1
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Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Sadegh Modaresi SM, Agudelo J, Costales C, West MA, Fischer F, Slitt AL. Evaluation of 14 PFAS for permeability and organic anion transporter interactions: Implications for renal clearance in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142390. [PMID: 38801906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a diverse group of synthetic fluorinated chemicals known to elicit adverse health effects in animals and humans. However, only a few studies investigated the mechanisms underlying clearance of PFAS. Herein, the relevance of human renal transporters and permeability to clearance and bioaccumulation for 14 PFAS containing three to eleven perfluorinated carbon atoms (ηpfc = 3-11) and several functional head-groups was investigated. Apparent permeabilities and interactions with human transporters were measured using in vitro cell-based assays, including the MDCK-LE cell line, and HEK293 stable transfected cell lines expressing organic anion transporter (OAT) 1-4 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 2. The results generated align with the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS), affirming that permeability, molecular weight, and ionization serve as robust predictors of clearance and renal transporter engagement. Notably, PFAS with low permeability (ECCS 3A and 3B) exhibited substantial substrate activity for OAT1 and OAT3, indicative of active renal secretion. Furthermore, we highlight the potential contribution of OAT4-mediated reabsorption to the renal clearance of PFAS with short ηpfc, such as perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Our data advance our mechanistic understanding of renal clearance of PFAS in humans, provide useful input parameters for toxicokinetic models, and have broad implications for toxicological evaluation and regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Juliana Agudelo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
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2
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Arakawa H, Ishida N, Nakatsuji T, Matsumoto N, Imamura R, Shengyu D, Araya K, Horike SI, Tanaka-Yachi R, Kasahara M, Yoshioka T, Sumida Y, Ohmiya H, Daikoku T, Wakayama T, Nakamura K, Fujita KI, Kato Y. Endoplasmic reticulum transporter OAT2 regulates drug metabolism and interaction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116322. [PMID: 38815630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolic reactions in the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and carboxylesterase play central roles in the detoxification of medical agents with small- and medium-sized molecules. Although the catalytic sites of these enzymes exist inside of ER, the molecular mechanism for membrane permeation in the ER remains enigmatic. Here, we investigated that organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) regulates the detoxification reactions of xenobiotic agents including anti-cancer capecitabine and antiviral zidovudine, via the permeation process across the ER membrane in the liver. Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with colorectal cancer revealed that the half-lives of capecitabine in rs2270860 (1324C > T) variants was 1.4 times higher than that in the C/C variants. Moreover, the hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine in primary cultured human hepatocytes was reduced by OAT2 inhibitor ketoprofen, whereas capecitabine hydrolysis directly assessed in human liver microsomes were not affected. The immunostaining of OAT2 was merged with ER marker calnexin in human liver periportal zone. These results suggested that OAT2 is involved in distribution of capecitabine into ER. Furthermore, we clarified that OAT2 plays an essential role in drug-drug interactions between zidovudine and valproic acid, leading to the alteration in zidovudine exposure to the body. Our findings contribute to mechanistically understanding medical agent detoxification, shedding light on the ER membrane permeation process as xenobiotic metabolic machinery to improve chemical changes in hydrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakatsuji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsumoto
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rikako Imamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Dai Shengyu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Karin Araya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rieko Tanaka-Yachi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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3
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D'Agate S, Ruiz Gabarre D, Della Pasqua O. Population pharmacokinetics and dose rationale for aciclovir in term and pre-term neonates with herpes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1193. [PMID: 38775304 PMCID: PMC11110484 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aciclovir is considered the first-line treatment against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in new-borns and infants. As renal excretion is the major route of elimination, in renally-impaired patients, aciclovir doses are adjusted according to the degree of impairment. However, limited attention has been given to the implications of immature renal function or dysfunction due to the viral disease itself. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of aciclovir taking into account maturation and disease processes in the neonatal population. Pharmacokinetic data obtained from 2 previously published clinical trials (n = 28) were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach. Post-menstrual age (PMA) and creatinine clearance (CLCR) were assessed as descriptors of maturation and renal function. Simulation scenarios were also implemented to illustrate the use of pharmacokinetic data to extrapolate efficacy from adults. Aciclovir pharmacokinetics was described by a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. Body weight and diagnosis (systemic infection) were statistically significant covariates on the volume of distribution, whereas body weight, CLCR and PMA had a significant effect on clearance. Median clearance varied from 0.2 to 1.0 L/h in subjects with PMA <34 or ≥34 weeks, respectively. Population estimate for volume of distribution was 1.93 L with systemic infection increasing this value by almost 3-fold (2.67 times higher). A suitable model parameterization was identified, which discriminates the effects of developmental growth, maturation, and organ function. Exposure to aciclovir was found to increase with decreasing PMA and renal function (CLCR), suggesting different dosing requirement for pre-term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D'Agate
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics GroupUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Ruiz Gabarre
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics GroupUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - O. Della Pasqua
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics GroupUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Marin JJG, Cives-Losada C, Macias RIR, Romero MR, Marijuan RP, Hortelano-Hernandez N, Delgado-Calvo K, Villar C, Gonzalez-Santiago JM, Monte MJ, Asensio M. Impact of liver diseases and pharmacological interactions on the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116166. [PMID: 38527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in drug disposition owing to the expression of transporters accounting for the uptake at the sinusoidal membrane and the efflux across the basolateral and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes of many different compounds. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms of phases I and II biotransformation generate, in general, inactive compounds that are more polar and easier to eliminate into bile or refluxed back toward the blood for their elimination by the kidneys, which becomes crucial when the biliary route is hampered. The set of transporters expressed at a given time, i.e., the so-called transportome, is encoded by genes belonging to two gene superfamilies named Solute Carriers (SLC) and ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), which account mainly, but not exclusively, for the uptake and efflux of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, which include many different drugs. Besides the existence of genetic variants, which determines a marked interindividual heterogeneity regarding liver drug disposition among patients, prevalent diseases, such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and several cholestatic liver diseases, can alter the transportome and hence affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat these patients. Moreover, hepatic drug transporters are involved in many drug-drug interactions (DDI) that challenge the safety of using a combination of agents handled by these proteins. Updated information on these questions has been organized in this article by superfamilies and families of members of the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Candela Cives-Losada
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca P Marijuan
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Delgado-Calvo
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Villar
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Gonzalez-Santiago
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Ma Y, Ran F, Xin M, Gou X, Wang X, Wu X. Albumin-bound kynurenic acid is an appropriate endogenous biomarker for assessment of the renal tubular OATs-MRP4 channel. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1205-1220. [PMID: 38024860 PMCID: PMC10657973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular secretion mediated by organic anion transporters (OATs) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) is an important means of drug and toxin excretion. Unfortunately, there are no biomarkers to evaluate their function. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize an endogenous biomarker of the renal tubular OATs-MRP4 channel. Twenty-six uremic toxins were selected as candidate compounds, of which kynurenic acid was identified as a potential biomarker by assessing the protein-binding ratio and the uptake in OAT1-, OAT3-, and MRP4-overexpressing cell lines. OAT1/3 and MRP4 mediated the transcellular vectorial transport of kynurenic acid in vitro. Serum kynurenic acid concentration was dramatically increased in rats treated with a rat OAT1/3 (rOAT1/3) inhibitor and in rOAT1/3 double knockout (rOAT1/3-/-) rats, and the renal concentrations were markedly elevated by the rat MRP4 (rMRP4) inhibitor. Kynurenic acid was not filtered at the glomerulus (99% of albumin binding), and was specifically secreted in renal tubules through the OAT1/3-MRP4 channel with an appropriate affinity (Km) (496.7 μM and 382.2 μM for OAT1 and OAT3, respectively) and renal clearance half-life (t1/2) in vivo (3.7 ± 0.7 h). There is a strong correlation in area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) between cefmetazole and kynurenic acid, but not with creatinine, after inhibition of rOATs. In addition, the phase of increased kynurenic acid level is earlier than that of creatinine in acute kidney injury process. These results suggest that albumin-bound kynurenic acid is an appropriate endogenous biomarker for adjusting the dosage of drugs secreted by this channel or predicting kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fenglin Ran
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingyan Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xueyan Gou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinan Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Hsin CH, Kuehne A, Gu Y, Jedlitschky G, Hagos Y, Gründemann D, Fuhr U. In vitro validation of an in vivo phenotyping drug cocktail for major drug transporters in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 186:106459. [PMID: 37142000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cocktails of transporter probe drugs are used in vivo to assess transporter activity and respective drug-drug interactions. An inhibitory effect of components on transporter activities should be ruled out. Here, for a clinically tested cocktail consisting of adefovir, digoxin, metformin, sitagliptin, and pitavastatin, inhibition of major transporters by individual probe substrates was investigated in vitro. METHODS Transporter transfected HEK293 cells were used in all evaluations. Cell-based assays were applied for uptake by human organic cation transporters 1/2 (hOCT1/2), organic anion transporters 1/3 (hOAT1/3), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1/2K (hMATE1/2K), and organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1 (hOATP1B1). For P-glycoprotein (hMDR1) a cell-based efflux assay was used whereas an inside-out vesicle-based assay was used for the bile salt export pump (hBSEP). All assays used standard substrates and established inhibitors (as positive controls). Inhibition experiments using clinically achievable concentrations of potential perpetrators at the relevant transporter expression site were carried out initially. If there was a significant effect, the inhibition potency (Ki) was studied in detail. RESULTS In the inhibition tests, only sitagliptin had an effect and reduced hOCT1- and hOCT2- mediated metformin uptake and hMATE2K mediated MPP+ uptake by more than 70%, 80%, and 30%, respectively. The ratios of unbound Cmax (observed clinically) to Ki of sitagliptin were low with 0.009, 0.03, and 0.001 for hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE2K, respectively. CONCLUSION The inhibition of hOCT2 in vitro by sitagliptin is in agreement with the borderline inhibition of renal metformin elimination observed clinically, supporting a dose reduction of sitagliptin in the cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsin
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Yi Gu
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Jedlitschky
- Department of General Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Gründemann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany.
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Puris E, Fricker G, Gynther M. The Role of Solute Carrier Transporters in Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020364. [PMID: 36839686 PMCID: PMC9966068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug resistance is a major obstacle in anticancer drug delivery and a key reason for cancer drug therapy failure. Membrane solute carrier (SLC) transporters play a crucial role in the cellular uptake of drugs. The expression and function of the SLC transporters can be down-regulated in cancer cells, which limits the uptake of drugs into the tumor cells, resulting in the inefficiency of the drug therapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of low-SLC-transporter-expression-mediated drug resistance in different types of cancers. Recent advances in SLC-transporter-targeting strategies include the development of transporter-utilizing prodrugs and nanocarriers and the modulation of SLC transporter expression in cancer cells. These strategies will play an important role in the future development of anticancer drug therapies by enabling the efficient delivery of drugs into cancer cells.
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Menzel K, McCrea JB, Fancourt C, Witter R, Zhao T, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. A drug-drug interaction study with letermovir and acyclovir in healthy participants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 89:1690-1694. [PMID: 36537620 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Letermovir inhibits renal tubular organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in vitro and is predicted to inhibit OAT3 in vivo. Acyclovir, a substrate for OAT3, is likely to be coadministered with letermovir; therefore, letermovir may increase acyclovir concentrations. A drug-drug interaction study was conducted in healthy participants (N = 16) to assess the effect of letermovir on acyclovir pharmacokinetics. On Day 1, participants received a single oral dose of 400 mg acyclovir; on Days 2-7, participants received oral doses of 480 mg letermovir once daily with a single oral dose of 400 mg acyclovir coadministered on Day 7. Coadministration with letermovir resulted in geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for acyclovir area under the concentration-time curve from administration to infinity and maximum plasma concentration of 1.02 (0.87-1.20) and 0.82 (0.71-0.93), respectively. No notable safety issues were reported. No clinically significant interaction was observed between letermovir and acyclovir in healthy participants and no dose adjustment is required for coadministration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tian Zhao
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Chen Y, Lu S, Zhang Y, Chen B, Zhou H, Jiang H. Examination of the emerging role of transporters in the assessment of nephrotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:787-804. [PMID: 36420583 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2151892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kidney is vulnerable to various injuries based on its function in the elimination of many xenobiotics, endogenous substances and metabolites. Since transporters are critical for the renal elimination of those substances, it is urgent to understand the emerging role of transporters in nephrotoxicity. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the contribution of major renal transporters to nephrotoxicity induced by some drugs or toxins; addresses the role of transporter-mediated endogenous metabolic disturbances in nephrotoxicity; and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro models based on transporter expression and function. EXPERT OPINION Due to the crucial role of transporters in the renal disposition of xenobiotics and endogenous substances, it is necessary to further elucidate their renal transport mechanisms and pay more attention to the underlying relationship between the transport of endogenous substances and nephrotoxicity. Considering the species differences in the expression and function of transporters, and the low expression of transporters in general cell models, in vitro humanized models, such as humanized 3D organoids, shows significant promise in nephrotoxicity prediction and mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiong Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binxin Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
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10
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Maillard M, Gong L, Nishii R, Yang JJ, Whirl-Carrillo M, Klein TE. PharmGKB summary: acyclovir/ganciclovir pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:201-208. [PMID: 35665708 PMCID: PMC9179945 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Maillard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Li Gong
- Departments of Biomedical Data Science
| | - Rina Nishii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Teri E Klein
- Departments of Biomedical Data Science
- Medicine (BMIR), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Zhang H, Mo X, Wang A, Peng H, Guo D, Zhong C, Zhu Z, Xu T, Zhang Y. Association of DNA Methylation in Blood Pressure-Related Genes With Ischemic Stroke Risk and Prognosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:796245. [PMID: 35345488 PMCID: PMC8957103 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.796245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA genome-wide association study identified 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicated a role of DNA methylation. However, the relationship between methylation and ischemic stroke has not yet been clarified. We conducted a large-sample sequencing study to identify blood leukocyte DNA methylations as novel biomarkers for ischemic stroke risk and prognosis based on previously identified genetic loci.MethodsMethylation levels of 17 genes were measured by sequencing in 271 ischemic stroke cases and 323 controls, and the significant associations were validated in another independent sample of 852 cases and 925 controls. The associations between methylation levels and ischemic stroke risk and prognosis were evaluated.ResultsMethylation of AMH, C17orf82, HDAC9, IGFBP3, LRRC10B, PDE3A, PRDM6, SYT7 and TBX2 was significantly associated with ischemic stroke. Compared to participants without any hypomethylated targets, the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI) for those with 9 hypomethylated genes was 1.41 (1.33–1.51) for ischemic stroke. Adding methylation levels of the 9 genes to the basic model of traditional risk factors significantly improved the risk stratification for ischemic stroke. Associations between AMH, HDAC9, IGFBP3, PDE3A and PRDM6 gene methylation and modified Rankin Scale scores were significant after adjustment for covariates. Lower methylation levels of AMH, C17orf82, PRDM6 and TBX2 were significantly associated with increased 3-month mortality. Compared to patients without any hypomethylated targets, the OR (95% CI) for those with 4 hypomethylated targets was 1.12 (1.08–1.15) for 3-month mortality (P = 2.28 × 10−10).ConclusionThe present study identified blood leukocyte DNA methylations as potential factors affecting ischemic stroke risk and prognosis among Han Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aili Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chongke Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengbao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghong Zhang
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Hatano H, Meng F, Sakata M, Matsumoto A, Ishihara K, Miyahara Y, Goda T. Transepithelial delivery of insulin conjugated with phospholipid-mimicking polymers via biomembrane fusion-mediated transcellular pathways. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:674-685. [PMID: 34896268 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers that seal cell gaps by forming tight junctions to prevent the free permeation of nutrients, electrolytes, and drugs, are essential for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The development of nanocarriers that can permeate epithelial tissues without compromising barrier function is key for establishing a safe and efficient drug delivery system (DDS). Previously, we have demonstrated that a water-soluble phospholipid-mimicking random copolymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine30-random-n‑butyl methacrylate70) (PMB30W), enters the cytoplasm of live cells by passive diffusion manners, without damaging the cell membranes. The internalization mechanism was confirmed to be amphiphilicity-induced membrane fusion. In the present study, we demonstrated energy-independent permeation of PMB30W through the model epithelial barriers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers in vitro. The polymer penetrated epithelial MDCK monolayers via transcellular pathways without breaching the barrier functions. This was confirmed by our unique assay that can monitor the leakage of the proton as the smallest indicator across the epithelial barriers. Moreover, energy-independent transepithelial permeation was achieved when insulin was chemically conjugated with the phospholipid-mimicking nanocarrier. The bioactivity of insulin as a growth factor was found to be maintained even after translocation. These fundamental findings may aid the establishment of transepithelial DDS with advanced drug efficiency and safety. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A nanocarrier that can freely permeate epithelial tissues without compromising barrier function is key for successful DDS. Existing strategies mainly rely on paracellular transport associated with tight junction breakdown or transcellular transport via transporter recognition-mediated active uptake. These approaches raise concerns about efficiency and safety. In this study, we performed non-endocytic permeation of phospholipid-mimicking polymers through the model epithelial barriers in vitro. The polymer penetrated via transcytotic pathways without breaching the barriers of biomembrane and tight junction. Moreover, transepithelial permeation occurred when insulin was covalently attached to the nanocarrier. The bioactivity of insulin was maintained even after translocation. The biomimetic design of nanocarrier may realize safe and efficient transepithelial DDS.
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Scotcher D, Galetin A. PBPK Simulation-Based Evaluation of Ganciclovir Crystalluria Risk Factors: Effect of Renal Impairment, Old Age, and Low Fluid Intake. AAPS J 2021; 24:13. [PMID: 34907479 PMCID: PMC8816528 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosing guidance is often lacking for chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to exclusion of such patients from pivotal clinical trials. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling supports model-informed dosing when clinical data are lacking, but application of these approaches to patients with impaired renal function is not yet at full maturity. In the current study, a ganciclovir PBPK model was developed for patients with normal renal function and extended to CKD population. CKD-related changes in tubular secretion were explored in the mechanistic kidney model and implemented either as proportional or non-proportional decline relative to GFR. Crystalluria risk was evaluated in different clinical settings (old age, severe CKD and low fluid intake) by simulating ganciclovir medullary collecting duct (MCD) concentrations. The ganciclovir PBPK model captured observed changes in systemic pharmacokinetic endpoints in mild-to-severe CKD; these trends were evident irrespective of assumed pathophysiological mechanism of altered active tubular secretion in the model. Minimal difference in simulated ganciclovir MCD concentrations was noted between young adult and geriatric populations with normal renal function and urine flow (1 mL/min), with lower concentrations predicted for severe CKD patients. High crystalluria risk was identified at reduced urine flow (0.1 mL/min) as simulated ganciclovir MCD concentrations exceeded its solubility (2.6–6 mg/mL), irrespective of underlying renal function. The analysis highlighted the importance of appropriate distribution of virtual subjects’ systems data in CKD populations. The ganciclovir PBPK model illustrates the ability of this translational tool to explore individual and combined effects of age, urine flow, and renal impairment on local drug renal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Predicting Pharmacokinetics of Multisource Acyclovir Oral Products Through Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:262-273. [PMID: 34678271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable disposition after oral ingestion of acyclovir has been reported, although little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Different studies using the same reference product (Zovirax ®) showed that Cmax and AUC were respectively 44 and 35% lower in Saudi Arabians than Europeans, consistent with higher frequencies of reduced-activity polymorphs of the organic cation transporter (OCT1) in Europeans. In this study, the contribution of physiology (i.e., OCT1 activity) to the oral disposition of acyclovir immediate release (IR) tablets was hypothesized to be greater than dissolution. The potential role of OCT1 was studied in a validated physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM), while dissolution of two Chilean generics (with demonstrated bioequivalence) and the reference product was assessed in vitro. The PBBM suggested that OCT1 activity could partially explain population-related pharmacokinetic differences. Further, dissolution of generics was slower than the regulatory criterion for BCS III IR products. Remarkably, virtual bioequivalence (incorporating in vitro dissolution into the PBBM) correctly and robustly predicted the bioequivalence of these products, showcasing its value in support of failed BCS biowaivers. These findings suggest that very-rapid dissolution for acyclovir IR products may not be critical for BCS biowaiver. They also endorse the relevance of cross-over designs in bioequivalence trials.
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Potential and Limits of Kidney Cells for Evaluation of Renal Excretion. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090908. [PMID: 34577608 PMCID: PMC8464824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of therapeutic drugs, herbal components and their metabolites are excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, generally applied models for estimating renal excretion, including freshly isolated rat proximal tubule cells, cultured tubule cells and immortalized kidney cell lines MDCKII, NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1, were investigated regarding their predictive potential for active renal transport. Cultured proximal tubule cells showed an epithelial cell-like morphology and formed tight monolayers. However, mRNA expression analyses and immunohistochemical studies revealed patterns of tight junction proteins that were notably different from freshly isolated cells and distinct from those in vivo. High levels of mannitol permeation were found in NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1 cells, suggesting that they are not suitable for bidirectional transport studies. Cultured cells and freshly isolated cells also differed in proximal tubule markers and transport proteins, indicating that cultured primary cells were in a state of dedifferentiation. Cell lines MDCKII, NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1 did not accurately reflect the characteristics of proximal tubules. The expression patterns of marker and transport proteins differed from freshly isolated primary cells. In summary, each of these models has profound disadvantages to consider when adopting them reliable models for the in vivo situation. Thus, they should not be used alone but only in combination.
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ganciclovir and Its Hemocompatible More Lipophilic Derivative Can Enhance the Apoptotic Effects of Methotrexate by Inhibiting Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147727. [PMID: 34299347 PMCID: PMC8303380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters, namely ATP-binding cassette (ABC), are one of the primary reasons for cancer chemoresistance and the clinical failure of chemotherapy. Ganciclovir (GCV) is an antiviral agent used in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene therapy. In this therapy, HSV-TK gene is delivered together with GCV into cancer cells to activate the phosphorylation process of GCV to active GCV-triphosphate, a DNA polymerase inhibitor. However, GCV interacts with efflux transporters that are responsible for the resistance of HSV-TK/GCV therapy. In the present study, it was explored whether GCV and its more lipophilic derivative (1) could inhibit effluxing of another chemotherapeutic, methotrexate (MTX), out of the human breast cancer cells. Firstly, it was found that the combination of GCV and MTX was more hemocompatible than the corresponding combination with compound 1. Secondly, both GCV and compound 1 enhanced the cellular accumulation of MTX in MCF-7 cells, the MTX exposure being 13–21 times greater compared to the MTX uptake alone. Subsequently, this also reduced the number of viable cells (41–56%) and increased the number of late apoptotic cells (46–55%). Moreover, both GCV and compound 1 were found to interact with breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) more effectively than multidrug-resistant proteins (MRPs) in these cells. Since the expression of BCRP was higher in MCF-7 cells than in MDA-MB-231 cells, and the cellular uptake of GCV and compound 1 was smaller but increased in the presence of BCRP-selective inhibitor (Fumitremorgin C) in MCF-7 cells, we concluded that the improved apoptotic effects of higher MTX exposure were raised mainly from the inhibition of BCRP-mediated efflux of MTX. However, the effects of GCV and its derivatives on MTX metabolism and the quantitative expression of MTX metabolizing enzymes in various cancer cells need to be studied more thoroughly in the future.
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Oreschak K, Saba LM, Rafaels N, Ambardekar AV, Deininger KM, PageII R, Lindenfeld J, Aquilante CL. Variants in mycophenolate and CMV antiviral drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes and leukopenia in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:917-925. [PMID: 34253456 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to assess the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in mycophenolate and cytomegalovirus antiviral drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes and drug-induced leukopenia in adult heart transplant recipients. METHODS This retrospective analysis included n = 148 patients receiving mycophenolate and a cytomegalovirus antiviral drug. In total, 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 21 pharmacokinetic and 23 pharmacodynamic genes were selected for investigation. The primary and secondary outcomes were mycophenolate and/or cytomegalovirus antiviral drug-induced leukopenia, defined as a white blood cell count <3.0 × 109/L, in the first six and 12 months post-heart transplant, respectively. RESULTS Mycophenolate and/or cytomegalovirus antiviral drug-induced leukopenia occurred in 20.3% of patients. HNF1A rs1169288 A>C (p.I27L) was associated with drug-induced leukopenia (unadjusted p = 0.002; false discovery rate <20%) in the first six months post-transplant. After adjusting for covariates, HNF1A rs1169288 variant C allele carriers had significantly higher odds of leukopenia compared to A/A homozygotes (odds ratio 6.19; 95% CI 1.97-19.43; p = 0.002). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in HNF1A, SLC13A1, and MBOAT1 were suggestively associated (p < 0.05) with the secondary outcome but were not significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION Our data suggest genetic variation may play a role in the development of leukopenia in patients receiving mycophenolate and cytomegalovirus antiviral drugs after heart transplantation. Following replication, pharmacogenetic markers, such as HNF1A rs1169288, could help identify patients at higher risk of drug-induced leukopenia, allowing for more personalized immunosuppressant therapy and cytomegalovirus prophylaxis following heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Oreschak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amrut V Ambardekar
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly M Deininger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - RobertL PageII
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina L Aquilante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Bednarczyk D. Passive Influx and Ion Trapping Are More Relevant to the Cellular Accumulation of Highly Permeable Low-Molecular-Weight Acidic Drugs than Is Organic Anion Transporter 2. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:648-657. [PMID: 34031139 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published work suggests that highly permeable low-molecular-weight (LMW) acidic drugs are transported by organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2). However, an asymmetric distribution of ionizable drugs in subcellular organelles where pH gradients are significant may occur in the presence of an inhibitor relative to its absence (e.g., lysosomal trapping). In the present study, OAT2-mediated transport of highly permeable LMW anions could not be demonstrated using OAT2 transfected cells, despite robust transport of the OAT2 substrate penciclovir. Moreover, a rifamycin SV (RifSV)-dependent reduction in the accumulation of highly permeable LMW anions previously observed in hepatocytes could be qualitatively reproduced using HepG2 cells and also in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which lack expression of OAT2. Neither HepG2 nor MDCK cells demonstrated meaningful penciclovir transport, nor was the cellular accumulation of the highly permeable LMW anions sensitive to competitive inhibition by the neutral OAT2 substrate penciclovir. Both cell lines, however, demonstrated sensitivity to the mitochondrial uncoupler p-trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone (FCCP) in a manner similar to RifSV. Furthermore, the transepithelial MDCK permeability of the highly permeable LMW anions was measured in the absence and presence of RifSV and FCCP at concentrations that reduced the cellular accumulation of anions. Neither inhibitor, nor the OAT2 inhibitor ketoprofen, reduced the transepithelial flux of the anions as would be anticipated for transported substrate inhibition. The findings presented here are aligned with cellular accumulation of highly permeable LMW anions being significantly determined by ion trapping sensitive to mitochondrial uncoupling, rather than the result of OAT2-mediated transport. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The manuscript illustrates that passive influx and ion trapping are more relevant to the cellular accumulation of highly permeable low-molecular-weight acidic drugs than is the previously proposed mechanism of OAT2-mediated transport. The outcome illustrated here highlights a rare, and perhaps previously not reported, observation of anionic drug trapping in a compartment sensitive to mitochondrial uncoupling (e.g., the mitochondrial matrix) that may be confused for transporter-mediated uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas Bednarczyk
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetic (PK) data of ganciclovir (GCV), a first-line antiviral treatment for cytomegalovirus infections, in critically ill patients are limited. This study aimed at characterizing GCV population PK and interindividual variability (IIV) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Secondary objectives were to identify patient characteristics responsible for IIV and simulate GCV exposure for different dosing regimens. METHOD In this retrospective observational study, clinical data and serum GCV levels were collected from ICU patients on intravenous GCV. PK modeling, covariate analyses, and explorative Monte Carlo dosing simulations (MCS) were performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Bootstrap and visual predictive checks were used to determine model adequacy. RESULTS In total, 128 GCV measurements were obtained from 34 patients. GCV PK conformed to a 1-compartment model with first-order elimination. After multivariate analyses, only the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula (P < 0.001) was included as a covariate. In the final model, the estimated clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V1) were 2.3 L/h and 42 L, respectively, for a patient with the median CKD-EPI of the population (65 mL/min per 1.73 m). The association between CKD-EPI and CL decreased the residual variability from 0.56 to 0.43 and V1-IIV from 114% to 80%, whereas CL-IIV changed from 43% to 47%. MCS revealed that a substantial number of patients may not achieve the GCV PK/pharmacodynamic target trough level (>1.5 mg/L) when administering the label-recommended dose reductions for patients with CKD-EPI <50 mL/min. CONCLUSIONS A large IIV was observed in GCV PK among ICU patients. CKD-EPI could partially explain the IIV, although a large part of the variability remains unclear. MCS suggested that recommended dose reductions for CKD-EPI <50 mL/min may lead to subtherapeutic plasma GCV levels in these patients.
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Chen Y, Zelnick LR, Hoofnagle AN, Yeung CK, Shireman LM, Phillips B, Brauchla CC, de Boer I, Manahan L, Heckbert SR, Himmelfarb J, Kestenbaum BR. Prediction of Kidney Drug Clearance: A Comparison of Tubular Secretory Clearance and Glomerular Filtration Rate. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:459-468. [PMID: 33239392 PMCID: PMC8054886 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although proximal tubular secretion is the primary mechanism of kidney drug elimination, current kidney drug dosing strategies are on the basis of eGFR. METHODS In a dedicated pharmacokinetic study to compare GFR with tubular secretory clearance for predicting kidney drug elimination, we evaluated stable outpatients with eGFRs ranging from 21 to 140 ml/min per 1.73 m2. After administering single doses of furosemide and famciclovir (metabolized to penciclovir), we calculated their kidney clearances on the basis of sequential plasma and timed urine measurements. Concomitantly, we quantified eight endogenous secretory solutes in plasma and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and measured GFR by iohexol clearance (iGFR). We computed a summary secretion score as the scaled average of the secretory solute clearances. RESULTS Median iGFR of the 54 participants was 73 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The kidney furosemide clearance correlated with iGFR (r=0.84) and the summary secretion score (r=0.86). The mean proportionate error (MPE) between iGFR-predicted and measured furosemide clearance was 30.0%. The lowest MPE was observed for the summary secretion score (24.1%); MPEs for individual secretory solutes ranged from 27.3% to 48.0%. These predictive errors were statistically indistinguishable. Penciclovir kidney clearance was correlated with iGFR (r=0.83) and with the summary secretion score (r=0.91), with similar predictive accuracy of iGFR and secretory clearances. Combining iGFR with the summary secretion score yielded only modest improvements in the prediction of the kidney clearance of furosemide and penciclovir. CONCLUSIONS Secretory solute clearance measurements can predict kidney drug clearances. However, tight linkage between GFR and proximal tubular secretory clearance in stable outpatients provides some reassurance that GFR, even when estimated, is a useful surrogate for predicting secretory drug clearances in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leila R. Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew N. Hoofnagle
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine K. Yeung
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura M. Shireman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Ian de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda Manahan
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryan R. Kestenbaum
- Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Petrykey K, Andelfinger GU, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Genetic factors in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in patients treated for pediatric cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:865-883. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1807937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Petrykey
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregor U. Andelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
- Fetomaternal and Neonatal Pathologies, Sainte-JustineUniversity Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Immune Diseases and Cancer, Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université De Montréal (Quebec), Canada
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Antonescu IE, Karlgren M, Pedersen ML, Simoff I, Bergström CAS, Neuhoff S, Artursson P, Steffansen B, Nielsen CU. Acamprosate Is a Substrate of the Human Organic Anion Transporter (OAT) 1 without OAT3 Inhibitory Properties: Implications for Renal Acamprosate Secretion and Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040390. [PMID: 32344570 PMCID: PMC7238232 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acamprosate is an anionic drug substance widely used in treating symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. It was recently shown that oral acamprosate absorption is likely due to paracellular transport. In contrast, little is known about the eliminating mechanism clearing acamprosate from the blood in the kidneys, despite the fact that studies have shown renal secretion of acamprosate. The hypothesis of the present study was therefore that renal organic anion transporters (OATs) facilitate the renal excretion of acamprosate in humans. The aim of the present study was to establish and apply OAT1 (gene product of SLC22A6) and OAT3 (gene product of SLC22A8) expressing cell lines to investigate whether acamprosate is a substrate or inhibitor of OAT1 and/or OAT3. The studies were performed in HEK293-Flp-In cells stably transfected with SLC22A6 or SLC22A8. Protein and functional data showed that the established cell lines are useful for studying OAT1- and OAT3-mediated transport in bi-laboratory studies. Acamprosate inhibited OAT1-mediated p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) uptake but did not inhibit substrate uptake via OAT3 expressing cells, neither when applied concomitantly nor after a 3 h preincubation with acamprosate. The uptake of PAH via OAT1 was inhibited in a competitive manner by acamprosate and cellular uptake studies showed that acamprosate is a substrate for OAT1 with a Km-value of approximately 700 µM. Probenecid inhibited OAT1-mediated acamprosate uptake with a Ki-value of approximately 13 µM, which may translate into an estimated clinically significant DDI index. In conclusion, acamprosate was identified as a substrate of OAT1 but not OAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina E. Antonescu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (I.E.A.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.K.); (C.A.S.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Maria L. Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (I.E.A.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Ivailo Simoff
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.K.); (C.A.S.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK;
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.K.); (C.A.S.B.); (P.A.)
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; (I.E.A.); (M.L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-6550-9427
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25
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Liu XI, Momper JD, Rakhmanina N, van den Anker JN, Green DJ, Burckart GJ, Best BM, Mirochnick M, Capparelli EV, Dallmann A. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models to Predict Maternal Pharmacokinetics and Fetal Exposure to Emtricitabine and Acyclovir. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:240-255. [PMID: 31489678 PMCID: PMC7316130 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with physiological changes that may impact drug pharmacokinetics (PK). The goals of this study were to build maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for acyclovir and emtricitabine, 2 anti(retro)viral drugs with active renal net secretion, and to (1) evaluate the predicted maternal PK at different stages of pregnancy; (2) predict the changes in PK target parameters following the current dosing regimen of these drugs throughout pregnancy; (3) evaluate the predicted concentrations of these drugs in the umbilical vein at delivery; (4) compare the model performance for predicting maternal PK of emtricitabine in the third trimester with that of previously published PBPK models; and (5) compare different previously published approaches for estimating the placental permeability of these 2 drugs. Results showed that the pregnancy PBPK model for acyclovir predicted all maternal concentrations within a 2-fold error range, whereas the model for emtricitabine predicted 79% of the maternal concentrations values within that range. Extrapolation of these models to earlier stages of pregnancy indicated that the change in the median PK target parameters remained well above the target threshold. Concentrations of acyclovir and emtricitabine in the umbilical vein were overall adequately predicted. The comparison of different emtricitabine PBPK models suggested an overall similar predictive performance in the third trimester, but the comparison of different approaches for estimating placental drug permeability revealed large differences. These models can enhance the understanding of the PK behavior of renally excreted drugs, which may ultimately inform pharmacotherapeutic decision making in pregnant women and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei I Liu
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natella Rakhmanina
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John N van den Anker
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dionna J Green
- Office of Pediatric Therapeutics, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Brookie M Best
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark Mirochnick
- Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edmund V Capparelli
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - André Dallmann
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Bayer AG, Clinical Pharmacometrics, Leverkusen, Germany
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26
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Li TT, An JX, Xu JY, Tuo BG. Overview of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporter polypeptides and their roles in the liver. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3915-3933. [PMID: 31832394 PMCID: PMC6906560 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i23.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs) are classified within two SLC superfamilies, namely, the SLC22A superfamily and the SLCO superfamily (formerly the SLC21A family), respectively. They are expressed in many tissues, such as the liver and kidney, and mediate the absorption and excretion of many endogenous and exogenous substances, including various drugs. Most are composed of 12 transmembrane polypeptide chains with the C-terminus and the N-terminus located in the cell cytoplasm. OATs and OATPs are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they mainly promote the uptake of various endogenous substrates such as bile acids and various exogenous drugs such as antifibrotic and anticancer drugs. However, differences in the locations of glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, and amino acids in the OAT and OATP structures lead to different substrates being transported to the liver, which ultimately results in their different roles in the liver. To date, few articles have addressed these aspects of OAT and OATP structures, and we study further the similarities and differences in their structures, tissue distribution, substrates, and roles in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jia-Xing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bi-Guang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
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28
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Dragojević J, Mihaljević I, Popović M, Smital T. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oat1 and Oat3 transporters and their interaction with physiological compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 236:110309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Matsuzaki T, Scotcher D, Darwich AS, Galetin A, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Towards Further Verification of Physiologically-Based Kidney Models: Predictability of the Effects of Urine-Flow and Urine-pH on Renal Clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:157-168. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.251413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Taub ME, Chothe PP, Chu X, Giacomini KM, Kim RB, Ray AS, Stocker SL, Unadkat JD, Wittwer MB, Xia C, Yee SW, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Transporters in Drug Development: 2018 ITC Recommendations for Transporters of Emerging Clinical Importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:890-899. [PMID: 30091177 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This white paper provides updated International Transporter Consortium (ITC) recommendations on transporters that are important in drug development following the 3rd ITC workshop. New additions include prospective evaluation of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and retrospective evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1 because of their important roles in drug absorption, disposition, and effects. For the first time, the ITC underscores the importance of transporters involved in drug-induced vitamin deficiency (THTR2) and those involved in the disposition of biomarkers of organ function (OAT2 and bile acid transporters).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia & St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Xia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sook-Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics & Clinical Pharmacology, Incyte, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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31
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Vildhede A, Kimoto E, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Quantification of Hepatic Organic Anion Transport Proteins OAT2 and OAT7 in Human Liver Tissue and Primary Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3227-3235. [PMID: 29906129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter (OAT) 2 and OAT7 were recently shown to be involved in the hepatic uptake of drugs; however, there is limited understanding of the population variability in the expression of these transporters in liver. There is also a need to derive relative expression-based scaling factors (REFs) that can be used to bridge in vitro functional data to the in vivo drug disposition. To this end, we quantified OAT2 and OAT7 surrogate peptide abundance in a large number of human liver tissue samples ( n = 52), as well as several single-donor cryopreserved human hepatocyte lots ( n = 30) by a novel, validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The average surrogate peptide expression of OAT2 and OAT7 in the liver samples was 1.52 ± 0.57 and 4.63 ± 1.58 fmol/μg membrane protein, respectively. While we noted statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05) in hepatocyte and liver tissue abundances for both OAT2 and OAT7, the differences were relatively small (1.8- and 1.5-fold difference in median values, respectively). Large interindividual variability was noted in the hepatic expression of OAT2 (16-fold in liver tissue and 23-fold in hepatocytes). OAT7, on the other hand, showed less interindividual variability (4-fold) in the livers, but high variability for the hepatocyte lots (27-fold). A significant positive correlation in OAT2 and OAT7 expression was observed, but expression levels were neither associated with age nor sex. In conclusion, our data suggest marked interindividual variability in the hepatic expression of OAT2/7, which may contribute to the pharmacokinetic variability of their substrates. Because both transporters were less abundant in hepatocytes than livers, a REF-based approach is recommended when scaling in vitro hepatocyte transport data to predict hepatic drug clearance and liver exposure of OAT2/7 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vildhede
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide R&D , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide R&D , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide R&D , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide R&D , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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32
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Yu F, Zhang T, Guo L, Wu B. Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Regulates Organic Anion Transporter 2 and Docetaxel Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:980-988. [PMID: 29669824 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2/SLC22A7) is an uptake transporter that plays an important role in drug disposition. Here, we investigate a potential role of liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1) in regulation of Oat2 and docetaxel pharmacokinetics. Hepatoma cells (Hepa1-6 and HepG2 cells) were transfected with Lrh-1/LRH-1 expression vector or siRNA. The relative mRNA and protein levels of Oat2/OAT2 in the cells or livers of Lrh-1hep-/- mice were determined by qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Transcriptional regulation of Oat2/OAT2 by Lrh-1/LRH-1 was investigated using luciferase reporter, mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with wild-type (Lrh-1fl/fl) and Lrh-1hep-/- mice after intraperitoneal injection of docetaxel. Overexpression of Lrh-1 in Hepa1-6 cells led to significant increases in Oat2 mRNA and protein. Consistently, Lrh-1 knockdown caused decreases in Oat2 mRNA and protein, as well as reduced cellular uptake of PGE2, a prototypical substrate of Oat2. Similarly, an activation effect of LRH-1 on OAT2 expression was observed in HepG2 cells. In addition, the levels of Oat2 mRNA and protein were markedly reduced in Lrh-1hep-/- mice. Lrh-1/LRH-1 induced the transcription of Oat2/OAT2 in luciferase reporter assays. Truncation analysis revealed a potential Lrh-1 response element (-716- to -702-bp) in Oat2 promoter. Direct binding of Lrh-1 to this response element was confirmed by mobility shift and ChIP assays. Furthermore, systemic exposure of docetaxel was upregulated in Lrh-1hep-/- mice due to reduced hepatic uptake. In conclusion, Lrh-1 transcriptionally regulates Oat2, thereby impacting tissue uptake and pharmacokinetics of Oat2 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Yu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (F.Y., T.Z., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research (F.Y., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (F.Y., T.Z., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research (F.Y., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (F.Y., T.Z., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research (F.Y., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy (F.Y., T.Z., L.G., B.W.) and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research (F.Y., B.W.), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Genetic Heterogeneity of SLC22 Family of Transporters in Drug Disposition. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8020014. [PMID: 29659532 PMCID: PMC6023491 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of modern medicine is its orientation to achieve more personalized pharmacological treatments. In this context, transporters involved in drug disposition have gained well-justified attention. Owing to its broad spectrum of substrate specificity, including endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, and its strategical expression in organs accounting for drug disposition, such as intestine, liver and kidney, the SLC22 family of transporters plays an important role in physiology, pharmacology and toxicology. Among these carriers are plasma membrane transporters for organic cations (OCTs) and anions (OATs) with a marked overlap in substrate specificity. These two major clades of SLC22 proteins share a similar membrane topology but differ in their degree of genetic variability. Members of the OCT subfamily are highly polymorphic, whereas OATs have a lower number of genetic variants. Regarding drug disposition, changes in the activity of these variants affect intestinal absorption and target tissue uptake, but more frequently they modify plasma levels due to enhanced or reduced clearance by the liver and secretion by the kidney. The consequences of these changes in transport-associated function markedly affect the effectiveness and toxicity of the treatment in patients carrying the mutation. In solid tumors, changes in the expression of these transporters and the existence of genetic variants substantially determine the response to anticancer drugs. Moreover, chemoresistance usually evolves in response to pharmacological and radiological treatment. Future personalized medicine will require monitoring these changes in a dynamic way to adapt the treatment to the weaknesses shown by each tumor at each stage in each patient.
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Mathialagan S, Costales C, Tylaska L, Kimoto E, Vildhede A, Johnson J, Johnson N, Sarashina T, Hashizume K, Isringhausen CD, Vermeer LMM, Wolff AR, Rodrigues AD. In vitro studies with two human organic anion transporters: OAT2 and OAT7. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1037-1049. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1384595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Laurie Tylaska
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Nathaniel Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
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35
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Dragojević J, Mihaljević I, Popović M, Zaja R, Smital T. In vitro characterization of zebrafish (Danio rerio) organic anion transporters Oat2a-e. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:246-256. [PMID: 29030288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OATS/Oats are transmembrane proteins that transport a variety of drugs, environmental toxins and endogenous metabolites into the cell. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has seven OAT orthologs: Oat1, Oat2a-e and Oat3. In this study we specifically address Oat2 (Slc22a7) family. Conserved synteny analysis showed localization of zebrafish oat2 genes on two chromosomes, 11 and 17. All five zebrafish Oats were localized by live cell imaging in membranes of transiently transfected HEK293-T cells, and Oat2a, b, d, and e were confirmed using western blot analysis. Functional studies using the HEK293T cells overexpressing zebrafish Oats revealed two model fluorescent substrates of three Oats: Lucifer yellow for Oat2a and Oat2d (Km 122, and 49.7μM), and 6-carboxyfluorescein for Oat2b and Oat2d (Km 199.7, and 266.9μM). The initial screening of a series of diverse endo- and xenobiotics showed interaction with a number of compounds, including cGMP and diclofenac (IC50 27.74, and 19.14μM) with Oat2a; estrone-3-sulfate and diclofenac (IC50 30.96, and 12.6μM) with Oat2b; and fumarate and indomethacin (IC50 68.24, and 20.41μM) with Oat2d. This study provides the first comprehensive data set on Oat2 in zebrafish and offers an important basis for more detailed molecular and (eco)toxicological characterizations of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dragojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roko Zaja
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Xenobiotic transporters and kidney injury. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:73-91. [PMID: 28111348 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal proximal tubules are targets for toxicity due in part to the expression of transporters that mediate the secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics. Alterations in transporter expression and/or function can enhance the accumulation of toxicants and sensitize the kidneys to injury. This can be observed when xenobiotic uptake by carrier proteins is increased or efflux of toxicants and their metabolites is reduced. Nephrotoxic chemicals include environmental contaminants (halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, the herbicide paraquat, the fungal toxin ochratoxin, and heavy metals) as well as pharmaceuticals (certain beta-lactam antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapeutic drugs). This review explores the mechanisms by which transporters mediate the entry and exit of toxicants from renal tubule cells and influence the degree of kidney injury. Delineating how transport proteins regulate the renal accumulation of toxicants is critical for understanding the likelihood of nephrotoxicity resulting from competition for excretion or genetic polymorphisms that affect transporter function.
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38
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Bi YA, Scialis RJ, Lazzaro S, Mathialagan S, Kimoto E, Keefer J, Zhang H, Vildhede AM, Costales C, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS. Reliable Rate Measurements for Active and Passive Hepatic Uptake Using Plated Human Hepatocytes. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:787-796. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Mathialagan S, Piotrowski MA, Tess DA, Feng B, Litchfield J, Varma MV. Quantitative Prediction of Human Renal Clearance and Drug-Drug Interactions of Organic Anion Transporter Substrates Using In Vitro Transport Data: A Relative Activity Factor Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:409-417. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Human organic anion transporter 2 is an entecavir, but not tenofovir, transporter. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:116-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Shen H, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Organic Anion Transporter 2: An Enigmatic Human Solute Carrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:228-236. [PMID: 27872146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2; SLC22A7) is emerging as an important drug transporter because of its expression in both the liver and kidney, two major eliminating organs, and its ability to transport not only a wide variety of xenobiotics but also numerous physiologically important endogenous compounds, like creatinine and cGMP. However, OAT2 has received relatively little attention compared with other OATs and solute carriers (SLCs), like organic cation transporters, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins, and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Overall, the literature describing OAT2 is rapidly evolving, with numerous publications contradicting each other regarding the transport mechanism, tissue distribution, and transport of creatinine and cGMP, two important endogenous OAT2 substrates. Despite its status as a liver and kidney SLC, tools for assessing its activity and inhibition are lacking, and its role in drug disposition and elimination remains to be defined. The current review focuses on the available and emerging literature describing OAT2. We envision that OAT2 will gain more prominence as its expression, substrate, and inhibitor profile is investigated further and compared with other SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
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42
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Furukawa J, Inoue K, Ohta K, Yasujima T, Mimura Y, Yuasa H. Role of Equilibrative Nucleobase Transporter 1/SLC43A3 as a Ganciclovir Transporter in the Induction of Cytotoxic Effect of Ganciclovir in a Suicide Gene Therapy with Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:59-68. [PMID: 27807008 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A suicide gene therapy using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) with ganciclovir (GCV) has been under development as a tumor-targeted therapy; however, the mechanism of cellular GCV uptake, which is prerequisite in the therapy, has not been clarified. In an attempt to resolve this situation and gain information to optimize HSV-TK/GCV system for cancer therapy, we found that human equilibrative nucleobase transporter 1 (ENBT1) can transport GCV with a Michaelis constant of 2.75 mM in Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells stably transfected with this transporter. In subsequent experiments using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ENBT1 (GFP-ENBT1) and HSV-TK, the uptake of GCV (30 μM), which was minimal in MDCKII cells and unchanged by their transfection with HSV-TK alone, was increased extensively by their transfection with GFP-ENBT1, together with HSV-TK. Accordingly, cytotoxicity, which was assessed by the WST-8 cell viability assay after the treatment of those cells with GCV (30 μM) for 72 hours, was induced in those transfected with GFP-ENBT1, together with HSV-TK but not in those transfected with HSV-TK alone. These results suggest that ENBT1 could facilitate GCV uptake and thereby enhance cytotoxicity in HSV-TK/GCV system. We also identified Helacyton gartleri (HeLa) and HepG2 as cancer cell lines that are rich with ENBT1 and A549, HCT-15 and MCF-7 as those poor with ENBT1. Accordingly, the HSV-TK/GCV system was effective in inducing cytotoxicity in the former but not in the latter. Thus, ENBT1 was found to be a GCV transporter that could enhance the performance of HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Furukawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Kinya Ohta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Yoshihisa Mimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya (J.F., T.Y., Y.M., H.Y.); College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya (K.O.); and Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
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43
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Breljak D, Ljubojević M, Hagos Y, Micek V, Balen Eror D, Vrhovac Madunić I, Brzica H, Karaica D, Radović N, Kraus O, Anzai N, Koepsell H, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC, Sabolić I. Distribution of organic anion transporters NaDC3 and OAT1-3 along the human nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F227-38. [PMID: 27053689 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00113.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial step in renal secretion of organic anions (OAs) is mediated by transporters in the basolateral membrane (BLM). Contributors to this process are primary active Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9), secondary active Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3/SLC13A3), and tertiary active OA transporters (OATs) OAT1/SLC22A6, OAT2/SLC22A7, and OAT3/SLC22A8. In human kidneys, we analyzed the localization of these transporters by immunochemical methods in tissue cryosections and isolated membranes. The specificity of antibodies was validated with human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with functional OATs. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was immunolocalized to the BLM along the entire human nephron. NaDC3-related immunostaining was detected in the BLM of proximal tubules and in the BLM and/or luminal membrane of principal cells in connecting segments and collecting ducts. The thin and thick ascending limbs, macula densa, and distal tubules exhibited no reactivity with the anti-NaDC3 antibody. OAT1-OAT3-related immunostaining in human kidneys was detected only in the BLM of cortical proximal tubules; all three OATs were stained more intensely in S1/S2 segments compared with S3 segment in medullary rays, whereas the S3 segment in the outer stripe remained unstained. Expression of NaDC3, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 proteins exhibited considerable interindividual variability in both male and female kidneys, and sex differences in their expression could not be detected. Our experiments provide a side-by-side comparison of basolateral transporters cooperating in renal OA secretion in the human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vedran Micek
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Balen Eror
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vrhovac Madunić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Brzica
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Karaica
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Radović
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ognjen Kraus
- University Hospital Sisters of Mercy, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute and Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia;
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44
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Chu X, Bleasby K, Chan GH, Nunes I, Evers R. The Complexities of Interpreting Reversible Elevated Serum Creatinine Levels in Drug Development: Does a Correlation with Inhibition of Renal Transporters Exist? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1498-509. [PMID: 26825641 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In humans, creatinine is formed by a multistep process in liver and muscle and eliminated via the kidney by a combination of glomerular filtration and active transport. Based on current evidence, creatinine can be taken up into renal proximal tubule cells by the basolaterally localized organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and the organic anion transporter 2, and effluxed into the urine by the apically localized multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) and MATE2K. Drug-induced elevation of serum creatinine (SCr) and/or reduced creatinine renal clearance is routinely used as a marker for acute kidney injury. Interpretation of elevated SCr can be complex, because such increases can be reversible and explained by inhibition of renal transporters involved in active secretion of creatinine or other secondary factors, such as diet and disease state. Distinction between these possibilities is important from a drug development perspective, as increases in SCr can result in the termination of otherwise efficacious drug candidates. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with using creatinine as a marker for kidney damage. Furthermore, to evaluate whether reversible changes in SCr can be predicted prospectively based on in vitro transporter inhibition data, an in-depth in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) analysis was conducted for 16 drugs with in-house and literature in vitro transporter inhibition data for OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K, as well as total and unbound maximum plasma concentration (Cmax and Cmax,u) data measured in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Kelly Bleasby
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Grace Hoyee Chan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Irene Nunes
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Raymond Evers
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (X.C., K.B., G.H.C., R.E.), and Global Regulatory Affairs, Oncology, Immunology, Biologics & Devices (I.N.), Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey
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45
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Henjakovic M, Hagos Y, Krick W, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. Human organic anion transporter 2 is distinct from organic anion transporters 1 and 3 with respect to transport function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F843-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00140.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogentically, organic anion transporter (OAT)1 and OAT3 are closely related, whereas OAT2 is more distant. Experiments with human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with human OAT1, OAT2, or OAT3 were performed to compare selected transport properties. Common to OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 is their ability to transport cGMP. OAT2 interacted with prostaglandins, and cGMP uptake was inhibited by PGE2 and PGF2α with IC50 values of 40.8 and 12.7 μM, respectively. OAT1 (IC50: 23.7 μM), OAT2 (IC50: 9.5 μM), and OAT3 (IC50: 1.6 μM) were potently inhibited by MK571, an established multidrug resistance protein inhibitor. OAT2-mediated cGMP uptake was not inhibited by short-chain monocarboxylates and, as opposed to OAT1 and OAT3, not by dicarboxylates. Consequently, OAT2 showed no cGMP/glutarate exchange. OAT1 and OAT3 exhibited a pH and a Cl− dependence with higher substrate uptake at acidic pH and lower substrate uptake in the absence of Cl−, respectively. Such pH and Cl− dependencies were not observed with OAT2. Depolarization of membrane potential by high K+ concentrations in the presence of the K+ ionophore valinomycin left cGMP uptake unaffected. In addition to cGMP, OAT2 transported urate and glutamate, but cGMP/glutamate exchange could not be demonstrated. These experiments suggest that OAT2-mediated cGMP uptake does not occur via exchange with monocarboxylates, dicarboxylates, and hydroxyl ions. The counter anion for electroneutral cGMP uptake remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Henjakovic
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krick
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C. Burckhardt
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Kato N, Loh M, Takeuchi F, Verweij N, Wang X, Zhang W, Kelly TN, Saleheen D, Lehne B, Leach IM, Drong AW, Abbott J, Wahl S, Tan ST, Scott WR, Campanella G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Afzal U, Ahluwalia TS, Bonder MJ, Chen P, Dehghan A, Edwards TL, Esko T, Go MJ, Harris SE, Hartiala J, Kasela S, Kasturiratne A, Khor CC, Kleber ME, Li H, Yu Mok Z, Nakatochi M, Sapari NS, Saxena R, Stewart AFR, Stolk L, Tabara Y, Teh AL, Wu Y, Wu JY, Zhang Y, Aits I, Da Silva Couto Alves A, Das S, Dorajoo R, Hopewell JC, Kim YK, Koivula RW, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Nguyen QN, Pereira MA, Postmus I, Raitakari OT, Bryan MS, Scott RA, Sorice R, Tragante V, Traglia M, White J, Yamamoto K, Zhang Y, Adair LS, Ahmed A, Akiyama K, Asif R, Aung T, Barroso I, Bjonnes A, Braun TR, Cai H, Chang LC, Chen CH, Cheng CY, Chong YS, Collins R, Courtney R, Davies G, Delgado G, Do LD, Doevendans PA, Gansevoort RT, Gao YT, Grammer TB, Grarup N, Grewal J, Gu D, Wander GS, Hartikainen AL, Hazen SL, He J, Heng CK, Hixson JE, Hofman A, Hsu C, Huang W, Husemoen LLN, Hwang JY, Ichihara S, Igase M, Isono M, Justesen JM, Katsuya T, Kibriya MG, Kim YJ, Kishimoto M, Koh WP, Kohara K, Kumari M, Kwek K, Lee NR, Lee J, Liao J, Lieb W, Liewald DCM, Matsubara T, Matsushita Y, Meitinger T, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Mononen N, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nabika T, Nakashima E, Ng HK, Nikus K, Nutile T, Ohkubo T, Ohnaka K, Parish S, Paternoster L, Peng H, Peters A, Pham ST, Pinidiyapathirage MJ, Rahman M, Rakugi H, Rolandsson O, Ann Rozario M, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Sarju R, Shimokawa K, Snieder H, Sparsø T, Spiering W, Starr JM, Stott DJ, Stram DO, Sugiyama T, Szymczak S, Tang WHW, Tong L, Trompet S, Turjanmaa V, Ueshima H, Uitterlinden AG, Umemura S, Vaarasmaki M, van Dam RM, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ, Viikari JS, Waldenberger M, Wang Y, Wang A, Wilson R, Wong TY, Xiang YB, Yamaguchi S, Ye X, Young RD, Young TL, Yuan JM, Zhou X, Asselbergs FW, Ciullo M, Clarke R, Deloukas P, Franke A, Franks PW, Franks S, Friedlander Y, Gross MD, Guo Z, Hansen T, Jarvelin MR, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, kähönen M, Kajio H, Kivimaki M, Lee JY, Lehtimäki T, Linneberg A, Miki T, Pedersen O, Samani NJ, Sørensen TIA, Takayanagi R, Toniolo D, Ahsan H, Allayee H, Chen YT, Danesh J, Deary IJ, Franco OH, Franke L, Heijman BT, Holbrook JD, Isaacs A, Kim BJ, Lin X, Liu J, März W, Metspalu A, Mohlke KL, Sanghera DK, Shu XO, van Meurs JBJ, Vithana E, Wickremasinghe AR, Wijmenga C, Wolffenbuttel BHW, Yokota M, Zheng W, Zhu D, Vineis P, Kyrtopoulos SA, Kleinjans JCS, McCarthy MI, Soong R, Gieger C, Scott J, Teo YY, He J, Elliott P, Tai ES, van der Harst P, Kooner JS, Chambers JC. Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1282-1293. [PMID: 26390057 PMCID: PMC4719169 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a trans-ancestry genome-wide association and replication study of blood pressure phenotypes among up to 320,251 individuals of East Asian, European and South Asian ancestry. We find genetic variants at 12 new loci to be associated with blood pressure (P = 3.9 × 10(-11) to 5.0 × 10(-21)). The sentinel blood pressure SNPs are enriched for association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites, suggesting that, at some of the loci identified, DNA methylation may lie on the regulatory pathway linking sequence variation to blood pressure. The sentinel SNPs at the 12 new loci point to genes involved in vascular smooth muscle (IGFBP3, KCNK3, PDE3A and PRDM6) and renal (ARHGAP24, OSR1, SLC22A7 and TBX2) function. The new and known genetic variants predict increased left ventricular mass, circulating levels of NT-proBNP, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (P = 0.04 to 8.6 × 10(-6)). Our results provide new evidence for the role of DNA methylation in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Loh
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Abbott
- Bioinformatics Support Service, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Wahl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gianluca Campanella
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COSPAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Marc Jan Bonder
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Center for Human Genetics Research, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Jin Go
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaana Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuan Yu Mok
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nur Sabrina Sapari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandre F R Stewart
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Imke Aits
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank popgen, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexessander Da Silva Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shikta Das
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jemma C Hopewell
- Clinical Trials Support Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yun Kyoung Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W Koivula
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Quang N Nguyen
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mark A Pereira
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Molly Scannell Bryan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) ‘Burlo Garofolo’, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jon White
- University College London Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Koichi Akiyama
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rasheed Asif
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Inês Barroso
- Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy R Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trials Support Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Regina Courtney
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Loi D Do
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jagvir Grewal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gurpreet S Wander
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - James E Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Hsu
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Chinese National Human Genomic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lise L N Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Joo-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Michiya Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johanne M Justesen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Muhammad G Kibriya
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Katsuhiko Kohara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nanette R Lee
- University of San Carlos Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Jeannette Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank popgen, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsushita
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Japan
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rebecca Mills
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Eitaro Nakashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hong Kiat Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Ohnaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sarah Parish
- Clinical Trials Support Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Son T Pham
- Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- UChicago Research Bangladesh, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Research and Evaluation Division, Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee (BRAC), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Family Medicine, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michelle Ann Rozario
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia F Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralhan Sarju
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kazuro Shimokawa
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sparsø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel O Stram
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Silke Szymczak
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Väinö Turjanmaa
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marja Vaarasmaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rory Wilson
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhei Yamaguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Xingwang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robin D Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terri L Young
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xueya Zhou
- Bioinformatics Division, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Informatics Science and Technology (TNLIST), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN)–Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trials Support Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Family Medicine, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steve Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Myron D Gross
- School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zhirong Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN)–Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- ICIN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mika kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Kajio
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- THERAGEN ETEX Bio Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tetsuro Miki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan T Heijman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce H W Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mitsuhiro Yokota
- Department of Genome Science, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dingliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Soterios A Kyrtopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN)–Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hotchkiss AG, Berrigan L, Pelis RM. Organic anion transporter 2 transcript variant 1 shows broad ligand selectivity when expressed in multiple cell lines. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:216. [PMID: 26500550 PMCID: PMC4594013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) is likely important for renal and hepatic drug elimination. Three variants of the OAT2 peptide sequence have been described – OAT2 transcript variant 1 (OAT2-tv1), OAT2 transcript variant 2 (OAT2-tv2), and OAT2 transcript variant 3 (OAT2-tv3). Early studies helping to define the ligand selectivity of OAT2 failed to identify the variant used, and the studies used several heterologous expression systems. In preliminary studies using OAT2-tv1, we failed to observe transport of several previously identified substrates, leading us to speculate that ligand selectivity of OAT2 differs with variant and/or heterologous expression system. The purpose was to further investigate the ligand selectivity of the OAT2 variants expressed in multiple cell types. We cloned OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2, but were unsuccessful at amplifying mRNA for OAT2-tv3 from human kidney. OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2 were individually expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK), Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. mRNA for OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2 was demonstrated in each cell type transfected with the respective construct, indicating their expression. OAT2-tv1 trafficked to the plasma membrane of all three cell types, but OAT2-tv2 did not. OAT2-tv1 transported penciclovir in all three cell types, but failed to transport para-aminohippurate, succinate, glutarate, estrone-3-sulfate, paclitaxel or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate – previously identified substrates of OAT2-tv2. Not surprising given its lack of plasma membrane expression, OAT2-tv2 failed to transport any of the organic solutes examined, including penciclovir. Penciclovir transport by OAT2-tv1 was sensitive to large (e.g., cyclosporine A) and small (e.g., allopurinol) organic compounds, as well as organic anions, cations and neutral compounds, highlighting the multiselectivity of OAT2-tv1. The potencies with which indomethacin, furosemide, cyclosporine A and cimetidine inhibited OAT2-tv1 are in good agreement with previous studies using this variant, but inconsistent with studies using OAT2 with an unidentified sequence. This study shows that organic molecules with diverse physicochemical properties interact with OAT2-tv1, making it a likely site of drug interactions. Many previously identified substrates of OAT2 are not transported by OAT2-tv1, suggesting that variant and/or expression system may contribute. Future work should establish the expression pattern and ligand selectivity of OAT2-tv3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Hotchkiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Liam Berrigan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
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48
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Shen H, Liu T, Morse BL, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Qiu X, Chen C, Lewin AC, Wang XT, Liu G, Christopher LJ, Marathe P, Lai Y. Characterization of Organic Anion Transporter 2 (SLC22A7): A Highly Efficient Transporter for Creatinine and Species-Dependent Renal Tubular Expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:984-93. [PMID: 25904762 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of organic anion transporter OAT2 (SLC22A7) to the renal tubular secretion of creatinine and its exact localization in the kidney are reportedly controversial. In the present investigation, the transport of creatinine was assessed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells that stably expressed human OAT2 (OAT2-HEK) and isolated human renal proximal tubule cells (HRPTCs). The tubular localization of OAT2 in human, monkey, and rat kidney was characterized. The overexpression of OAT2 significantly enhanced the uptake of creatinine in OAT2-HEK cells. Under physiologic conditions (creatinine concentrations of 41.2 and 123.5 µM), the initial rate of OAT2-mediated creatinine transport was approximately 11-, 80-, and 80-fold higher than OCT2, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1, and MATE2K, respectively, resulting in approximately 37-, 1850-, and 80-fold increase of the intrinsic transport clearance when normalized to the transporter protein concentrations. Creatinine intracellular uptake and transcellular transport in HRPTCs were decreased in the presence of 50 µM bromosulfophthalein and 100 µM indomethacin, which inhibited OAT2 more potently than other known creatinine transporters, OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins MATE1 and MATE2K (IC50: 1.3 µM vs. > 100 µM and 2.1 µM vs. > 200 µM for bromosulfophthalein and indomethacin, respectively) Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that OAT2 protein was localized to both basolateral and apical membranes of human and cynomolgus monkey renal proximal tubules, but appeared only on the apical membrane of rat proximal tubules. Collectively, the findings revealed the important role of OAT2 in renal secretion and possible reabsorption of creatinine and suggested a molecular basis for potential species difference in the transporter handling of creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yue Zhao
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Xi Qiu
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Cliff Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Anne C Lewin
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Xi-Tao Wang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Guowen Liu
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Punit Marathe
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yurong Lai
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., T.L., B.L.M., Yuep.Z., X.Q., C.C., P.M., Y.L.), Bioanalytical Sciences (Y.Z., G.L.), Oncology Translational Research (A.C.L., X.-T.W.), and Biotransformation (L.J.C.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
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49
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Telaprevir and ribavirin interaction: higher ribavirin levels are not only due to renal dysfunction during triple therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3257-62. [PMID: 25801562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04795-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of anemia has been observed during the treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) infection with pegylated alpha interferon (pegIFN-α), ribavirin, and telaprevir. We assessed the impacts that concomitant administration of telaprevir and changes in the glomerular filtration rate have on ribavirin plasma levels. The minimum concentrations of ribavirin in plasma (ribavirin Cmin) determined during triple therapy including telaprevir were compared with those observed after telaprevir withdrawal and those observed in the same subjects and in a large cohort during a previous course of pegIFN-α plus ribavirin. Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling for ribavirin was performed at steady state during the triple-therapy phase. Ribavirin levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Twenty-seven HCV-1/HIV-coinfected patients were enrolled. The median ribavirin Cmin for triple therapy (4.08 μg/ml; range, 2.14 to 5.56 μg/ml) was higher than that observed after telaprevir withdrawal (1.96 μg/ml; range, 0.41 to 3.45 μg/ml) (P < 0.001) and that observed for 125 HCV-1/HIV-coinfected patients treated only with pegIFN-α plus ribavirin (1.65 μg/ml; range, 0.41 to 5.56 μg/ml) (P < 0.001). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased >20% from the baseline value in 11 of 27 patients and became normal after telaprevir removal in almost all cases. There was a negative correlation between eGFR and ribavirin clearance (r(2) = 0.257; P = 0.064) but not the ribavirin area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0-12) (r(2) = 0.001; P = 0.455). Thus, there is a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between telaprevir and ribavirin that results in very high ribavirin levels, which explains the excess of toxicity observed with this drug combination. A blockade of the proximal tubular transporters might be implicated in both the increase in plasma creatinine and the high ribavirin levels. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01818856.).
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50
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Nucleoside transporter proteins as biomarkers of drug responsiveness and drug targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25713533 PMCID: PMC4322540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs are currently used in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphoproliferative diseases, viral infections such as hepatitis and AIDS, and some inflammatory diseases such as Crohn. Two gene families are implicated in the uptake of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs into cells, SCL28 and SLC29. The former encodes hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 proteins. They translocate nucleosides in a Na+ coupled manner with high affinity and some substrate selectivity, being hCNT1 and hCNT2 pyrimidine- and purine-preferring, respectively, and hCNT3 a broad selectivity transporter. SLC29 genes encode four members, being hENT1 and hENT2 the only two which are unequivocally implicated in the translocation of nucleosides and nucleobases (the latter mostly via hENT2) at the cell plasma membrane. Some nucleoside-derived drugs can also interact with and be translocated by members of the SLC22 gene family, particularly hOCT and hOAT proteins. Inter-individual differences in transporter function and perhaps, more importantly, altered expression associated with the disease itself might modulate the transporter profile of target cells, thereby determining drug bioavailability and action. Drug transporter pharmacology has been periodically reviewed. Thus, with this contribution we aim at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the clinical evidence generated so far supporting the concept that these membrane proteins can indeed be biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Last but not least, some of these transporter proteins can also be envisaged as drug targets, as long as they can show “transceptor” functions, in some cases related to their role as modulators of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby providing a functional link between P1 receptors and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain ; Oncology Program, CIBER ehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona Spain
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