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Josset L, Leuci A, Janbain M, De-Wreede A, Desage S, Lienhart A, Bin V, Lebert D, Delavenne X, Dargaud Y. Multicenter evaluation of the hemostatic activity of emicizumab in patients with severe hemophilia A. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1857-1866. [PMID: 38583717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emicizumab has been approved for the prophylaxis of patients with hemophilia A with or without inhibitors. However, spontaneous and trauma-induced breakthrough bleeds have been reported in patients on emicizumab prophylaxis, and no laboratory assay has been validated to evaluate the hemostatic activity of emicizumab. OBJECTIVES The thrombin generation assay (TGA) could be a surrogate marker of the hemostatic efficacy of emicizumab. The correlation between TGA and the methods used to measure emicizumab blood concentration was evaluated in this study. METHODS TGA was modified by the use of a trigger reagent combining a very low concentration of tissue factor and activated factor (F)XI. Emicizumab quantification was performed by 3 methods: the modified 1-step FVIII assay and 2 methods based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS Using tissue factor/activated FXI-triggered TGA and platelet-poor plasma, a relationship was observed between the area under the thrombin generation curve (endogenous thrombin potential [ETP]) and the clinical response of patients to emicizumab. The ultrastructure of fibrin clots was consistent with ETP results and showed that emicizumab had a hemostatic activity equivalent to 20 to 30 IU/dL of FVIII. Finally, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses showed no correlation between ETP and LC-MS nor with modified 1-stage FVIII assay, but a statistically significant correlation between the LC-MS methods and the time-to-peak results of the TGA. CONCLUSION Using a modified TGA, this study showed that patients who experienced breakthrough bleeds while on emicizumab had a lower thrombin-generating capacity compared with others with good clinical response to emicizumab.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hemophilia A/drug therapy
- Hemophilia A/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bispecific/blood
- Thrombin/metabolism
- Adult
- Hemostasis/drug effects
- Male
- Young Adult
- Adolescent
- Hemorrhage/blood
- Middle Aged
- Treatment Outcome
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Blood Coagulation Tests
- Hemostatics/therapeutic use
- Hemostatics/pharmacology
- Hemostatics/pharmacokinetics
- Mass Spectrometry
- Blood Coagulation/drug effects
- Child
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Josset
- UR4609-Hémostase et Thrombose, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l'Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alexandre Leuci
- UR4609-Hémostase et Thrombose, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Maissaa Janbain
- Deming Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anaëlle De-Wreede
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stephanie Desage
- Unite d'Hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Lienhart
- Unite d'Hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Bin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l'Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Xavier Delavenne
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, unité mixte de recherche 1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et de l'Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Yesim Dargaud
- UR4609-Hémostase et Thrombose, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France; Unite d'Hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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2
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Huang WS, Li WQ, Yu X, Xue MZ, Yuan YL, Chen C, Wu YL, Yu JH, Diao XX. A robust and validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of ramucirumab in rat and human serum using direct enzymatic digestion without immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:123991. [PMID: 38266611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established to quantify the anti-gastric cancer fully human monoclonal antibody (ramucirumab) in rat and human serum. The surrogate peptide (GPSVLPLAPSSK) for ramucirumab was generated by trypsin hydrolysis and quantified using the isotopically labeled peptide GPSVLPLAPSSK[13C6, 15N2]ST containing two more amino acids at the carboxyl end as an internal standard to correct for variations introduced during the enzymatic hydrolysis process and any mass spectrometry changes. Additionally, the oxidation and deamidation of unstable peptides (VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGK and NSLYLQMNSLR) were detected. The quantitative range of the proposed method was 1-1000 μg/mL, and complete methodological validation was performed. The precision, accuracy, matrix effect, sensitivity, stability, selectivity, carryover, and interference of the measurements met the required standards. The validated LC-MS/MS method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies in rats administered ramucirumab at 15 mg/kg intravenously. Overall, a robust, efficient, and cost-effective LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for quantifying ramucirumab in rat and human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Si Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Li Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Gautam SS, Singh SP. Immunopurification Reagents and Their Application in Biologics and Biomarker Quantitation Using LC-MS/MS in Drug Discovery. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:799-805. [PMID: 36469494 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The LC-MS/MS technology is one of the most utilized bio-analytical tools owing to its advantage of selectivity, sensitivity and multitasking. The advent of novel biological therapies and increasing demand for protein biomarker identification and quantitation have put the LC-MS/MS technology at the forefront. The questions which are been posed to the LC-MS/MS scientist are complex. The complexity of the question increases further with the matrices in which these questions need to be answered. To bring down the complexity of the analysis, LC-MS/MS technology is utilizing the immunopurification (IP) technique as the new sample preparation technique. The IP reagents are the most common reagents which are used to decrease the matrices' complexity and allow the LC-MS/MS system to reach greater sensitivity. The utilization of these reagents is increasing every day, but the proper utilization of these reagents is still unknown to the common analyst in drug discovery. The present review throws light on the utilization aspect of these reagents, as we have classified these reagents on basis of their utilization, which will allow the readers to gain an understanding of these reagents. This review will also talk about the merits and the demerits of each approach and the current understanding of utilizing these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashyendra Singh Gautam
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
- Biocon-Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
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4
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Suh MJ, Powers JB, Daniels CM, Wu Y. Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Bioanalysis of Antibody-drug Conjugates using Hybrid Immunoaffinity Capture and Microflow LC-MS/MS. AAPS J 2023; 25:68. [PMID: 37386323 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing complexity and diversity of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have led to a need for comprehensive and informative bioanalytical methods to enhance pharmacokinetic (PK) understanding. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a hybrid immunoaffinity (IA) capture microflow LC-MS/MS (μLC-MS/MS) method for ADC analysis, utilizing a minimal sample volume for PK assessments in a preclinical study. A robust workflow was established for the quantitative analysis of ADCs by the implementation of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and semi-automation in µLC-MS/MS. Utilizing the µLC-MS/MS approach in conjunction with 1 µL of ADC-dosed mouse plasma sample volume, standard curves of two representative surrogate peptides for total antibody (heavy chain, HC) and intact antibody (light chain, LC) ranged from 1.00 ng/mL (LLOQ) to 5000 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r2) values of > 0.99. The linear range of the standard curve for payload as a surrogate for the concentration of total ADC was from 0.5 ng/mL (LLOQ) to 2000 ng/mL with high accuracy and precision (< 10% CV at all concentrations). Moreover, a high correlation of concentrations of total antibody between two assay approaches (µLC-MS and ELISA) was achieved with less than 20% difference at all time points, indicating that the two methods are comparable in quantitation of total antibody in plasma samples. The µLC-MS platform demonstrated a greater dynamic range, sensitivity, robustness, and good reproducibility. These findings demonstrated that the cost-effective µLC-MS method can reduce reagent consumption and minimize the use of mice plasma samples while providing more comprehensive information about ADCs being analyzed, including the total antibody, intact antibody, and total ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Jin Suh
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Joshua B Powers
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Casey M Daniels
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
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5
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Gervazoni LFO, Gonçalves-Ozorio G, Ferreira-Paes T, Silva ACA, Silveira GPE, Pereira HM, Pinto DP, Cunha-Junior EF, Almeida-Amaral EE. Analysis of 2′-hydroxyflavanone (2HF) in mouse whole blood by HPLC–MS/MS for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. Front Chem 2023; 11:1016193. [PMID: 36970405 PMCID: PMC10033538 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1016193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the lack of investments, structure, and difficulty of metabolite isolation, promising natural product studies do not progress to preclinical studies, such as pharmacokinetics. 2′-Hydroxyflavanone (2HF) is a flavonoid that has shown promising results in different types of cancer and leishmaniasis. For accurate quantification of 2HF in BALB/c mouse blood, a validated HPLC-MS/MS method was developed. Chromatographic analysis was performed using C18 (5μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm). The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol (35/52/13 v/v/v) at a flow rate and total running time of 0.8 mL/min and 5.50 min, respectively, with an injection volume of 20 µL. 2HF was detected by electrospray ionization in negative mode (ESI-) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The validated bioanalytical method showed satisfactory selectivity without significant interference for the 2HF and IS. In addition, the concentration range between 1 and 250 ng/mL showed good linearity (r = 0.9969). The method showed satisfactory results for the matrix effect. Precision and accuracy intervals varied between 1.89% and 6.76% and 95.27% and 100.77%, respectively, fitting the criteria. No degradation of 2HF in the biological matrix was observed since stability under freezing and thawing conditions, short duration, postprocessing, and long duration showed deviations less than 15%. Once validated, the method was successfully applied in a 2HF oral pharmacokinetic study with mouse blood, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. 2HF demonstrated a Cmax of 185.86 ng/mL, a Tmax of 5 min, and a half-life (T1/2) of 97.52 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F. O. Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Gonçalves-Ozorio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline C. A. Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Heliana M. Pereira
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas P. Pinto
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edézio F. Cunha-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociên-cias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral,
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6
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Olaleye O, Spanov B, Bults P, van der Voort A, Govorukhina N, Sonke GS, Horvatovich P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Biotransformation of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Breast Cancer Patients Assessed by Affinity Enrichment and Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:249-256. [PMID: 36379709 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are known to be heterogeneous due to modifications that occur during the production process and storage. Modifications may also occur in TPs after their administration to patients due to in vivo biotransformation. Ligand binding assays, which are widely used in the bioanalysis of TPs in body fluids, are typically unable to distinguish such modifications. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is being increasingly used to study modifications in TPs, but its use to study in vivo biotransformation has been limited until now. We present a novel approach that combines affinity enrichment using Affimer reagents with ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) to analyze charge variants of the TPs trastuzumab and pertuzumab in plasma of patients undergoing therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. Affimer reagents were immobilized via engineered Cys tags to maleimide beads, and the TPs were eluted under acidic conditions followed by rapid neutralization. The enriched TPs were analyzed by cation-exchange chromatography (IEX) using pH-gradient elution, resulting in the separation of about 20 charge variants for trastuzumab and about five charge variants for pertuzumab. A comparison between in vitro stressed TPs spiked into plasma, and TPs enriched from patient plasma showed that the observed profiles were highly similar. This indicates that in vitro stress testing in plasma can mimic the situation in patient plasma, as far as the generation of charge variants is concerned. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research attempts to elucidate the modifications that occur in therapeutic proteins (TPs) after they have been administered to patients. This is important because there is little knowledge about the fate of TPs in this regard, and certain modifications could affect their efficiency. Our results show that the modifications discovered are most likely due to a chemical process and are not patient specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bults
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna van der Voort
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabe S Sonke
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Chiu HH, Tsai YJ, Lo C, Lin CH, Tsai IL, Kuo CH. Development of an efficient mAb quantification assay by LC-MS/MS using rapid on-bead digestion. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339319. [PMID: 35058007 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is increasing rapidly, but mAb concentrations vary widely between individuals and might subsequently affect mAb exposure and treatment response. Precision medicine has gained much attention in recent years, but little is known about the personalized dosage of mAb therapeutics. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been demonstrated as a selective and sensitive approach to quantify mAb therapeutics in biological samples, but current methods to quantify mAbs are usually time-consuming and require tedious sample preparation. This study developed an efficient LC-MS/MS method using an on-bead trypsin digestion procedure at a higher digestion temperature. Five mAbs, bevacizumab, evolocumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and trastuzumab, used for treating different diseases, were selected for method development. Tocilizumab was selected as the internal standard. The result of the on-bead digestion protocol was compared to the conventional low-pH elution method, and it showed better sensitivity and reproducibility for most mAbs. The optimized on-bead digestion protocol used 75 μL of digestion buffer at 60 °C for a 60 min digestion. The calibration curve was generated from 10 to 200 μg mL-1. The accuracies at the three QC levels of the 5 mAbs were all within 94.5 ± 5.2% to 111.6 ± 3.7%. The repeatability and intermediate precision of the 5 mAbs were all lower than 6.1 and 9.5% RSD, respectively. The newly developed method was successfully applied to quantify trastuzumab in six breast cancer patients under different treatment cycles, and the concentrations ranged from 66.4 to 173.2 μg mL-1. In conclusion, the developed method is more efficient and more practical for real-world analysis of a large number of clinical samples, it could be used for routine therapeutic drug monitoring, and it could contribute to personalized mAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Hsuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jung Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao Lo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Amrani ME, Gerencser L, Huitema ADR, Hack CE, van Luin M, van der Elst KCM. A generic sample preparation method for the multiplex analysis of seven therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in human plasma or serum with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462489. [PMID: 34509691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in the clinic, there is an increasing need for robust analytical methods to quantify total mAb concentrations in human plasma for clinical studies and therapeutic drug monitoring. We developed an easy, rapid, and robust sample preparation method for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The method was validated for infliximab (IFX), rituximab (RTX), cetuximab (CTX), dupilumab (DPL), dinutuximab (DNX), vedolizumab (VDZ), and emicizumab (EMZ). Saturated ammonium sulfate (AS) was used to precipitate immunoglobulins in human plasma. After centrifugation, supernatant containing albumin was decanted, and the precipitated immunoglobulin fraction was re-dissolved in buffer containing 6M guanidine. This fraction was then completely denatured, reduced, alkylated, and trypsin digested. Finally, signature peptides from the seven mAbs were simultaneously quantified on LC-MS/MS together with their internal standards stable isotopically labeled peptide counterparts. The linear dynamic ranges (1 - 512 mg/L) of IFX, CTX, RTX, and EMZ showed excellent (R2 > 0.999) linearity and those of DPL, DNX, and VDZ showed good (R2 > 0.995) linearity. The method was validated in accordance with the EMA guidelines. EDTA plasma, sodium citrate plasma, heparin plasma, and serum yielded similar results. Prepared samples were stable at room temperature (20°C) and at 5°C for 3 days, and showed no decline in concentration for all tested mAbs. This described method, which has the advantage of an easy, rapid, and robust pre-analytical sample preparation, can be used as a template to quantify other mAbs in human plasma or serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin El Amrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Laszlo Gerencser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van Luin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim C M van der Elst
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Progress and challenges in mass spectrometry-based analysis of antibody repertoires. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:463-481. [PMID: 34535228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is divided into the cellular B cell and protein-level antibody responses. High-throughput sequencing has advanced our understanding of both these fundamental aspects of B cell immunology as well as aspects pertaining to vaccine and therapeutics biotechnology. Although the protein-level serum and mucosal antibody repertoire make major contributions to humoral protection, the sequence composition and dynamics of antibody repertoires remain underexplored. This limits insight into important immunological and biotechnological parameters such as the number of antigen-specific antibodies, which are for example, relevant for pathogen neutralization, microbiota regulation, severity of autoimmunity, and therapeutic efficacy. High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) has allowed initial insights into the antibody repertoire. We outline current challenges in MS-based sequence analysis of antibody repertoires and propose strategies for their resolution.
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10
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Di Paolo A, Luci G. Personalized Medicine of Monoclonal Antibodies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pharmacogenetics, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, and Beyond. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:610806. [PMID: 33628180 PMCID: PMC7898166 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.610806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) has experienced significant progress with the advent of monoclonal antibodies (mABs). As therapeutic proteins, mABs display peculiar pharmacokinetic characteristics that differentiate them from chemical drugs, such as aminosalicylates, antimetabolites (i.e., azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), and immunosuppressants (corticosteroids and cyclosporine). However, clinical trials have demonstrated that biologic agents may suffer from a pharmacokinetic variability that could influence the desired clinical outcome, beyond primary resistance phenomena. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) protocols have been elaborated and applied to adaptation drug doses according to the desired plasma concentrations of mABs. This activity is aimed at maximizing the beneficial effects of mABs while sparing patients from toxicities. However, some aspects of TDM are still under discussion, including time-changing therapeutic ranges, proactive and reactive approaches, the performance and availability of instrumental platforms, the widely varying individual characteristics of patients, the severity of the disease, and the coadministration of immunomodulatory drugs. Facing these issues, personalized medicine in IBD may benefit from a combined approach, made by TDM protocols and pharmacogenetic analyses in a timeline that necessarily considers the frailty of patients, the chronic administration of drugs, and the possible worsening of the disease. Therefore, the present review presents and discusses the activities of TDM protocols using mABs in light of the most recent results, with special attention on the integration of other actions aimed at exploiting the most effective and safe therapeutic effects of drugs prescribed in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Luci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Kissner T, Blaich G, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, Hey A, Kiessling A, Schmitt PM, Driessen W, Carrez C, Kramer D, Fretland J, Richter WF, Paehler T, Hopfer U, Rattel B. Challenges of non-clinical safety testing for biologics: A Report of the 9th BioSafe European Annual General Membership Meeting. MAbs 2021; 13:1938796. [PMID: 34241561 PMCID: PMC8274438 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1938796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New challenges and other topics in non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the nineth European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2019. The session topics were selected by European BioSafe organization committee members based on recent company achievements, agency interactions and new data obtained in the non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics, for which data sharing would be of interest and considered as valuable information. The presented session topics ranged from strategies of in vitro testing, immunogenicity prediction, bioimaging, and developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) assessments to first-in-human (FIH) dose prediction and bioanalytical challenges, reflecting the entire space of different areas of expertise and different molecular modalities. During the 9th meeting of the European BioSafe members, the following topics were presented and discussed in 6 main sessions (with 3 or 4 presentations per session) and in three small group breakout sessions: 1) DART assessment with biotherapeutics: what did we learn and where to go?; 2) Non-animal testing strategies; 3) Seeing is believing: new frontiers in imaging; 4) Predicting immunogenicity during early drug development: hope or despair?; 5) Challenges in FIH dose projections; and 6) Non-canonical biologics formats: challenges in bioanalytics, PKPD and biotransformation for complex biologics formats. Small group breakout sessions were organized for team discussion about 3 specific topics: 1) Testing of cellular immune function in vitro and in vivo; 2) MABEL approach (toxicology and pharmacokinetic perspective); and 3) mRNA treatments. This workshop report presents the sessions and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kissner
- Preclinical Safety, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guenter Blaich
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Baumann
- R&D Pharmaceuticals, Translational Sciences, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hey
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Petra M. Schmitt
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wouter Driessen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Carrez
- Sanofi R&D, Translational In Vivo Models, Sanofi S.A, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang F. Richter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Paehler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hopfer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benno Rattel
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
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12
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Bongaerts J, Segers K, Van Oudenhove L, Van Wanseele Y, Van Hulle M, De Bundel D, Mangelings D, Smolders I, Vander Heyden Y, Van Eeckhaut A. A comparative study of UniSpray and electrospray sources for the ionization of neuropeptides in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461462. [PMID: 32822992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of electrospray ionization (ESI) for the quantification of neuropeptides by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), poor ionization and transmission efficiency are described for this ionization interface. A new atmospheric pressure ionization source, named UniSpray, was recently developed and commercialized. In this study, the LC-MS performance of this new ionization interface is evaluated and compared with ESI for the quantification of seven neuropeptides. Besides comparison of signal intensities and charge state distributions, also signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and accuracy and precision were assessed. Additionally, matrix effects of human precipitated plasma and rat microdialysate were evaluated as well as the effect of three supercharging agents on the ionization of the seven neuropeptides. UniSpray ionization resulted in signal intensities four to eight times higher at the optimal capillary/impactor voltage for all seven neuropeptides. S/N values at the other hand only increased by not more than a twofold when the UniSpray source was used. Moreover, UniSpray ionization resulted in a shift towards lower charge states for some neuropeptides. Evaluation of the matrix effects by a post-column infusion set-up resulted in different infusion profiles between ESI and UniSpray. The charge state distributions of the neuropeptides obtained with UniSpray are highly comparable with ESI. Finally, the effect of the supercharging agents on the ionization of the neuropeptides tends to be peptide-dependent with both ionization sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bongaerts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Karen Segers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Yannick Van Wanseele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Schokker S, Fusetti F, Bonardi F, Molenaar RJ, Mathôt RA, van Laarhoven HW. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of co-administered trastuzumab and pertuzumab. MAbs 2020; 12:1795492. [PMID: 32744170 PMCID: PMC7531571 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1795492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing use of combination therapy with multiple monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), there is a clinical need for multiplexing assays. For the frequently co-administered anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) mAbs trastuzumab and pertuzumab, we developed a high-throughput and robust hybrid ligand-binding liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS quantitative assay. Nanomolar concentrations of trastuzumab and pertuzumab were determined in 10 µL serum samples after extraction by affinity purification through protein A beads, followed by on-bead reduction, alkylation, and trypsin digestion. After electrospray ionization, quantification was obtained by multiple reaction monitoring LC-MS/MS using SILuMab as an internal standard. The method was validated according to the current guidelines from the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Assay linearity was established in the ranges 0.250-250 μg/mL for trastuzumab and 0.500-500 μg/mL for pertuzumab. The method was accurate and selective for the simultaneous determination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab in clinical samples, thereby overcoming the limitation of ligand binding assays that cannot quantify mAbs targeting the same receptor. Furthermore, this method requires a small blood volume, which reduces blood collection time and stress for patients. The assay robustness was verified in a clinical trial where trastuzumab and pertuzumab concentrations were determined in 670 serum samples. As we used commercially available reagents and standards, the described generic bioanalytical strategy can easily be adapted to multiplex quantifications of other mAb combinations in non-clinical and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Schokker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizia Fusetti
- Department of Business Development Bioanalysis Europe, QPS Netherlands BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Bonardi
- Department of Business Development Bioanalysis Europe, QPS Netherlands BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J. Molenaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A.A. Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W.M. van Laarhoven
- Head of Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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El Amrani M, Donners AAM, Hack CE, Huitema ADR, van Maarseveen EM. Six-step workflow for the quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in biological matrices with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1080:22-34. [PMID: 31409472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The promising pipeline of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) demands robust bioanalytical methods with swift development times for pharmacokinetic studies. Over the past decades ligand binding assays were the methods of choice for absolute quantification. However, the production of the required anti-idiotypic antibodies and ligands limits high-throughput method development for sensitive, accurate, and reproducible quantification of therapeutic mAbs. In recent years, high-resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) systems have enabled absolute quantification of therapeutic mAbs with short method development times. These systems have additional benefits, such as a large linear dynamic range, a high specificity and the option of multiplexing. Here, we briefly discuss the current strategies for the quantification of therapeutic mAbs in biological matrices using LC-MS analysis based on top-down and middle-down quantitative proteomics. Then, we present the widely used bottom-up method in a six-step workflow, which can be used as guidance for quantitative LC-MS/MS method development of mAbs. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of the bottom-up method, which currently provides the most benefits, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin El Amrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Anouk A M Donners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik M van Maarseveen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. https://www.umcutrecht.nl
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15
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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16
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Guerra A, von Stosch M, Glassey J. Toward biotherapeutic product real-time quality monitoring. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1524362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Guerra
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Development of an ELISA–LC–MS hybrid assay for quantification of biotherapeutics. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1427-1438. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Magnetic bead immunocapture-LC–MS has been widely used for bioanalysis of biotherapeutic proteins. However, magnetic beads are difficult to be fully automated and more costly than ELISA plates. Aim: Develop an ELISA–LC–MS hybrid assay as an alternate platform. Results: Among seven ELISA plates tested, Pierce streptavidin plates, which did not require time-consuming capture antibody precoating steps, provided the best sensitivity and assay dynamic range (5–2500 ng/ml or 10–5000 ng/ml), similar to magnetic bead immunocapture–LC–MS assay and better than an ELISA (50–500 ng/ml). The entire procedures could be fully automated using a liquid handling system. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ELISA–LC–MS hybrid approach using streptavidin plates represents a promising platform for bioanalysis of biotherapeutics.
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18
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Enrichment of protein therapeutics and biomarkers for LC–MS quantification. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:979-982. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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19
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Quantitation of intact monoclonal antibody in biological samples: comparison of different data processing strategies. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1055-1067. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Sample extraction using immuno-affinity capture coupled with LC–high-resolution mass spectrometer has recently emerged as a novel approach for the determination of concentrations of large molecules at intact level in biological matrix. Methodology: In the current work, different data processing strategies for intact protein bioanalysis, deconvoluted mass spectra or extracted ion chromatogram, were applied to quantitate monoclonal antibody in biological samples for comparison of assay performance. Conclusion: Both deconvolution and extracted ion chromatogram strategies showed similar selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The monkey pharmacokinetics data obtained from both approaches agreed well with each other, and agreed with data obtained from surrogate peptide approach. The pros and cons, and optimal parameters of each approach were discussed.
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20
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Gundinger T, Pansy A, Spadiut O. A sensitive and robust HPLC method to quantify recombinant antibody fragments in E . coli crude cell lysate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:242-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Dong S, Zeng Y, Wei G, Si D, Liu C. Determination of human insulin in dog plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Zhang M, An B, Qu Y, Shen S, Fu W, Chen YJ, Wang X, Young R, Canty JM, Balthasar JP, Murphy K, Bhattacharyya D, Josephs J, Ferrari L, Zhou S, Bansal S, Vazvaei F, Qu J. Sensitive, High-Throughput, and Robust Trapping-Micro-LC-MS Strategy for the Quantification of Biomarkers and Antibody Biotherapeutics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1870-1880. [PMID: 29276835 PMCID: PMC5960441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For LC-MS-based targeted quantification of biotherapeutics and biomarkers in clinical and pharmaceutical environments, high sensitivity, high throughput, and excellent robustness are all essential but remain challenging. For example, though nano-LC-MS has been employed to enhance analytical sensitivity, it falls short because of its low loading capacity, poor throughput, and low operational robustness. Furthermore, high chemical noise in protein bioanalysis typically limits the sensitivity. Here we describe a novel trapping-micro-LC-MS (T-μLC-MS) strategy for targeted protein bioanalysis, which achieves high sensitivity with exceptional robustness and high throughput. A rapid, high-capacity trapping of biological samples is followed by μLC-MS analysis; dynamic sample trapping and cleanup are performed using pH, column chemistry, and fluid mechanics separate from the μLC-MS analysis, enabling orthogonality, which contributes to the reduction of chemical noise and thus results in improved sensitivity. Typically, the selective-trapping and -delivery approach strategically removes >85% of the matrix peptides and detrimental components, markedly enhancing sensitivity, throughput, and operational robustness, and narrow-window-isolation selected-reaction monitoring further improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, unique LC-hardware setups and flow approaches eliminate gradient shock and achieve effective peak compression, enabling highly sensitive analyses of plasma or tissue samples without band broadening. In this study, the quantification of 10 biotherapeutics and biomarkers in plasma and tissues was employed for method development. As observed, a significant sensitivity gain (up to 25-fold) compared with that of conventional LC-MS was achieved, although the average run time was only 8 min/sample. No appreciable peak deterioration or loss of sensitivity was observed after >1500 injections of tissue and plasma samples. The developed method enabled, for the first time, ultrasensitive LC-MS quantification of low levels of a monoclonal antibody and antigen in a tumor and cardiac troponin I in plasma after brief cardiac ischemia. This strategy is valuable when highly sensitive protein quantification in large sample sets is required, as is often the case in typical biomarker validation and pharmaceutical investigations of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuan-Ju Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Rebeccah Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Western New York Department of Veterans of Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - John M Canty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Western New York Department of Veterans of Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Keeley Murphy
- Thermo Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | | | - Luca Ferrari
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Shaolian Zhou
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Surendra Bansal
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Faye Vazvaei
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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23
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Yao M, Chen B, Zhao W, Mehl JT, Li L, Zhu M. LC-MS Differential Analysis for Fast and Sensitive Determination of Biotransformation of Therapeutic Proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:451-457. [PMID: 29386233 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic biologics have become a fast-growing segment within the pharmaceutical industry during the past 3 decades. Although the metabolism of biologics is more predictable than small molecule drugs, biotransformation can significantly affect the activity of biologics. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of published studies on the biotransformation of biologics, most of which are focused on one or a few types of modifications. In this study, an untargeted LC-MS-based differential analysis approach was developed to rapidly and precisely determine the universal biotransformation profile of biologics with the assistance of bioinformatic tools. A human monoclonal antibody (mAb) was treated with t-butyl hydroperoxide and compared with control mAb using a bottom-up proteomics approach. Thirty-seven types of post-translational modifications were identified, and 38 peptides were significantly changed. Moreover, although all modifications were screened and detected, only the ones related to the treatment process were revealed by differential analysis. Other modifications that coexist in both groups were filtered out. This novel analytical strategy can be effectively applied to study biotransformation-mediated protein modifications, which will streamline the process of biologic drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Bingming Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Weiping Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - John T Mehl
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Lingjun Li
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Y., W.Z., J.T.M., M.Z.); School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (B.C., L.L.); School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China (L.L.); and MassDefect Technologies, Princeton, New Jersey (M.Z.)
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LC–MS Challenges in Characterizing and Quantifying Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) in Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Qu M, An B, Shen S, Zhang M, Shen X, Duan X, Balthasar JP, Qu J. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein biotherapeutics with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:734-754. [PMID: 27097288 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the advancement of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques has enabled their broad application in protein characterization, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Owing to certain important merits of LC/MS techniques (e.g., high selectivity, flexibility, and rapid method development), LC/MS assays are often deemed as preferable alternatives to conventional methods (e.g., ligand-binding assays) for the analysis of protein biotherapeutics. At the discovery and development stages, LC/MS is generally employed for two purposes absolute quantification of protein biotherapeutics in biological samples and qualitative characterization of proteins. For absolute quantification of a target protein in bio-matrices, recent work has led to improvements in the efficiency of LC/MS method development, sample treatment, enrichment and digestion, and high-performance low-flow-LC separation. These advances have enhanced analytical sensitivity, specificity, and robustness. As to qualitative analysis, a range of techniques have been developed to characterize intramolecular disulfide bonds, glycosylation, charge variants, primary sequence heterogeneity, and the drug-to-antibody ratio of antibody drug conjugate (ADC), which has enabled a refined ability to assess product quality. In this review, we will focus on the discussion of technical challenges and strategies of LC/MS-based quantification and characterization of biotherapeutics, with the emphasis on the analysis of antibody-based biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and ADCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:734-754, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaotao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
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2D-LC–MS/MS to measure cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen in human plasma as a biomarker for C1-INH-HAE. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1477-1491. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: C1-INH-HAE is caused by activation of plasma kallikrein which subsequently cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) to generate bradykinin and cHMWK. Materials & methods: A novel ion-pair 2D LC–MS/MS assay was developed to measure the 46 kDa cHMWK in plasma as a biomarker for C1-INH-HAE. The sample preparation included sodium dodecyl sulfate denaturation, methanol crash, chymotryptic digestion and peptide enrichment by solid phase extraction. Results: The LLOQ was 200 ng/ml. The overall cHMWK recovery combining crash and digestion was 57.5%. The precision of the method was ≤12.7% and accuracy ≤-13.8%. Conclusion: A reagent-free LC–MS assay has been developed for the quantitation of 46 kDa cHMWK, which was shown to be elevated in plasma of C1-INH-HAE patients due to C1-INH deficiency relative to that of healthy subjects.
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Osaki F, Tabata K, Oe T. Quantitative LC/ESI-SRM/MS of antibody biopharmaceuticals: use of a homologous antibody as an internal standard and three-step method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5523-5532. [PMID: 28710515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapeutic agents (antibody drugs) have attracted considerable attention as a new type of drug. Concomitantly, the use of quantitative approaches for characterizing antibody drugs, such as liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS), has increased. Generally, selective quantification of antibody drugs is done using unique peptides from variable regions (V H and V L) as surrogate peptides. Further, numerous internal standards (ISs) such as stable isotope-labeled (SIL)-intact proteins and SIL-surrogate peptides are used. However, developing LC-MS methodology for characterizing antibody drugs is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, LC-MS is difficult to apply for this purpose, particularly during the drug discovery stage when numerous candidates must be evaluated. Here, we demonstrate an efficient approach to developing a quantitative LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-selected reaction monitoring (SRM)/MS method for characterizing antibody drugs. The approach consists of the following features: (i) standard peptides or SIL-IS are not required; (ii) a peptide from the homologous monoclonal antibody serves as an IS; (iii) method development is monitored using a spiked plasma sample and one quantitative MS analysis; and (iv) three predicted SRM assays are performed to optimize quantitative SRM conditions such as transition, collision energy, and declustering potential values. Using this strategy, we developed quantitative SRM methods for infliximab, alemtuzumab, and bevacizumab with sufficient precision (<20%)/accuracy (<±20%) for use in the drug discovery stage. We have also demonstrated that choosing a higher homologous peptide pair (from analyte mAb/IS mAb) is necessary to obtain the sufficient precision and accuracy. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Osaki
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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Abstract
Medical diagnostics and treatment has advanced from a one size fits all science to treatment of the patient as a unique individual. Currently, this is limited solely to genetic analysis. However, epigenetic, transcriptional, proteomic, posttranslational modifications, metabolic, and environmental factors influence a patient’s response to disease and treatment. As more analytical and diagnostic techniques are incorporated into medical practice, the personalized medicine initiative transitions to precision medicine giving a holistic view of the patient’s condition. The high accuracy and sensitivity of mass spectrometric analysis of proteomes is well suited for the incorporation of proteomics into precision medicine. This review begins with an overview of the advance to precision medicine and the current state of the art in technology and instrumentation for mass spectrometry analysis. Thereafter, it focuses on the benefits and potential uses for personalized proteomic analysis in the diagnostic and treatment of individual patients. In conclusion, it calls for a synthesis between basic science and clinical researchers with practicing clinicians to design proteomic studies to generate meaningful and applicable translational medicine. As clinical proteomics is just beginning to come out of its infancy, this overview is provided for the new initiate.
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The clinical utility of mass spectrometry based protein assays. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:155-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A workflow for absolute quantitation of large therapeutic proteins in biological samples at intact level using LC-HRMS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1679-91. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The commonly used LC–MS workflow to quantify protein therapeutics in biological samples is ‘bottom-up’ approach. In this study, the aim is to establish ‘top-down’ approach for absolute quantitation of therapeutic antibodies or proteins of similar sizes in biological samples at intact level. Materials & methods: Using a recombinant human monoclonal antibody as the model molecule, we present a workflow to measure large therapeutic proteins in plasma at intact level based on deconvoluted high-resolution MS (HRMS) peaks. A novel MultiQuant™ software function was developed to automatically deconvolute the peaks and process the data. Results & conclusion: The workflow showed satisfying performance. This is a proof of concept study demonstrating the feasibility of bioanalysis of large therapeutic proteins at intact level using LC-HRMS.
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Quantitative analysis of hIgG1 in monkey serum by LC–MS/MS using mass spectrometric immunoassay. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1035-49. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A sensitive generic LC–MS/MS method for hIgG1 quantification in cynomolgus monkey serum using mass spectrometric immunoassay disposable automation research tips (MSIA-D.A.R.T.'S™) is reported. Results: The hIgG1 was captured with a biotinylated mouse anti-hIgG antibody (50.0 µg/ml) targeting the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Elution from the streptavidin-coated MSIA-D.A.R.T.'s was conducted with 0.4% trifluoroacetic acid in water. The method was selective and linear from 10.0 to 1000 ng/ml using 100 µl of serum. The method was evaluated regarding accuracy, precision, carry-over, dilution, auto-sampler stability and applied for the determination of hIgG1 concentration in monkey serum after intravitreal administration. Conclusion: The present assay is suitable for quantitative analysis of hIgG1-based therapeutic proteins in monkey serum at low levels.
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Development of Immunocapture-LC/MS Assay for Simultaneous ADA Isotyping and Semiquantitation. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7682472. [PMID: 27034966 PMCID: PMC4806687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7682472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses resulting in anti-drug antibodies that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy. During drug development immunogenicity is usually examined by risk-based approach along with specific strategies for developing “fit-for-purpose” bioanalytical approaches. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays are the most widely used platform for ADA detection due to their high sensitivity and throughput. During the past decade, LC/MS has emerged as a promising technology for quantitation of biotherapeutics and protein biomarkers in biological matrices, mainly owing to its high specificity, selectivity, multiplexing, and wide dynamic range. In fully taking these advantages, we describe here an immunocapture-LC/MS methodology for simultaneous isotyping and semiquantitation of ADA in human plasma. Briefly, ADA and/or drug-ADA complex is captured by biotinylated drug or anti-drug Ab, immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads, and separated from human plasma by a magnet. ADA is then released from the beads and subjected to trypsin digestion followed by LC/MS detection of specific universal peptides for each ADA isotype. The LC/MS data are analyzed using cut-point and calibration curve. The proof-of-concept of this methodology is demonstrated by detecting preexisting ADA in human plasma.
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The use of generic surrogate peptides for the quantitative analysis of human immunoglobulin G1 in pre-clinical species with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1687-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Arnold SL, Stevison F, Isoherranen N. Impact of Sample Matrix on Accuracy of Peptide Quantification: Assessment of Calibrator and Internal Standard Selection and Method Validation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:746-53. [PMID: 26606514 PMCID: PMC4817721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein quantification based on peptides using LC-MS/MS has emerged as a promising method to measure biomarkers, protein drugs, and endogenous proteins. However, the best practices for selection, optimization, and validation of the quantification peptides are not well established, and the influence of different matrices on protein digestion, peptide stability, and MS detection has not been systematically addressed. The aim of this study was to determine how biological matrices affect digestion, detection, and stability of peptides. The microsomal retinol dehydrogenase (RDH11) and cytosolic soluble aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH1As) involved in the synthesis of retinoic acid (RA) were chosen as model proteins. Considerable differences in the digestion efficiency, sensitivity, and matrix effects between peptides were observed regardless of the target protein's subcellular localization. The precision and accuracy of the quantification of RDH11 and ALDH1A were affected by the choice of calibration and internal standards. The final method using recombinant protein calibrators and stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide internal standards was validated for human liver. The results demonstrate that different sample matrices have peptide, time, and matrix specific effects on protein digestion and absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Health Science Building, Room H-272M Box 357610 Seattle Washington 98195-7610 USA
| | - Faith Stevison
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Health Science Building, Room H-272M Box 357610 Seattle Washington 98195-7610 USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Health Science Building, Room H-272M Box 357610 Seattle Washington 98195-7610 USA
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Muneeruddin K, Nazzaro M, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of intact protein conjugates and biopharmaceuticals using ion-exchange chromatography with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and top-down tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10138-45. [PMID: 26360183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of biopharmaceutical products is a challenging task, which needs to be carried out at several different levels (including both primary structure and conformation). An additional difficulty frequently arises due to the structural heterogeneity inherent to many protein-based therapeutics (e.g., extensive glycosylation or "designer" modifications such as chemical conjugation) or introduced postproduction as a result of stress (e.g., oxidation and deamidation). A combination of ion-exchange chromatography (IXC) with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) allows characterization of complex and heterogeneous therapeutic proteins and protein conjugates to be accomplished at a variety of levels without compromising their conformational integrity. The IXC/ESI MS measurements allow protein conjugates to be profiled by analyzing conjugation stoichiometry and the presence of multiple positional isomers, as well as to establish the effect of chemical modifications on the conformational integrity of each species. While mass profiling alone is not sufficient for identification of nonenzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs) that result in a very small mass change of the eluting species (e.g., deamidation), this task can be completed using online top-down structural analysis, as demonstrated using stressed interferon-β as an example. The wealth of information that can be provided by IXC/native ESI MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on protein-based therapeutics will undoubtedly make it a very valuable addition to the experimental toolbox of biopharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mark Nazzaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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36
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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