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Tzoupis H, Papavasileiou KD, Papatzelos S, Mavrogiorgis A, Zacharia LC, Melagraki G, Afantitis A. Systematic Review of Naturally Derived Substances That Act as Inhibitors of the Nicotine Metabolizing Enzyme Cytochrome P450 2A6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8031. [PMID: 39125600 PMCID: PMC11312336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been highlighted as a major health challenge in modern societies. Despite not causing death directly, smoking has been associated with several health issues, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and several cancer types. Moreover, exposure to nicotine during pregnancy has been associated with adverse neurological disorders in babies. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is the most common strategy employed for smoking cessation, but despite its widespread use, NRT presents with low success and adherence rates. This is attributed partially to the rate of nicotine metabolism by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) in each individual. Nicotine addiction is correlated with the high rate of its metabolism, and thus, novel strategies need to be implemented in NRT protocols. Naturally derived products are a cost-efficient and rich source for potential inhibitors, with the main advantages being their abundance and ease of isolation. This systematic review aims to summarize the natural products that have been identified as CYP2A6 inhibitors, validated through in vitro and/or in vivo assays, and could be implemented as nicotine metabolism inhibitors. The scope is to present the different compounds and highlight their possible implementation in NRT strategies. Additionally, this information would provide valuable insight regarding CYP2A6 inhibitors, that can be utilized in drug development via the use of in silico methodologies and machine-learning models to identify new potential lead compounds for optimization and implementation in NRT regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralampos Tzoupis
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; (H.T.); (K.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; (H.T.); (K.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.M.)
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics MIKE, 18545 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Stavros Papatzelos
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; (H.T.); (K.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelos Mavrogiorgis
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; (H.T.); (K.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Lefteris C. Zacharia
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; (H.T.); (K.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.M.)
- Department of ChemInformatics, NovaMechanics MIKE, 18545 Piraeus, Greece
- Division of Data Driven Innovation, Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
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2
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Zhou Y, Lauschke VM. Challenges Related to the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing for the Optimization of Drug Therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:237-260. [PMID: 35792943 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have become increasingly used in various areas of human genomics. In routine clinical care, their use is already implemented in oncology to profile the mutational landscape of a tumor, as well as in rare disease diagnostics. However, its utilization in pharmacogenomics is largely lacking behind. Recent population-scale genome data has revealed that human pharmacogenes carry a plethora of rare genetic variations that are not interrogated by conventional array-based profiling methods and it is estimated that these variants could explain around 30% of the genetically encoded functional pharmacogenetic variability.To interpret the impact of such variants on drug response a multitude of computational tools have been developed, but, while there have been major advancements, it remains to be shown whether their accuracy is sufficient to improve personalized pharmacogenetic recommendations in robust trials. In addition, conventional short-read sequencing methods face difficulties in the interrogation of complex pharmacogenes and high NGS test costs require stringent evaluations of cost-effectiveness to decide about reimbursement by national healthcare programs. Here, we illustrate current challenges and discuss future directions toward the clinical implementation of NGS to inform genotype-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Pitaro M, Croce N, Gallo V, Arienzo A, Salvatore G, Antonini G. Coumarin-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Narrative Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249063. [PMID: 36558195 PMCID: PMC9783661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is an effective treatment for primary lymphoedema, as well as lymphoedema related to breast cancer radiotherapy or surgery. However, its clinical use is limited in several countries due to the possible occurrence of hepatotoxicity, mainly in the form of mild to moderate transaminase elevation. It is worth noting that only a few cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been described in the literature, with no reported cases of liver failure. Data available on coumarin absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have been reviewed, focusing on hepatotoxicity studies carried out in vitro and in vivo. Finally, safety and tolerability data from clinical trials have been thoroughly discussed. Based on these data, coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity is restricted to a small subset of patients, probably due to the activation in these individuals of alternative metabolic pathways involving specific CYP450s isoforms. The aim of this work is to stimulate research to clearly identify patients at risk of developing hepatotoxicity following coumarin treatment. Early identification of this subset of patients could open the possibility of more safely exploiting the therapeutical properties of coumarin, allowing patients suffering from lymphoedema to benefit from the anti-oedematous activity of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pitaro
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Croce
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Giulia Salvatore
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- INBB—Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, RM, Italy
- Correspondence:
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4
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Yadav VK, Katiyar T, Ruwali M, Yadav S, Singh S, Hadi R, Bhatt MLB, Parmar D. Polymorphism in cytochrome P4502A6 reduces the risk to head and neck cancer and modifies the treatment outcome. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:502-511. [PMID: 34655463 DOI: 10.1002/em.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present case-control study consisting of 1300 cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the equal number of controls aimed to investigate the association of functionally important polymorphisms in cytochrome P4502A6 (CYP2A6*1B, CYP2A6*4C, CYP2A6*9-rs28399433) with HNSCC and the treatment response in cases receiving a combination of chemotherapy/radiotherapy (CT/RT). A significant decrease in risk to HNSCC was observed in the cases with deletion (CYP2A6*4B and CYP2A6*4C) or reduced activity genotypes (CYP2A6*9) of CYP2A6. This risk to HNSCC was further reduced significantly in tobacco users among the cases when compared to nontobacco users among the cases. The risk was also reduced to a slightly greater extent in alcohol users among the cases when compared to nonalcohol users among the cases. In contrast with decreased risk to HNSCC, almost half of the cases with variant genotypes of CYP2A6 (CYP2A6*1A/*4C+*1B/*4C+*4C/*4C and *9/*9) did not respond to the treatment. Likewise, the survival rate in cases receiving the treatment, after 55 months of follow-up was significantly lower in cases with deletion (6.3%) or reduced activity (11.9%) allele than in the cases with common alleles (41%). The present study has shown that CYP2A6 polymorphism significantly reduces the risk to HNSCC. Our data further suggested that CYP2A6 polymorphism may worsen the treatment outcome in the cases receiving CT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Yadav
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Tridiv Katiyar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Munindra Ruwali
- Faculty of Science, Engineering And Technology, Amity University, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, India
| | - Sudhir Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahat Hadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Devendra Parmar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Kovar L, Selzer D, Britz H, Benowitz N, St Helen G, Kohl Y, Bals R, Lehr T. Comprehensive Parent-Metabolite PBPK/PD Modeling Insights into Nicotine Replacement Therapy Strategies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 59:1119-1134. [PMID: 32166575 PMCID: PMC7467963 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Nicotine, the pharmacologically active substance in both tobacco and many electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) liquids, is responsible for the addiction that sustains cigarette smoking. With 8 million deaths worldwide annually, smoking remains one of the major causes of disability and premature death. However, nicotine also plays an important role in smoking cessation strategies. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive, whole-body, physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine, covering various routes of nicotine administration, and to simulate nicotine brain tissue concentrations after the use of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, nicotine gums, and nicotine patches. Methods A parent–metabolite, PBPK/PD model of nicotine for a non-smoking and a smoking population was developed using 91 plasma and brain tissue concentration–time profiles and 11 heart rate profiles. Among others, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 and 2B6 enzymes were implemented, including kinetics for CYP2A6 poor metabolizers. Results The model is able to precisely describe and predict both nicotine plasma and brain tissue concentrations, cotinine plasma concentrations, and heart rate profiles. 100% of the predicted area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) values meet the twofold acceptance criterion with overall geometric mean fold errors of 1.12 and 1.15, respectively. The administration of combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, nicotine patches, and nicotine gums was successfully implemented in the model and used to identify differences in steady-state nicotine brain tissue concentration patterns. Conclusions Our PBPK/PD model may be helpful in further investigations of nicotine dependence and smoking cessation strategies. As the model represents the first nicotine PBPK/PD model predicting nicotine concentration and heart rate profiles after the use of e-cigarettes, it could also contribute to a better understanding of the recent increase in youth e-cigarette use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40262-020-00880-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kovar
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hannah Britz
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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6
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Deciphering Structural Alterations Associated with Activity Reductions of Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450 2A6 Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810119. [PMID: 34576282 PMCID: PMC8469730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 is a monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous chemicals, such as nicotine and therapeutic drugs. The genetic polymorphisms in CYP2A6 are a cause of individual variation in smoking behavior and drug toxicities. The enzymatic activities of the allelic variants of CYP2A6 were analyzed in previous studies. However, the three-dimensional structures of the mutants were not investigated, and the mechanisms underlying activity reduction remain unknown. In this study, to investigate the structural changes involved in the reduction in enzymatic activities, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for ten allelic mutants of CYP2A6. For the calculated wild type structure, no significant structural changes were observed in comparison with the experimental structure. On the other hand, the mutations affected the interaction with heme, substrates, and the redox partner. In CYP2A6.44, a structural change in the substrate access channel was also observed. Those structural effects could explain the alteration of enzymatic activity caused by the mutations. The results of simulations provide useful information regarding the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
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7
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El-Boraie A, Tanner JA, Zhu AZX, Claw KG, Prasad B, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Fukunaga K, Mushiroda T, Kubo M, Benowitz NL, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Functional characterization of novel rare CYP2A6 variants and potential implications for clinical outcomes. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:204-220. [PMID: 34476898 PMCID: PMC8742641 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A6 activity, phenotyped by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is a predictor of several smoking behaviors, including cessation and smoking‐related disease risk. The heritability of the NMR is 60–80%, yet weighted genetic risk scores (wGRSs) based on common variants explain only 30–35%. Rare variants (minor allele frequency <1%) are hypothesized to explain some of this missing heritability. We present two targeted sequencing studies where rare protein‐coding variants are functionally characterized in vivo, in silico, and in vitro to examine this hypothesis. In a smoking cessation trial, 1687 individuals were sequenced; characterization measures included the in vivo NMR, in vitro protein expression, and metabolic activity measured from recombinant proteins. In a human liver bank, 312 human liver samples were sequenced; measures included RNA expression, protein expression, and metabolic activity from extracted liver tissue. In total, 38 of 47 rare coding variants identified were novel; characterizations ranged from gain‐of‐function to loss‐of‐function. On a population level, the portion of NMR variation explained by the rare coding variants was small (~1%). However, upon incorporation, the accuracy of the wGRS was improved for individuals with rare protein‐coding variants (i.e., the residuals were reduced), and approximately one‐third of these individuals (12/39) were re‐assigned from normal to slow metabolizer status. Rare coding variants can alter an individual’s CYP2A6 activity; their integration into wGRSs through precise functional characterization is necessary to accurately assess clinical outcomes and achieve precision medicine for all. Investigation into noncoding variants is warranted to further explain the missing heritability in the NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Boraie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andy Z X Zhu
- Department of Quantitative Translational Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Espiritu MJ, Chen J, Yadav J, Larkin M, Pelletier RD, Chan JM, Gc JB, Natesan S, Harrelson JP. Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1028-1043. [PMID: 32788161 PMCID: PMC7543486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information is scarce regarding pharmacokinetic-based herb-drug interactions (HDI) with trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), components of cinnamon. Given the presence of cinnamon in food and herbal treatments for various diseases, HDIs involving the CYP2A6 substrates nicotine and letrozole with MCA (KS = 1.58 µM; Hill slope = 1.16) and CA were investigated. The time-dependent inhibition (TDI) by MCA and CA of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that CYP2A6's active site accommodates two dynamic ligands. The preferred binding orientations for MCA and CA were consistent with the observed metabolism: epoxidation, O-demethylation, and aromatic hydroxylation of MCA and cinnamic acid formation from CA. The percent remaining activity plots for TDI by MCA and CA were curved, and they were analyzed with a numerical method using models of varying complexity. The best-fit models support multiple inactivator binding, inhibitor depletion, and partial inactivation. Deconvoluted mass spectra indicated that MCA and CA modified CYP2A6 apoprotein with mass additions of 156.79 (142.54-171.04) and 132.67 (123.37-141.98), respectively, and it was unaffected by glutathione. Heme degradation was observed in the presence of MCA (48.5% ± 13.4% loss; detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). In the absence of clinical data, HDI predictions were made for nicotine and letrozole using inhibition parameters from the best-fit TDI models and parameters scaled from rats. Predicted area under the concentration-time curve fold changes were 4.29 (CA-nicotine), 4.92 (CA-letrozole), 4.35 (MCA-nicotine), and 5.00 (MCA-letrozole). These findings suggest that extensive exposure to cinnamon (corresponding to ≈ 275 mg CA) would lead to noteworthy interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human exposure to cinnamon is common because of its presence in food and cinnamon-based herbal treatments. Little is known about the risk for cinnamaldehyde and methoxycinnamaldehyde, two components of cinnamon, to interact with drugs that are eliminated by CYP2A6-mediated metabolism. The interactions with CYP2A6 are complex, involving multiple-ligand binding, time-dependent inhibition of nicotine metabolism, heme degradation, and apoprotein modification. An herb-drug interaction prediction suggests that extensive exposure to cinnamon would lead to noteworthy interactions with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Espiritu
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Justin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Michael Larkin
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Robert D Pelletier
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeannine M Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Senthil Natesan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - John P Harrelson
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
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9
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Heterologous expression of high-activity cytochrome P450 in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14193. [PMID: 32843676 PMCID: PMC7447777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymatic activity is essential to estimate drug pharmacokinetics. Numerous CYP allelic variants have been identified; the functional characterisation of these variants is required for their application in precision medicine. Results from heterologous expression systems using mammalian cells can be integrated in in vivo studies; however, other systems such as E. coli, bacteria, yeast, and baculoviruses are generally used owing to the difficulty in expressing high CYP levels in mammalian cells. Here, by optimising transfection and supplementing conditions, we developed a heterologous expression system using 293FT cells to evaluate the enzymatic activities of three CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4). Moreover, we established co-expression with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. This expression system would be a potential complementary or beneficial alternative approach for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of clinically used and developing drugs in vitro.
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10
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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11
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Guan Y, Li B, Wei W, Wang S, Yuen V, Liu Y, Ao Z, Zhou S, Tian H, Huang M, Song X, Zhong G. Quantitative ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of dexmedetomidine in pediatric plasma samples: Correlation with genetic polymorphisms. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4683. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Bilian Li
- Department of AnaesthesiologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of AnaesthesiologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Vivian‐min Yuen
- Department of AnaesthesiologyHong Kong Children's Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of AnaesthesiologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hang Tian
- Department of AnaesthesiologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xingrong Song
- Department of AnaesthesiologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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12
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Palacharla VRC, Chunduru P, Ajjala DR, Bhyrapuneni G, Nirogi R, Li AP. Development and Validation of a Higher-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay with the Novel Cofactor-Supplemented Permeabilized Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes (MetMax Human Hepatocytes). Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1032-1039. [PMID: 31375472 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the application of a novel hepatocyte system, the cofactor-supplemented permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes [MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs)] in a higher-throughput 384-well plate assay for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. The assay was created to develop physiologically relevant P450 inhibition information, taking advantage of the complete organelle composition and their associated drug-metabolizing enzymes of the MMHH but with the ease of use of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and thaw and use without centrifugation and microscopic evaluation as required for intact hepatocytes. Nine key P450 isoforms for drug metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) were evaluated using multiple isoform-selective inhibitors. Results with MMHH were found to be comparable to those obtained with intact cryopreserved human hepatocytes (CHHs). Isoform-selective drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways evaluated were phenacetin O-deethylation (CYP1A2), coumarin 7-hydroxylation (CYP2A6), bupropion hydroxylation (CYP2B6), amodiaquine N-deethylation (CYP2C8), diclofenac 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9), s-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan O-demethylation (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation (CYP2E1), and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4). The Km values obtained with MMHHs were comparable with those reported in the literature for CHHs. Using substrate concentrations at or near Km values, the IC50 values for the standard inhibitors against the P450 activities were found to be comparable between MMHHs and CHHs, with 73% and 84% of values falling within 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, from the line of unity. The results indicate that MMHHs can be an efficient experimental system for the evaluation of P450 inhibition in hepatocytes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs) are cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes with the complete drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways of the conventional hepatocytes but with the convenience of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and direct thaw and use without a need for centrifugation and microscopic examination. Here, we report the application of MMHH in a high-throughput assay in a 384-well plate format for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. Our results show that data obtained with MMHH are similar to those with conventional hepatocytes, suggesting that the MMHH 384-well P450 inhibition assay can be used routinely for the evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential of new chemical entities in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Raghava Choudary Palacharla
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Prathyusha Chunduru
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Devender Reddy Ajjala
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Albert P Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
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13
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Qi X, Dou T, Wang Z, Wu J, Yang L, Zeng S, Deng M, Lü M, Liang S. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2A6 by 7-hydroxycoumarin analogues: Analysis of the structure-activity relationship and isoform selectivity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104944. [PMID: 31163215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Compared with coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin could serve as a better hit for developing CYP2A6 inhibitors. In this study, a series of 7-hydroxycoumarin and its structural analogues were collected to study their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and isoform selectivity for inhibiting CYP2A6. All tested coumarins except a C4 phenyl derivative (11) showed higher inhibitory activities for CYP2A6 over the other CYP isoforms, including CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9. Of these coumarins, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (1) and 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (9) were found to be potent inhibitors of CYP2A6 with IC50/Ki value of 0.39/0.25 and 4.61/3.02 μM, respectively, compared to methoxalen as positive control (IC50/Ki = 0.43/0.26 μM). In contrast, other coumarins showed low or decreased CYP2A6-inhibiting activities. SAR analysis showed that hydroxy groups might be important for CYP2A6 inhibition, and the rank order of sites for hydroxy substitution was C6 > C7 > C8. In addition, either hydrophobic or hydrophilic substituents introduced into C4, C6 and C8 led to a reduction in CYP2A6-inhibiting activity, and the degree of influence was dependent on the size and electrical charge of substituents. Furthermore, inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulations demonstrated that the 8-O-glucosylated coumarin derivative (17) exhibited noncompetitive inhibition against CYP2A6, while competitive inhibition patterns were noted for the other tested coumarins. The mechanisms underlying the inhibitors binding to CYP2A6 were further investigated by molecular docking study. The findings presented herein are very helpful for developing highly selective and more potent CYP2A6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tongyi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhongqiong Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Muhan Lü
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Sicheng Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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14
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Site-specific oxidation of flavanone and flavone by cytochrome P450 2A6 in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:791-802. [PMID: 30048196 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1505064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 in the oxidation of flavanone [(2R)- and (2S)-enantiomers] and flavone were studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human P450 enzymes. CYP2A6 was highly active in oxidizing flavanone to form flavone, 2'-hydroxy-, 4'-, and 6-hydroxyflavanones and in oxidizing flavone to form mono- and di-hydroxylated products, such as mono-hydroxy flavones M6, M7, and M11 and di-hydroxy flavones M3, M4, and M5. Liver microsomes prepared from human sample HH2, defective in coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity, were very inefficient in forming 2'-hydroxyflavanone from flavanone and a mono-hydroxylated product, M6, from flavone. Coumarin and anti-CYP2A6 antibodies strongly inhibited the formation of these metabolites in microsomes prepared from liver samples HH47 and 54, which were active in coumarin oxidation activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C2'-position of (2R)-flavanone (3.8 Å) was closer to the iron center of CYP2A6 than the C6-position (10 Å), while distances from C2' and C6 of (2S)-flavanone to the CYP2A6 were 6.91 Å and 5.42 Å, respectively. These results suggest that CYP2A6 catalyzes site-specific oxidation of (racemic) flavanone and also flavone in human liver microsomes. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 were also found to play significant roles in some of the oxidations of these flavonoids by human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino Osaka , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
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15
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Zhou Y, Mkrtchian S, Kumondai M, Hiratsuka M, Lauschke VM. An optimized prediction framework to assess the functional impact of pharmacogenetic variants. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 19:115-126. [PMID: 30206299 PMCID: PMC6462826 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of phenotypic consequences of mutations constitutes an important aspect of precision medicine. Current computational tools mostly rely on evolutionary conservation and have been calibrated on variants associated with disease, which poses conceptual problems for assessment of variants in poorly conserved pharmacogenes. Here, we evaluated the performance of 18 current functionality prediction methods leveraging experimental high-quality activity data from 337 variants in genes involved in drug metabolism and transport and found that these models only achieved probabilities of 0.1–50.6% to make informed conclusions. We therefore developed a functionality prediction framework optimized for pharmacogenetic assessments that significantly outperformed current algorithms. Our model achieved 93% for both sensitivity and specificity for both loss-of-function and functionally neutral variants, and we confirmed its superior performance using cross validation analyses. This novel model holds promise to improve the translation of personal genetic information into biological conclusions and pharmacogenetic recommendations, thereby facilitating the implementation of Next-Generation Sequencing data into clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Wang L, Wang S, Qi J, Yu R, Zhuang J, Zhuang B, Lou Y, Ruan J, Ye H, Lin F. Impact of CYP2A6 gene polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine for premedication. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:917-922. [PMID: 30092666 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1510312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine is a widely used sedative in clinic, which is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Dexmedetomidine was rarely reported for off-label usage of premedication, but lacking relevant pharmacokinetic investigations. Therefore, our study determined the dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics of CYP2A6*4 allele in Chinese patients pretreated with dexmedetomidine whose mutation frequency of CYP2A6*4 are high, in order to provide clinical references. METHODS Thirty-one elective surgery patients received premedication with 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine via intravenous pump. Their plasma concentrations at multiple time-points and polymorphism of CYP2A6*4 were determined and statistically analyzed. RESULTS 9 patients were *1/*4 or *4/*4, and 22 patients were *1/*1. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were area under curve (AUC) 1396.19 ± 332.47h· ng· l-1, peak blood concentration (Cmax) 495.50 ± 104.90ng· l-1, distribution volume (V) 0.68 ± 0.20 L/kg, clearance (CL) 0.38 ± 0.11 L/h/kg, distribution half-life (t1/2α) 0.05 ± 0.01h, elimination half-life (t1/2β) 2.53 ± 0.04h. No significant pharmacokinetic differences were found among CYP2A6*1/*1, *1/*4, and *4/*4 patients. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese patients pretreated with dexmedetomidine, T1/2β was consistent with that published, but T1/2α, V and Cl were lower. It was unnecessary to consider the mutation when developing the precision regimen of dexmedetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Shaoming Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Juan Qi
- b Second Department of Anesthesiology , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Rongguo Yu
- c Surgery Intensive Care Unit , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Jie Zhuang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Boyang Zhuang
- d Center for Certification and Evaluation , Fujian Food and Drug Administration , Fuzhou , China
| | - Yongming Lou
- e Chemical Laboratory , Fujian Institute for Food and Drug Quality Control , Fuzhou , China
| | - Junshan Ruan
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Hong Ye
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Fangfang Lin
- a Department of Pharmacy , Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
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17
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Jukic MM, Lauschke VM, Saito T, Hiratsuka M, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Functional characterization of CYP2D7 gene variants. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:931-936. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizer (UM) phenotype is caused by CYP2D6 gene duplications in some, but not all, UM individuals. CYP2D6 and the adjacent pseudogene CYP2D7 are highly homologous; however, CYP2D7 harbors a premature stop codon, which is absent in carriers of the rare CYP2D7 variant rs530303678. We addressed whether rs530303678 could generate a functionally active protein, causing the UM phenotype. However, unlike CYP2D6 variants, two CYP2D7 rs530303678 variant isoforms, previously described in liver, showed neither significant protein expression nor catalytic activity toward the CYP2D6 substrates bufuralol or dextromethorphan. We conclude that loss of the stop codon in CYP2D7 does not result in the generation of enzymatically active protein in human liver and thus, cannot cause the UM phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin M Jukic
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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18
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Tanner JA, Tyndale RF. Variation in CYP2A6 Activity and Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7040018. [PMID: 29194389 PMCID: PMC5748630 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme metabolizes several clinically relevant substrates, including nicotine-the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. The gene that encodes the CYP2A6 enzyme is highly polymorphic, resulting in extensive interindividual variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity and the rate of metabolism of nicotine and other CYP2A6 substrates including cotinine, tegafur, letrozole, efavirenz, valproic acid, pilocarpine, artemisinin, artesunate, SM-12502, caffeine, and tyrosol. CYP2A6 expression and activity are also impacted by non-genetic factors, including induction or inhibition by pharmacological, endogenous, and dietary substances, as well as age-related changes, or interactions with other hepatic enzymes, co-enzymes, and co-factors. As variation in CYP2A6 activity is associated with smoking behavior, smoking cessation, tobacco-related lung cancer risk, and with altered metabolism and resulting clinical responses for several therapeutics, CYP2A6 expression and enzyme activity is an important clinical consideration. This review will discuss sources of variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity, with a focus on the impact of CYP2A6 genetic variation on metabolism of the CYP2A6 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
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19
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Kumondai M, Hosono H, Maekawa M, Yamaguchi H, Mano N, Oda A, Hirasawa N, Hiratsuka M. Functional characterization of 9 CYP2A13 allelic variants by assessment of nicotine C-oxidation and coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 33:82-89. [PMID: 29342418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13) is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds such as nicotine, coumarin, and tobacco-specific nitrosamine. Several of these compounds have been recognized as procarcinogens activated by CYP2A13. We recently showed that CYP2A13*2 contributes to inter-individual variations observed in bladder cancer susceptibility because CYP2A13*2 might cause a decrease in enzymatic activity. Other CYP2A13 allelic variants may also affect cancer susceptibility. In this study, we performed an in vitro analysis of the wild-type enzyme (CYP2A13.1) and 8 CYP2A13 allelic variants, using nicotine and coumarin as representative CYP2A13 substrates. These CYP2A13 variant proteins were heterologously expressed in 293FT cells, and the kinetic parameters of nicotine C-oxidation and coumarin 7-hydroxylation were estimated. The quantities of CYP2A13 holoenzymes in microsomal fractions extracted from 293FT cells were determined by measuring reduced carbon monoxide-difference spectra. The kinetic parameters for CYP2A13.3, CYP2A13.4, and CYP2A13.10 could not be determined because of low metabolite concentrations. Five other CYP2A13 variants (CYP2A13.2, CYP2A13.5, CYP2A13.6, CYP2A13.8, and CYP2A13.9) showed markedly reduced enzymatic activity toward both substrates. These findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying inter-individual differences observed in genotoxicity and cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kumondai
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hosono
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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