1
|
Drexel M, Sperk G. Seizure-induced overexpression of NPY induces epileptic tolerance in a mouse model of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974784. [PMID: 36311021 PMCID: PMC9608171 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures result in pronounced over-expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY). In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that NPY exerts potent anticonvulsive actions through presynaptic Y2 receptors by suppressing glutamate release from principal neurons. We now investigated whether seizure-induced over-expression of NPY contributes to epileptic tolerance induced by preceding seizures. We used a previously established animal model based on selective inhibition of GABA release from parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons in the subiculum in mice. The animals present spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and clusters of interictal spikes (IS). The frequency of SRS declined after five to six weeks, indicating development of seizure tolerance. In interneurons of the subiculum and sector CA1, SRS induced over-expression of NPY that persisted there for a prolonged time despite of a later decrease in SRS frequency. In contrast to NPY, somatostatin was not overexpressed in the respective axon terminals. Contrary to interneurons, NPY was only transiently expressed in mossy fibers. To demonstrate a protective function of endogenous, over-expressed NPY, we injected the selective NPY-Y2 receptor antagonist JNJ 5207787 simultaneously challenging the mice by a low dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 30 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.). In control mice, neither PTZ nor PTZ plus JNJ 5207787 induced convulsions. In mice with silenced GABA/PV neurons, PTZ alone only modestly enhanced EEG activity. When we injected JNJ 5207787 together with PTZ (either dose) the number of seizures, however, became significantly increased. In addition, in the epileptic mice CB1 receptor immunoreactivity was reduced in terminal areas of basket cells pointing to reduced presynaptic inhibition of GABA release from these neurons. Our experiments demonstrate that SRS result in overexpression of NPY in hippocampal interneurons. NPY overexpression persists for several weeks and may be related to later decreasing SRS frequency. Injection of the Y2 receptor antagonist JNJ 5207787 prevents this protective action of NPY only when release of the peptide is triggered by injection of PTZ and induces pronounced convulsions. Thus, over-expressed NPY released “on demand” by seizures may help terminating acute seizures and may prevent from recurrent epileptic activity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Domin H. Neuropeptide Y Y2 and Y5 receptors as potential targets for neuroprotective and antidepressant therapies: Evidence from preclinical studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110349. [PMID: 33991587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no effective treatment either for neurological illnesses (ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases) or psychiatric disorders (depression), in which the Glu/GABA balance is disturbed and accompanied by significant excitotoxicity. Therefore, the search for new and effective therapeutic strategies is imperative for these disorders. Studies conducted over the last several years indicate that the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic system may be a potential therapeutic target for neuroprotective or antidepressant compounds. This review focuses on the neuroprotective roles of Y2 and Y5 receptors (YRs) in neurological disorders such as ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and in psychiatric disorders such as depression. It summarizes current knowledge on the possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective or antidepressant-like actions of Y2R and Y5R ligands. The review also discusses ligands acting at Y2R and Y5R and their limitations as in vivo pharmacological tools. The results from the preclinical studies discussed here may be useful in developing effective therapeutic strategies to treat neurological diseases on the one hand and psychiatric disorders on the other, and may pave the way for the development of novel Y2R and Y5R ligands as candidate drugs for the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Domin
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 31-343 Kraków, 12 Smętna Street, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Zhou W, He Y, Yang T, Xu P, Yang Y, Cai X, Wang J, Liu H, Yu M, Liang C, Yang T, Liu H, Fukuda M, Tong Q, Wu Q, Sun Z, He Y, Xu Y. AgRP neurons trigger long-term potentiation and facilitate food seeking. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 33414382 PMCID: PMC7791100 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient feeding is essential for animals' survival, which requires a cognitive capability to facilitate food seeking, but the neurobiological processes regulating food seeking are not fully understood. Here we show that stimulation of agouti-related peptide-expressing (AgRP) neurons triggers a long-term depression (LTD) of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) in adjacent pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and in most of their distant synaptic targets, including neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). The AgRP-induced sEPCS LTD can be enhanced by fasting but blunted by satiety signals, e.g. leptin and insulin. Mice subjected to food-seeking tasks develop similar neural plasticity in AgRP-innervated PVT neurons. Further, ablation of the majority of AgRP neurons, or only a subset of AgRP neurons that project to the PVT, impairs animals' ability to associate spatial and contextual cues with food availability during food seeking. A similar impairment can be also induced by optogenetic inhibition of the AgRP→PVT projections. Together, these results indicate that the AgRP→PVT circuit is necessary for food seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yang He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tiffany Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xing Cai
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Julia Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hailan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Functional deletion of neuropeptide Y receptors type 2 in local synaptic networks of anteroventral BNST facilitates recall and increases return of fear. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2900-2911. [PMID: 32709995 PMCID: PMC8505243 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Return of previously extinguished fear memories presents a major hurdle in treatment of fear-related disorders. Neuropeptide Y receptors type 2 (Y2R) in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) seem to play a crucial role in modulation of remote fear memories. Here, we targeted Cre-channelrhodopsin-2 to defined subregions of BNST or central amygdala (CeA) in floxed Y2R mice (Y2lox/lox) for functional deletion of Y2R. We combined fear training and behavioral studies in vivo with optogenetic-electrophysiological analysis of BNST synaptic network activity ex vivo, in order to identify regional and cellular specificities of Y2R influence. Deletion of Y2R in the ventral section of anterior BNST (BNSTav) did not affect fear acquisition, but increased conditioned fear during recall and extinction learning, and aggravated remote fear return. By contrast, deletion of Y2R in the dorsal section of anterior BNST (BNSTad) or CeA did not influence acquisition, extinction or return of fear memories. Ex vivo optogenetic-electrophysiological analysis revealed Y2R-expressing local GABAergic inhibitory networks in BNST, both within (intraregional) and in-between (inter-regional) BNST subregions. Stimulation of Y2R resulted in a presynaptically mediated reduction of GABAergic responses, which did not differ between intraregional but predominantly affected inter-regional connections from BNSTav to BNSTad. Moreover, deletion of Y2R decreased the excitation/inhibition balance in BNSTav neurons, suggesting a regulatory influence of endogenous NPY via intraregional GABAergic microcircuits. This study reveals Y2R within local GABAergic networks in BNST as key elements in facilitating extinction and reducing return of remote fear memories, suggesting a potential avenue for translational purposes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Seldeen KL, Halley PG, Volmar CH, Rodríguez MA, Hernandez M, Pang M, Carlsson SK, Suva LJ, Wahlestedt C, Troen BR, Brothers SP. Neuropeptide Y Y2 antagonist treated ovariectomized mice exhibit greater bone mineral density. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:45-55. [PMID: 29129406 PMCID: PMC5805636 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by progressive bone loss and increased risk of fracture, often results from menopausal loss of estrogen in women. Neuropeptide Y has been shown to negatively regulate bone formation, with amygdala specific deletion of the Y2 receptor resulting in increased bone mass in mice. In this study, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were injected once daily with JNJ-31020028, a brain penetrant Y2 receptor small molecule antagonist to determine the effects on bone formation. Antagonist treated mice had reduced weight and showed increased whole-body bone mineral density compared to vehicle-injected mice. Micro computerized tomography (micro-CT) demonstrated increased vertebral trabecular bone volume, connectivity density and trabecular thickness. Femoral micro-CT analysis revealed increased bone volume within trabecular regions and greater trabecular number, without significant difference in other parameters or within cortical regions. A decrease was seen in serum P1NP, a measure used to confirm positive treatment outcomes in bisphosphonate treated patients. C-terminal telopeptide 1 (CTX-1), a blood biomarker of bone resorption, was decreased in treated animals. The higher bone mineral density observed following Y2 antagonist treatment, as determined by whole-body DEXA scanning, is indicative of either enhanced mineralization or reduced bone loss. Additionally, our findings that ex vivo treatment of bone marrow cells with the Y2 antagonist did not affect osteoblast and osteoclast formation suggests the inhibitor is not affecting these cells directly, and suggests a central role for compound action in this system. Our results support the involvement of Y2R signalling in bone metabolism and give credence to the hypothesis that selective pharmacological manipulation of Y2R may provide anabolic benefits for treating osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Seldeen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - P G Halley
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C H Volmar
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M A Rodríguez
- Bruce W. Carter VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Hernandez
- Bruce W. Carter VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Pang
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S K Carlsson
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - L J Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas Medical School, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - C Wahlestedt
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - B R Troen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S P Brothers
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burkert K, Zellmann T, Meier R, Kaiser A, Stichel J, Meiler J, Mittapalli GK, Roberts E, Beck-Sickinger AG. A Deep Hydrophobic Binding Cavity is the Main Interaction for Different Y 2 R Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2016; 12:75-85. [PMID: 27874262 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2 R) is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as epilepsy, mood disorders, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Therefore, the Y2 R is an interesting target for drug development. A detailed understanding of the binding pocket could facilitate the development of highly selective antagonists to study the role of Y2 R in vitro and in vivo. In this study, several residues crucial to the interaction of BIIE0246 and SF-11 derivatives with Y2 R were investigated by signal transduction assays. Using the experimental results as constraints, the antagonists were docked into a comparative structural model of the Y2 R. Despite differences in size and structure, all three antagonists display a similar binding site, including a deep hydrophobic cavity formed by transmembrane helices (TM) 4, 5, and 6, as well as a hydrophobic patch at the top of TM2 and 7. Additionally, we suggest that the antagonists block Q3.32 , a position that has been shown to be crucial for binding of the amidated C terminus of NPY and thus for receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Burkert
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - René Meier
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Gopi K Mittapalli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Winterdahl M, Audrain H, Landau AM, Smith DF, Bonaventure P, Shoblock JR, Carruthers N, Swanson D, Bender D. PET brain imaging of neuropeptide Y2 receptors using N-11C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 in pigs. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:635-9. [PMID: 24614224 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.125351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neuropeptide Y2 (NPY2) receptors are implicated in diverse brain disorders, but no suitable PET radiotracers are currently available for studying NPY2 receptors in the living brain. We developed a novel positron-emitting radioligand based on the NPY2 receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028 (N-(4-(4-[2-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]piperazin-1-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridin-3-ylbenzamide) and used the radiotracer for PET brain imaging in pigs. METHODS In vitro receptor autoradiography studies were performed to establish the anatomic distribution of NPY2 receptors in the pig brain. In vivo, baseline 90-min PET recordings of N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 were conducted in anesthetized Yorkshire x Landrace pigs, concurrent with arterial blood sampling. Postchallenge scans were conducted after injection of unlabeled JNJ-31020028 as a pharmacologic intervention. Cyclosporine A was used to enhance levels of the PET radiotracer in the brain. The PET images were manually coregistered to a MR imaging atlas of the pig brain. Maps of the N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 volume of distribution in the brain were prepared, and regional binding potentials of NPY2 receptors toward the radioligand were calculated using the simplified reference tissue method. RESULTS In autoradiography studies, N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 receptor binding sites were observed primarily in the hippocampus and were inhibited by unlabeled JNJ-31020028. In PET studies, N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 was metabolized slowly in the bloodstream, with 25% of the (11)C-labeled parent compound remaining 30 min after injection. PET imaging showed baseline binding potentials of 0.64 ± 0.07 in the thalamus, 0.55 ± 0.02 in the caudate, and 0.49 ± 0.03 in the hippocampus. Graphical reference region analyses demonstrated that N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 binding was reversible; infusion of unlabeled JNJ-31020028 markedly displaced the PET radioligand from binding sites in the hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum but not in the corpus callosum, which served as reference region for nonspecific binding. CONCLUSION N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 has several suitable properties for PET neuroimaging of NPY2 receptors. First, it is metabolized slowly in the bloodstream of pigs. Second, using cyclosporine, the target-to-background ratio of N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 is sufficient for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters. Third, N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 binds reversibly and competitively to cerebral sites known to contain relatively high numbers of NPY2 receptors, such as the hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. Fourth, white matter such as corpus callosum, known to contain negligible numbers of NPY2 receptors, can serve as a reference region for estimating binding potentials in brain regions. To our knowledge, there is no other radioligand with these favorable properties and with this specificity for NPY2 receptors, which makes N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 the first candidate radioligand for PET investigations of NPY2 receptors in the living brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Winterdahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ligands of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:430-41. [PMID: 24365162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian brain and exerts a variety of physiological processes in humans via four different receptor subtypes Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. Y2 receptor is the most abundant Y subtype receptor in the central nervous system and implicated with food intake, bone formation, affective disorders, alcohol and drugs of abuse, epilepsy, pain, and cancer. The lack of small molecule non-peptidic Y2 receptor modulators suitable as in vivo pharmacological tools hampered the progress to uncover the precise pharmacological role of Y2. Only in recent years, several potent, selective and non-peptidic Y2 antagonists have been discovered providing the tools to validate Y2 receptor as a therapeutic target. This Letter reviews Y2 receptor modulators mainly non-peptidic antagonists and their structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
|
10
|
Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu B, Fällmar H, Boukharta L, Pruner J, Lundell I, Mohell N, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Aqvist J, Larhammar D. Mutagenesis and computational modeling of human G-protein-coupled receptor Y2 for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7987-98. [PMID: 24111902 DOI: 10.1021/bi400830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY receptor type 2 (Y2) is involved in appetite regulation and several other physiological processes. We have investigated the structure of the human Y2 receptor. Computational modeling of receptor-agonist interactions was used as a guide to design a series of receptor mutants, followed by binding assays using full-length and truncated peptide agonists and the Y2-specific antagonist BIIE0246. Our model suggested a hydrogen bond network among highly conserved residues Thr2.61, Gln3.32, and His7.39, which could play roles in ligand binding and/or receptor structure. In addition, the C-terminus of the peptide could make contact with residues Tyr5.38 and Leu6.51. Mutagenesis of all these positions, followed by binding assays, provides experimental support for our computational model: most of the mutants for the residues forming the proposed hydrogen bond network displayed reduced peptide agonist affinities as well as reduced hPYY3-36 potency in a functional assay. The Ala and Leu mutants of Gln3.32 and His7.39 disrupted membrane expression of the receptor. Combined with the modeling, the experimental results support roles for these hydrogen bond network residues in peptide binding as well as receptor architecture. The reduced agonist affinity for mutants of Tyr5.38 and Leu6.51 supports their role in a binding pocket surrounding the invariant tyrosine at position 36 of the peptide ligands. The results for antagonist BIIE0246 suggest several differences in interactions compared to those of the peptides. Our results lead to a new structural model for NPY family receptors and peptide binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 593, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chai W, Wong VD, Nepomuceno D, Bonaventure P, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI. The discovery of potent selective NPY Y2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4141-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Resiliency to the adverse effects of extraordinary emotional trauma on the brain varies within the human population. Accordingly, some people cope better than others with traumatic stress. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide transmitter abundantly expressed in forebrain limbic and brain stem areas that regulate stress and emotional behaviors. Studies largely in rodents demonstrate a role for NPY in promoting coping with stress. Moreover, accruing data from the genetic to the physiological implicate NPY as a potential 'resilience-to-stress' factor in humans. Here, we consolidate findings from preclinical and clinical studies of NPY that are of relevance to stress-associated syndromes, most prototypically posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Collectively, these data suggest that reduced central nervous system (CNS) NPY concentrations or function may be associated with PTSD. We also link specific symptoms of human PTSD with extant findings in the NPY field to reveal potential physiological contributions of the neuropeptide to the disorder. In pursuit of understanding the physiological basis and treatment of PTSD, the NPY system is an attractive target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
| | - TD Geracioti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Individual differences in the effects of chronic stress on memory: behavioral and neurochemical correlates of resiliency. Neuroscience 2013; 246:142-59. [PMID: 23644054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been shown to impair memory, however, the extent to which memory can be impaired is often variable across individuals. Predisposed differences in particular traits, such as anxiety, may reveal underlying neurobiological mechanisms that could be driving individual differences in sensitivity to stress and, thus, stress resiliency. Such pre-morbid characteristics may serve as early indicators of susceptibility to stress. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and enkephalin (ENK) are neurochemical messengers of interest implicated in modulating anxiety and motivation circuitry; however, little is known about how these neuropeptides interact with stress resiliency and memory. In this experiment, adult male rats were appetitively trained to locate sugar rewards in a motivation-based spatial memory task before undergoing repeated immobilization stress and then being tested for memory retention. Anxiety-related behaviors, among other characteristics, were monitored longitudinally. Results indicated that stressed animals which showed little to no impairments in memory post-stress (i.e., the more stress-resilient individuals) exhibited lower anxiety levels prior to stress when compared to stressed animals that showed large deficits in memory (i.e., the more stress-susceptible individuals). Interestingly, all stressed animals, regardless of memory change, showed reduced body weight gain as well as thymic involution, suggesting that the effects of stress on metabolism and the immune system were dissociated from the effects of stress on higher cognition, and that stress resiliency seems to be domain-specific rather than a global characteristic within an individual. Neurochemical analyses revealed that NPY in the hypothalamus and amygdala and ENK in the nucleus accumbens were modulated differentially between stress-resilient and stress-susceptible individuals, with elevated expression of these neuropeptides fostering anxiolytic and pro-motivation function, thus driving cognitive resiliency in a domain-specific manner. Findings suggest that such neurochemical markers may be novel targets for pharmacological interventions that can serve to prevent or ameliorate the negative effects of stress on memory.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pedragosa-Badia X, Stichel J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Neuropeptide Y receptors: how to get subtype selectivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23382728 PMCID: PMC3563083 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is a multireceptor/multiligand system consisting of four receptors in humans (hY(1), hY(2), hY(4), hY(5)) and three agonists (NPY, PYY, PP) that activate these receptors with different potency. The relevance of this system in diseases like obesity or cancer, and the different role that each receptor plays influencing different biological processes makes this system suitable for the design of subtype selectivity studies. In this review we focus on the latest findings within the NPY system, we summarize recent mutagenesis studies, structure activity relationship studies, receptor chimera, and selective ligands focusing also on the binding mode of the native agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pluym N, Baumeister P, Keller M, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. [3H]UR-PLN196: A Selective Nonpeptide Radioligand and Insurmountable Antagonist for the Neuropeptide Y Y2 Receptor. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:587-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
17
|
Morales-Medina JC, Dumont Y, Bonaventure P, Quirion R. Chronic administration of the Y2 receptor antagonist, JNJ-31020028, induced anti-depressant like-behaviors in olfactory bulbectomized rat. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:329-34. [PMID: 23103057 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies from our groups have shown that BIIE0246, a Y2 receptor antagonist, has antidepressant effect in olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rat. However, its complex structure and high molecular weight limit its usefulness as an in vivo pharmacological tool. Alternatively, the novel and brain penetrant Y2 receptor antagonist, JNJ-31020028 is a useful tool to investigate the in vivo function of the Y2 receptor. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of JNJ-31020028 in a battery of behavioral tests in an animal model that mimics several deficits observed in the human depression, the OBX rat. Chronic administration of JNJ-31020028 induced a decrease in immobility time in the forced swim test in OBX while had no effect in control animals. Additionally, it decreased number of grooming events in OBX animals, but had no effects on some other behavioral deficits observed such as rearing and hyperlocomotion. Furthermore, JNJ-31020028 had no effect on behavior tests that are commonly used to evaluate anxiety, namely the social interaction test in both OBX and control animals. These data indicate that similar to BIIE0246, JNJ-31020028 also has antidepressant like effects in the OBX model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Morales-Medina
- Dept. of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yulyaningsih E, Zhang L, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. NPY receptors as potential targets for anti-obesity drug development. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1170-202. [PMID: 21545413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y system has proven to be one of the most important regulators of feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis, thus presenting great potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders such as obesity and at the other extreme, anorexia. Due to the initial lack of pharmacological tools that are active in vivo, functions of the different Y receptors have been mainly studied in knockout and transgenic mouse models. However, over recent years various Y receptor selective peptidic and non-peptidic agonists and antagonists have been developed and tested. Their therapeutic potential in relation to treating obesity and other disorders of energy homeostasis is discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Swanson DM, Wong VD, Jablonowski JA, Shah C, Rudolph DA, Dvorak CA, Seierstad M, Dvorak LK, Morton K, Nepomuceno D, Atack JR, Bonaventure P, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI. The discovery and synthesis of JNJ 31020028, a small molecule antagonist of the Neuropeptide Y Y₂ receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5552-6. [PMID: 21802951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of small molecules based on a chemotype identified from our compound collection were synthesized and tested for binding affinity (IC(50)) at the human Neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor (NPY Y(2)). Six of the 23 analogs tested possessed an NPY Y(2) IC(50) ≤ 15 nM. One member of this series, JNJ 31020028, is a selective, high affinity, receptor antagonist existing as a racemic mixture. As such a synthetic route to the desired enantiomer was designed starting from commercially available (S)-(+)-mandelic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Swanson
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The neuropeptide Y system: Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in obesity and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:91-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
21
|
Pluym N, Brennauer A, Keller M, Ziemek R, Pop N, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. Application of the Guanidine-Acylguanidine Bioisosteric Approach to Argininamide-Type NPY Y2 Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1727-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Robertson CR, Flynn SP, White HS, Bulaj G. Anticonvulsant neuropeptides as drug leads for neurological diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:741-62. [PMID: 21340067 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant neuropeptides are best known for their ability to suppress seizures and modulate pain pathways. Galanin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, among others, have been validated as potential first-in-class anti-epileptic or/and analgesic compounds in animal models of epilepsy and pain, but their therapeutic potential extends to other neurological indications, including neurodegenerative and psychatric disorders. Disease-modifying properties of neuropeptides make them even more attractive templates for developing new-generation neurotherapeutics. Arguably, efforts to transform this class of neuropeptides into drugs have been limited compared to those for other bioactive peptides. Key challenges in developing neuropeptide-based anticonvulsants are: to engineer optimal receptor-subtype selectivity, to improve metabolic stability and to enhance their bioavailability, including penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize advances toward developing systemically active and CNS-penetrant neuropeptide analogs. Two main objectives of this review are: (1) to provide an overview of structural and pharmacological properties for selected anticonvulsant neuropeptides and their analogs and (2) to encourage broader efforts to convert these endogenous natural products into drug leads for pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 421 Wakara Way, STE. 360 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
In vitro and in vivo characterization of JNJ-31020028 (N-(4-{4-[2-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]piperazin-1-yl}-3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridin-3-ylbenzamide), a selective brain penetrant small molecule antagonist of the neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:265-77. [PMID: 19953226 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The lack of potent, selective, brain penetrant Y(2) receptor antagonists has hampered in vivo functional studies of this receptor. OBJECTIVE Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo characterization of JNJ-31020028 (N-(4-{4-[2-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]piperazin-1-yl}-3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridin-3-ylbenzamide), a novel Y(2) receptor antagonist. METHODS The affinity of JNJ-31020028 was determined by inhibition of the PYY binding to human Y(2) receptors in KAN-Ts cells and rat Y(2) receptors in rat hippocampus. The functional activity was determined by inhibition of PYY-stimulated calcium responses in KAN-Ts cells expressing a chimeric G protein Gqi5 and in the rat vas deferens (a prototypical Y(2) bioassay). Ex vivo receptor occupancy was revealed by receptor autoradiography. JNJ-31020028 was tested in vivo with microdialysis, in anxiety models, and on corticosterone release. RESULTS JNJ-31020028 bound with high affinity (pIC(50) = 8.07 +/- 0.05, human, and pIC(50) = 8.22 +/- 0.06, rat) and was >100-fold selective versus human Y(1), Y(4), and Y(5) receptors. JNJ-31020028 was demonstrated to be an antagonist (pK(B) = 8.04 +/- 0.13) in functional assays. JNJ-31020028 occupied Y(2) receptor binding sites (approximately 90% at 10 mg/kg) after subcutaneous administration in rats. JNJ-31020028 increased norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus, consistent with the colocalization of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y. In a variety of anxiety models, JNJ-31020028 was found to be ineffective, although it did block stress-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone, without altering basal levels, and normalized food intake in stressed animals without affecting basal food intake. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Y(2) receptors may not be critical for acute behaviors in rodents but may serve modulatory roles that can only be elucidated under specific situational conditions.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Neuropeptide Y. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_45.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
26
|
Brothers SP, Saldanha SA, Spicer TP, Cameron M, Mercer BA, Chase P, McDonald P, Wahlestedt C, Hodder PS. Selective and brain penetrant neuropeptide y y2 receptor antagonists discovered by whole-cell high-throughput screening. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:46-57. [PMID: 19837904 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.058677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor (Y2R) in human diseases such as obesity, mood disorders, and alcoholism could be better resolved by the use of small-molecule chemical probes that are substantially different from the currently available Y2R antagonist, N-[(1S)-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-1-[[[2-(3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolidin-4-yl)ethyl]amino]carbonyl]butyl]-1-[2-[4-(6,11-dihydro-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepin-11-yl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-oxoethyl]-cyclopentaneacetamide) (BIIE0246). Presented here are five potent, selective, and publicly available Y2R antagonists identified by a high-throughput screening approach. These compounds belong to four chemical scaffolds that are structurally distinct from the peptidomimetic BIIE0246. In functional assays, IC(50) values between 199 and 4400 nM against the Y2R were measured, with no appreciable activity against the related NPY-Y1 receptor (Y1R). Compounds also displaced radiolabeled peptide YY from the Y2R with high affinity (K(i) values between 1.55 and 60 nM) while not displacing the same ligand from the Y1R. In contrast to BIIE0246, Schild analysis with NPY suggests that two of the five compounds behave as competitive antagonists. Profiling against a panel of 40 receptors, ion channels, and transporters found in the central nervous system showed that the five Y2R antagonists demonstrate greater selectivity than BIIE0246. Furthermore, the ability of these antagonists to penetrate the blood-brain barrier makes them better suited for pharmacological studies of Y2R function in both the brain and periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Brothers
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sato N, Ogino Y, Mashiko S, Ando M. Modulation of neuropeptide Y receptors for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1401-15. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903251722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dumont Y, Quirion R. An overview of neuropeptide Y: pharmacology to molecular biology and receptor localization. EXS 2006:7-33. [PMID: 16382995 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boul. LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dumont Y, Moyse E, Fournier A, Quirion R. Evidence for the existence of an additional class of neuropeptide Y receptor sites in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:99-108. [PMID: 15947033 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.089300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five distinct neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors have been cloned thus far. Selective agonists and antagonists have recently been developed allowing for detailed functional studies as to the pathophysiological role of a given subtype as well as receptor binding characteristics and distribution. To precisely investigate the discrete localization and ligand selectivity profile of Y4 and Y5 receptors, a series of selective molecules were used as radioligands and competitors in rat brain tissues. Binding data revealed that Y4 and Y5 receptor-related agonists and antagonists competed with high affinity for specific 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]human peptide YY (hPYY) binding in the presence of BIBO3304 [(R)-N-[[4-(aminocarbonylaminomethyl)-phenyl]-methyl]-N2-(diphenylacetyl)-argininamide trifluoroacetate] to mask Y1 sites as well as specific 125I-labeled human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) binding. Competition binding profiles were best fitted to a two-site model for both radioligands, suggesting the likely recognition of the Y4 and Y5 subtypes. We were surprised to find that the visualization of these specific binding sites by receptor autoradiography clearly revealed the distinct distribution of specific 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]hPYY (in presence of Y1 and Y5 blockers) and 125I-hPP (in presence of Y5 blocker) binding sites. Moreover, significant amounts of specific 125I-hPP binding were observed in the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, and various brainstem nuclei, even after masking Y4 and Y5 receptors. Similar results were obtained using 125I-hPYY(3-36) in presence of Y2 and Y5 blockers. These results suggest the possible existence of at least one additional subtype of NPY receptor sites in the rat brain, with enrichment seen in midbrain and brainstem areas involved in the regulation of food intake and cardiorespiratory parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stimulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated calcium responses in human SMS-KAN neuroblastoma cells endogenously expressing Y2 receptors by co-expression of chimeric G proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1493-9. [PMID: 15857613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human SMS-KAN neuroblastoma cells endogenously express the neuropeptide Y (NPY) type 2 (Y(2)) receptor. Although ligand binding and GTPgammaS binding studies supported high functional Y(2) receptor expression, only weak coupling to the natural second messenger cyclic AMP was observed. The main reason was the low responsiveness of SMS-KAN cells to forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclases. In order to obtain a cell-based functional assay for the Y(2) receptor in SMS-KAN cells, the transient calcium (Ca(2+)) mobilization assay in the fluorimetric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) format was established by stably expressing a chimeric G protein Gq(i9). This manipulation resulted in robust mobilization of Ca(2+) after challenge with various NPY-related agonists in a 384-well format. The sensitivity of the FLIPR readout was in the low nanomolar range for NPY agonists and comparable to that of the recombinant Y(2) receptor. The selective Y(2) antagonist BIIE0246 competitively inhibited NPY-mediated Ca(2+) transients in SMS-KAN/Gq(i9) cells with a pA(2) value of 7.39+/-0.1. This is the first evidence that an endogenously expressed G protein-coupled receptor couples to an overexpressed chimeric G protein, thereby functionally responding in the FLIPR readout.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dautzenberg FM, Neysari S. Irreversible binding kinetics of neuropeptide Y ligands to Y2 but not to Y1 and Y5 receptors. Pharmacology 2005; 75:21-9. [PMID: 15908753 DOI: 10.1159/000085897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors type 1 (Y1), type 2 Y2) and type 5 (Y5) were tested for their kinetic properties to bind radiolabeled NPY or PYY. Rapid association and dissociation was observed with recombinant (HEK293 cells) and endogenous (SK-N-MC cells) human Y1 and recombinant mouse Y5 receptors. Recombinant (HEK293) and endogenous (SMS-KAN) human Y2 receptors bound both radiolabels comparable to the Y1 receptors, but only minimal ( approximately 20%) dissociation of both radiolabels was observed after long incubation time (>8 h). Furthermore, neither peptide nor small molecule Y2 ligands efficiently competed for binding to Y2 receptors once association binding had been initiated. The Y2-selective antagonist BIIE0246 behaved as an insurmountable antagonist in functional assays when pre-incubated for 30 min before agonist addition, but was a competitive antagonist when co-applied with the agonist. These data show that Y2 receptors in contrast to Y1 and Y5 receptors bind their ligands in an irreversible manner.
Collapse
|