-after design, 101 adolescents (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] 14.0 ± 0.3 years) were recruited from four schools; two were designated as intervention sites (n = 41), and two as control (n = 60). The intervention comprised 4 to 7 repetitions of 45 s maximal effort exercise (basketball, boxing, dance and soccer drills) interspersed with 90-s rest, thrice weekly for 10 weeks. Outcomes were non-fasting blood lipids and glucose, waist circumference, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, resting blood pressure, physical activity, twenty-metre shuttle-run test performance and carotid artery intima-media thickness. The difference in the change from baseline (intervention minus control) was estimated for each outcome. Using magnitude-based inferences, we calculated the probability that the true population effect was beneficial, trivial, and harmful against a threshold for the minimum clinically important difference of 0.2 between-subject SDs. Results and Discussion Mean (± SD) attendance for the intervention (expressed as percentage of available intervention sessions [n = 30]) was 77 ± 13%. Post-intervention, there were likely beneficial effects for triglycerides (-26%; 90% confidence interval -46% to 0%), waist circumference (-3.9 cm; -6.1 cm to -1.6 cm) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (+16 min; -5 to 38 min), and a possibly beneficial effect for twenty-metre shuttle-run test performance (+5 shuttles; -1 to 11 shuttles) in intervention participants (vs controls). The role of elevated triglycerides and waist circumference in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome development underlines the importance of our findings. We also demonstrated that school-based low-volume high-intensity interval training can be delivered as intended, thus representing a novel and scalable means of improving aspects of adolescents’ cardiometabolic health. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02626767
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Weston
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Liane B. Azevedo
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Bock
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Social Sciences, Business & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Keith P. George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore’s University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Batterham
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Weston M, Weston KL, Prentis JM, Snowden CP. High-intensity interval training (HIT) for effective and time-efficient pre-surgical exercise interventions. Perioper Med (Lond) 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26770671 PMCID: PMC4712564 DOI: 10.1186/s13741-015-0026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of perioperative medicine is leading to greater diversity in development of pre-surgical interventions, implemented to reduce patient surgical risk and enhance post-surgical recovery. Of these interventions, the prescription of pre-operative exercise training is gathering momentum as a realistic means for enhancing patient surgical outcome. Indeed, the general benefits of exercise training have the potential to pre-operatively optimise several pre-surgical risks factors, including cardiorespiratory function, frailty and cognitive function. Any exercise programme incorporated into the pre-operative pathway of care needs to be effective and time efficient in that any fitness gains are achievable in the limited period between the decision for surgery and operation (e.g. 4 weeks). Fortunately, there is a large volume of research describing effective and time-efficient exercise training programmes within the discipline of sports science. Accordingly, the objective of our commentary is to synthesise contemporary exercise training research, both from non-clinical and clinical populations, with the overarching aim of informing the development of effective and time-efficient pre-surgical exercise training programmes. The development of such exercise training programmes requires the careful consideration of several key principles, namely frequency, intensity, time, type and progression of exercise. Therefore, in light of more recent evidence demonstrating the effectiveness and time efficiency of high-intensity interval training—which involves brief bouts of intense exercise interspersed with longer recovery periods—the principles of exercise training programme design will be discussed mainly in the context of such high-intensity interval training programmes. Other issues pertinent to the development, implementation and evaluation of pre-operative exercise training programmes, such as individual exercise prescription, training session monitoring and potential barriers and risks to high-intensity exercise are also discussed. The evidence presented suggests that individually prescribed and supervised high-intensity interval training programmes, encompassing a variety of exercise modes represent an effective and safe means of exercise therapy prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Business & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - James M Prentis
- Department of Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris P Snowden
- Department of Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ; Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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