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Algallal HE, Jacquemet V, Samaha AN. Intermittent nicotine access is as effective as continuous access in promoting nicotine seeking and taking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1135-1149. [PMID: 38326505 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine is a principal psychoactive agent in tobacco, contributing to tobacco's addictive potential. Preclinical studies on the effects of voluntary nicotine intake typically use self-administration procedures that provide continuous nicotine access during each self-administration session. However, many smokers consume cigarettes intermittently rather than continuously throughout each day. For drugs including cocaine and opioids, research in laboratory rats shows that intermittent intake can be more effective than continuous intake in producing patterns of drug use relevant to addiction. OBJECTIVE We determined how intermittent versus continuous nicotine self-administration influences nicotine seeking and taking behaviours. METHODS Female and male rats had continuous (i.e., Long Access; LgA, 6 h/day) or intermittent (IntA; 12 min ON, 60 min OFF, for 6 h/day) access to intravenous nicotine (15 µg/kg/infusion), for 12 daily sessions. We then assessed intake, responding for nicotine under a progressive ratio schedule of drug reinforcement and cue- and nicotine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We also estimated nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters during LgA and IntA self-administration. RESULTS Overall, LgA rats took twice more nicotine than did IntA rats, yielding more sustained increases in estimated brain concentrations of the drug. However, the two groups showed similar motivation to seek and take nicotine, as measured using reinstatement and progressive ratio procedures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent nicotine use is just as effective as continuous use in producing addiction-relevant behaviours, despite significantly less nicotine exposure. This has implications for modeling nicotine self-administration patterns in human smokers and resulting effects on brain and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer E Algallal
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Jacquemet
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Neural Signaling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research On the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Roeder NM, Mihalkovic A, Richardson BJ, Penman SL, Novalen M, Hammond N, Eiden R, Khokhar JY, Tyndale RF, Thanos PK. Behavioral and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Nicotine e-Cigarette Inhalation in Female Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:724-732. [PMID: 38092656 PMCID: PMC11109488 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine and tobacco use remain high both globally and in the United States, contributing to large health care expenditures. With a rise in e-cigarette use, it is important to have clinically relevant models of inhaled nicotine exposure. AIMS AND METHODS This study aims to extend prior preclinical nicotine inhalation animal data to females and provide both behavior and serum pharmacokinetics. We tested two inhalation doses of nicotine (24 mg/mL and 59 mg/ mL) and compared these to injected doses (0.4 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg). In addition, we assessed locomotor behavior after the same doses. Blood was collected at 10- and 120-minutes post-administration. We assessed nicotine and cotinine serum concentrations by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Showed that while nicotine serum concentrations for the respective high and low-dose administrations were similar between both routes of administration, the route had differential effects on locomotor behavior. Inhaled nicotine showed a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activity while injected doses showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the route of administration is an important factor when establishing preclinical models of nicotine exposures. Given that the overall use of e-cigarettes in vulnerable populations is on the rise, our study provides important behavioral and pharmacokinetic information to advance our currently limited understanding of the effects of nicotine vapor exposure. IMPLICATIONS This study highlights behavioral differences between different routes of administration of similar doses of nicotine. Using a low and high dose of nicotine, we found that nicotine serum concentrations were similar between the different routes of administration. Our results indicate that different routes of administration have opposing effects on locomotor activity. These findings provide important implications for future behavioral models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abrianna Mihalkovic
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brittany J Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Penman
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maria Novalen
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rina Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Social Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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3
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Frie JA, McCunn P, Eed A, Hassan A, Luciani KR, Chen C, Tyndale RF, Khokhar JY. Factors influencing JUUL e-cigarette nicotine vapour-induced reward, withdrawal, pharmacokinetics and brain connectivity in rats: sex matters. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:782-795. [PMID: 38057369 PMCID: PMC10948865 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Though vaping likely represents a safer alternative to smoking, it is not without risks, many of which are not well understood, especially for vulnerable populations. Here we evaluate the sex- and age-dependent effects of JUUL nicotine vapour in rats. Following passive nicotine vapour exposures (from 59 mg/ml JUUL nicotine pods), rats were evaluated for reward-like behaviour, locomotion, and precipitated withdrawal. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine and its metabolites in brain and plasma and the long-term impact of nicotine vapour exposure on functional magnetic resonance imaging-based brain connectivity were assessed. Adult female rats acquired conditioned place preference (CPP) at a high dose (600 s of exposure) of nicotine vapour while female adolescents, as well as male adults and adolescents did not. Adult and adolescent male rats displayed nicotine vapour-induced precipitated withdrawal and hyperlocomotion, while both adult and adolescent female rats did not. Adult females showed higher venous and arterial plasma and brain nicotine and nicotine metabolite concentrations compared to adult males and adolescent females. Adolescent females showed higher brain nicotine concentration compared to adolescent males. Both network-based statistics and between-component group connectivity analyses uncovered reduced connectivity in nicotine-exposed rats, with a significant group by sex interaction observed in both analyses. The short- and long-term effects of nicotine vapour are affected by sex and age, with distinct behavioural, pharmacokinetic, and altered network connectivity outcomes dependent on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick McCunn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Eed
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karling R Luciani
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chuyun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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4
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Martínez M, Espinoza VE, Garcia V, Uribe KP, Negishi K, Estevao IL, Carcoba LM, O'Dell LE, Khan AM, Mendez IA. Withdrawal from repeated nicotine vapor exposure increases somatic signs of physical dependence, anxiety-like behavior, and brain reward thresholds in adult male rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109681. [PMID: 37611823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine vapor consumption via electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased over the last decade. While prior work has shed light on the health effects of nicotine vapor inhalation, its unique effects on the brain and behavior have not been thoroughly explored. In this study we assessed markers of withdrawal following 14 days of nicotine vapor exposure. For Experiment 1, 21 adult male rats were exposed to ambient air or 6, 12, or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor for 14 consecutive days. Following exposure on day 14, rats were injected with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/mL) and assessed for somatic withdrawal signs and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. For Experiment 2, 12 adult male rats were tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) immediately following exposure to vehicle vapor (50%/50%, vegetable glycerin/propylene glycol) or 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor, for 14 consecutive days. ICSS behavior was assessed for an additional 14 days, following cessation of repeated vapor exposure. Results reveal that rats with repeated nicotine vapor exposure display an increase in behavioral indicators of withdrawal following injection of mecamylamine (precipitated withdrawal). Additionally, increases in ICSS stimulation thresholds, indicative of reduced brain reward sensitivity, persist following cessation of repeated nicotine vapor exposure (spontaneous withdrawal). These data suggest that repeated e-cigarette use leads to nicotine dependence and withdrawal that affects behavior and brain reward function. Further characterization of the health effects of nicotine vapor is necessary to improve treatment strategies for nicotine use disorder and public health policies related to novel nicotine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Martínez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Veronika E Espinoza
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kevin P Uribe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kenichiro Negishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Luis M Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Arshad M Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ian A Mendez
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA; Interdisciplinary Group for Neuroscience Investigation, Training and Education (IGNITE), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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5
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Han S, Liu C, Chen H, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Miao R, Ren P, Yu P, Shi Z, Tian Y, Wang H, Liu T, Hou H, Hu Q. Pharmacokinetics of freebase nicotine and nicotine salts following subcutaneous administration in male rats. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1099-1106. [PMID: 36059224 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine lactate, nicotine tartrate, nicotine benzoate, and freebase nicotine (FBN) are four forms of nicotine salt systems that are present in tobacco products. However, few in vivo studies have compared their pharmacological (pK) efficacies, which are important for understanding their roles in the addiction and abuse of tobacco and nicotine products. In this work, the pK of the above nicotine salt systems was studied by subcutaneously injecting their aqueous solutions in rats and obtaining blood samples from the jugular vein. Nicotine levels in the blood were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results demonstrated that rapid nicotine absorption occurred in all nicotine systems. Of them, NB had the smallest Tmax , while FBN had the largest Tmax . The nicotine metabolic rate and clearance decreased for FBN, indicating that nicotine retention in the body was higher than for the other three salt-based systems. Compared with nicotine salts, FBN could reach and maintain a higher concentration in the animal model. Additionally, as the benzoic acid ratios increased, the Cmax of the nicotine benzoate (NB) in the plasma decreased. This indicates that the lower the pH, the lower the Cmax . When different concentrations of NB were used, the higher the NB concentration, the greater the Cmax and AUC(0-t) . These results demonstrate that nicotine adsorption by NB in the animal model depended on both pH and concentration. This baseline information could be used to explain different clinical pharmacological observations in humans, though this study only considered the effects of nicotine on pharmacokinetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya'ning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijuan Miao
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peipei Ren
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yushan Tian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Reynaga DD, Cano M, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adult and adolescent male rats. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11324. [PMID: 38389812 PMCID: PMC10880785 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine whether non-nicotine constituents of cigarette smoke contribute to nicotine dependence in adolescent and adult male Sprague Dawley rats. For 10 days animals were given three times daily intravenous injections of nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day) or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) containing an equivalent dose of nicotine. Both spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal were then measured. Chronic treatment with CSE induced significantly greater somatic and affective withdrawal signs than nicotine in both adolescents and adults. Mecamylamine-precipitated somatic signs were similar at both ages. In contrast, animals spontaneously withdrawn from chronic drug treatment exhibited significant age differences: whereas adolescents chronically treated with nicotine did not show somatic signs, those treated with CSE showed similar physical withdrawal to those of adults. Mecamylamine did not precipitate anxiety-like behavior at either age. However, both adolescents and adults showed significant anxiety in a light-dark box test 18 h after spontaneous withdrawal. Anxiety-like behavior was still evident in an open field test 1 month after termination of drug treatment, with adolescents showing significantly greater affective symptoms than adults. Our findings indicate that non-nicotine constituents of cigarette smoke do contribute to dependence in both adolescents and adults and emphasize the importance of including smoke constituents with nicotine in animal models of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy D Reynaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James D Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Walker NB, Yan Y, Tapia MA, Tucker BR, Thomas LN, George BE, West AM, Marotta CB, Lester HA, Dougherty DA, Holleran KM, Jones SR, Drenan RM. β2 nAChR Activation on VTA DA Neurons Is Sufficient for Nicotine Reinforcement in Rats. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0449-22.2023. [PMID: 37193602 PMCID: PMC10216253 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0449-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesolimbic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) activation is necessary for nicotine reinforcement behavior, but it is unknown whether selective activation of nAChRs in the dopamine (DA) reward pathway is sufficient to support nicotine reinforcement. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of β2-containing (β2*) nAChRs on VTA neurons is sufficient for intravenous nicotine self-administration (SA). We expressed β2 nAChR subunits with enhanced sensitivity to nicotine (referred to as β2Leu9'Ser) in the VTA of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, enabling very low concentrations of nicotine to selectively activate β2* nAChRs on transduced neurons. Rats expressing β2Leu9'Ser subunits acquired nicotine SA at 1.5 μg/kg/infusion, a dose too low to support acquisition in control rats. Saline substitution extinguished responding for 1.5 μg/kg/inf, verifying that this dose was reinforcing. β2Leu9'Ser nAChRs also supported acquisition at the typical training dose in rats (30 μg/kg/inf) and reducing the dose to 1.5 μg/kg/inf caused a significant increase in the rate of nicotine SA. Viral expression of β2Leu9'Ser subunits only in VTA DA neurons (via TH-Cre rats) also enabled acquisition of nicotine SA at 1.5 μg/kg/inf, and saline substitution significantly attenuated responding. Next, we examined electrically-evoked DA release in slices from β2Leu9'Ser rats with a history of nicotine SA. Single-pulse evoked DA release and DA uptake rate were reduced in β2Leu9'Ser NAc slices, but relative increases in DA following a train of stimuli were preserved. These results are the first to report that β2* nAChR activation on VTA neurons is sufficient for nicotine reinforcement in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Walker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Yijin Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Melissa A Tapia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Brenton R Tucker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Leanne N Thomas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Brianna E George
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Alyssa M West
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christopher B Marotta
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91106
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91106
| | - Dennis A Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91106
| | - Katherine M Holleran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Sara R Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Ryan M Drenan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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8
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Eddins D, Petro A, Levin ED. Impact of acute nicotine exposure on monoaminergic systems in adolescent and adult male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 93:107122. [PMID: 36116700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of risk for beginning tobacco addiction. Differential neural response to nicotine in adolescents vs. adults may help explain the increased vulnerability to nicotine self-administration seen with adolescent onset. We indexed the effects of acute nicotine ditartrate (0.4 mg/kg, salt weight) administration on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) as well as the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in several brain regions (nucleus accumbens, striatum and frontal cortex) of 6-week old (adolescent) and 10-week old (young adult) Sprague-Dawley rats. When nicotine was administered DA concentrations in the accumbens were significantly higher in adults than in adolescents, whereas there was no age-related difference without nicotine. However neither age group showed a significant effect of nicotine vs. age-matched controls. DA turnover in the accumbens was significantly greater in adolescent females in response to nicotine, but adult females did not show this effect and neither did males of either age group. DA turnover in the striatum was significantly higher in adolescents than adults regardless of nicotine administration. In the frontal cortex, there was a more complex effect. Without nicotine, adult male rats had higher DA concentrations than adolescent males, whereas female rats did not differ from adolescent to adult ages. When given nicotine, the age effect was no longer seen in males. However, there was not a significant effect of nicotine vs. age-matched controls in either age group. No age or nicotine effects were seen in females. 5HT in the accumbens was significantly increased by nicotine administration in adults but not in adolescents. Altered neural responsivity of adolescents to nicotine-induced neural effects particularly in accumbens DA and 5HT may be related to the increased nicotine dose concentrations they self-administer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie Eddins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Ann Petro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA.
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9
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Tapia MA, Jin XT, Tucker BR, Thomas LN, Walker NB, Kim VJ, Albertson SE, Damuka N, Krizan I, Edassery S, Savas JN, Sai KKS, Jones SR, Drenan RM. Relapse-like behavior and nAChR sensitization following intermittent access nicotine self-administration. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109066. [PMID: 35461879 PMCID: PMC9527938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many tobacco smokers consume nicotine intermittently, but the underlying mechanisms and neurobiological changes associated with intermittent nicotine intake are unclear. Understanding intermittent nicotine intake is a high priority, as it could promote therapeutic strategies to attenuate tobacco consumption. We examined nicotine intake behavior and neurobiological changes in male rats that were trained to self-administer nicotine during brief (5 min) trials interspersed with longer (15 min) drug-free periods. Rats readily adapted to intermittent access (IntA) SA following acquisition on a continuous access (ContA) schedule. Probabilistic analysis of IntA nicotine SA suggested reduced nicotine loading behavior compared to ContA, and nicotine pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that rats taking nicotine intermittently may have increased intake to maintain blood levels of nicotine that are comparable to ContA SA. After IntA nicotine SA, rats exhibited an increase in unreinforced responses for nicotine-associated cues (incubation of craving) and specific alterations in the striatal proteome after 7 days without nicotine. IntA nicotine SA also induced nAChR functional upregulation in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), and it enhanced nicotine binding in the brain as determined via [11C]nicotine positron emission tomography. Reducing the saliency of the cue conditions during the 5 min access periods attenuated nicotine intake, but incubation of craving was preserved. Together, these results indicate that IntA conditions promote nicotine SA and nicotine seeking after a nicotine-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Tapia
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Tao Jin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Brenton R. Tucker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Leanne N. Thomas
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Noah B. Walker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Veronica J. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven E. Albertson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Krizan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Seby Edassery
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan M. Drenan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Corresponding author. (R.M. Drenan)
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10
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Kasprzyk J, Piekoszewski W, Tezyk A, Kulza M, Florek E. Effects of excessive alcohol drinking on nicotine biotransformation in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11066. [PMID: 35773467 PMCID: PMC9246934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine (tobacco smoke) are often used together, and taking both addictive substances is associated with an increased risk of certain diseases. It is extremely important to understand the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms of the interaction between nicotine and ethanol, which are still not fully understood. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of chronic alcohol consumption on nicotine biotransformation in ethanol-preferring and non-preferring male and female rats. Rats were divided into four groups depending on their alcohol preferences and gender. Nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine N-oxide, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and cotinine N-oxide in rats plasma were determined by LC-MS/MS after five days of exposure to tobacco smoke. A non-compartmental analysis of nicotine and its metabolites was used for pharmacokinetic parameters calculation. Our experimental results showed that the rate of nicotine elimination depends on gender, regardless of alcohol preferences (significantly slower in females than in males). Mean residence timeof nornicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were significantly higher in alcohol-preferring male rats than in alcohol preferring female rats. In non-alcohol preferring female rats compared to ethanol-preferring female rats, significantly more nicotine N-oxide (fivefold) and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (twofold) reached the general circulation unchanged. Drinking ethanol influenced the elimination of nornicotine and cotinine in male rats. Ethanol consumption was identified as a modifier of nicotine pharmacokinetics and this was gender-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kasprzyk
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- School of Biomedicine Far Eastern, Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Artur Tezyk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Kulza
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str, 60-631, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Florek
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str, 60-631, Poznan, Poland.
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11
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Archie SR, Sharma S, Burks E, Abbruscato T. Biological determinants impact the neurovascular toxicity of nicotine and tobacco smoke: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics perspective. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:140-160. [PMID: 35150755 PMCID: PMC8958572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the detrimental effect of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the central nervous system (CNS) is caused by the neurotoxic role of nicotine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, and the dopaminergic system. The ultimate consequence of these nicotine associated neurotoxicities can lead to cerebrovascular dysfunction, altered behavioral outcomes (hyperactivity and cognitive dysfunction) as well as future drug abuse and addiction. The severity of these detrimental effects can be associated with several biological determinants. Sex and age are two important biological determinants which can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several systemically available substances, including nicotine. With regard to sex, the availability of gonadal hormone is impacted by the pregnancy status and menstrual cycle resulting in altered metabolism rate of nicotine. Additionally, the observed lower smoking cessation rate in females compared to males is a consequence of differential effects of sex on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine. Similarly, age-dependent alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine have also been observed. One such example is related to severe vulnerability of adolescence towards addiction and long-term behavioral changes which may continue through adulthood. Considering the possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine on the central nervous system and the deterministic role of sex as well as age on these neurotoxic effects of smoking, it has become important to consider sex and age to study nicotine induced neurotoxicity and development of treatment strategies for combating possible harmful effects of nicotine. In the future, understanding the role of sex and age on the neurotoxic actions of nicotine can facilitate the individualization and optimization of treatment(s) to mitigate nicotine induced neurotoxicity as well as smoking cessation therapy. Unfortunately, however, no such comprehensive study is available which has considered both the sex- and age-dependent neurotoxicity of nicotine, as of today. Hence, the overreaching goal of this review article is to analyze and summarize the impact of sex and age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine and possible neurotoxic consequences associated with nicotine in order to emphasize the importance of including these biological factors for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
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12
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Tan X, Ingraham CM, McBride WJ, Ding ZM. The involvement of mesolimbic dopamine system in cotinine self-administration in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113596. [PMID: 34562552 PMCID: PMC8578415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine and has recently been shown to be self-administered intravenously by rats. However, mechanisms underlying cotinine self-administration remained unknown. Mesolimbic dopamine system projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAC) is closely implicated in drug reinforcement, including nicotine. The objective of the current study was to determine potential involvement of mesolimbic dopamine system in cotinine self-administration. An intracranial self-administration experiment demonstrates that cotinine at 0.88 and 1.76 ng/100 nl/infusion was self-infused into the VTA by rats. Rats produced more infusions of cotinine than vehicle and responded more on active than inactive lever during acquisition, reduced responding when cotinine was replaced by vehicle, and resumed responding during re-exposure to cotinine. Microinjection of cotinine at 1.76 ng/100 nl/infusion into the VTA increased extracellular dopamine levels within the NAC. Subcutaneous injection of cotinine at 1 mg/kg also increased extracellular dopamine levels within the NAC. Administration of the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 attenuated intravenous cotinine self-administration. On the other hand, bupropion, a catecholamine uptake inhibitor, did not significantly alter intravenous cotinine self-administration. These results suggest that activation of mesolimbic dopamine system may represent one cellular mechanism underlying cotinine self-administration. This shared mechanism between cotinine and nicotine suggests that cotinine may play a role in nicotine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Cynthia M Ingraham
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - William J McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zheng-Ming Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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13
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Novoa C, Solano JL, Ballesteros-Acosta HN, Lamprea MR, Ortega LA. Nicotine Differentially Modulates Emotional-Locomotor Interactions for Adult or Adolescent Rats. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v31n1.89822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse stimulate dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic circuit. Sustained activation of this circuit by prolonged exposure to drugs promotes locomotor sensitization. However, there are inconsistent reports about nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization when assessed among different developmental stages. We evaluated exploratory behavior on specific areas of the open field as an indicator of behavioral disinhibition and general locomotor activity as an indicator of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, to further explore the mechanisms underlying behavioral adaptations to nicotine exposure in animals from different developmental stages. We found that while adolescent and adult rats are equally responsive to nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, nicotine disrupts inhibition of risk-related behavior only in adolescent rats. Together, our results suggest that chronic daily exposure to nicotine promotes potentiation of its stimulant effects on locomotor activity. In adolescents, this effect is accompanied by a decreased capacity to inhibit risk-related behaviors under the acute effect of the drug.
How to cite this article: Novoa, C., Solano, J. L., Ballesteros-Acosta, H., Lamprea, R. M., & Ortega, L. A. (2021). Nicotine Differentially Modulates Emotional-Locomotor Interactions for Adult or Adolescent Rats. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 31(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v31n1.89822
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Tan X, Vrana K, Ding ZM. Cotinine: Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Nicotine and Neural Mechanisms for Its Actions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:758252. [PMID: 34744656 PMCID: PMC8568040 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.758252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use disorder continues to be a leading public health issue and cause of premature death in the United States. Nicotine is considered as the major tobacco alkaloid causing addiction through its actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Current pharmacotherapies targeting nicotine's effects produce only modest effectiveness in promoting cessation, highlighting the critical need for a better understanding of mechanisms of nicotine addiction to inform future treatments. There is growing interest in identifying potential contributions of non-nicotine components to tobacco reinforcement. Cotinine is a minor alkaloid, but the major metabolite of nicotine that can act as a weak agonist of nAChRs. Accumulating evidence indicates that cotinine produces diverse effects and may contribute to effects of nicotine. In this review, we summarize findings implicating cotinine as a neuroactive metabolite of nicotine and discuss available evidence regarding potential mechanisms underlying its effects. Preclinical findings reveal that cotinine crosses the blood brain barrier and interacts with both nAChRs and non-nAChRs in the nervous system, and produces neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. Clinical studies suggest that cotinine is psychoactive in humans. However, reviewing evidence regarding mechanisms underlying effects of cotinine provides a mixed picture with a lack of consensus. Therefore, more research is warranted in order to provide better insight into the actions of cotinine and its contribution to tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Kent Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zheng-Ming Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are critical to improve our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine dependence in rodents can be established by repeated nicotine injections, chronic nicotine infusion via osmotic minipumps, oral nicotine intake, tobacco smoke exposure, nicotine vapor exposure, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure. The time course of nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with these methods has not been reviewed in the literature. AIM The goal of this review is to discuss nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with the cessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in rats and mice. Furthermore, age and sex differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms are reviewed. RESULTS Cessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure leads to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as somatic withdrawal signs, changes in locomotor activity, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, learning and memory deficits, attention deficits, hyperalgesia, and dysphoria. These withdrawal symptoms are most pronounced within the first week after cessation of nicotine exposure. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, and deficits in learning and memory may persist for several months. Adolescent (4-6 weeks old) rats and mice display fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than adults (>8 weeks old). In adult rats and mice, females show fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than males. The smoking cessation drugs bupropion and varenicline reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in rodents. CONCLUSION The nicotine withdrawal symptoms that are observed in rodents are similar to those observed in humans. Tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol contain chemicals and added flavors that enhance the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Therefore, more valid animal models of tobacco and e-cigarette use need to be developed by using tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure methods to induce dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, India
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Hauser SR, Rodd ZA, Deehan GA, Liang T, Rahman S, Bell RL. Effects of adolescent substance use disorders on central cholinergic function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 160:175-221. [PMID: 34696873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, in which the individual undergoes significant cognitive, behavioral, physical, emotional, and social developmental changes. During this period, adolescents engage in experimentation and risky behaviors such as licit and illicit drug use. Adolescents' high vulnerability to abuse drugs and natural reinforcers leads to greater risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) during adulthood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the use and abuse of licit and illicit drugs during adolescence and emerging adulthood can disrupt the cholinergic system and its processes. This review will focus on the effects of peri-adolescent nicotine and/or alcohol use, or exposure, on the cholinergic system during adulthood from preclinical and clinical studies. This review further explores potential cholinergic agents and pharmacological manipulations to counteract peri-adolescent nicotine and/or alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Z A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - G A Deehan
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - T Liang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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17
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Harris AC. Further pharmacological characterization of a preclinical model of the early development of nicotine withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108870. [PMID: 34216863 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing preclinical models of the development of nicotine withdrawal following acute nicotine exposure could inform tobacco addiction-related research, treatment, and policy. To this end, this lab has previously reported that rats exhibit withdrawal-like elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior) following acute nicotine exposure. The goal of this study was to provide further pharmacological characterization of ICSS as a measure of spontaneous and antagonist-precipitated withdrawal from acute nicotine. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats exhibited a small increase in ICSS thresholds over time following a single nicotine injection (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.), suggesting a modest spontaneous withdrawal effect (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the antidepressant bupropion (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), which is used to treat tobacco addiction and attenuates nicotine withdrawal in both humans and rodents, blocked elevations in ICSS thresholds induced by a single injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) followed ≈ 2 h later by the non-selective, non-competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.). In Experiment 3a, s.c. administration of the competitive, relatively selective α4ß2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHßE) (5.6 mg/kg, but not 3.0 mg/kg) following each of 5 daily injections of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) elevated ICSS thresholds. Mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) also elevated ICSS thresholds when administered following all 5 daily nicotine injections (0.5 mg/kg, s.c., Experiment 3b). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further characterization of elevations in ICSS thresholds as a measure of withdrawal from acute nicotine exposure. Further use of these models may be useful for understanding the early development of nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Harris
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States; Departments of Medicine and Psychology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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18
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Amice B, Ho H, Zhang E, Bullen C. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling for Nicotine and Cotinine Clearance in Pregnant Women. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688597. [PMID: 34354586 PMCID: PMC8329445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the absorption, disposition, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine in pregnant women (p-PBPK) are rare. The aim of this short research report is to present a p-PBPK model and its simulations for nicotine and cotinine clearance. Methods: The maternal-placental-fetal compartments of the p-PBPK model contain a total of 16 compartments representing major maternal and fetal organs and tissue groups. Qualitative and quantitative data of nicotine and cotinine disposition and clearance have been incorporated into pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: The p-PBPK model reproduced the higher clearance rates of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant women than non-pregnant women. Temporal profiles for their disposition in organs such as the brain were also simulated. Nicotine concentration reaches its maximum value within 2 min after an intravenous injection. Conclusion: The proposed p-PBPK model produces results consistent with available data sources. Further pharmacokinetic experiments are required to calibrate clearance parameters for individual organs, and for the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Amice
- ENSEEIHT, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - En Zhang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, China
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Robison CL, Kazan T, Miller RLA, Cova N, Charntikov S. Inactivation of posterior but not anterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen impedes learning with self-administered nicotine stimulus in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113438. [PMID: 34224762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rodent caudate-putamen is a large heterogeneous neural structure with distinct anatomical connections that differ in their control of learning processes. Previous research suggests that the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen (a- and p-dmCPu) differentially regulate associative learning with a non-contingent nicotine stimulus. The current study used bilateral NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesions to the a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu to determine the functional involvement of a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu in appetitive learning with contingent nicotine stimulus. Rats with a-dmCPu, p-dmCPu, or sham lesions were trained to lever-press for intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) followed by access to sucrose 30 s later. After 1, 3, 9, and 20 nicotine-sucrose training sessions, appetitive learning in the form of a goal-tracking response was assessed using a non-contingent nicotine-alone test. All rats acquired nicotine self-administration and learned to retrieve sucrose from a receptacle at equal rates. However, rats with lesions to p-dmCPu demonstrated blunted learning of the nicotine-sucrose association. Our primary findings show that rats with lesions to p-dmCPu had a blunted goal-tracking response to a non-contingent nicotine administration after 20 consecutive days of nicotine-sucrose pairing. Our findings extend previous reports to a contingent model of nicotine self-administration and show that p-dmCPu is involved in associative learning with nicotine stimulus using a paradigm where rats voluntarily self-administer nicotine infusions that are paired with access to sucrose-a paradigm that closely resembles learning processes observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Kazan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, United States
| | - Rikki L A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Maine, United States
| | - Nicole Cova
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, United States
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20
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Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a critical role in the neuropharmacology of learning and memory. As such, naturally occurring alkaloids that regulate nAChR activity have gained interest for understanding and potentially improving memory function. In this study, we tested the acute effects of three known nicotinic alkaloids, nicotine, cotinine, and anatabine, in suppressing scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rodents by using two classic memory paradigms, Y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) in mice and rats, respectively. We found that all compounds were able to suppress scopolamine-induced spatial memory deficit in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation paradigm. However, only nicotine was able to suppress the short-term object memory deficit in NOR, despite the higher doses of cotinine and anatabine used to account for their potential differences in nAChR activity. These results indicate that cotinine and anatabine can uniquely regulate short-term spatial memory, while nicotine seems to have more robust and general role in memory regulation in rodents. Thus, nAChR-activating alkaloids may possess distinct procognitive properties in rodents, depending on the memory types examined.
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21
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OpenVape: An Open-Source E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure Device for Rodents. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0279-20.2020. [PMID: 32859723 PMCID: PMC7598908 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0279-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of “vaping” has recently seen significant increases in North America, especially in adolescents. However, the behavioral correlates of vaping are largely unexplored. The uptake of existing technologies meant for rodent vapor inhalation remains limited because of a lack of affordability and versatility (ability to be used with a variety of vaporizers). The OpenVape (OV) offers an open-source, low-cost solution that can be used in a variety of research contexts. Here, we present a specific use case, combining the OV apparatus with JUUL e-cigarettes. This apparatus consists of Arduino-operated vacuum pumps that deliver vapor directly from e-cigarettes to exposure chambers. The OV is easy to build and customize for any type of vaporizer (e.g., nicotine pod or tank; cannabis flower or concentrates). To test the OV, we performed biochemical verification and behavioral studies. The behavioral test (conditioned place preference, CPP) was conducted using adolescent and adult animals to assess developmental differences in the rewarding effects of nicotine vapor, as previously observed with injected nicotine. These findings demonstrate that even after brief exposures to nicotine vapor, pharmacologically relevant nicotine and cotinine levels could be detected in plasma, and significant CPP was observed, especially in adolescent rats which showed preference at shorter puff delivery durations (lower nicotine doses) compared with adults. Together, these findings suggest that OV provides an affordable, open-source option for preclinical behavioral research into the effects of vaping.
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Renda B, Andrade AK, Frie JA, Sgarbossa CL, Murray JE, Khokhar JY. High-dose adolescent nicotine exposure permits spontaneous nicotine self-administration in adult male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 215:108215. [PMID: 32781311 PMCID: PMC7502504 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While cigarette smoking rates have been steadily decreasing over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in nicotine use via e-cigarettes, especially during adolescence. Adolescent e-cigarette use is associated with a greater risk of future cigarette smoking, and increased rates of cigarette smoking in individuals who may have otherwise never tried cigarettes. In humans and rodents, early initiation of nicotine use has been associated with greater consumption, dependence, and persistent nicotine use. The present study sought to investigate the long-lasting effect of daily high-dose nicotine exposure during adolescence on nicotine consumption in adulthood. METHOD Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed daily to nicotine (1.0 mg/kg, subcutaneous), or vehicle (1 mL/kg saline, subcutaneous) during adolescence (post-natal day [P] 28-41). Adult nicotine self-administration (0.02 mg/kg/infusion, intravenous) was assessed beginning on P75 on fixed-ratio 1 (FR1), fixed-interval 1 min (FI1), and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. RESULTS Adolescent nicotine pre-exposure did not affect adult nicotine self-administration on the simple FR1 schedule, however increased intake and responding for nicotine was observed when a short delay was implemented on an FI1 schedule of reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Adolescence is a critical period when the brain is especially vulnerable to the effects of nicotine. Nicotine exposure in adolescence enhances susceptibility to increased nicotine intake in adulthood on a reinforcement schedule more reflective of human nicotine intake patterns, and this effect can extend into adulthood even after termination of nicotine exposure during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Renda
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Allyson K Andrade
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wang Y, Wan B, Huang J, Clarke PBS. Effects of nicotine, nornicotine and cotinine, alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and ultrasonic vocalization emission in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2809-2822. [PMID: 32556369 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The behavioral effects of the nicotine metabolites nornicotine and cotinine have not been investigated extensively. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine, given alone or in combination, on locomotor activity and emission of ultrasonic vocalizations in male adult rats. METHODS Rats were first given home cage nicotine injections to make them tolerant to the drug's locomotor depressant effects. On subsequent days, locomotor activity (LMA) and ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded in an open field, for 60 min after challenge injection, using repeated measures designs. In single-drug experiments, subjects were tested with nicotine 0.05-0.4 mg/kg, cotinine 0.03-3 mg/kg, or nornicotine 0.1-10 mg/kg. In drug-combination experiments, saline or nicotine 0.2 mg/kg challenge was preceded by cotinine (0, 0.3, 3 mg/kg) or nornicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) injection. RESULTS High doses of nornicotine increased LMA and blunted the locomotor stimulant effect of nicotine. Less consistently, nicotine and high doses of nornicotine decreased the 50-kHz call rate, with no clear evidence of a nornicotine × nicotine interaction. Cotinine, given alone or before nicotine injection, altered neither LMA nor the call rate. No drug altered the relative prevalence of flat vs. trill 50-kHz call subtypes, except that the highest dose of nornicotine promoted flat calls over trills. No drug evoked 22-kHz calls. CONCLUSION Nornicotine can exert an acute anti-nicotine effect in vivo, as previously reported in vitro. The finding that nicotine did not detectably alter the 50-kHz call profile appears consistent with this drug's mild subjective effects in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Benson Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jodie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul B S Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building Rm. 1320, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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24
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Leslie FM. Unique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173010. [PMID: 32738256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of major plasticity of brain systems that regulate motivated behavior and cognition, and is also the age of peak onset of nicotine use. Although there has been a decline in teen use of cigarettes in recent years, there has been a huge increase in nicotine vaping. It is therefore critically important to understand the impact of nicotine on this critical phase of brain development. Animal studies have shown that nicotine has unique effects on adolescent brain. The goal of this review is therefore to systematically evaluate age- and sex-differences in the effects of nicotine on brain and behavior. Both acute and chronic effects of nicotine on brain biochemistry and behavior, particularly drug reward, aversion, cognition and emotion, are evaluated. Gaps in our current knowledge that need to be addressed are also highlighted. This review compares and integrates human and animals findings. Although there can be no experimental studies in humans to confirm similar behavioral effects of teen nicotine exposure, an emerging observational literature suggests similarities across species. Given the substantial evidence for long-term negative impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on brain and behavior, further longitudinal assessment of health outcomes in teen and young adult e-cigarette users is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Leslie
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 367 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
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25
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Chellian R, Behnood-Rod A, Wilson R, Kamble SH, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Bruijnzeel AW. Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108243. [PMID: 32702403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most people start experimenting with tobacco products or e-cigarettes in early adolescence and become habitual smokers in late adolescence or adulthood. These studies investigated if exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine during early and mid-adolescence affects nicotine intake in late adolescence and early adulthood. Male and female rats were exposed to tobacco smoke from low- and high-nicotine SPECTRUM cigarettes or nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, twice a day) from postnatal day (P) 24-42. The self-administration sessions started at P55. The rats self-administered nicotine for 14-15 days under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule, and on the first day, the maximum number of infusions was twenty. Exposure to smoke from high, but not low, nicotine cigarettes during adolescence increased nicotine self-administration in female but not male rats. Adolescent treatment with nicotine facilitated nicotine self-administration. On the first day of nicotine self-administration, nicotine-treated rats reached the maximum number of infusions before the saline-treated control rats. Nicotine intake was also higher in the nicotine-treated female rats than in the saline-treated females. There was no sex difference in nicotine intake in controls when the data from the studies were combined. Smoke exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in adolescent rats. Exposure to smoke from high-nicotine cigarettes and 0.3 mg/kg of nicotine led to plasma nicotine and cotinine levels that are similar to those in tobacco users. These findings indicate that in females, but not males, exposure to nicotine during adolescence may facilitate smoking and e-cigarette use later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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26
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Montanari C, Kelley LK, Kerr TM, Cole M, Gilpin NW. Nicotine e-cigarette vapor inhalation effects on nicotine & cotinine plasma levels and somatic withdrawal signs in adult male Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:613-625. [PMID: 31760460 PMCID: PMC7039759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-contingent chronic nicotine exposure procedures have evolved rapidly in recent years, culminating in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) to deliver vaporized drugs to rodents in standard housing chambers. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current work was to use ENDS to test concentration-dependent effects of nicotine e-cigarette vapor inhalation on blood-nicotine concentrations, blood-cotinine concentrations, and somatic withdrawal signs over time in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to vapor containing various concentrations of nicotine (20, 40, 80 mg/mL) for 11 days through ENDS, and blood concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine, as well as spontaneous and precipitated somatic withdrawal signs, were measured over time (across days of exposure and over hours after termination of vapor exposure). RESULTS Exposing male Wistar rats to non-contingent nicotine vapor inhalation through ENDS produces somatic withdrawal symptoms and measurable blood-nicotine and blood-cotinine levels that change according to (1) concentration of nicotine in vape solution, (2) number of days of nicotine vapor exposure, (3) time since termination of nicotine vapor exposure, and (4) relative to the withdrawal signs, whether withdrawal was spontaneous or precipitated (by mecamylamine). CONCLUSIONS The data presented here provide parameters that can be used as a reasonable starting point for future work that employs ENDS to deliver non-contingent nicotine vapor in rats, although many parameters can and should be altered to match the specific goals of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montanari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Leslie K Kelley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- La Jolla Alcohol Research Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maury Cole
- La Jolla Alcohol Research Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Alcohol & Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
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27
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Yang X, Naylor J, Matazel K, Goodwin A, Jacob CC, Bryant M, Loukotková L, Gamboa da Costa G, Chemerynski S, Deng-Bryant Y, Reissig C, Jackson K, Fisher J. Use of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to explore the potential disparity in nicotine disposition between adult and adolescent nonhuman primates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 386:114826. [PMID: 31730783 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use and high abuse liability of tobacco products has received considerable public health attention, in particular for youth, who are vulnerable to nicotine addiction. In this study, adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys were used to evaluate age-related metabolism and pharmacokinetics of nicotine after intravenous administration. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was created to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviors of nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3'-OH cotinine), and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine glucuronide (3'-OH cotinine glucuronide) for both adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys. The PBPK nicotine model was first calibrated for adult squirrel monkeys utilizing in vitro nicotine metabolic data, plasma concentration-time profiles and cumulative urinary excretion data for nicotine and metabolites. Further model refinement was conducted when the calibrated adult model was scaled to the adolescents, because adolescents appeared to clear nicotine and cotinine more rapidly relative to adults. More specifically, the resultant model parameters representing systemic clearance of nicotine and cotinine for adolescent monkeys were approximately two- to three-fold of the adult values on a per body weight basis. The nonhuman primate PBPK model in general captured experimental observations that were used for both model calibration and evaluation, with acceptable performance metrics for precision and bias. The model also identified differences in nicotine pharmacokinetics between adolescent and adult nonhuman primates which might also be present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Jennifer Naylor
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Katelin Matazel
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Amy Goodwin
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cristina C Jacob
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lucie Loukotková
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Susan Chemerynski
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ying Deng-Bryant
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Chad Reissig
- Division of Individual Health Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kia Jackson
- Division of Individual Health Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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28
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Watkins JM, von Chamier M, Brown MB, Reyes L, Hayward LF. Prenatal infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis in rats exaggerates the angiotensin II pressor response in adult offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R338-R350. [PMID: 31850818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00194.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to different stressors in utero is linked to adult diseases such as obesity and hypertension. In this study, the impact of prenatal infection (PNI) on adult body weight and cardiovascular function was evaluated using a naturally occurring rodent pathogen, Mycoplasma pulmonis (MP). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with MP on gestational day 14 and gave birth naturally. Adult PNI offspring weighed more than controls, but resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) was unchanged. Subcutaneous injection of angiotensin II (10 μg/kg) elicited a rise in MAP that was greater in both male and female PNI offspring compared with controls (P < 0.03). The accompanying reflex bradycardia was similar to the controls, suggesting that PNI induced baroreflex dysfunction. Subcutaneous nicotine administration, a potent cardiorespiratory stimulus, also elicited a transient rise in MAP that was generally greater in the PNI group, but the change in MAP from baseline was only significant in the PNI females compared with controls (P < 0.03). Elevated body weight and cardiovascular reactivity in the PNI offspring was associated with an increase in the ratio of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptors type 1 to type 2 gene expression in both sexes compared with controls. These findings support previous studies demonstrating that PNI induces alterations in cardiovascular function and body weight. Yet, unlike previous studies utilizing other models of PNI (e.g., endotoxin), MP PNI did not induce resting hypertension. Thus, our study provides a foundation for future studies evaluating the cardiovascular risks of offspring exposed to microbial challenges in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M von Chamier
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M B Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - L Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - L F Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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29
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Keeley RJ, Mayer TE, Hsu LM, Lu H, Yang Y, Stein EA. Differential expression of nicotine withdrawal as a function of developmental age in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172802. [PMID: 31669000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and resultant nicotine dependence remain major public health problems. Most smokers begin before the age of 18, yet preclinical models have insufficiently characterized the development of nicotine dependence in adolescence. To categorize the short-term effects of chronic nicotine administration throughout adolescence and adulthood, we exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 14 days of continuously delivered nicotine (0, 1.2 or 4.8 mg/kg/d) using a subcutaneous osmotic minipump, starting between postnatal day 33 (p33) and p96. Next, to explore the effects of extended exposure to chronic nicotine, we exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 42 days of continuous nicotine starting in adolescence (p33) or early adulthood (p68). Somatic and affective signs of precipitated withdrawal (PW) were observed after a mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge as compared to a saline injection. Short term nicotine exposure starting at p96, well within the adult period, elicited a significant increase in somatic PW as measured by a composite behavioral score. In contrast, adolescent exposure to nicotine elicited a unique behavioral profile, dependent on the starting age of exposure. Late adolescence exposure was characterized by scratching while adult exposure was characterized by facial tremors and yawns. Extended exposure to nicotine resulted in age specific characteristic nicotine withdrawal behaviors, including scratches, ptosis and locomotion, distinct from the short-term exposure. Thus, nicotine dependence severity, based on the expression of total somatic PW behaviors, is not observed until the adult period, and differences between adolescents and adults are observed using a more nuanced behavioral scoring approach. We conclude that age of nicotine initiation affects somatic withdrawal signs and their magnitude. These data serve as a foundation for understanding the underlying brain mechanisms of nicotine dependence and their development over adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Keeley
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Tom E Mayer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Li-Ming Hsu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hanbing Lu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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30
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Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 330:108458. [PMID: 31614162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco products is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Coordinated efforts have successfully reduced tobacco cigarette smoking in the United States; however, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) recently have replaced traditional cigarettes for many users. While the clinical risks associated with long-term ENDS use remain unclear, advancements in preclinical rodent models will enhance our understanding of their overall health effects. This review examines the peripheral and central effects of ENDS-mediated exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse in rodents and evaluates current techniques for implementing ENDS in preclinical research.
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31
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Harris AC, Muelken P, Swain Y, Palumbo M, Jain V, Goniewicz ML, Stepanov I, LeSage MG. Non-nicotine constituents in e-cigarette aerosol extract attenuate nicotine's aversive effects in adolescent rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:51-60. [PMID: 31404849 PMCID: PMC6941564 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of preclinical methodology for evaluating the abuse liability of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is urgently needed to inform FDA regulation of these products. We previously reported reduced aversive effects of EC liquids containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents (e.g., propylene glycol, minor tobacco alkaloids) compared to nicotine alone in adult rats as measured using intracranial self-stimulation. The goal of this study was to compare the aversive effects of nicotine alone and EC aerosol extracts in adolescent rats as measured using conditioned taste aversion (CTA), which can be conducted during the brief adolescent period. METHODS AND RESULTS In Experiment 1, nicotine alone (1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) produced significant CTA in adolescent rats in a two-bottle procedure, thereby establishing a model to study the effects of EC extracts. At a nicotine dose of 1.0 mg/kg, CTA to Vuse Menthol EC extract, but not Aroma E-Juice EC extract, was attenuated compared to nicotine alone during repeated two-bottle CTA tests (Experiment 2a). At a nicotine dose of 0.5 mg/kg, CTA to Vuse Menthol EC extract did not differ from nicotine alone during the first two-bottle CTA test but extinguished more rapidly across repeated two-bottle tests (Experiment 2b). CONCLUSIONS Non-nicotine constituents in Vuse Menthol EC extracts attenuated CTA in a two-bottle procedure in adolescents. This model may be useful for anticipating the abuse liability of ECs in adolescents and for modeling FDA-mandated changes in product standards for nicotine or other constituents in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Muelken
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yayi Swain
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Palumbo
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vipin Jain
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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A mouse model for chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure exhibits nicotine pharmacokinetics resembling human vapers. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108376. [PMID: 31361999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cig) use is increasing rapidly, particularly among youths. Animal models for E-cig exposure with pharmacokinetics resembling human E-cig users are lacking. We developed an E-cig aerosol exposure system for rodents and a chronic intermittent delivery method that simulates E-cig users who vape episodically during wakefulness and abstain during sleep. Mice were exposed to E-cig in a programmed schedule at very low, low, medium, or high doses defined by duration of each puff, number of puffs per delivery episode and frequency of episodes in the dark phase of a 12/12-h circadian cycle for 9 consecutive days. The plasma nicotine/cotinine levels and their time courses were determined using LC/MS-MS. We assessed the body weight, food intake and locomotor activity of Apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) mice exposed to chronic intermittent E-cig aerosol. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were positively correlated with exposure doses. Nicotine and cotinine levels showed a circadian variation as they increased with time up to the maximum nicotine level of 21.8 ± 7.1 ng/mL during the daily intermittent E-cig exposure in the 12-h dark phase and then declined during the light phase when there was no E-cig delivery. Chronic E-cig exposure to ApoE-/- mice decreased body weight, food intake and increased locomotion. Our rodent E-cig exposure system and chronic intermittent exposure method yield clinically relevant nicotine pharmacokinetics associated with behavioral and metabolic changes. The methodologies are essential tools for in vivo studies of the health impacts of E-cig exposure on CNS, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic systems, metabolism and carcinogenesis.
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33
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Hankosky ER, Westbrook SR, Haake RM, Marinelli M, Gulley JM. Reduced sensitivity to reinforcement in adolescent compared to adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:861-871. [PMID: 29197983 PMCID: PMC5963930 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescence is a period of considerable development of brain and behavior and is the time during which most drug use is initiated. OBJECTIVE Age-dependent differences in motivated behaviors may be one of the factors that contribute to heightened vulnerability to developing substance use disorders, so we sought to compare age differences in methamphetamine (METH) and saccharin seeking. METHODS Beginning during adolescence or adulthood, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer 0.1% saccharin (via liquid dipper cup) or intravenous METH at one of three doses (0.02, 0.05, 0.08 mg/kg/inf) under increasing fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Subsequently, responding for METH (0.02, 0.05, 0.08, or 0.1 mg/kg/inf) under progressive ratio response requirements was assessed in rats that acquired METH self-administration at the highest dose (0.08 mg/kg/inf). RESULTS We found that adult-onset rats acquired METH self-administration more readily and exhibited higher motivation compared to adolescent-onset rats, although there were no differences in METH intake during acquisition. Adult rats also acquired saccharin self-administration more readily, but in contrast to METH, there were age and sex differences in saccharin intake driven by high levels of responding in adult females. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge the prevailing notion that adolescents are hypersensitive to reward and instead raise questions about the potential role of methodological factors on which rodent studies often differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Hankosky
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Sara R. Westbrook
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Rachel M. Haake
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Michela Marinelli
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX, 78712
| | - Joshua M. Gulley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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34
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Thompson MF, Poirier GL, Dávila-García MI, Huang W, Tam K, Robidoux M, Dubuke ML, Shaffer SA, Colon-Perez L, Febo M, DiFranza JR, King JA. Menthol enhances nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and in vivo functional connectivity in adolescence. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:332-343. [PMID: 28747086 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117719265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mentholated cigarettes capture a quarter of the US market, and are disproportionately smoked by adolescents. Menthol allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function, but its effects on the brain and nicotine addiction are unclear. To determine if menthol is psychoactive, we assessed locomotor sensitization and brain functional connectivity. Adolescent male Sprague Dawley rats were administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) daily with or without menthol (0.05 mg/kg or 5.38 mg/kg) for nine days. Following each injection, distance traveled in an open field was recorded. One day after the sensitization experiment, functional connectivity was assessed in awake animals before and after drug administration using magnetic resonance imaging. Menthol (5.38 mg/kg) augmented nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Functional connectivity was compared in animals that had received nicotine with or without the 5.38 mg/kg dosage of menthol. Twenty-four hours into withdrawal after the last drug administration, increased functional connectivity was observed for ventral tegmental area and retrosplenial cortex with nicotine+menthol compared to nicotine-only exposure. Upon drug re-administration, the nicotine-only, but not the menthol groups, exhibited altered functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum with the amygdala. Menthol, when administered with nicotine, showed evidence of psychoactive properties by affecting brain activity and behavior compared to nicotine administration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Thompson
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,2 Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume L Poirier
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Martha I Dávila-García
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Tam
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maxwell Robidoux
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michelle L Dubuke
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luis Colon-Perez
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph R DiFranza
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,7 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jean A King
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,8 Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,9 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Effects of aging on the effectiveness of smoking cessation medication. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30032-6. [PMID: 27166253 PMCID: PMC5058661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of different medications, it is plausible that the age of a smoker could affect the half-life of these drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of smoking cessation drugs (nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline) used either in isolation or in combination in adults under and over 60 years of age. METHODS Data were collected from 940 Brazilian patients participating in a smoking cessation program. Participants were prescribed smoking cessation medication to be used for at least 12 weeks and were followed for 52 weeks. RESULTS Cessation rates were significantly different among younger and older participants who were using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) alone. Being over 60 years of age was significantly associated with increased cessation success among those who used NRT alone (OR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.36 to 4.04, p = 0.002). The effectiveness of varenicline and bupropion were not significantly different according to age groups. CONCLUSION Using age as a predictor for tailoring smoking cessation drugs might potentially lead to a more individualized prescription of smoking cessation therapy. These results should be tested in randomized controlled trials.
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Marusich JA, Darna M, Wilson AG, Denehy ED, Ebben A, Deaciuc AG, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT, Lefever TW, Wiley JL, Reissig CJ, Jackson KJ. Tobacco's minor alkaloids: Effects on place conditioning and nucleus accumbens dopamine release in adult and adolescent rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:196-206. [PMID: 28844873 PMCID: PMC6563910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco products are some of the most commonly used psychoactive drugs worldwide. Besides nicotine, alkaloids in tobacco include cotinine, myosmine, and anatabine. Scientific investigation of these constituents and their contribution to tobacco dependence is less well developed than for nicotine. The present study evaluated the nucleus accumbens dopamine-releasing properties and rewarding and/or aversive properties of nicotine (0.2-0.8mg/kg), cotinine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), anatabine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), and myosmine (5.0-20.0mg/kg) through in vivo microdialysis and place conditioning, respectively, in adult and adolescent male rats. Nicotine increased dopamine release at both ages, and anatabine and myosmine increased dopamine release in adults, but not adolescents. The dopamine release results were not related to place conditioning, as nicotine and cotinine had no effect on place conditioning, whereas anatabine and myosmine produced aversion in both ages. While the nucleus accumbens shell is hypothesized to play a role in strengthening drug-context associations following initiation of drug use, it may have little involvement in the motivational effects of tobacco constituents once these associations have been acquired. Effects of myosmine and anatabine on dopamine release may require a fully developed dopamine system, since no effects of these tobacco alkaloids were observed during adolescence. In summary, while anatabine and myosmine-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens may play a role in tobacco dependence in adults, the nature of that role remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Mahesh Darna
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - A George Wilson
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Emily D Denehy
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Amanda Ebben
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Agripina G Deaciuc
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chad J Reissig
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Garcia KLP, Lê AD, Tyndale RF. Brain CYP2B induction can decrease nicotine levels in the brain. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1257-1266. [PMID: 27230546 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine can be metabolized by the enzyme CYP2B; brain CYP2B is higher in rats and monkeys treated with nicotine, and in human smokers. A 7-day nicotine treatment increased CYP2B expression in rat brain but not liver, and decreased the behavioral response and brain levels (ex vivo) to the CYP2B substrate propofol. However, the effect of CYP2B induction on the time course and levels of circulating brain nicotine in vivo has not been demonstrated. Using brain microdialysis, nicotine levels following a subcutaneous nicotine injection were measured on day one and after a 7-day nicotine treatment. There was a significant time x treatment interaction (p = 0.01); peak nicotine levels (15-45 minutes post-injection) were lower after treatment (p = 0.04) consistent with CYP2B induction. Following a two-week washout period, brain nicotine levels increased to day one levels (p = 0.02), consistent with brain CYP2B levels returning to baseline. Brain pretreatment of the CYP2B inhibitor, C8-xanthate, increased brain nicotine levels acutely and after 7-day nicotine treatment, indicating the alterations in brain nicotine levels were due to changes in brain CYP2B activity. Plasma nicotine levels were not altered for any time or treatment sampled, confirming no effect on peripheral nicotine metabolism. These results demonstrate that chronic nicotine, by increasing brain CYP2B activity, reduces brain nicotine levels, which could alter nicotine's reinforcing effects. Higher brain CYP2B levels in smokers could lower brain nicotine levels; as this induction would occur following continued nicotine exposure it could increase withdrawal symptoms and contribute to sustaining smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L. P. Garcia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anh Dzung Lê
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Miksys S, Wadji FB, Tolledo EC, Remington G, Nobrega JN, Tyndale RF. Rat brain CYP2D enzymatic metabolism alters acute and chronic haloperidol side-effects by different mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:140-148. [PMID: 28454738 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Risk for side-effects after acute (e.g. parkinsonism) or chronic (e.g. tardive dyskinesia) treatment with antipsychotics, including haloperidol, varies substantially among people. CYP2D can metabolize many antipsychotics and variable brain CYP2D metabolism can influence local drug and metabolite levels sufficiently to alter behavioral responses. Here we investigated a role for brain CYP2D in acutely and chronically administered haloperidol levels and side-effects in a rat model. Rat brain, but not liver, CYP2D activity was irreversibly inhibited with intracerebral propranolol and/or induced by seven days of subcutaneous nicotine pre-treatment. The role of variable brain CYP2D was investigated in rat models of acute (catalepsy) and chronic (vacuous chewing movements, VCMs) haloperidol side-effects. Selective inhibition and induction of brain, but not liver, CYP2D decreased and increased catalepsy after acute haloperidol, respectively. Catalepsy correlated with brain, but not hepatic, CYP2D enzyme activity. Inhibition of brain CYP2D increased VCMs after chronic haloperidol; VCMs correlated with brain, but not hepatic, CYP2D activity, haloperidol levels and lipid peroxidation. Baseline measures, hepatic CYP2D activity and plasma haloperidol levels were unchanged by brain CYP2D manipulations. Variable rat brain CYP2D alters side-effects from acute and chronic haloperidol in opposite directions; catalepsy appears to be enhanced by a brain CYP2D-derived metabolite while the parent haloperidol likely causes VCMs. These data provide novel mechanistic evidence for brain CYP2D altering side-effects of haloperidol and other antipsychotics metabolized by CYP2D, suggesting that variation in human brain CYP2D may be a risk factor for antipsychotic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Miksys
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Edgor Cole Tolledo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Gary Remington
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychological Clinical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jose N Nobrega
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Tanner JA, Prasad B, Claw KG, Stapleton P, Chaudhry A, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Tyndale RF. Predictors of Variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, Protein, and Enzyme Activity in a Human Liver Bank: Influence of Genetic and Nongenetic Factors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 360:129-139. [PMID: 27815364 PMCID: PMC5193072 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6: metabolizes several clinically relevant substrates, including nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. Smokers vary widely in their rate of inactivation and clearance of nicotine, altering numerous smoking phenotypes. We aimed to characterize independent and shared impact of genetic and nongenetic sources of variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in a human liver bank (n = 360). For the assessment of genetic factors, we quantified levels of CYP2A6, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), and aldo-keto reductase 1D1 (AKR1D1) mRNA, and CYP2A6 and POR proteins. CYP2A6 enzyme activity was determined through measurement of cotinine formation from nicotine and 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from coumarin. Donor DNA was genotyped for CYP2A6, POR, and AKR1D1 genetic variants. Nongenetic factors assessed included gender, age, and liver disease. CYP2A6 phenotype measures were positively correlated to each other (r values ranging from 0.47-0.88, P < 0.001). Female donors exhibited higher CYP2A6 mRNA expression relative to males (P < 0.05). Donor age was weakly positively correlated with CYP2A6 protein (r = 0.12, P < 0.05) and activity (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). CYP2A6 reduced-function genotypes, but not POR or AKR1D1 genotypes, were associated with lower CYP2A6 protein (P < 0.001) and activity (P < 0.01). AKR1D1 mRNA was correlated with CYP2A6 mRNA (r = 0.57, P < 0.001), protein (r = 0.30, P < 0.001), and activity (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). POR protein was correlated with CYP2A6 activity (r = 0.45, P < 0.001). Through regression analyses, we accounted for 17% (P < 0.001), 37% (P < 0.001), and 77% (P < 0.001) of the variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, protein, and activity, respectively. Overall, several independent and shared sources of variation in CYP2A6 activity in vitro have been identified, which could translate to variable hepatic clearance of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Patricia Stapleton
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Amarjit Chaudhry
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
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LeSage MG, Staley M, Muelken P, Smethells JR, Stepanov I, Vogel RI, Pentel PR, Harris AC. Abuse liability assessment of an e-cigarette refill liquid using intracranial self-stimulation and self-administration models in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 168:76-88. [PMID: 27627814 PMCID: PMC5257285 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has increased dramatically despite their unknown health consequences. Because the abuse liability of ECs is one of the leading concerns of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), models to assess it are urgently needed to inform FDA regulatory decisions regarding these products. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative abuse liability of an EC liquid compared to nicotine alone in rats. Because this EC liquid contains non-nicotine constituents that may enhance its abuse liability, we hypothesized that it would have greater abuse liability than nicotine alone. METHODS Nicotine alone and nicotine dose-equivalent concentrations of EC liquid were compared in terms of their acute effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds, acquisition of self-administration, reinforcing efficacy (i.e., elasticity of demand), blockade of these behavioral effects by mecamylamine, nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and activation. RESULTS There were no significant differences between formulations on any measure, except that EC liquid produced less of an elevation in ICSS thresholds at high nicotine doses. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that the relative abuse liability of this EC liquid is similar to that of nicotine alone in terms of its reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects, but that it may have less aversive/anhedonic effects at high doses. The present methods may be useful for assessing the abuse liability of other ECs to inform potential FDA regulation of those products.
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Affiliation(s)
- MG LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - M Staley
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
| | - P Muelken
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
| | - JR Smethells
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - I Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer, Center University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - RI Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core ,University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN
| | - PR Pentel
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - AC Harris
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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Schassburger RL, Pitzer EM, Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Thiels E, Donny EC, Sved AF. Adolescent Rats Self-Administer Less Nicotine Than Adults at Low Doses. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1861-1868. [PMID: 26764255 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although nearly 90% of current smokers initiated tobacco use during adolescence, little is known about reinforcement by nicotine in adolescents. Researchers are currently investigating whether a potential public health policy setting a tobacco product standard with very low nicotine levels would improve public health, and it is essential to understand whether data generated in adults translates to adolescents, particularly as it relates to the threshold dose of nicotine required to support smoking. The present study compared self-administration of low doses of nicotine between adolescent and adult rats. METHODS Adolescent (postnatal day [P] 30) and adult (P90) male and female rats were allowed to nosepoke to receive intravenous infusions of nicotine (3-100 μg/kg/infusion) during 16 daily 1-hour sessions. RESULTS At 10 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, adolescent rats earned significantly fewer infusions than adults. When responding for 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, rats of both ages earned a similar number of infusions; however, there were subtle differences in the distribution of infusions across the 1-hour session. No sex differences were apparent in either age group at any dose. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. However, at nicotine doses that support self-administration in both age groups, adolescent and adult rats do not differ in acquisition or number of infusions earned. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults may be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents. IMPLICATIONS The results of the present studies demonstrate that adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine. These results suggest that reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to a level that does not support smoking in adults will be sufficient to reduce the acquisition of smoking in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Edda Thiels
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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A Two-Day Continuous Nicotine Infusion Is Sufficient to Demonstrate Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats as Measured Using Intracranial Self-Stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144553. [PMID: 26658557 PMCID: PMC4684239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of the negative affective (emotional) symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anhedonia, anxiety) contributes to tobacco addiction. Establishing the minimal nicotine exposure conditions required to demonstrate negative affective withdrawal signs in animals, as well as understanding moderators of these conditions, could inform tobacco addiction-related research, treatment, and policy. The goal of this study was to determine the minimal duration of continuous nicotine infusion required to demonstrate nicotine withdrawal in rats as measured by elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior). Administration of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) on alternate test days throughout the course of a 2-week continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day via osmotic minipump) elicited elevations in ICSS thresholds beginning on the second day of infusion. Magnitude of antagonist-precipitated withdrawal did not change with further nicotine exposure and mecamylamine injections, and was similar to that observed in a positive control group receiving mecamylamine following a 14-day nicotine infusion. Expression of a significant withdrawal effect was delayed in nicotine-infused rats receiving mecamylamine on all test days rather than on alternate test days. In a separate study, rats exhibited a transient increase in ICSS thresholds following cessation of a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day). Magnitude of this spontaneous withdrawal effect was similar to that observed in rats receiving a 9-day nicotine infusion. Our findings demonstrate that rats exhibit antagonist-precipitated and spontaneous nicotine withdrawal following a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion, at least under the experimental conditions studied here. Magnitude of these effects were similar to those observed in traditional models involving more prolonged nicotine exposure. Further development of these models, including evaluation of more clinically relevant nicotine dosing regimens and other measures of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anxiety-like behavior, somatic signs), may be useful for understanding the development of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome.
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Schmidt CE, Manbeck KE, Shelley D, Harris AC. Blockade of cholinergic transmission elicits somatic signs in nicotine-naïve adolescent rats. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:239. [PMID: 26539119 PMCID: PMC4611158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High doses of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine can elicit somatic signs resembling those associated with nicotine withdrawal in nicotine-naïve adult rats. Understanding this phenomenon, and its possible modulation by acute nicotine and age, could inform the use of mecamylamine as both an experimental tool and potential pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence and other disorders. This study evaluated the ability of high-dose mecamylamine to elicit somatic signs in adolescent rats, and the potential for acute nicotine pretreatment to potentiate this effect as previously reported in adults. Single or repeated injections of mecamylamine (1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) elicited somatic signs in nicotine-naïve adolescents, but this effect was not influenced by 2 h pretreatment with acute nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). In an initial evaluation of the effects of age in this model, mecamylamine (2.25 mg/kg, s.c.) elicited somatic signs in nicotine-naïve adolescents and adults. This effect was modestly enhanced following acute nicotine injections in adults but not in adolescents, even when a higher nicotine dose (1.0 rather than 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was used in adolescents to account for age differences in nicotine pharmacokinetics. These studies are the first to show that mecamylamine elicits somatic signs in nicotine-naïve adolescent rats, an effect that should be considered when designing and interpreting studies examining effects of high doses of mecamylamine in adolescents. Our findings also provide preliminary evidence that these signs may be differentially modulated by acute nicotine pretreatment in adolescents versus adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Schmidt
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine E Manbeck
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Shelley
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Garcia KLP, Coen K, Miksys S, Lê AD, Tyndale RF. Effect of Brain CYP2B Inhibition on Brain Nicotine Levels and Nicotine Self-Administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1910-8. [PMID: 25652250 PMCID: PMC4839514 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The CYP2B enzyme is expressed in human and rat brain, and metabolizes many CNS-acting drugs. The gene that encodes human CYP2B6 is highly polymorphic, where the variation in brain enzyme levels could result in altered brain drug levels. CYP2B can metabolize nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in cigarettes; if altered brain CYP2B activity can influence nicotine brain levels, it could influence nicotine-mediated behaviors. To investigate this, a mechanism-based inhibitor selective for CYP2B, C8-xanthate (20 μg), was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) into the brain of rats, and 22 h later, nicotine levels were measured by in vivo microdialysis following nicotine (150 μg/kg intravenous). Brain nicotine levels from 15 to 30 min and the AUC0-45 min were both twofold higher (p<0.05) with C8-xanthate vs vehicle pretreatment; there was no difference in peripheral nicotine levels. Rats were then given ICV pretreatment with C8-xanthate/ASCF and underwent intravenous nicotine self-administration with 3.75-30 μg/kg per infusion dose. C8-xanthate pretreatment increased responding in progressive ratio (15 μg/kg per infusion dose, p<0.05). In a separate cohort, C8-xanthate increased the percentage of rats that acquired self-administration (7.5 μg/kg per infusion dose, p<0.05) from 40% after vehicle pretreatment to 100%, with no difference in peripheral nicotine levels measured at the end of behavior. In a third cohort, C8-xanthate increased the number of sessions required to meet extinction criteria (p<0.05). Together these data demonstrate that the brain CYP2B activity can influence nicotine brain levels and subsequent behaviors independent of hepatic metabolism. This suggests that human smokers with variable CYP2B brain levels could have different nicotine levels and reinforcement, which might have a role in smoking behaviors and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L P Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Coen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Dzung Lê
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, Tel: +1 416 978 6374, Fax: +1 416 978-6395, E-mail:
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