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Zhang X, Pan J, Ye X, Chen Y, Wang L, Meng X, Chen W, Wang F. Activation of CYP3A by Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon Potentiates the Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Targeting Therapeutic Effects of PEGylated Anticancer Prodrug Liposomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1651-1662. [PMID: 37775330 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor targeting limit the application of enzyme-activating prodrugs, which is also detrimental to the effective treatment of HCC. Here, we investigated whether accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon occurs in HCC models following repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes (PEG-L), thus inducing prodrug accumulation and activation in the liver and exerting highly effective and low-toxicity therapeutic effects on HCC. First, PEGylated liposomal cyclophosphamide was prepared by solvent injection and characterized. Importantly, preinjection of PEG-L induced the ABC phenomenon and activation of CYP3A in both HCC rats and HCC mice by studying the effects of repeated injections of PEG-L on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. Next, the efficacy and toxicity of repeated injections of PEG-L in HCC mice were examined, and our data indicate that repeated injections are administered in a manner that significantly enhances the antitumor effect compared with controls, with little or no toxicity to other organs. To further reveal the pharmacokinetic mechanism of PEG-L repeated administration for the treatment of HCC, the protein expression of hepatic CYP3A and the concentration of cyclophosphamide in the liver and spleen of HCC mice by inhibiting CYP3A were analyzed. These results revealed that inducing CYP3A to accelerate the rapid conversion of prodrugs that accumulate significantly in the liver is a key mechanism for the treatment of HCC with repeated injections of PEG-L. Collectively, this work taps into the application potential of the ABC phenomenon and provides new insights into the clinical application of PEGylated nanoformulations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study revealed that repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes could induce the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon characterized by hepatic accumulation and CYP3A activation based on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats and HCC mice. Furthermore, it was verified that induction of the ABC phenomenon dependent on hepatic accumulation and CYP3A activation could enhance the antihepatocellular carcinoma effects of PEGylated anticancer prodrugs in HCC mice. This elucidated the relevant pharmacokinetic mechanisms and unearthed new clues for solving the clinical application of PEGylated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Jianquan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Xi Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Yunna Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Xiangyun Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.).
| | - Fengling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.).
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TAN D, WANG J, ZHANG Q, QIN L, WANG Y, HE Y. The role of organic anion transport protein 1a4 in drug delivery and diseases: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lin QIN
- Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Yuhe WANG
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University
| | - Yuqi HE
- Zunyi Medical University, China
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Gajula SNR, Nadimpalli N, Sonti R. Drug metabolic stability in early drug discovery to develop potential lead compounds. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:459-477. [PMID: 34406889 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1970178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the metabolic stability of a new drug substance eliminated by biotransformation is essential for envisaging the pharmacokinetic parameters required for deciding drug dosing and frequency. Strategies aimed at modifying lead compounds may improve metabolic stability, thereby reducing the drug dosing frequency. Replacement of selective hydrogens with deuterium can effectively enhance the drug's metabolic stability by increasing the biological half-life. Further, cyclization, change in ring size, and chirality can substantially improve the metabolic stability of drugs. The microsomal t1/2 approach for measuring drug in vitro intrinsic clearance by automated LC-MS/MS offers sensitive high-throughput screens with reliable data. The obtained in vitro intrinsic clearance from metabolic stability data helps predict the drug's in vivo total clearance using different scaling factors and hepatic clearance models. This review summarizes all the recent approaches and technological advancements in metabolic stability studies for narrowing down the potential lead compounds in drug discovery. Further, we summarized the potential pitfalls and assumptions made during the in vivo intrinsic clearance estimation from in vitro intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nimisha Nadimpalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Ramadan Q, Fardous RS, Hazaymeh R, Alshmmari S, Zourob M. Pharmacokinetics-On-a-Chip: In Vitro Microphysiological Models for Emulating of Drugs ADME. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100775. [PMID: 34323392 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite many ongoing efforts across the full spectrum of pharmaceutical and biotech industries, drug development is still a costly undertaking that involves a high risk of failure during clinical trials. Animal models played vital roles in understanding the mechanism of human diseases. However, the use of these models has been a subject of heated debate, particularly due to ethical matters and the inevitable pathophysiological differences between animals and humans. Current in vitro models lack the sufficient functionality and predictivity of human pharmacokinetics and toxicity, therefore, are not capable to fully replace animal models. The recent development of micro-physiological systems has shown great potential as indispensable tools for recapitulating key physiological parameters of humans and providing in vitro methods for predicting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. Integration of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) processes within one close in vitro system is a paramount development that would meet important unmet pharmaceutical industry needs. In this review paper, synthesis of the ADME-centered organ-on-a-chip technology is systemically presented from what is achieved to what needs to be done, emphasizing the requirements of in vitro models that meet industrial needs in terms of the structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roa Saleem Fardous
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Hazaymeh
- Almaarefa University, Riyadh, 13713, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshmmari
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, 13513-7148, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Evaluation of Drug Biliary Excretion Using Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:13-30. [PMID: 30167999 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of hepatobiliary transport of drugs is an important challenge, notably during the development of new molecular identities. In this context, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) have been proposed as an interesting and integrated tool for predicting in vitro biliary excretion of drugs. The present review was therefore designed to summarize key findings about SCHH, including their establishment, their main functional features and their use for the determination of canalicular transport and the prediction of in vivo biliary clearance and hepatobiliary excretion-related drug-drug interactions. Reviewed data highlight the fact that SCHH represent an original and probably unique holistic in vitro approach to predict biliary clearance in humans, through taking into account sinusoidal drug uptake, passive drug diffusion, drug metabolism and sinusoidal and canalicular drug efflux. Limits and proposed refinements for SCHH-based analysis of drug biliary excretion, as well as putative human alternative in vitro models to SCHH are also discussed.
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Gabbia D, Pozzo L, Zigiotto G, Roverso M, Sacchi D, Dalla Pozza A, Carrara M, Bogialli S, Floreani A, Guido M, De Martin S. Dexamethasone counteracts hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in cholestatic rats via CAR activation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204336. [PMID: 30252871 PMCID: PMC6155538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are currently used for the therapeutic management of cholestatic diseases, but their use and molecular mechanism remain controversial. The aims of this study were 1) to assess the therapeutic effect of a 2-week treatment with the GC dexamethasone on hepatic damage in bile duct-ligated rats; 2) to investigate its effect on the activation of the nuclear receptors (NRs) pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and GC receptor (GR), and NF-kB, as well as on oxidative stress and bile acid (BA) hepatic composition. Cholestasis was induced by ligation of bile duct (BDL animals) in 16 male Wistar-Kyoto rats, and eight of them were daily treated by oral gavage with 0.125 mg/ml/kg DEX for 14 days. Eight Sham-operated rats were used as controls. Severity of cholestasis was assessed histologically and on plasma biochemical parameters. The nuclear expression of NF-kB (p65), GR, PXR and CAR was measured in hepatic tissue by Western Blot. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde, carbonylated proteins, GHS and ROS content in rat livers. LC-MS was used to measure the plasma and liver concentration of 7 BAs. Histological findings and a significant drop in several markers of inflammation (p65 nuclear translocation, mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) showed that DEX treatment reversed cholestasis-induced inflammation, and similar results have been obtained with oxidative stress markers. The nuclear expression of p65 and CAR were inversely correlated, with the latter increasing significantly after DEX treatment (p<0.01 vs vehicle). Hepatic BA levels tended to drop in the untreated cholestatic rats, whereas they were similar to those of healthy rats in DEX-treated animals. Plasma BAs decreased significantly in DEX-treated animals with respect to untreated cholestatic rats. In conclusion, DEX reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in BDL rats, and probably CAR is responsible for this effect. Therefore, this NR represents a promising pharmacological target for managing cholestatic and inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zigiotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diana Sacchi
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Dalla Pozza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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El-Sheikh AAK, Greupink R, Wortelboer HM, van den Heuvel JJMW, Schreurs M, Koenderink JB, Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Interaction of immunosuppressive drugs with human organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3, and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2 and MRP4. Transl Res 2013; 162:398-409. [PMID: 24036158 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule transporters can play a key role in excretion, pharmacokinetic interactions, and toxicity of immunosuppressant drugs. Basolateral organic anion transporters (OATs) and apical multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) contribute to the active tubular uptake and urinary efflux of these drugs, respectively. We studied the interaction of 12 immunosuppressants with OAT1- and OAT3-mediated [(3)H]-methotrexate (MTX) uptake in cells, and adenosine triphosphate-dependent [(3)H]-MTX transport in membrane vesicles isolated from human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing human MRP2 and MRP4. Our results show that at a clinically relevant concentration of 10 μM, mycophenolic acid inhibited both OAT1- and OAT3-mediated [(3)H]-MTX uptake. Cytarabine, vinblastine, vincristine, hydrocortisone, and mitoxantrone inhibited only OAT1, whereas tacrolimus, azathioprine, dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and 6-mercaptopurine had no effect on both transporters. Cyclophosphamide stimulated OAT1, but did not affect OAT3. With regard to the apical efflux transporters, mycophenolic acid, cyclophosphamide, hydrocortisone, and tacrolimus inhibited MRP2 and MRP4, whereas mitoxantrone and dexamethasone stimulated [(3)H]-MTX transport by both transporters. Cyclosporine, vincristine, and vinblastine inhibited MRP2 only, whereas 6-mercaptopurine inhibited MRP4 transport activity only. Cytarabine and azathioprine had no effect on either transporter. In conclusion, we charted comprehensively the differences in inhibitory action of various immunosuppressive agents against the 4 key renal anion transporters, and we provide evidence that immunosuppressant drugs can modulate OAT1-, OAT3-, MRP2-, and MRP4-mediated transport of MTX to different extents. The data provide a better understanding of renal mechanisms underlying drug-drug interactions and nephrotoxicity concerning combination regimens with these compounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A K El-Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
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De Bruyn T, Chatterjee S, Fattah S, Keemink J, Nicolaï J, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: utility for in vitro exploration of hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:589-616. [PMID: 23452081 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.773973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sandwich-cultured hepatocyte (SCH) model has become an invaluable in vitro tool for studying hepatic drug transport, metabolism, biliary excretion and toxicity. The relevant expression of many hepatocyte-specific functions together with the in vivo-like morphology favor SCHs over other preclinical models for evaluating hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight recommended procedures required for reproducibly culturing hepatocytes in sandwich configuration. It also provides an overview of the SCH model characteristics as a function of culture time. Lastly, the article presents a summary of the most prominent applications of the SCH model, including hepatic drug clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction potential and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. EXPERT OPINION When human (cryopreserved) hepatocytes are used to establish sandwich cultures, the model appears particularly valuable to quantitatively investigate clinically relevant mechanisms related to in vivo hepatobiliary drug disposition and hepatotoxicity. Nonetheless, the SCH model would largely benefit from better insight into the fundamental cell signaling mechanisms that are critical for long-term in vitro maintenance of the hepatocytic phenotype. Studies systematically exploring improved cell culture conditions (e.g., co-cultures or extracellular matrix modifications), as well as in vitro work identifying key transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation are currently emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-bus-921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ramboer E, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Primary hepatocyte cultures as prominent in vitro tools to study hepatic drug transporters. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:196-217. [PMID: 23368091 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.756010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Before any drug can be placed on the market, drug efficacy and safety must be ensured through rigorous testing. Animal models are used for this purpose, though currently increasing attention goes to the use of alternative in vitro systems. In particular, liver-based testing platforms that allow the prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacotoxicological properties during the early phase of drug development are of interest. They also enable the screening of potential effects on hepatic drug transporters. The latter are known to affect drug metabolism and disposition, thereby possibly underlying drug-drug interactions, which, in turn, may result in liver toxicity. Clearly, stable in vivo-like functional expression of drug transporters in hepatic in vitro settings is a prerequisite to be applicable in routine PK and pharmacotoxicological testing. In the first part of the article, an updated overview of hepatic drug transporters is provided, followed by a state-of-the-art review of drug-transporter production and activity in primary hepatocyte cultures (PHCs), being the gold-standard in vitro system. Specific focus is hereby put on strategies to maintain long-term functional expression, in casu of drug transporters, in these systems. In the second part, the use of PHCs to assess hepatobiliary transport and transporter-mediated interactions is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramboer
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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FXR-dependent and -independent interaction of glucocorticoids with the regulatory pathways involved in the control of bile acid handling by the liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:829-38. [PMID: 23313557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) may cause adverse effects, including cholestasis. The ability of dexamethasone, prednisolone and budesonide to affect the liver handling of bile acids (BAs) has been investigated. In rats treated with GCs for 4 days, altered serum and bile BA levels, changed conjugation pattern, and delayed and decreased ability to conjugate/secrete exogenously administered deoxycholate, were found using HPLC-MS/MS. RT-QPCR analyses revealed that GC treatment also induced a down-regulation of liver nuclear receptors (Fxr, Gr and Shp), transporters (Ntcp, Mrp4 and Bcrp) and enzymes (Cyp7a1 and Baat), whereas Bsep, Mrp2 and Cyp27a1 were up-regulated. Human HepG2 and Alexander cell lines were used as in vitro models of liver cells with and without constitutive FXR expression, respectively. In HepG2 cells, GCs induced a decreased expression of FXR and SHP, and inhibited the regulatory effect of GW4064 on FXR-target genes. In Alexander cells, only when they were transfected with FXR+RXR, GW4064 caused up-regulation of SHP and OSTβ, and a down-regulation of CYP27A1. GCs had the opposite effect on these genes, both in the absence and in the presence of FXR expression. Co-transfection of Alexander cells with IR-1-Luc and FXR+RXR revealed that GCs did not inhibit but moderately enhanced FXR activity. Moreover, GCs have a synergistic effect on GW4064-induced FXR activation, whereas chenodeoxycholate and GW4064 have an additive effect. In conclusion, GCs are able to directly or indirectly activate FXR but they also antagonize, through FXR-independent mechanisms, the expression of FXR and FXR target genes involved in the hepatic handling of BAs.
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Mörk LM, Isaksson B, Boran N, Ericzon BG, Strom S, Fischler B, Ellis E. Comparison of culture media for bile Acid transport studies in primary human hepatocytes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:315-22. [PMID: 25755453 PMCID: PMC3940529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary human hepatocytes are a useful in vitro model system to examine hepatic biochemical pathways, liver disorders and/or pharmacotherapies. This system can also be used for transport studies to investigate uptake and excretion of bile acids. Proper modeling of hepatic function requires careful attention to media components, and culture substrates and conditions. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of different culture media and conditions on bile acid transport in cultured human hepatocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in Williams' medium E showed an increase in both uptake and excretion of taurocholate compared to cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Supplementation of DMEM with glutathione or ascorbic acid did not compensate for the lower transport. The difference can be explained by lower mRNA expression of the transporter proteins sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11) when cultured in DMEM. Hepatocytes cultured in DMEM also display fewer and smaller bile canaliculi. Following extended time in culture supplementation of Williams' medium E with dexamethasone increased the expression of NTCP and BSEP. CONCLUSION Williams' medium E is superior to DMEM for transport studies in primary human hepatocytes. Supplementation with dexamethasone increase mRNA levels of NTCP and BSEP.
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Key Words
- AA, ascorbic acid
- BSEP
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- CgamF, cholylglycylamido-fluorescein
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- GSH, glutathione
- HBSS, Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
- MRP2, multidrug resistance protein 2
- NTCP
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- OATP, organic anion-transporting polypeptide
- WE, Williams' medium E
- bile acid transport
- dexamethasone
- primary human hepatocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Bengt Isaksson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Nicola Boran
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Stephen Strom
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Björn Fischler
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden,Address for correspondence: Ewa Ellis, Liver Cell Lab F67, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 58580086; fax: +46 8 7743191.
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van Midwoud PM, Merema MT, Verweij N, Groothuis GMM, Verpoorte E. Hydrogel embedding of precision-cut liver slices in a microfluidic device improves drug metabolic activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1404-12. [PMID: 21274846 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic-based biochip made of poly-(dimethylsiloxane) was recently reported for the first time by us for the incubation of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). In this system, PCLS are continuously exposed to flow, to keep the incubation environment stable over time. Slice behavior in the biochip was compared with that of slices incubated in well plates, and verified for 24 h. The goal of the present study was to extend this incubation time. The viability and metabolic activity of precision-cut rat liver slices cultured in our novel microflow system was examined for 72 h. Slices were incubated for 1, 24, 48, and 72 h, and tested for viability (enzyme leakage (lactate dehydrogenase)) and metabolic activity (7-hydroxycoumarin (phase II) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (phase I and II)). Results show that liver slices retained a higher viability in the biochip when embedded in a hydrogel (Matrigel) over 72 h. This embedding prevented the slices from attaching to the upper polycarbonate surface in the microchamber, which occurred during prolonged (>24 h) incubation in the absence of hydrogel. Phase II metabolism was completely retained in hydrogel-embedded slices when medium supplemented with dexamethasone, insulin, and calf serum was used. However, phase I metabolism was significantly decreased with respect to the initial values in gel-embedded slices with medium supplements. Slices were still able to produce phase I metabolites after 72 h, but at only about ∼10% of the initial value. The same decrease in metabolic rate was observed in slices incubated in well plates, indicating that this decrease is due to the slices and medium rather than the incubation system. In conclusion, the biochip model was significantly improved by embedding slices in Matrigel and using proper medium supplements. This is important for in vitro testing of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and (chronic) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M van Midwoud
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Rapid and enhanced repolarization in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes on an oxygen-permeable membrane. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Swift B, Pfeifer ND, Brouwer KLR. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: an in vitro model to evaluate hepatobiliary transporter-based drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:446-71. [PMID: 20109035 PMCID: PMC3097390 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903491881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are a powerful in vitro tool that can be utilized to study hepatobiliary drug transport, species differences in drug transport, transport protein regulation, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the SCH model, including a brief history of, and introduction to, the use of SCH, as well as methodology to evaluate hepatobiliary drug disposition. A summary of the literature that has utilized this model to examine the interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins, drug-drug interactions at the transport level, and hepatotoxicity as a result of altered hepatic transport also is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7569, USA
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15
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Zollner G, Wagner M, Trauner M. Nuclear receptors as drug targets in cholestasis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:228-43. [PMID: 20388526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are key regulators of various processes including reproduction, development, and metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics such as bile acids and drugs. Research in the last two decades provided researchers and clinicians with a detailed understanding of the regulation of these processes and, most importantly, also prompted the development of novel drugs specifically targeting nuclear receptors for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Some nuclear receptor agonists are already used in daily clinical practice but many more are currently designed or tested for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, cancer, drug hepatotoxicity and cholestasis. The hydrophilic bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid is currently the only available drug to treat cholestasis but its efficacy is limited. Therefore, development of novel treatments represents a major goal for both pharmaceutical industry and academic researchers. Targeting nuclear receptors in cholestasis is an intriguing approach since these receptors are critically involved in regulation of bile acid homeostasis. This review will discuss the general role of nuclear receptors in regulation of transporters and other enzymes maintaining bile acid homeostasis and will review the role of individual receptors as therapeutic targets. In addition, the central role of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2) in mediating drug disposition and their potential therapeutic role in drug-induced liver disease will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Zollner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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16
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Swift B, Brouwer KL. Influence of seeding density and extracellular matrix on bile Acid transport and mrp4 expression in sandwich-cultured mouse hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:491-500. [PMID: 19968322 PMCID: PMC3235796 DOI: 10.1021/mp900227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the influence of seeding density, extracellular matrix and days in culture on bile acid transport proteins and hepatobiliary disposition of the model bile acid taurocholate. Mouse hepatocytes were cultured in a sandwich configuration on six-well Biocoat plates with an overlay of Matrigel (BC/MG) or gelled-collagen (BC/GC) for 3 or 4 days at seeding densities of 1.0, 1.25, or 1.5 x 10(6) cells/well. The lower seeding densities of 1.0 and 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well resulted in good hepatocyte morphology and bile canalicular network formation, as visualized by 5-(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein accumulation. In general, taurocholate cellular accumulation tended to increase as a function of seeding density in BC/GC; cellular accumulation was significantly increased in hepatocytes cultured in BC/MG compared to BC/GC at the same seeding density on both days 3 and 4 of culture. In general, in vitro intrinsic biliary clearance of taurocholate was increased at higher seeding densities. Levels of bile acid transport proteins on days 3 and 4 were not markedly influenced by seeding density or extracellular matrix except for multidrug resistance protein 4 (Mrp4), which was inversely related to seeding density. Mrp4 levels decreased approximately 2- to 3-fold between seeding densities of 1.0 x 10(6) and 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well regardless of extracellular matrix; an additional approximately 3- to 5-fold decrease in Mrp4 protein was noted in BC/GC between seeding densities of 1.25 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) cells/well. Results suggest that seeding density, extracellular matrix and days in culture profoundly influence Mrp4 expression in sandwich-cultured mouse hepatocytes. Primary mouse hepatocytes seeded in a BC/MG configuration at densities of 1.25 x 10(6) cells/well and 1.0 x 10(6), and cultured for 3 days, yielded optimal transport based on the probes studied. This work demonstrates the applicability of the sandwich-cultured model to mouse hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569
| | - Kim L.R. Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569
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Barraclough KA, Lee KJ, Staatz CE. Pharmacogenetic influences on mycophenolate therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:369-90. [PMID: 20235793 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a cornerstone immunosuppressant therapy in solid organ transplantation. MPA is metabolized by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase to inactive 7-O-MPA-glucuronide (MPAG). At least three minor metabolites are also formed, including a pharmacologically active acyl-glucuronide. MPA and MPAG are subject to enterohepatic recirculation. Biliary excretion of MPA/MPAG involves several transporters, including organic anion transporting polypeptides and multidrug resistant protein-2 (MRP-2). MPA metabolites are also excreted via the kidney, at least in part by MRP-2. MPA exerts its immunosuppressive effect through the inhibition of inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Several SNPs have been identified in the genes encoding for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase, organic anion transporting polypeptides, MRP-2 and inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase. This article provides an extensive overview of the known effects of these SNPs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Barraclough
- Department of Nephrology, Level 2, ARTS Building, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia.
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18
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Genové E, Schmitmeier S, Sala A, Borrós S, Bader A, Griffith LG, Semino CE. Functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel enhance maintenance of hepatocyte activity in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3387-97. [PMID: 19912437 PMCID: PMC4516494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a major challenge in maintaining functional hepatocytes in vivo as these cells rapidly lose their metabolic properties in culture. In this work we have developed a bioengineered platform that replaces the use of the collagen I--in the traditional culture sandwich technique--by a defined extracellular matrix analogue, the self-assembling peptide hydrogel RAD16-I functionalized with biologically active motifs. Thus, after examining side by side the two culture systems we have found that in both cases hepatocytes acquired similar parenchymal morphology, presence of functional bile canaliculi structures, CYP3A2 induction by dexamethasone, urea production, secretion of proteins such as apolipoprotein (class A1, E, J), alpha(1)-microglobulin, alpha(1)-macroglobulin, retinol binding protein, fibronectin, alpha(1)-inhibitor III and biotin-dependent carboxylases. Interestingly, by assessing in more detail some other hepatic markers, one of the functionalized matrix analogues--carrying the 67 kD laminin receptor ligand--enhanced the gene expression of albumin, HNF4-alpha, MDR2 and tyrosine aminotransferase. We conclude that the use of a synthetic culture system with designed matrix functionalization has the advantage in controlling specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Genové
- Barcelona Bioengineering Center, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Yin J, Meng Q, Zhang G, Sun Y. Differential methotrexate hepatotoxicity on rat hepatocytes in 2-D monolayer culture and 3-D gel entrapment culture. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:368-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zollner G, Trauner M. Nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets in cholestatic liver diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:7-27. [PMID: 19133988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis results in intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids, which cause liver damage ultimately leading to biliary fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cholestatic liver injury is counteracted by a variety of adaptive hepatoprotective mechanisms including alterations in bile acid transport, synthesis and detoxification. The underlying molecular mechanisms are mediated mainly at a transcriptional level via a complex network involving nuclear receptors including the farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, vitamin D receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, which target overlapping, although not identical, sets of genes. Because the intrinsic adaptive response to bile acids cannot fully prevent liver injury in cholestasis, therapeutic targeting of these receptors via specific and potent agonists may further enhance the hepatic defence against toxic bile acids. Activation of these receptors results in repression of bile acid synthesis, induction of phases I and II bile acid hydroxylation and conjugation and stimulation of alternative bile acid export while limiting hepatocellular bile acid import. Furthermore, the use of nuclear receptor ligands may not only influence bile acid transport and metabolism but may also directly target hepatic fibrogenesis and inflammation. Many drugs already used to treat cholestasis and its complications such as pruritus (e.g. ursodeoxycholic acid, rifampicin, fibrates) may act via activation of nuclear receptors. More specific and potent nuclear receptor ligands are currently being developed. This article will review the current knowledge on nuclear receptors and their potential role in the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Zollner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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21
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Richert L, Tuschl G, Abadie C, Blanchard N, Pekthong D, Mantion G, Weber JC, Mueller S. Use of mRNA expression to detect the induction of drug metabolising enzymes in rat and human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Different sources of hepatic tissue, including whole or split livers from organ donors or from cadavers, waste liver from therapeutic hepatectomies or small-sized surgical biopsies, can be successfully used to prepare human hepatocytes cultures. The two-step collagenase perfusion remains the most effective way to isolate high yields of viable hepatocytes from human liver samples that express many typical hepatic functions, among them drug-metabolising (detoxification) enzymes, when placed in primary culture. Once isolated, human hepatocytes cultured in monolayer in chemically defined conditions (serum-free) survive for limited periods of time gradually losing their differentiated phenotype, in particular the drug-metabolising enzymes. Supplementation of chemically defined media with growth factors, hormones and other specific additives has been used with variable success to extend hepatocyte survival and functionality in culture. Other culture improvements include the use of extracellular components to coat plates or to entrap cells. Conditions for short-term monolayer cultures, allowing the maintenance of liver-specific functions for approximately 1 week, are now well established. Cultures on plastic dishes coated with extracellular matrix components (i.e. Matrigel(TM), collagen, fibronectin or mixture of collagen and fibronectin) do meet many of the requirements for short-term incubation experiments, without adding too much complexity to the system. Practical details on how to carry out these cultures and to assess their functionality (CYP activity and ureogenesis) are discussed in this chapter.
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23
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Parasrampuria R, Mehvar R. Hepatobiliary disposition of rhodamine 123 in isolated perfused rat livers. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1263-73. [PMID: 18798123 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802411421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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van de Water FM, Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Function and Regulation of Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs) in the Renal Elimination of Organic Anions. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 37:443-71. [PMID: 16257830 DOI: 10.1080/03602530500205275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The reabsorptive and excretory capacity of the kidney has an important influence on the systemic concentration of drugs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP/ABCC) expressed in the kidney play a critical role in the tubular efflux of a wide variety of drugs and toxicants, and, in particular, of their negatively charged phase II metabolites. Nine structurally and functionally related MRP family members have been identified (MRP1-9), which differ from each other by their localization, expression levels, and substrate specificity. During altered physiological circumstances, adaptations in these transporters are required to avoid systemic toxicity as well as renal tubular damage. Key players in these events are hormones, protein kinases, nuclear receptors, and disease conditions, which all may affect transporter protein expression levels. This review discusses current knowledge on the renal characteristics of MRP1-9, with specific focus on their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M van de Water
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 233, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Stahl S, Davies MR, Cook DI, Graham MJ. Nuclear hormone receptor-dependent regulation of hepatic transporters and their role in the adaptive response in cholestasis. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:725-77. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. An update on metabolism studies using human hepatocytes in primary culture. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:837-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Liu Y, Havinga R, VAN DER Leij FR, Boverhof R, Sauer PJJ, Kuipers F, Stellaard F. Dexamethasone exposure of neonatal rats modulates biliary lipid secretion and hepatic expression of genes controlling bile acid metabolism in adulthood without interfering with primary bile acid kinetics. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:375-81. [PMID: 18356742 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318165b8af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Literature suggests that glucocorticoid (GC) exposure during early life may have long-term consequences into adult life. GCs are known to influence hepatic bile acid synthesis and their transport within the enterohepatic circulation. This study addresses effects of early postnatal exposure to GC on hepatic expression of key genes in bile acid metabolism and bile acid kinetics in adult rats. Male rats were treated with either dexamethasone (DEX) or saline at days 1-3 d after birth. Liver tissue and blood were collected from 2 d to 50 wk of age. Bile acid kinetics were determined at week 8. DEX acutely induced hepatic mRNA levels of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27), and in particular sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1), whereas expression of the bile acid transporters bile salt export pump (Bsep) and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) was moderately affected. Neonatal DEX administration led to increased bilary lipid secretion, decreased Cyp8B1 mRNA expression and a 3-fold higher Cyp7a1/Cyp8b1 mRNA ratio in rats at week 8 compared with age-matched controls without alterations in bile acid kinetics. Therefore, neonatal DEX administration causes altered gene expressions later in life that are not translated into quantitative changes in bile acid kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Morikawa H, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Comparison of Inducibility of Multidrug Resistance (MDR)1, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein (MRP)1, and MRP2 mRNAs by Prototypical Microsomal Enzyme Inducers in Primary Cultures of Human and Cynomolgus Monkey Hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2068-72. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tetsuo Satoh
- Ina Research Inc
- Non-Profit Organization Human & Animal Bridging Research Institute, Ichikawa General Hospital
| | - Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinsaku Naito
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
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29
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Lee JK, Leslie EM, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Brouwer KLR. Modulation of trabectedin (ET-743) hepatobiliary disposition by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps) may prevent hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 228:17-23. [PMID: 18191164 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Trabectedin is a promising anticancer agent, but dose-limiting hepatotoxicity was observed during phase I/II clinical trials. Dexamethasone (DEX) has been shown to significantly reduce trabectedin-mediated hepatotoxicity. The current study was designed to assess the capability of sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes (SCRH) to predict the hepato-protective effect of DEX against trabectedin-mediated cytotoxicity. The role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2; Abcc2) in trabectedin hepatic disposition also was examined. In SCRH from wild-type Wistar rats, cytotoxicity was observed after 24-h continuous exposure to trabectedin. SCRH pretreated with additional DEX (1 microM) exhibited a 2- to 3-fold decrease in toxicity at 100 nM and 1000 nM trabectedin. Unexpectedly, toxicity in SCRH from Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) compared to wild-type Wistar rats was markedly reduced. Depletion of glutathione from SCRH using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) mitigated trabectedin toxicity associated with 100 nM and 1000 nM trabectedin. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased levels of CYP3A1/2 and Mrp2 in SCRH pretreated with DEX; interestingly, Mrp4 expression was increased in SCRH after BSO exposure. Trabectedin biliary recovery in isolated perfused livers from TR(-) rats was decreased by approximately 75% compared to wild-type livers. In conclusion, SCRH represent a useful in vitro model to predict the hepatotoxicity of trabectedin observed in vivo. The protection by DEX against trabectedin-mediated cytotoxicity may be attributed, in part, to enhanced Mrp2 biliary excretion and increased metabolism by CYP3A1/2. Decreased trabectedin toxicity in SCRH from TR(-) rats, and in SCRH pretreated with BSO, may be due to increased basolateral excretion of trabectedin by Mrp3 and/or Mrp4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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30
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Abstract
In vitro drug metabolism studies, which are inexpensive and readily carried out, serve as an adequate screening mechanism to characterize drug metabolites, elucidate their pathways, and make suggestions for further in vivo testing. This publication is a sequel to part I in a series and aims at providing a general framework to guide designs and protocols of the in vitro drug metabolism studies considered good practice in an efficient manner such that it would help researchers avoid common pitfalls and misleading results. The in vitro models include hepatic and non-hepatic microsomes, cDNA-expressed recombinant human CYPs expressed in insect cells or human B lymphoblastoid, chemical P450 inhibitors, S9 fraction, hepatocytes and liver slices. Important conditions for conducting the in vitro drug metabolism studies using these models are stated, including relevant concentrations of enzymes, co-factors, inhibitors and test drugs; time of incubation and sampling in order to establish kinetics of reactions; appropriate control settings, buffer selection and method validation. Separate in vitro data should be logically integrated to explain results from animal and human studies and to provide insights into the nature and consequences of in vivo drug metabolism. This article offers technical information and data and addresses scientific rationales and practical skills related to in vitro evaluation of drug metabolism to meet regulatory requirements for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jia
- Toxicology & Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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31
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Cheng X, Buckley D, Klaassen CD. Regulation of hepatic bile acid transporters Ntcp and Bsep expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1665-76. [PMID: 17897632 PMCID: PMC2740811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and bile salt export pump (Bsep) are two key transporters for hepatic bile acid uptake and excretion. Alterations in Ntcp and Bsep expression have been reported in pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, the effects of age, gender, and various chemicals on the regulation of these two transporters were characterized in mice. Ntcp and Bsep mRNA levels in mouse liver were low in the fetus, but increased to its highest expression at parturition. After birth, mouse Ntcp and Bsep mRNA decreased by more than 50%, and then gradually increased to adult levels by day 30. Expression of mouse Ntcp mRNA and protein exhibit higher levels in female than male livers. No gender difference exists in BSEP/Bsep expression in human and mouse livers. Hormone replacements conducted in gonadectomized, hypophysectomized, and lit/lit mice indicate that female-predominant Ntcp expression in mouse liver is due to the inhibitory effect of male-pattern GH secretion, but not sex hormones. Ntcp and Bsep expression are in general resistant to induction by a large battery of microsomal enzyme inducers. Administration of cholestyramine increased Ntcp, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) increased Bsep mRNA expression. In conclusion, mouse Ntcp and Bsep are regulated by age, gender, cholestyramine, and bile acid, but resistant to induction by most microsomal enzyme inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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32
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Kienhuis AS, Wortelboer HM, Maas WJ, van Herwijnen M, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM, Stierum RH. A sandwich-cultured rat hepatocyte system with increased metabolic competence evaluated by gene expression profiling. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:892-901. [PMID: 17336492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid decline of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme activities remains a drawback of rat hepatocyte-based in vitro cultures. Consequently, judgment of the toxic potential of compounds that need bioactivation by CYP450s may not be adequate using this model. In the present study, an improved hepatocyte-based in vitro system was developed with special focus on metabolic competence. Therefore, a mixture of CYP450 inducers, phenobarbital, dexamethasone and beta-naphthoflavone, was added to culture medium of sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. The resulting modified model was evaluated by comparing its genome-wide expression profiles with liver and a standard model without the inducer mixture. Metabolic capacity for CYP450 enzymes showed that the modified model resembled more closely the in vivo situation. Gene expression results revealed large differences between in vivo and both in vitro models. The slight differences between the two sandwich models were predominantly represented by gene expression changes in CYP450s. Importantly, in the modified model, expression ratios of the phase I and the majority of phase II genes more closely resembled liver in vivo. The CYP450 enzyme activities corresponded with gene expression data. In conclusion, for toxicological applications using sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, the modified model may be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kienhuis
- Business Unit Biosciences, TNO Quality of Life, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
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33
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Hewitt NJ, Lechón MJG, Houston JB, Hallifax D, Brown HS, Maurel P, Kenna JG, Gustavsson L, Lohmann C, Skonberg C, Guillouzo A, Tuschl G, Li AP, LeCluyse E, Groothuis GMM, Hengstler JG. Primary hepatocytes: current understanding of the regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins, and pharmaceutical practice for the use of hepatocytes in metabolism, enzyme induction, transporter, clearance, and hepatotoxicity studies. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:159-234. [PMID: 17364884 DOI: 10.1080/03602530601093489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review brings you up-to-date with the hepatocyte research on: 1) in vitro-in vivo correlations of metabolism and clearance; 2) CYP enzyme induction, regulation, and cross-talk using human hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cell lines; 3) the function and regulation of hepatic transporters and models used to elucidate their role in drug clearance; 4) mechanisms and examples of idiosyncratic and intrinsic hepatotoxicity; and 5) alternative cell systems to primary human hepatocytes. We also report pharmaceutical perspectives of these topics and compare methods and interpretations for the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Hewitt
- Scientific Writing Services, Wingertstrasse, Erzhausen, Germany.
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34
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Suzuki E, Kawano Y, Nakayama M, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Regulation of mRNA expression of MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 by prototypical microsomal enzyme inducers in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 21:297-307. [PMID: 16946557 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA induction of various transporters by rifampicin (Rif), dexamethasone (Dex) and omeprazole (Ome) was investigated in primary cultures of cryopreserved human and rat hepatocytes. Analysis was performed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using primers and TaqMan probes. In primary cultures of human hepatocytes, mRNA levels of MDR and MRP1 were increased by about 1.5 fold and 1.3 fold, respectively, by exposure to Rif at 2 to 50 microM as compared with 0.1% DMSO-treated controls. MRP2 mRNA levels in the same human hepatocytes were significantly increased by 1.2 to 1.8 fold by exposure to Rif at 50 microM as compared with controls. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Mdr1a and Mdr1b mRNA levels were not increased or only slightly increased at 24 hr by exposure to any of the inducers at 2, 10 or 50 microM. Mrp2 mRNA levels in the same rat hepatocytes were significantly increased by 7 to 45 fold by exposure to Dex at 2 microM as compared with controls. Based on the species differences observed in the present study, primary cultures of cryopreserved hepatocytes from both the human and rat should be useful in preclinical drug development for evaluating candidate drugs for transporter induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuhiro Nishimura
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan.
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35
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Ghibellini G, Leslie EM, Brouwer KL. Methods to evaluate biliary excretion of drugs in humans: an updated review. Mol Pharm 2006; 3:198-211. [PMID: 16749853 PMCID: PMC2572858 DOI: 10.1021/mp060011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Determining the biliary clearance of drugs in humans is very challenging because bile is not readily accessible due to the anatomy of the hepatobiliary tract. The collection of bile usually is limited to postsurgical patients with underlying hepatobiliary disease. In healthy subjects, feces typically are used as a surrogate to quantify the amount of drug excreted via nonurinary pathways. Nevertheless, it is very important to characterize hepatobiliary elimination because this is a potential site of drug interactions that might result in significant alterations in systemic or hepatic exposure. In addition to the determination of in vivo biliary clearance values of drugs, the availability of in vitro models that can predict the extent of biliary excretion of drugs in humans may be a powerful tool in the preclinical stages of drug development. In this review, recent advances in the most commonly used in vivo methods to estimate biliary excretion of drugs in humans are outlined. Additionally, in vitro models that can be employed to investigate the molecular processes involved in biliary excretion are discussed to present an updated picture of the new tools and techniques that are available to study the complex processes involved in hepatic drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim L.R. Brouwer
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Corresponding Author: Kim L.R. Brouwer, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Telephone: 919-962-7030 Fax: 919-962-0644
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36
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Turncliff RZ, Hoffmaster KA, Kalvass JC, Pollack GM, Brouwer KLR. Hepatobiliary Disposition of a Drug/Metabolite Pair: Comprehensive Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:881-9. [PMID: 16690724 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics may involve passive and/or active uptake, metabolism by cytochromes P450, and excretion of the parent compound and/or metabolite(s) into bile. Although in vitro systems have been used to evaluate these individual processes discretely, mechanistic in vitro studies of the sequential processes of uptake, metabolism, and biliary or basolateral excretion are limited. The current studies used sandwich-cultured (SC) rat hepatocytes combined with a comprehensive pharmacokinetic modeling approach to investigate the hepatobiliary disposition of terfenadine and fexofenadine, a model drug/metabolite pair. The metabolism of terfenadine and the biliary excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were determined in control and dexamethasone-treated SC rat hepatocytes. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment increased the formation rates of the terfenadine metabolites azacyclonol and fexofenadine approximately 20- and 2-fold, respectively. The biliary excretion index (BEI) of fexofenadine, when generated by terfenadine metabolism, was not significantly different from the BEI of preformed fexofenadine (15 +/- 2% versus 19 +/- 2%, respectively). Pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that the rate constant for hepatocyte uptake was faster for terfenadine compared with preformed fexofenadine (2.5 versus 0.08 h(-1), respectively), whereas the biliary excretion rate constant for preformed fexofenadine exceeded that of terfenadine (0.44 versus 0.039 h(-1), respectively). Interestingly, the rate constants for basolateral excretion of terfenadine and fexofenadine were comparable (3.2 versus 1.9 h(-1), respectively) and increased only slightly with DEX treatment. These studies demonstrate the utility of the SC hepatocyte model, coupled with pharmacokinetic modeling, to evaluate the hepatobiliary disposition of generated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Z Turncliff
- School of Pharmacy, Kerr Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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37
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Tian X, Zhang P, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Brouwer KLR. Knocking down transport: applications of RNA interference in the study of drug transport proteins. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 37:705-23. [PMID: 16393889 DOI: 10.1080/03602530500364098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing process mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The silencing process is comprised of an initiation step, in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is introduced to the cell, and an effector step, which involves degrading mRNA molecules of the target gene. RNA interference has been observed in most organisms from plants to vertebrates. As a gene silencing approach, RNAi has proven to be extremely useful in characterizing gene function and developing new tools in cancer therapy and drug delivery. The development of RNAi-related technologies is an emerging area in biomedical research. In this review, recent progress in the application of RNAi to the study of transport proteins is summarized and evaluated; the advantages, disadvantages and future directions of RNAi technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Tian
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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38
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Christians U, Strom T, Zhang YL, Steudel W, Schmitz V, Trump S, Haschke M. Active Drug Transport of Immunosuppressants. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:39-44. [PMID: 16418692 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000183385.27394.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressants have a narrow therapeutic index, and pharmacokinetic variability negatively affects long-term outcome of transplantation. Recently, it has become clear that active transport is a major determinant of the inter-and intraindividual variability of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressants. Active transport plays a key role in (1) the poor correlation between oral doses and systemic exposure of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus, (2) tissue distribution including distribution into lymphocytes, (3) hepatic and intestinal metabolism, (4) the pharmacokinetic variability of immunosuppressants after oral dosing, (5) drug-drug interactions, (6) disease-drug interactions, and (7) age, gender, and ethnicity-based differences in pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants. Those new insights may significantly improve patient management and long-term outcome not only by reducing pharmacokinetic variability and avoidance of drug-drug interactions but also by identification of sensitive patient populations. They will also significantly impact preclinical and clinical development strategies of new immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Christians
- Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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39
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Martignoni M, de Kanter R, Grossi P, Mahnke A, Saturno G, Monshouwer M. An in vivo and in vitro comparison of CYP induction in rat liver and intestine using slices and quantitative RT-PCR. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 151:1-11. [PMID: 15607757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics, including drugs, can influence cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity by upregulating the transcription of CYP genes. To minimize potential drug interactions, it is important to ascertain whether a compound will be an inducer of CYP enzymes early in the development of new therapeutic agents. In vivo and in vitro studies are reported that demonstrate the use of liver and intestinal slices as an in vitro model to predict potential CYP induction in vivo. Rat liver slices and intestinal slices were incubated, for 24 h and 6 h, respectively, with beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF), phenobarbital (PB) or dexamethasone (DEX). In an in vivo study, rats were treated with the same compounds for 3 days. In vivo and in vitro CYP mRNA levels were measured by using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, CYP enzyme activities were determined in rat liver slices after 48 h incubation. In both rat liver and intestinal slices, betaNF significantly induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2B1 mRNA levels. PB significantly induced CYP2B1. In liver slices a minor induction of CYP1A1 and CYP3A1 by PB was observed, whereas DEX significantly induced CYP3A1, CYP2B1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels. The induction profiles (qualitative and quantitative) observed in vivo and in vitro are quite similar. All together, these data demonstrate that liver and intestinal slices are a useful and predictive tool to study CYP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martignoni
- Preclinical Development, Nerviano Medical Science, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy.
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40
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Maines LW, Antonetti DA, Wolpert EB, Smith CD. Evaluation of the role of P-glycoprotein in the uptake of paroxetine, clozapine, phenytoin and carbamazapine by bovine retinal endothelial cells. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49:610-7. [PMID: 15961125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the drug transport proteins, including P-glycoprotein (Pgp), in the brain vascular endothelium represents a challenge for the effective delivery of drugs for the treatment of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders including depression, schizophrenia and epilepsy. It has been hypothesized that Pgp plays a major role in drug efflux at the blood-brain barrier, and may be an underlying factor in the variable responses of patients to CNS drugs. However, the role of Pgp in the transport of many CNS drugs has not been directly demonstrated. To explore the role of Pgp in drug transport across an endothelial cell barrier derived from the central nervous system, the expression and activity of Pgp in bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) and the effects of representative CNS drugs on Pgp activity were examined. Significant Pgp expression in BRECs was demonstrated by western analyses, and expression was increased by treatment of the cells with hydrocortisone. Intracellular accumulation of the well-characterized Pgp-substrate Taxol was markedly increased by the non-selective transporter inhibitor verapamil and the Pgp-selective antagonist PGP-4008, demonstrating that Pgp is active in these endothelial cells. In contrast, neither verapamil nor PGP-4008 affected the intracellular accumulation of [3H]paroxetine, [14C]phenytoin, [3H]clozapine or [14C]carbamazapine, indicating that these drugs are not substrates for Pgp. Paroxetine, clozapine and phenytoin were shown to be Pgp inhibitors, while carbamazapine did not inhibit Pgp at any concentration tested. These results indicate that Pgp is not likely to modulate patient responses to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn W Maines
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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41
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Fardel O, Jigorel E, Le Vee M, Payen L. Physiological, pharmacological and clinical features of the multidrug resistance protein 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:104-14. [PMID: 15795103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) is a drug efflux pump belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. MRP2 is present predominantly at the biliary pole of hepatocytes and is also expressed in the kidney and intestine. It plays a major role in hepato-biliary elimination of many structurally diverse xenobiotics, including organic anions and drug conjugates, and therefore most likely contributes to pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds. MRP2 also handles endogenous molecules such as bilirubin, and its overexpression has been shown to confer a multidrug resistance phenotype to tumoral cells. MRP2 expression can be regulated by endogenous substances such as inflammatory cytokines and biliary acids. The MRP2 levels and activity can also be affected by a large panel of xenobiotics, including chemopreventive agents and ligands of the pregnane X receptor, which may be a potential source of drug-drug interactions and drug adverse effects. MRP2 appears therefore as one of the major drug efflux pumps of the organism, whose functional and regulatory features are important to consider, notably for drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fardel
- Inserm U620, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue Professeur Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France.
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42
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Annaert PP, Brouwer KLR. ASSESSMENT OF DRUG INTERACTIONS IN HEPATOBILIARY TRANSPORT USING RHODAMINE 123 IN SANDWICH-CULTURED RAT HEPATOCYTES. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 33:388-94. [PMID: 15608134 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to explore the utility of sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes as an in vitro tool to examine drug interactions at the hepatic transport level. Rhodamine 123 was used as a model substrate for P-glycoprotein-mediated biliary excretion. Effects of various types of P-glycoprotein modulation on the biliary excretion index (BEI; a relative measure of the extent of biliary excretion) and the in vitro biliary clearance (CL(bile)) were determined. Significant reductions in rhodamine 123 BEI and CL(bile) were noted in the presence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitors verapamil (30-100 microM) and progesterone (100 microM). The P-glycoprotein activator quercetin (10-100 microM) enhanced rhodamine 123 CL(bile) by approximately 4-fold, with only a minor effect on BEI, suggesting that quercetin had a more pronounced effect on uptake at the basolateral membrane rather than excretion across the canalicular membrane. Treatment of hepatocytes for 48 h with dexamethasone (10 microM) resulted in significant enhancement of CL(bile), whereas rifampin (5-50 microM) increased both BEI and CL(bile), indicating that the inducing effects of dexamethasone and rifampin were occurring at the basolateral and canalicular membranes, respectively. Total rhodamine 123 uptake in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes was partly saturable and was affected by the presence of typical Oatp1a4 substrates (digoxin, quinine, d-verapamil, 17beta-estradiol-d-17beta-glucuronide). In summary, sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes are a useful tool to study mechanisms of hepatobiliary drug disposition and to predict the potential for drug interactions in hepatic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P Annaert
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, CB# 7360 Kerr Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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