1
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Li WH, Wang F, Song GY, Yu QH, Du RP, Xu P. PARP-1: a critical regulator in radioprotection and radiotherapy-mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1198948. [PMID: 37351512 PMCID: PMC10283042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1198948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since its discovery, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has been extensively studied due to its regulatory role in numerous biologically crucial pathways. PARP inhibitors have opened new therapeutic avenues for cancer patients and have gained approval as standalone treatments for certain types of cancer. With continued advancements in the research of PARP inhibitors, we can fully realize their potential as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Purpose: To assess the current understanding of PARP-1 mechanisms in radioprotection and radiotherapy based on the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed database and summarized information on PARP inhibitors, the interaction of PARP-1 with DNA, and the relationships between PARP-1 and p53/ROS, NF-κB/DNA-PK, and caspase3/AIF, respectively. Results: The enzyme PARP-1 plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage and modifying proteins. Cells exposed to radiation can experience DNA damage, such as single-, intra-, or inter-strand damage. This damage, associated with replication fork stagnation, triggers DNA repair mechanisms, including those involving PARP-1. The activity of PARP-1 increases 500-fold on DNA binding. Studies on PARP-1-knockdown mice have shown that the protein regulates the response to radiation. A lack of PARP-1 also increases the organism's sensitivity to radiation injury. PARP-1 has been found positively or negatively regulate the expression of specific genes through its modulation of key transcription factors and other molecules, including NF-κB, p53, Caspase 3, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and pathological roles of PARP-1 and examines the impact of PARP-1 inhibitors under conditions of ionizing radiation exposure. The review also emphasizes the challenges and opportunities for developing PARP-1 inhibitors to improve the clinical outcomes of ionizing radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Song
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Hua Yu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Peng Du
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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2
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Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An Overview of Mechanistic Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities in the Management of Stroke. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1830-1852. [PMID: 35437712 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality accompanied by blood supply loss to a particular brain area. Several mechanistic approaches such as inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, therapies against tissue thrombosis, and neutrophils lead to stroke's therapeutic intervention. Evidence obtained with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and animals having a deficiency of PARP enzymes; represented the role of PARP in cerebral stroke, ischemia/reperfusion, and neurotrauma. PARP is a nuclear enzyme superfamily with various isoforms, each with different structural domains and functions, and out of all, PARP-1 is the best-characterized member. It has been shown to perform multiple physiological as well as pathological processes, including its role in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enzyme interacts with NF-κB, p53, and other transcriptional factors to regulate survival and cell death and modulates multiple downstream signaling pathways. Clinical trials have also been conducted using PARP inhibitors for numerous disorders and have shown positive results. However, additional information is yet to be established for the therapeutic intervention of PARP inhibitors in stroke. These agents' utilization appears to be challenging due to their unknown potential long-term side effects. PARP activity increased during ischemia, but its inhibition provided significant neuroprotection. Despite the increased interest in PARP as a pharmacological modulator for novel therapeutic therapies, the current review focused on stroke and poly ADP-ribosylation.
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Vaidya B, Kaur H, Thapak P, Sharma SS, Singh JN. Pharmacological Modulation of TRPM2 Channels via PARP Pathway Leads to Neuroprotection in MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease in Sprague Dawley Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1528-1542. [PMID: 34997907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) channels are cation channels activated by oxidative stress and ADP-ribose (ADPR). Role of TRPM2 channels has been postulated in several neurological disorders, but, it has not been explored in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, the role of TRPM2 and its associated poly (ADPR) polymerase (PARP) signaling pathways were investigated in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD rat model using TRPM2 inhibitor, 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borinate (2-APB), and PARP inhibitor, N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-(N,N-dimethylamino) acetamide hydrochloride (PJ-34). PD was induced by using a bilateral intranigral administration of MPTP in rats, and different parameters were evaluated. An increase in oxidative stress was observed, leading to locomotor and cognitive deficits in the PD rats. PD rats also showed an increased TRPM2 expression in the striatum and mid-brain accompanied by reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in comparison to sham animals. Intraperitoneal administration of 2-APB and PJ-34 led to an improvement in the locomotor and cognitive deficits in comparison to MPTP-induced PD rats. These improvements were accompanied by a reduction in the levels of oxidative stress and an increase in TH levels in the striatum and mid-brain. In addition, these pharmacological interventions also led to a decrease in the expression of TRPM2 in PD in the striatum and mid-brain. Our results provide a rationale for the development of potent pharmacological agents targeting the TRPM2-PARP pathway to provide therapeutic benefits for the treatment of neurological diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Pavan Thapak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Jitendra Narain Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India.
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4
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Liu S, Luo W, Wang Y. Emerging role of PARP-1 and PARthanatos in ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2021; 160:74-87. [PMID: 34241907 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a key feature of neurological diseases, including stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Studies in a variety of ischemic/hypoxic mouse models demonstrate that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1)-dependent cell death, also named PARthanatos, plays a pivotal role in ischemic neuronal cell death and disease progress. PARthanatos has its unique triggers, processors, and executors that convey a highly orchestrated and programmed signaling cascade. In addition to its role in gene transcription, DNA damage repair, and energy homeostasis through PARylation of its various targets, PARP-1 activation in neuron and glia attributes to brain damage following ischemia/reperfusion. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of PARP-1 reduces infarct volume, eliminates inflammation, and improves recovery of neurological functions in stroke. Here, we reviewed the role of PARP-1 and PARthanatos in stroke and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqiao Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Weibo Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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5
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Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Chen AQ, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li YN, Hu B. Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy? Front Immunol 2021; 12:678744. [PMID: 34248961 PMCID: PMC8260997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation. The rapid activation of immune cells plays a critical role in BBB disruption after ischemic stroke. Infiltrating blood-borne immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes) increase BBB permeability, as they cause microvascular disorder and secrete inflammation-associated molecules. In contrast, they promote BBB repair and angiogenesis in the latter phase of ischemic stroke. The profound immunological effects of cerebral immune cells (microglia, astrocytes, and pericytes) on BBB disruption have been underestimated in ischemic stroke. Post-stroke microglia and astrocytes can adopt both an M1/A1 or M2/A2 phenotype, which influence BBB integrity differently. However, whether pericytes acquire microglia phenotype and exert immunological effects on the BBB remains controversial. Thus, better understanding the inflammatory mechanism underlying BBB disruption can lead to the identification of more promising biological targets to develop treatments that minimize the onset of life-threatening complications and to improve existing treatments in patients. However, early attempts to inhibit the infiltration of circulating immune cells into the brain by blocking adhesion molecules, that were successful in experimental stroke failed in clinical trials. Therefore, new immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke are desperately warranted. Herein, we highlight the role of circulating and cerebral immune cells in BBB disruption and the crosstalk between them following acute ischemic stroke. Using a robust theoretical background, we discuss potential and effective immunotherapeutic targets to regulate BBB permeability after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ya-nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Koehler RC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Targeting Parthanatos in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:662034. [PMID: 34025565 PMCID: PMC8131834 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.662034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthanatos is a cell death signaling pathway in which excessive oxidative damage to DNA leads to over-activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP then generates the formation of large poly(ADP-ribose) polymers that induce the release of apoptosis-inducing factor from the outer mitochondrial membrane. In the cytosol, apoptosis-inducing factor forms a complex with macrophage migration inhibitory factor that translocates into the nucleus where it degrades DNA and produces cell death. In a review of the literature, we identified 24 publications from 13 laboratories that support a role for parthanatos in young male mice and rats subjected to transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Investigators base their conclusions on the use of nine different PARP inhibitors (19 studies) or PARP1-null mice (7 studies). Several studies indicate a therapeutic window of 4-6 h after MCAO. In young female rats, two studies using two different PARP inhibitors from two labs support a role for parthanatos, whereas two studies from one lab do not support a role in young female PARP1-null mice. In addition to parthanatos, a body of literature indicates that PARP inhibitors can reduce neuroinflammation by interfering with NF-κB transcription, suppressing matrix metaloproteinase-9 release, and limiting blood-brain barrier damage and hemorrhagic transformation. Overall, most of the literature strongly supports the scientific premise that a PARP inhibitor is neuroprotective, even when most did not report behavior outcomes or address the issue of randomization and treatment concealment. Several third-generation PARP inhibitors entered clinical oncology trials without major adverse effects and could be repurposed for stroke. Evaluation in aged animals or animals with comorbidities will be important before moving into clinical stroke trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, The Institute of Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, The Institute of Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Sinha A, Katyal S, Kauppinen TM. PARP-DNA trapping ability of PARP inhibitors jeopardizes astrocyte viability: Implications for CNS disease therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108502. [PMID: 33631119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging interest in the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in neurodegeneration and potential of its therapeutic targeting in neurodegenerative disorders. New generations of PARP inhibitors exhibit polypharmacological properties; they do not only block enzymatic activity with lower doses, but also alter how PARP-1 interacts with DNA. While these new inhibitors have proven useful in cancer therapy due to their ability to kill cancer cell, their use in neurodegenerative disorders has an opposite goal: cell protection. We hypothesize that newer generation PARP-1 inhibitors jeopardize the viability of dividing CNS cells by promoting DNA damage upon the PARP-DNA interaction. Using enriched murine astrocyte cultures, our study evaluates the effects of a variety of drugs known to inhibit PARP; talazoparib, olaparib, PJ34 and minocycline. Despite similar PARP enzymatic inhibiting activities, we show here that these drugs result in varied cell viability. Talazoparib and olaparib reduce astrocyte growth in a dose-dependent manner, while astrocytes remain unaffected by PJ34 and minocycline. Similarly, PJ34 and minocycline do not jeopardize DNA integrity, while treatment with talazoparib and olaparib promote DNA damage. These two drugs impact astrocytes similarly in basal conditions and upon nitrosative stress, a pathological condition typical for neurodegeneration. Mechanistic assessment revealed that talazoparib and olaparib promote PARP trapping onto DNA in a dose-dependent manner, while PJ34 and minocycline do not induce PARP-DNA trapping. This study provides unique insight into the selective use of PARP inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative disorders whereby inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity must occur without deleteriously trapping PARP onto DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, RM ON5010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E0V9, Canada; Kleysen Institute for Advance Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Sachin Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, RM ON5010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E0V9, Canada.
| | - Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada; Kleysen Institute for Advance Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
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8
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Inhibition of PARP activity improves therapeutic effect of ARPE-19 transplantation in RCS rats through decreasing photoreceptor death. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108448. [PMID: 33484702 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor (PR) dysfunction or death is the key pathological change in retinal degeneration (RD). The death of PRs might be due to a primary change in PRs themselves or secondary to the dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was reported to be involved in primary PR death, but whether it plays a role in PR death secondary to RPE dysfunction has not been determined. To clarify this question and develop a new therapeutic approach, we studied the changes in PAR/PARP in the RCS rat, a RD model, and tested the effect of PARP intervention when given alone or in combination with RPE cell transplantation. The results showed that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins was increased in PRs undergoing secondary death in RCS rats, and this result was confirmed by the observation of similar changes in sodium iodate (SI)-induced secondary RD in SD rats. The increase in PAR/PARP was highly associated with increased apoptotic PRs and decreased visual function, as represented by lowered b-wave amplitudes on electroretinogram (ERG). Then, as we expected, when the RCS rats were treated with subretinal injection of the PARP inhibitor PJ34, the RD process was delayed. Furthermore, when PJ34 was given simultaneously with subretinal ARPE-19 cell transplantation, the therapeutic effects were significantly improved and lasted longer than those of ARPE-19 or PJ34 treatment alone. These results provide a potential new approach for treating RD.
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9
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Mendoza Sánchez PI, Macías Perez ME, Cruz ER, Jiménez EM, Aceves-Hernández JM, Nicolás-Vázquez MI, Ruvalcaba RM. In vitro and computational studies of natural products related to perezone as anti-neoplastic agents. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Narasimhamurthy KH, Chandra, Swaroop TR, Jagadish S, Rangappa KS. Synthesis of Piperidine Conjugated Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and their Antiproliferative Activity, Molecular Docking Studies and DFT Calculations. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190613120349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Xanthatin, fluoropyrimidine and thienopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine,
pyrimidine carboxamides, and SKLB1002 are reported as VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Recently, many studies related to different heterocycles conjugated with dihydroquinazolinones are
known to have very good biological activities. In this study, we are intended to explore the cytotoxic
studies of piperidine conjugated dihydroquinazolinones against colorectal/colon cancer cell lines and
along with molecular docking studies and DFT calculations.
Methods:
The colorectal/colon cell lines HCT116 and A549 cell lines were treated with these
compounds and cytotoxic activities were evaluated by MTT dye uptake method. We performed
molecular modelling for compound 3d using the Auto Dock software. The binding of compound 3d
with target proteins was studied with the collection of experimentally determined PDB database.
Optimized geometry by DFT calculations was performed with B3LYP/6-31G (d) basis set.
Results:
Piperidine-conjugated dihydroquinazolinone analogues displayed anticancer activity.
Particularly, the compound 3d with electron-withdrawing substituents on a phenyl ring showed
significant cytotoxicity against HCT116 and A549 cell lines. Molecular docking studies proved that
the compound 3d has good fitting by forming hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues at the active
sites of VEGFR2. The HOMO, LUMO, their energies and UV visible spectrum were predicted using
DFT calculations.
Conclusion:
Four piperidine-conjugated dihydroquinazolinones were synthesized and evaluated
against colorectal and colon cancer cell lines. Compound 3d significantly inhibited the growth of
HCT116 and A549. Molecular docking studies displayed good fitting of compound 3d by forming
different H-bonds with the amino acid at the active sites of the VEGFR2 target. Using a theoretical
approach, we optimized HOMO and LUMO plots for the compound 3d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandra
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru 570008, India
| | | | - Swamy Jagadish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru 570006, India
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11
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Kim Y, Kim YS, Noh MY, Lee H, Joe B, Kim HY, Kim J, Kim SH, Park J. Neuroprotective effects of a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor, JPI-289, in hypoxic rat cortical neurons. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:671-679. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngchul Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology; R&D Center; Jeil Pharmaceutical Co.; Yongin-City Kyunggi-Do Korea
- Department of Neurology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young S. Kim
- Department of Neurology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hanchang Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology; R&D Center; Jeil Pharmaceutical Co.; Yongin-City Kyunggi-Do Korea
| | - Boyoung Joe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology; R&D Center; Jeil Pharmaceutical Co.; Yongin-City Kyunggi-Do Korea
| | - Hyun Y. Kim
- Department of Neurology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeongmin Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology; R&D Center; Jeil Pharmaceutical Co.; Yongin-City Kyunggi-Do Korea
| | - Seung H. Kim
- Department of Neurology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jiseon Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology; R&D Center; Jeil Pharmaceutical Co.; Yongin-City Kyunggi-Do Korea
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12
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Inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase using quinazolinone nucleus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7799-814. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Teng F, Zhu L, Su J, Zhang X, Li N, Nie Z, Jin L. Neuroprotective Effects of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase Inhibitor Olaparib in Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1516-26. [PMID: 26869042 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Olaparib was the first poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor approved by Food and Drug Administration for oncology treatment. However, its neuroprotective effects have not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of olaparib in transient cerebral ischemia. A mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was used. Reperfusion was performed at 2 h after ischemia. Different doses of olaparib (1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, the neurological score was assessed, and grip and string tests were performed to evaluate the behavioral deficits in the mice. Cresyl violet staining was used to assess cerebral edema and the lesion volume. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of blood-brain barrier proteins collagen IV and claudin-5, as well as extravasation of IgG. Ischemia induced a neurological deficit, which was significantly ameliorated by olaparib at 3 and 5 mg/kg. However, this neuroprotective effect was not observed in mice treated with either low-dose or high-dose olaparib. Both 3 and 5 mg/kg olaparib markedly reduced cerebral infarction volume, but not cerebral edema. The expression of collagen IV decreased after cerebral ischemia, which was improved by olaparib at 3 and 5 mg/kg. These results were confirmed by the reduction of IgG extravasation with olaparib. Olaparib showed clear neuroprotective effects in transient ischemic mice mainly through the reduction of cerebral infarction and blood-brain barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Liqun Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhiyu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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14
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Motta C, D'Angeli F, Scalia M, Satriano C, Barbagallo D, Naletova I, Anfuso CD, Lupo G, Spina-Purrello V. PJ-34 inhibits PARP-1 expression and ERK phosphorylation in glioma-conditioned brain microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:55-64. [PMID: 25934569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of PARP-1(Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) act by competing with NAD(+), the enzyme physiological substrate, which play a protective role in many pathological conditions characterized by PARP-1 overactivation. It has been shown that PARP-1 also promotes tumor growth and progression through its DNA repair activity. Since angiogenesis is an essential requirement for these activities, we sought to determine whether PARP inhibition might affect rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (GP8.3) migration, stimulated by C6-glioma conditioned medium (CM). Through wound-healing experiments and MTT analysis, we demonstrated that PARP-1 inhibitor PJ-34 [N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide] abolishes the migratory response of GP8.3 cells and reduces their viability. PARP-1 also acts in a DNA independent way within the Extracellular-Regulated-Kinase (ERK) signaling cascade, which regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. By western analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM), we analyzed the effects of PJ-34 on PARP-1 expression, phospho-ERK and phospho-Elk-1 activation. The effect of MEK (mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-kinase) inhibitor PD98059 (2-(2-Amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one) on PARP-1 expression in unstimulated and in CM-stimulated GP8.3 cells was analyzed by RT-PCR. PARP-1 expression and phospho-ERK activation were significantly reduced by treatment of GP8.3 cells with PJ-34 or PD98059. By LSM, we further demonstrated that PARP-1 and phospho-ERK are coexpressed and share the same subcellular localization in GP8.3 cells, in the cytoplasm as well as in nucleoplasm. Based on these data, we propose that PARP-1 and phospho-ERK interact in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus, where they trigger a proliferative response. We also propose that PARP-1 inhibition blocks CM-induced endothelial migration by interfering with ERK signal-transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Motta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D'Angeli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marina Scalia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Irina Naletova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vittoria Spina-Purrello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotecnology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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15
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Martire S, Mosca L, d'Erme M. PARP-1 involvement in neurodegeneration: A focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 146-148:53-64. [PMID: 25881554 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is the prime activator of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP-1) whose overactivation has been proven to be associated with the pathogenesis of numerous central nervous system disorders, such as ischemia, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Under oxidative stress conditions PARP-1 activity increases, leading to an accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers and NAD(+) depletion, that induces energy crisis and finally cell death. This review aims to explain the contribution of PARP-1 in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, to stimulate further studies on this issue and thereby engage a new perspective regarding the design of possible therapeutic agents or the identification of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martire
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy.
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16
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Kim TH, Vemuganti R. Effect of sex and age interactions on functional outcome after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:327-36. [PMID: 25404174 PMCID: PMC6495347 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Experimental and clinical studies showed that sex and age play an important role in deciding the outcome after stroke. At younger ages, males were shown to have a higher risk for stroke than females. However, this trend reverses in older ages particularly when females reach menopause. Many preclinical studies indicate that steroid hormones modulate the age-dependent differential stroke outcome. In addition, patterns of cell death pathways activated following cerebral ischemia are distinct between males and females, but independent of steroid hormones. Recent studies also indicate that microRNAs play important roles in mediating sex-specific stroke outcome by regulating stroke-related genes. This review discusses the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke with particular emphasis on the experimental studies that examined the effects of steroid hormones, differential cell death pathways, and involvement of sex-specific microRNAs following cerebral ischemia. Current understanding of the role of thrombolytic agents in stroke therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Thompson JW, Narayanan SV, Koronowski KB, Morris-Blanco K, Dave KR, Perez-Pinzon MA. Signaling pathways leading to ischemic mitochondrial neuroprotection. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:101-10. [PMID: 25262285 PMCID: PMC4861652 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that ischemic/reperfusion mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to ischemic damage. However data also indicates that mild ischemic stress induces mitochondrial dependent activation of ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism which is activated upon a brief sub-injurious ischemic exposure and is sufficient to provide protection against a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Current research demonstrates that mitochondria are not only the inducers of but are also an important target of ischemic preconditioning mediated protection. Numerous proteins and signaling pathways are activated by ischemic preconditioning which protect the mitochondria against ischemic damage. In this review we examine some of the proteins activated by ischemic precondition which counteracts the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion thereby maintaining normal mitochondrial activity and lead to ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Thompson
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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18
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Greco R, Tassorelli C, Mangione AS, Levandis G, Certo M, Nappi G, Bagetta G, Blandini F, Amantea D. Neuroprotection by the PARP inhibitor PJ34 modulates cerebral and circulating RAGE levels in rats exposed to focal brain ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:91-7. [PMID: 25446913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has a potential role as a damage-sensing molecule; however, to date, its involvement in the pathophysiology of stroke and its modulation following neuroprotective treatment are not completely understood. We have previously demonstrated that expression of distinct RAGE isoforms, recognized by different antibodies, is differentially modulated in the brain of rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Here, we focus on the full-length membrane-bound RAGE isoform, showing that its expression is significantly elevated in the striatum, whereas it is reduced in the cortex of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Notably, the reduction of cortical levels of full-length RAGE detected 24 h after reperfusion is abolished by systemic administration of a neuroprotective dose of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (PJ34). More interestingly, a significant reduction of plasma soluble RAGE (sRAGE) occurs 24 h after reperfusion and this effect is reverted by a neuroprotective dose of PJ34. Soluble forms of RAGE, generated either by alternative splicing or by proteolysis of the full-length form, effectively bind advanced glycation end products, thereby competing with the cell surface full-length RAGE, thus providing a 'decoy' function that may counteract the adverse effects of receptor signaling in neurons and may possibly exert cytoprotective effects. Thus, our data confirm the important role of RAGE in ischemic cerebral damage and, more interestingly, suggest the potential use of sRAGE as a blood biomarker of stroke severity and of neuroprotective treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavior, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonina Stefania Mangione
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nappi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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19
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Turunc Bayrakdar E, Armagan G, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Ex vivoprotective effects of nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide on rat synaptosomes treated with Aβ(1-42). Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:557-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ersin Koylu
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University; Topkapi Istanbul Turkey
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20
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Sriram CS, Jangra A, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Bezbaruah BK. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 in neurological diseases: A promising trove for new pharmacological interventions to enter clinical translation. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:70-81. [PMID: 25049175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved abundant nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) functions at the center of cellular stress response and is mainly implied in DNA damage repair mechanism. Apart from its involvement in DNA damage repair, it does sway multiple vital cellular processes such as cell death pathways, cell aging, insulator function, chromatin modification, transcription and mitotic apparatus function. Since brain is the principal organ vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, upon stress encounters robust DNA damage can occur and intense PARP1 activation may result that will lead to various CNS diseases. In the context of soaring interest towards PARP1 as a therapeutic target for newer pharmacological interventions, here in the present review, we are attempting to give a silhouette of the role of PARP1 in the neurological diseases and the potential of its inhibitors to enter clinical translation, along with its structural and functional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India.
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Babul Kumar Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India; Department of Pharmacology, III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
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21
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Morris-Blanco KC, Cohan CH, Neumann JT, Sick TJ, Perez-Pinzon MA. Protein kinase C epsilon regulates mitochondrial pools of Nampt and NAD following resveratrol and ischemic preconditioning in the rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1024-32. [PMID: 24667915 PMCID: PMC4050248 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preserving mitochondrial pools of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), an enzyme involved in NAD production, maintains mitochondrial function and confers neuroprotection after ischemic stress. However, the mechanisms involved in regulating mitochondrial-localized Nampt or NAD have not been defined. In this study, we investigated the roles of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in regulating mitochondrial pools of Nampt and NAD after resveratrol or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the cortex and in primary neuronal-glial cortical cultures. Using the specific PKCɛ agonist ψɛRACK, we found that PKCɛ induced robust activation of AMPK in vitro and in vivo and that AMPK was required for PKCɛ-mediated ischemic neuroprotection. In purified mitochondrial fractions, PKCɛ enhanced Nampt levels in an AMPK-dependent manner and was required for increased mitochondrial Nampt after IPC or resveratrol treatment. Analysis of intrinsic NAD autofluorescence using two-photon microscopy revealed that PKCɛ modulated NAD in the mitochondrial fraction. Further assessments of mitochondrial NAD concentrations showed that PKCɛ has a key role in regulating the mitochondrial NAD(+)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) ratio after IPC and resveratrol treatment in an AMPK- and Nampt-dependent manner. These findings indicate that PKCɛ is critical to increase or maintain mitochondrial Nampt and NAD after pathways of ischemic neuroprotection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- 1] Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [2] Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [3] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Charles H Cohan
- 1] Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [2] Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [3] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jake T Neumann
- 1] Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J Sick
- 1] Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- 1] Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [2] Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA [3] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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22
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Fatokun AA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parthanatos: mitochondrial-linked mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2000-16. [PMID: 24684389 PMCID: PMC3976618 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells die by a variety of mechanisms. Terminally differentiated cells such as neurones die in a variety of disorders, in part, via parthanatos, a process dependent on the activity of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP). Parthanatos does not require the mediation of caspases for its execution, but is clearly mechanistically dependent on the nuclear translocation of the mitochondrial-associated apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). The nuclear translocation of this otherwise beneficial mitochondrial protein, occasioned by poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) produced through PARP overactivation, causes large-scale DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, leading to cell death. This review describes the multistep course of parthanatos and its dependence on PAR signalling and nuclear AIF translocation. The review also discusses potential targets in the parthanatos cascade as promising avenues for the development of novel, disease-modifying, therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Zhao Z, Kabadi SV, Hanscom M, Byrnes KR, Faden AI. PARP-1 inhibition attenuates neuronal loss, microglia activation and neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:758-72. [PMID: 24476502 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuronal cell death as well as microglial activation and related neurotoxicity that contribute to subsequent neurological dysfunction. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) induces neuronal cell death through activation of caspase-independent mechanisms, including release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and microglial activation. Administration of PJ34, a selective PARP-1 inhibitor, reduced cell death of primary cortical neurons exposed to N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a potent inducer of AIF-dependent cell death. PJ34 also attenuated lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-induced activation of BV2 or primary microglia, limiting NF-κB activity and iNOS expression as well as decreasing generation of reactive oxygen species and TNFα. Systemic administration of PJ34 starting as late as 24 h after controlled cortical impact resulted in improved motor function recovery in mice with TBI. Stereological analysis demonstrated that PJ34 treatment reduced the lesion volume, attenuated neuronal cell loss in the cortex and thalamus, and reduced microglial activation in the TBI cortex. PJ34 treatment did not improve cognitive performance in a Morris water maze test or reduce neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. Overall, our data indicate that PJ34 has a significant, albeit selective, neuroprotective effect after experimental TBI, and its therapeutic effect may be from multipotential actions on neuronal cell death and neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A Stoica
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland , School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Curtin N, Szabo C. Therapeutic applications of PARP inhibitors: anticancer therapy and beyond. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1217-56. [PMID: 23370117 PMCID: PMC3657315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe the current and potential clinical translation of pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for the therapy of various diseases. The first section of the present review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer. In this context, the role of PARP in single-strand DNA break repair is relevant, leading to replication-associated lesions that cannot be repaired if homologous recombination repair (HRR) is defective, and the synthetic lethality of PARP inhibitors in HRR-defective cancer. HRR defects are classically associated with BRCA1 and 2 mutations associated with familial breast and ovarian cancer, but there may be many other causes of HRR defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors may be the drugs of choice for BRCA mutant breast and ovarian cancers, and extend beyond these tumors if appropriate biomarkers can be developed to identify HRR defects. Multiple lines of preclinical data demonstrate that PARP inhibition increases cytotoxicity and tumor growth delay in combination with temozolomide, topoisomerase inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Both single agent and combination clinical trials are underway. The final part of the first section of the present review summarizes the current status of the various PARP inhibitors that are in various stages of clinical development. The second section of the present review summarizes the role of PARP in selected non-oncologic indications. In a number of severe, acute diseases (such as stroke, neurotrauma, circulatory shock and acute myocardial infarction) the clinical translatability of PARP inhibition is supported by multiple lines of preclinical data, as well as observational data demonstrating PARP activation in human tissue samples. In these disease indications, PARP overactivation due to oxidative and nitrative stress drives cell necrosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression, which contributes to disease pathology. Accordingly, multiple lines of preclinical data indicate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors to preserve viable tissue and to down-regulate inflammatory responses. As the clinical trials with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer progress, it is hoped that a second line of clinical investigations, aimed at testing of PARP inhibitors for various non-oncologic indications, will be initiated, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Curtin
- Department of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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25
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Teng F, Beray-Berthat V, Coqueran B, Lesbats C, Kuntz M, Palmier B, Garraud M, Bedfert C, Slane N, Bérézowski V, Szeremeta F, Hachani J, Scherman D, Plotkine M, Doan BT, Marchand-Leroux C, Margaill I. Prevention of rt-PA induced blood-brain barrier component degradation by the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor PJ34 after ischemic stroke in mice. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:416-28. [PMID: 23876515 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only pharmacological treatment approved for thrombolysis in patients suffering from ischemic stroke, but its administration aggravates the risk of hemorrhagic transformations. Experimental data demonstrated that rt-PA increases the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PJ34, a potent (PARP) inhibitor, protects the blood-brain barrier components from rt-PA toxicity. In our mouse model of cerebral ischemia, administration of rt-PA (10 mg/kg, i.v.) 6h after ischemia aggravated the post-ischemic degradation of ZO-1, claudin-5 and VE-cadherin, increased the hemorrhagic transformations (assessed by brain hemoglobin content and magnetic resonance imaging). Furthermore, rt-PA also aggravated ischemia-induced functional deficits. Combining PJ34 with rt-PA preserved the expression of ZO-1, claudin-5 and VE-cadherin, reduced the hemorrhagic transformations and improved the sensorimotor performances. In vitro studies also demonstrated that PJ34 crosses the blood-brain barrier and may thus exert its protective effect by acting on endothelial and/or parenchymal cells. Thus, co-treatment with a PARP inhibitor seems to be a promising strategy to reduce rt-PA-induced vascular toxicity after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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Kamboj A, Lu P, Cossoy MB, Stobart JL, Dolhun BA, Kauppinen TM, de Murcia G, Anderson CM. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 contributes to neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:49. [PMID: 23607899 PMCID: PMC3640934 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis characterized by entry of activated T cells and antigen presenting cells into the central nervous system and subsequent autoimmune destruction of nerve myelin. Previous studies revealed that non-selective inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) 1 and 2 protect against neuroinflammation and motor dysfunction associated with EAE, but the role of the PARP-2 isoform has not yet been investigated selectively. Results EAE was induced in mice lacking PARP-2, and neurological EAE signs, blood-spine barrier (BSB) permeability, demyelination and inflammatory infiltration were monitored for 35 days after immunization. Mice lacking PARP-2 exhibited significantly reduced overall disease burden and peak neurological dysfunction. PARP-2 deletion also significantly delayed EAE onset and reduced BSB permeability, demyelination and central nervous system (CNS) markers of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 T helper lymphocytes. Conclusions This study represents the first description of a significant role for PARP-2 in neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kamboj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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PARP-1 Inhibitors DPQ and PJ-34 Negatively Modulate Proinflammatory Commitment of Human Glioblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:50-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Haddad M, Beray-Berthat V, Coqueran B, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C, Margaill I. Combined therapy with PJ34, a poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor, reduces tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhagic transformations in cerebral ischemia in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 27:393-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Matsuura S, Egi Y, Yuki S, Horikawa T, Satoh H, Akira T. MP-124, a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor, ameliorates ischemic brain damage in a non-human primate model. Brain Res 2011; 1410:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morris KC, Lin HW, Thompson JW, Perez-Pinzon MA. Pathways for ischemic cytoprotection: role of sirtuins in caloric restriction, resveratrol, and ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1003-19. [PMID: 21224864 PMCID: PMC3070983 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), resveratrol, and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) have been shown to promote protection against ischemic injury in the heart and brain, as well as in other tissues. The activity of sirtuins, which are enzymes that modulate diverse biologic processes, seems to be vital in the ability of these therapeutic modalities to prevent against cellular dysfunction and death. The protective mechanisms of the yeast Sir2 and the mammalian homolog sirtuin 1 have been extensively studied, but the involvement of other sirtuins in ischemic protection is not yet clear. We examine the roles of mammalian sirtuins in modulating protective pathways against oxidative stress, energy depletion, excitotoxicity, inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Although many of these sirtuins have not been directly implicated in ischemic protection, they may have unique roles in enhancing function and preventing against stress-mediated cellular damage and death. This review will include in-depth analyses of the roles of CR, resveratrol, and IPC in activating sirtuins and in mediating protection against ischemic damage in the heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Egi Y, Matsuura S, Maruyama T, Fujio M, Yuki S, Akira T. Neuroprotective effects of a novel water-soluble poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor, MP-124, in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2011; 1389:169-76. [PMID: 21420942 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), leading to neuronal cell death and the development of post-ischemic dysfunction. Blockade of PARP-related signals during cerebral ischemia has become a focus of interest as a new therapeutic approach for acute stroke treatment. The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacological profiles of MP-124, a novel water-soluble PARP-1 inhibitor, and its neuroprotective effects on ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo. MP-124 demonstrated competitive inhibition of the PARP-1 activity of human recombinant PARP-1 enzyme (Ki=16.5nmol/L). In P388D(1) cells, MP-124 inhibited the LDH leakage induced by H(2)O(2) in a concentration-dependent manner. (IC(50)=20.8nmol/L). In rat primary cortical neurons, MP-124 also inhibited the NAD depletion and polymerized ADP-ribose formation induced by H(2)O(2) exposure. Moreover, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of MP-124 in rat permanent and transient stroke models. In the rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, MP-124 was administered intravenously for 24h from 5min after the onset of MCAO. MP-124 (1, 3 and 10mg/kg/h) significantly inhibited the cerebral infarction in a dose-dependent manner (18, 42 and 48%). In rat transient MCAO model, MP-124 was administered intravenously from 30min after the onset of MCAO. MP-124 (3 and 10mg/kg/h) significantly reduced the infarct volume (53% and 50%). The present findings suggest that MP-124 acts as a potent neuroprotective agent in focal ischemia and its actions can be attributed to a reduction in NAD depletion and PAR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Egi
- Department II, Central Nervous System, Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
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Perinatal asphyxia: current status and approaches towards neuroprotective strategies, with focus on sentinel proteins. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:603-27. [PMID: 20645042 PMCID: PMC3291837 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery is a stressful and risky event menacing the newborn. The mother-dependent respiration has to be replaced by autonomous pulmonary breathing immediately after delivery. If delayed, it may lead to deficient oxygen supply compromising survival and development of the central nervous system. Lack of oxygen availability gives rise to depletion of NAD+ tissue stores, decrease of ATP formation, weakening of the electron transport pump and anaerobic metabolism and acidosis, leading necessarily to death if oxygenation is not promptly re-established. Re-oxygenation triggers a cascade of compensatory biochemical events to restore function, which may be accompanied by improper homeostasis and oxidative stress. Consequences may be incomplete recovery, or excess reactions that worsen the biological outcome by disturbed metabolism and/or imbalance produced by over-expression of alternative metabolic pathways. Perinatal asphyxia has been associated with severe neurological and psychiatric sequelae with delayed clinical onset. No specific treatments have yet been established. In the clinical setting, after resuscitation of an infant with birth asphyxia, the emphasis is on supportive therapy. Several interventions have been proposed to attenuate secondary neuronal injuries elicited by asphyxia, including hypothermia. Although promising, the clinical efficacy of hypothermia has not been fully demonstrated. It is evident that new approaches are warranted. The purpose of this review is to discuss the concept of sentinel proteins as targets for neuroprotection. Several sentinel proteins have been described to protect the integrity of the genome (e.g. PARP-1; XRCC1; DNA ligase IIIα; DNA polymerase β, ERCC2, DNA-dependent protein kinases). They act by eliciting metabolic cascades leading to (i) activation of cell survival and neurotrophic pathways; (ii) early and delayed programmed cell death, and (iii) promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation, neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis. It is proposed that sentinel proteins can be used as markers for characterising long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia, and as targets for novel therapeutic development and innovative strategies for neonatal care.
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Kövesdi E, Bukovics P, Besson V, Nyirádi J, Lückl J, Pál J, Sümegi B, Dóczi T, Hernádi I, Büki A. A novel PARP inhibitor L-2286 in a rat model of impact acceleration head injury: an immunohistochemical and behavioral study. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1253-68. [PMID: 20480019 PMCID: PMC2871115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the neuro/axono-protective potential of a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor L-2286 in a rat impact acceleration brain injury model. Male Wistar rats (n = 70) weighing 300–350 grams were used to determine the most effective intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) dose of L-2286 administered 30 min after injury, and to test the neuroprotective effect at two time points (immediately, and 30 min after injury). The neuroprotective effect of L-2286 was tested using immunohistochemical (amyloid precursor protein and mid-sized mouse anti-neurofilament clone RMO-14.9 antibody) and behavioral tests (beam-balance, open-field and elevated plus maze). At both time-points, a 100 μg/rat dose of i.c.v. L-2286 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the density of damaged axons in the corticospinal tract and medial longitudinal fascicle compared to controls. In the behavioral tests, treatment 30 min post-injury improved motor function, while the level of anxiety was reduced in both treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Péter Bukovics
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Valérie Besson
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, UPRES EA 2510, Université René Descartes, Paris, France; E-Mail:
(V.B.)
| | - József Nyirádi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - János Lückl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - József Pál
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Balázs Sümegi
- Department of BioChemistry, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mail:
(B.S.)
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624, Hungary; E-Mail:
(I.H.)
| | - András Büki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +36-72-535-900; Fax: +36-72-535-931
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Lubbers LS, Rowe BA, Hodge LM, Browne SE, Gundersdorf R, Jones P, Hess FJ, Reynolds IJ. PISA, a novel pharmacodynamic assay for assessing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in situ. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:319-28. [PMID: 20132901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) maintains genomic integrity by repairing DNA strand breaks, however over-activation of PARP following neural tissue injury is hypothesized to cause neuronal death. Therefore, PARP inhibitors have potential for limiting neural injury under certain conditions. A reliable method for assessing PARP activity in brain is critical for development of novel inhibitors with CNS activity. We developed the PARP In Situ Activity (PISA) assay to provide a direct, quantitative assessment of CNS PARP activity in vitro or in vivo. METHODS The assay utilized brain sections from rats with striatal kainic acid (KA) lesions and 3H- or biotinylated NAD+ as the substrate to assess PARP activity. Following optimization of the assay, it was used to assess in vitro and in vivo efficacy of known and novel PARP inhibitors. The assay also was used to assess PARP activity in male and female gonad-intact and ovariectomized rats. RESULTS Using 3H-NAD+ as the substrate, PARP activity was greater (p<0.01) in tissue from KA-lesioned vs. non-lesioned rats. Using biotinylated NAD+ it was revealed that PARP activity was present ipsilateral to the KA injection site, and labeling was blocked by incubation with excess unlabeled NAD+ or PARP inhibitors. The PARP inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide and several novel inhibitors reduced (p<0.01) polymerase activity in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibitor MRLSD303 reduced (p<0.001) PARP activity in vivo in both male and female rats. Finally, administration of the novel PARP inhibitor MRLIT115 dose-dependently reduced (p<0.001) polymerase activity in vivo. DISCUSSION The PISA assay provides a direct, quantitative method for assessing PARP activity in vitro and provides critical information on factors underlying in vivo efficacy of chemical inhibitors including brain penetration and target engagement. These findings support use of the PISA assay as a screening tool for testing efficacy of PARP inhibitors in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Lubbers
- Department of Stroke and Neurodegeneration, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Morales P, Simola N, Bustamante D, Lisboa F, Fiedler J, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Morelli M, Tasker RA, Herrera-Marschitz M. Nicotinamide prevents the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia on apoptosis, non-spatial working memory and anxiety in rats. Exp Brain Res 2009; 202:1-14. [PMID: 20012537 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is no established treatment for the long-term effects produced by perinatal asphyxia. Thus, we investigated the neuroprotection provided by nicotinamide against the effects elicited by perinatal asphyxia on hippocampus and behaviour observed at 30-90 days of age. Asphyxia was induced by immersing foetuses-containing uterine horns, removed from ready-to-deliver rats into a water bath at 37 degrees C for 20 min. Caesarean-delivered siblings were used as controls. Saline or nicotinamide (0.8 mmol/kg, i.p.) was administered to control and asphyxia-exposed animals 24, 48, and 72 h after birth. The animals were examined for morphological changes in hippocampus, focusing on delayed cell death and mossy fibre sprouting, and behaviour, focusing on cognitive behaviour and anxiety. At the age of 30-45 days, asphyxia-exposed rats displayed (1) increased apoptosis, assessed in whole hippocampus by nuclear Hoechst staining, and (2) increased mossy fibre sprouting, restricted to the stratum oriens of dorsal hippocampus, assessed by Timm's staining. Rats from the same cohorts displayed (3) deficits in non-spatial working memory, assessed by a novel object recognition task, and (4) increased anxiety, assessed by an elevated plus-maze test when examined at the age of 90 days. Nicotinamide prevented the effects elicited by perinatal asphyxia on apoptosis, working memory, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morales
- Programme of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70,000, Santiago 7, Chile.
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Peralta-Leal A, Rodríguez-Vargas JM, Aguilar-Quesada R, Rodríguez MI, Linares JL, de Almodóvar MR, Oliver FJ. PARP inhibitors: new partners in the therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:13-26. [PMID: 19362586 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are defined as cell signaling enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose units from NAD(+) to a number of acceptor proteins. PARP-1, the best characterized member of the PARP family, which currently comprises 18 members, is an abundant nuclear enzyme implicated in cellular responses to DNA injury provoked by genotoxic stress. PARP is involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation and is now recognized as a key regulator of cell survival and cell death as well as a master component of a number of transcription factors involved in tumor development and inflammation. PARP-1 is essential to the repair of DNA single-strand breaks via the base excision repair pathway. Inhibitors of PARP-1 have been shown to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation and DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents, such as the methylating agents and topoisomerase I inhibitors. There are currently at least five PARP inhibitors in clinical trial development. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that PARP inhibitors could be used not only as chemo/radiotherapy sensitizers, but also as single agents to selectively kill cancers defective in DNA repair, specifically cancers with mutations in the breast cancer-associated genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2). PARP becomes activated in response to oxidative DNA damage and depletes cellular energy pools, thus leading to cellular dysfunction in various tissues. The activation of PARP may also induce various cell death processes and promotes an inflammatory response associated with multiple organ failure. Inhibition of PARP activity is protective in a wide range of inflammatory and ischemia-reperfusion-associated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, endotoxic shock, and stroke. The aim of this review is to overview the emerging data in the literature showing the role of PARP in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory diseases and unravel the solid body of literature that supports the view that PARP is an important target for therapeutic intervention in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreína Peralta-Leal
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Lehtiö L, Jemth AS, Collins R, Loseva O, Johansson A, Markova N, Hammarström M, Flores A, Holmberg-Schiavone L, Weigelt J, Helleday T, Schüler H, Karlberg T. Structural basis for inhibitor specificity in human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-3. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3108-11. [PMID: 19354255 DOI: 10.1021/jm900052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) activate DNA repair mechanisms upon stress- and cytotoxin-induced DNA damage, and inhibition of PARP activity is a lead in cancer drug therapy. We present a structural and functional analysis of the PARP domain of human PARP-3 in complex with several inhibitors. Of these, KU0058948 is the strongest inhibitor of PARP-3 activity. The presented crystal structures highlight key features for potent inhibitor binding and suggest routes for creating isoenzyme-specific PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lari Lehtiö
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Eltze T, Boer R, Wagner T, Weinbrenner S, McDonald MC, Thiemermann C, Bürkle A, Klein T. Imidazoquinolinone, imidazopyridine, and isoquinolindione derivatives as novel and potent inhibitors of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP): a comparison with standard PARP inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1587-98. [PMID: 18809672 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.048751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified three novel structures for inhibitors of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated by strand breaks in DNA and implicated in DNA repair, apoptosis, organ dysfunction or necrosis. 2-[4-(5-Methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-4,5-dihydro-imidazo[4,5,1-i,j]quinolin-6-one (BYK49187), 2-(4-pyridin-2-yl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-imidazo[4,5,1-i,j]quinolin-6-one (BYK236864), 6-chloro-8-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-imidazo-[1,2-alpha]-pyridine (BYK20370), and 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-4H-isoquinolin-1,3-dione (BYK204165) inhibited cell-free recombinant human PARP-1 with pIC(50) values of 8.36, 7.81, 6.40, and 7.35 (pK(i) 7.97, 7.43, 5.90, and 7.05), and murine PARP-2 with pIC(50) values of 7.50, 7.55, 5.71, and 5.38, respectively. BYK49187, BYK236864, and BYK20370 displayed no selectivity for PARP-1/2, whereas BYK204165 displayed 100-fold selectivity for PARP-1. The IC(50) values for inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in human lung epithelial A549 and cervical carcinoma C4I cells as well in rat cardiac myoblast H9c2 cells after PARP activation by H(2)O(2) were highly significantly correlated with those at cell-free PARP-1 (r(2) = 0.89-0.96, P < 0.001) but less with those at PARP-2 (r(2) = 0.78-0.84, P < 0.01). The infarct size caused by coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in the anesthetized rat was reduced by 22% (P < 0.05) by treatment with BYK49187 (3 mg/kg i.v. bolus and 3 mg/kg/h i.v. during 2-h reperfusion), whereas the weaker PARP inhibitors, BYK236864 and BYK20370, were not cardioprotective. In conclusion, the imidazoquinolinone BYK49187 is a potent inhibitor of human PARP-1 activity in cell-free and cellular assays in vitro and reduces myocardial infarct size in vivo. The isoquinolindione BYK204165 was found to be 100-fold more selective for PARP-1. Thus, both compounds might be novel and valuable tools for investigating PARP-1-mediated effects.
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Phulwani NK, Kielian T. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) 1-3 regulate astrocyte activation. J Neurochem 2008; 106:578-90. [PMID: 18410506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Besides their traditional role in maintaining CNS homeostasis, astrocytes also participate in innate immune responses. Indeed, we have previously demonstrated that astrocytes are capable of recognizing bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, a common etiologic agent of CNS infections, and respond with the robust production of numerous proinflammatory mediators. Suppression of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a DNA repair enzyme, has been shown to attenuate inflammatory responses in several cell types including mixed glial cultures. However, a role for PARP-1 in regulating innate immune responses in purified astrocytes and the potential for multiple PARP family members to cooperatively regulate astrocyte activation has not yet been examined. The synthetic PARP-1 inhibitor PJ-34 attenuated the production of several proinflammatory mediators by astrocytes in response to S. aureus stimulation including nitric oxide, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and CCL2. The release of all four mediators was partially reduced in PARP-1 knockout (KO) astrocytes compared to wild-type cells. The residual inflammatory mediator expression detected in PARP-1 KO astrocytes was further blocked with PJ-34, suggesting either non-specific effects of the drug or actions on alternative PARP isoforms. Reduction in PARP-2 or PARP-3 expression by siRNA knock down revealed that these isoforms also contributed to inflammatory mediator regulation in response to S. aureus. Interestingly, the combined targeting of either PARP-1/PARP-2 or PARP-2/PARP-3 attenuated astrocyte inflammatory responses more effectively compared to knock down of either PARP alone, suggesting cooperativity between PARP isoforms. Collectively, these findings suggest that PARPs influence the extent of S. aureus-induced astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Phulwani
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Haddad M, Beray-Berthat V, Coqueran B, Palmier B, Szabo C, Plotkine M, Margaill I. Reduction of hemorrhagic transformation by PJ34, a poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor, after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:52-7. [PMID: 18468597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation is an aggravating event that occurs in 15 to 43% of patients suffering from ischemic stroke. This phenomenon due to blood-brain barrier breakdown appears to be mediated in part by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) among which MMP-2 and MMP-9 could be particularly involved. Recent experimental studies demonstrated that post-ischemic MMP-9 overexpression is regulated by poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of PJ34 (N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetamide), a potent PARP inhibitor, on MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and on hemorrhagic transformations in a model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice. PJ34 (6.25-12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given at the time of ischemia onset and 4 h later. Hemorrhagic transformations, divided into microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages, were counted 48 h after ischemia on 12 coronal brain slices. Microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages were respectively reduced by 38% and 69% with 6.25 mg/kg PJ34. The anti-hemorrhagic effect of PJ34 was associated with a 57% decrease in MMP-9 overexpression assessed by gelatin zymography. No increase in MMP-2 activity was observed after ischemia in our model. The vascular protection achieved by PJ34 was associated with a reduction in the motor deficit (P<0.05) and in infarct volume (-31%, P<0.01). In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that PJ34 reduces hemorrhagic transformations after cerebral ischemia. Thus this PARP inhibitor exhibits both anti-hemorrhagic and neuroprotective effects that may be of valuable interest for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Haddad
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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41
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibition increases expression of heat shock proteins and attenuates heat stroke-induced liver injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:526-34. [PMID: 18091544 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000299735.43699.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heat stroke is a life-threatening illness characterized by an increased core body temperature as a result of exposure to high ambient temperature. Despite advances in supportive care, heat stroke is often fatal, and no specific and effective therapies exist. The pathophysiological responses to heat stroke involve a systemic inflammatory response and a disseminated intravascular coagulation in the host, which lead to a multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear DNA-binding protein that has been shown to play a relevant role in cell necrosis and organ failure in various diseases associated with inflammation. Therefore, we set out to investigate whether inhibition of PARP activity might affect the heat stroke-induced injury. DESIGN Controlled animal study. SETTING Research laboratory of an academic institution. SUBJECTS PARP-1-deficient mice (Parp-1(-/-)) and wild-type mice (C57BL/6J). INTERVENTIONS Wild-type mice untreated or treated with either PJ34 or 3-AB, two generic PARP inhibitors, and Parp-1(-/-) mice were subjected to heat exposure as a model to study heat stroke. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured rectal temperature, serum interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6, liver histology, and heat shock proteins expression. We found that the heat stroke-induced injury was attenuated in mice lacking PARP-1 and was markedly reduced in wild-type mice treated with PARP inhibitors. Interestingly, heat-induced expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 70 was boosted after PARP inhibition. Indeed, PARP inhibition increased expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 70 even in the absence of heat exposure. Accordingly, PARP inhibition increased thermal tolerance that may contribute to attenuate the clinical effects of heat stroke, resulting in increased survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results find a new protective function of PARP inhibitors and support their potential therapeutic application in the treatment of heat stroke.
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Lorenzo HK, Susin SA. Therapeutic potential of AIF-mediated caspase-independent programmed cell death. Drug Resist Updat 2008; 10:235-55. [PMID: 18180198 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer drugs is often related to deficient cell death execution pathways in cancer cells. Apoptosis, which denotes a form of cell death executed by caspases, was traditionally considered as the only physiological and programmed form of cell death. However, recent evidence indicates that programmed cell death (PCD) can occur in complete absence of caspase activation. Indeed, a large number of caspase-independent models are now defined and a key protein implicated in this type of PCD, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), has been identified. AIF is a mitochondrial protein with two faces looking in opposite life/death directions. Recently, the identification of five different isoforms allowed a better characterization of AIFs life/mitochondrial versus death/nuclear functions, as well as definition of its pro-apoptotic region and some of its nuclear partners. Importantly, much work on caspase-independent PCD has revealed that AIF participates in more PCD systems than initially thought. A wider molecular knowledge of AIF, and of the caspase-independent PCDs in which it is involved, are key to provide new insights into the role of PCD. There is no doubt that these insights will lead to the development of more selective and efficient drugs against cancer, degenerative diseases, and other pathological disorders implicating AIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Lorenzo
- INSERM U542, Institut André Lwoff, Lavoisier Building, 94803 Villejuif, France.
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43
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Spivey AC, Martin LJ, Tseng CC, Ellames GJ, Kohler AD. A strategy for isotope containment during radiosynthesis—devolatilisation of bromobenzene by fluorous-tagging–Ir-catalysed borylation en route to the 4-phenylpiperidine pharmacophore. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4093-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b816217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chatterjee PK. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:1-43. [PMID: 18038125 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of renal I-R injury with the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and the decline of antioxidant protection playing major roles, leading to dysfunction, injury, and death of the cells of the kidney. Renal inflammation, involving cytokine/adhesion molecule cascades with recruitment, activation, and diapedesis of circulating leukocytes is also implicated. Clinically, renal I-R occurs in a variety of medical and surgical settings and is responsible for the development of acute tubular necrosis (a characteristic feature of ischemic ARF), e.g., in renal transplantation where I-R of the kidney directly influences graft and patient survival. The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of renal I-R injury have been targeted by several pharmacological interventions. However, although showing promise in experimental models of renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, they have not proved successful in the clinical setting (e.g., atrial natriuretic peptide, low-dose dopamine). This review highlights recent pharmacological developments, which have shown particular promise against experimental renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, including novel antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme mimetics, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, erythropoietin, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonists, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, carbon monoxide-releasing molecules, statins, and adenosine. Novel approaches such as recent research involving combination therapies and the potential of non-pharmacological strategies are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Palermo CM, Bennett CA, Winters AC, Hemenway CS. The AF4-mimetic peptide, PFWT, induces necrotic cell death in MV4-11 leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2007; 32:633-42. [PMID: 17875318 PMCID: PMC2270790 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite ongoing success in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, patients harboring translocations involving the MLL gene at chromosome 11q23 remain resistant to treatment. To improve outcomes, novel therapeutics designed to target the unusual biology of these leukemias need to be developed. Previously, we identified an interaction between the two most common MLL fusion proteins, AF4 and AF9, and designed a synthetic peptide (PFWT) capable of disrupting this interaction. PFWT induced cell death in leukemia cells expressing MLL-AF4 with little effect on the colony forming potential of hematopoietic progenitor cells, suggesting the AF4-AF9 complex is an important pharmacological target for leukemia therapy and PFWT is a promising chemotherapeutic prototype. In these studies, we demonstrate that PFWT induces death by necrosis in MV4-11 cells. Cell death is characterized by rapid loss of plasma membrane integrity with maintenance of nuclear membrane integrity, and is independent of caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. PFWT-mediated necrosis is inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor TLCK, suggesting this death pathway is regulated. Given the resistance of t(4;11) leukemias to conventional chemotherapeutic agents that induce apoptosis, further identification of the molecular events mediating this death process should uncover new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Palermo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Cecily A. Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Amanda C. Winters
- Physician Scientist Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Charles S. Hemenway
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- The Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics SL37, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States. Tel.: +1 504 988 1431. E-mail address: (C.S. Hemenway)
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46
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Kauppinen TM, Swanson RA. The role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in CNS disease. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1267-72. [PMID: 17084037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that contributes to both neuronal death and survival under stress conditions. PARP-1 is the most abundant of several PARP family members, accounting for more than 85% of nuclear PARP activity, and is present in all nucleated cells of multicellular animals. When activated by DNA damage, PARP-1 consumes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form branched polymers of ADP-ribose on target proteins. This process can have at least three important consequences in the CNS, depending on the cell type and the extent of DNA damage: 1) Poly(ADP-ribose) formation on histones and on enzymes involved in DNA repair can prevent sister chromatid exchange and facilitate base-excision repair; 2) poly(ADP-ribose) formation can influence the action of transcription factors, notably nuclear factor kappaB, and thereby promote inflammation; and 3) extensive PARP-1 activation can promote neuronal death through mechanisms involving NAD+ depletion and release of apoptosis inducing factor from the mitochondria. PARP-1 activation is thereby a key mediator of neuronal death during excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative stress, and PARP-1 gene deletion or pharmacological inhibition can markedly improve neuronal survival in these settings. PARP-1 activation has also been identified in Alzheimer's disease and in experimental allergic encephalitis, but the role of PARP-1 in these disorders remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kauppinen
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Klawitter V, Morales P, Bustamante D, Gomez-Urquijo S, Hökfelt T, Herrera-Marschitz M. Plasticity of basal ganglia neurocircuitries following perinatal asphyxia: effect of nicotinamide. Exp Brain Res 2007; 180:139-52. [PMID: 17310378 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential neuroprotection of nicotinamide on the consequences of perinatal asphyxia was investigated with triple organotypic cultures. Perinatal asphyxia was induced in vivo by immersing foetuses-containing uterine horns removed from ready-to-deliver rats into a water bath for 20 min. Sibling caesarean-delivered pups were used as controls. Three days later tissue from substantia nigra, neostriatum and neocortex was dissected and placed on a coverslip. After a month, the cultures were processed for immunocytochemistry and phenotyped with markers against the NMDA receptor subunit NR1, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Some cultures were analysed for cell viability. Nicotinamide (0.8 mmol/kg, i.p.) or saline was administered to asphyxia-exposed and caesarean-delivered control pups 24, 48 and 72 h after birth. Perinatal asphyxia produced a decrease of cell viability in substantia nigra, but not in neostriatum or neocortex. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the vulnerability of the substantia nigra, demonstrating that there was a significant decrease in the number of NR1 and TH-positive (+) cells/mm2, as well as a decrease in the length of TH+ processes, suggesting neurite atrophy. In control cultures, many nNOS+ cells were seen, with different features, regional distribution and cell body sizes. Following perinatal asphyxia, there was an increase in the number of nNOS+ cells/mm2 in substantia nigra, versus a decrease in neostriatum including reduced neurite length, and no apparent changes in neocortex. The main effect of nicotinamide was seen in the neostriatum, preventing the asphyxia-induced decrease in the number of nNOS+ cells and neurite length. Nicotinamide also prevented the effect of perinatal asphyxia on TH-positive neurite length. The present results support the idea that nicotinamide can prevent the effects produced by a sustained energy-failure condition, as occurring during perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Klawitter
- Programme of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, PO Box 70000 Santiago 7, Chile.
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48
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Mehta SL, Manhas N, Raghubir R. Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:34-66. [PMID: 17222914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (stroke) triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular mechanisms that impairs the neurologic functions through breakdown of cellular integrity mediated by excitotoxic glutamatergic signalling, ionic imbalance, free-radical reactions, etc. These intricate processes lead to activation of signalling mechanisms involving calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The distribution of these transducers bring them in contact with appropriate molecular targets leading to altered gene expression, e.g. ERK and JNK mediated early gene induction, responsible for activation of cell survival/damaging mechanisms. Moreover, inflammatory reactions initiated at the neurovascular interface and alterations in the dynamic communication between the endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons are thought to substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The damaging mechanisms may proceed through rapid nonspecific cell lysis (necrosis) or by active form of cell demise (apoptosis or necroptosis), depending upon the severity and duration of the ischemic insult. A systematic understanding of these molecular mechanisms with prospect of modulating the chain of events leading to cellular survival/damage may help to generate the potential strategies for neuroprotection. This review briefly covers the current status on the molecular mechanisms of stroke pathophysiology with an endeavour to identify potential molecular targets such as targeting postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor interaction, certain key proteins involved in oxidative stress, CaMKs and MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK) signalling, inflammation (cytokines, adhesion molecules, etc.) and cell death pathways (caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), receptor interacting protein (RIP), etc., besides targeting directly the genes itself. However, selecting promising targets from various signalling cascades, for drug discovery and development is very challenging, nevertheless such novel approaches may lead to the emergence of new avenues for therapeutic intervention in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Chatter Manzil Palace, POB-173, Lucknow-226001, India
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Iwashita A, Muramatsu Y, Yamazaki T, Muramoto M, Kita Y, Yamazaki S, Mihara K, Moriguchi A, Matsuoka N. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ-Selective Agonists in Vitro and in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:1087-96. [PMID: 17167170 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and function as ligand-modulated transcription factors that regulate gene expression in many important biological processes. The PPARdelta subtype has the highest expression in the brain and is postulated to play a major role in neuronal cell function; however, the precise physiological roles of this receptor remain to be elucidated. Herein, we show that the high-affinity PPARdelta agonists L-165041 [4-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)-propoxyl]phenoxy]-acetic acid] and GW501516 [2-methyl4-((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,3-triazol-5-yl)-methylsulfanyl)phenoxy acetic acid] protect against cytotoxin-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury in vitro and both ischemic brain injury and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in vivo. In the SH-SY5Y studies, treatment with L-165041 or GW501516 significantly and concentration-dependently attenuated cell death following thapsigargin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, or staurosporine exposure, with the extent of damage correlated with the level of caspase-3 inhibition. In the transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic brain injury in rats, i.c.v. infusion of L-165041 or GW501516 significantly attenuated the ischemic brain damage measured 24 h after reperfusion. Moreover, the PPARdelta agonists also significantly attenuated MPTP-induced depletion of striatal dopamine and related metabolite contents in mouse brain. These results demonstrate that subtype-selective PPARdelta agonists possess antiapoptotic properties in vitro, which may underlie their potential neuroprotective potential in in vivo experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Parkinson's disease (PD). These findings suggest that PPARdelta agonists could be useful tools for understanding the role of PPARdelta in other neurodegenerative disorders, as well as attractive therapeutic candidates for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Iwashita
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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50
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Altmann SM, Muryshev A, Fossale E, Maxwell MM, Norflus FN, Fox J, Hersch SM, Young AB, MacDonald ME, Abagyan R, Kazantsev AG. Discovery of bioactive small-molecule inhibitor of poly adp-ribose polymerase: implications for energy-deficient cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:765-70. [PMID: 16873024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) is a nuclear protein that, when overactivated by oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, ADP ribosylates target proteins leading to dramatic cellular ATP depletion. We have discovered a biologically active small-molecule inhibitor of PARP1. The discovered compound inhibited PARP1 enzymatic activity in vitro and prevented ATP loss and cell death in a surrogate model of oxidative stress in vivo. We also investigated a new use for PARP1 inhibitors in energy-deficient cells by using Huntington's disease as a model. Our results showed that insult with the oxidant hydrogen peroxide depleted cellular ATP in mutant cells below the threshold of viability. The protective role of PARP1 inhibitors against oxidative stress has been shown in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Altmann
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, USA
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