1
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Du R, Zhao X, Song L, Wang H, Liu D, Wang Q. A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of P-glycoprotein transporter-mediated placenta perfusion of dexamethasone in the pregnant rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114213. [PMID: 38052401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The present dosage of Dexamethasone (DEX) administered to pregnant women may pose a risk of toxicity to their unborn offspring. We aimed to develop a maternal-fetal physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for DEX in pregnant rats, with a specific focus on the role of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter in placenta perfusion, and finally facilitate the optimization of clinical DEX dosage. We conducted animal experiments to determine DEX concentrations in various rat tissues, and constructed the PBTK model using MATLAB software. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess input parameters and the model stability, with fold error (FE) values serving as evaluation indices. Our results indicate the successful construction of the PBTK model, with the fitting key parameters such as the absorption rate constant (Ka), intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLh,int) and intrinsic P-gp clearance (CLint,P-gp). The median concentration of DEX in maternal plasma, fetal plasma, fetal lung, and fetal brain were determined, which allowed us to fit the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients for the fetal lung (Kp,lung,f) and fetal brain (Kp,brain,f). After making adjustments, all calculated FE values were found to be less than 2, demonstrating the acceptability and accuracy of our model's predictions. Our model integrated external literature data and internal animal experimentation to comprehensively evaluate the maternal-fetal PK characteristics of DEX. These findings provide valuable support for the optimization of clinical DEX dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ling Song
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, China.
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2
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Yousfan A, Al Rahwanji MJ, Hanano A, Al-Obaidi H. A Comprehensive Study on Nanoparticle Drug Delivery to the Brain: Application of Machine Learning Techniques. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:333-345. [PMID: 38060692 PMCID: PMC10762658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of drugs to specific target tissues and cells in the brain poses a significant challenge in brain therapeutics, primarily due to limited understanding of how nanoparticle (NP) properties influence drug biodistribution and off-target organ accumulation. This study addresses the limitations of previous research by using various predictive models based on collection of large data sets of 403 data points incorporating both numerical and categorical features. Machine learning techniques and comprehensive literature data analysis were used to develop models for predicting NP delivery to the brain. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of loaded drugs and NPs were analyzed through a systematic analysis of pharmacodynamic parameters such as plasma area under the curve. The analysis employed various linear models, with a particular emphasis on linear mixed-effect models (LMEMs) that demonstrated exceptional accuracy. The model was validated via the preparation and administration of two distinct NP formulations via the intranasal and intravenous routes. Among the various modeling approaches, LMEMs exhibited superior performance in capturing underlying patterns. Factors such as the release rate and molecular weight had a negative impact on brain targeting. The model also suggests a slightly positive impact on brain targeting when the drug is a P-glycoprotein substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Yousfan
- The
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Al Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartus, AL Kadmous 00000, Syria
| | - Mhd Jawad Al Rahwanji
- Department
of Computer Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus 00000, Syria
| | - Hisham Al-Obaidi
- The
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
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3
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Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
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4
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Simulated Microgravity Alters P-Glycoprotein Efflux Function and Expression via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Rat Intestine and Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065438. [PMID: 36982513 PMCID: PMC10049079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug efflux transporter permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) plays an important role in oral drug absorption and distribution. Under microgravity (MG), the changes in P-gp efflux function may alter the efficacy of oral drugs or lead to unexpected effects. Oral drugs are currently used to protect and treat multisystem physiological damage caused by MG; whether P-gp efflux function changes under MG remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the alteration of P-gp efflux function, expression, and potential signaling pathway in rats and cells under different simulated MG (SMG) duration. The altered P-gp efflux function was verified by the in vivo intestinal perfusion and the brain distribution of P-gp substrate drugs. Results showed that the efflux function of P-gp was inhibited in the 7 and 21 day SMG-treated rat intestine and brain and 72 h SMG-treated human colon adenocarcinoma cells and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. P-gp protein and gene expression levels were continually down-regulated in rat intestine and up-regulated in rat brain by SMG. P-gp expression was regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway under SMG, verified by a pathway-specific agonist and inhibitor. The elevated intestinal absorption and brain distribution of acetaminophen levels also confirmed the inhibited P-gp efflux function in rat intestine and brain under SMG. This study revealed that SMG alters the efflux function of P-gp and regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the intestine and the brain. These findings may be helpful in guiding the use of P-gp substrate drugs during spaceflight.
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5
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Chen X, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Maternal and Fetal Exposure to (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Major Metabolites in Pregnant Mice Is Differentially Impacted by P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:269-275. [PMID: 36446608 PMCID: PMC10029818 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary pharmacological active constituent of cannabis. 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) are respectively the active and nonactive circulating metabolites of THC in humans. While previous animal studies reported that THC could be a substrate of mouse P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), we have shown, in vitro, that only THC-COOH is a weak substrate of human BCRP, but not of P-gp. To confirm these findings and to investigate the role of P-gp and/or Bcrp in the maternal-fetal disposition of THC and its metabolites, we administrated 3 mg/kg of THC retro-orbitally to FVB wild-type (WT), P-gp -/-, Bcrp -/-, or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- pregnant mice on gestation day 18 and estimated the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of the cannabinoids in the maternal plasma, maternal brain, placenta, and fetus, as well as the tissue/maternal plasma AUC geometric mean ratios (GMRs) using a pooled data bootstrap approach. We found that the dose-normalized maternal plasma AUCs of THC in P-gp-/- and P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- mice, and the placenta-to-maternal plasma AUC GMR of THC in Bcrp-/- mice were 279%, 271%, and 167% of those in WT mice, respectively. Surprisingly, the tissue-to-maternal plasma AUC GMRs of THC and its major metabolites in the maternal brain, placenta, or fetus in P-gp -/-, Bcrp -/- or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- mice were 28-78% of those in WT mice. This study revealed that P-gp and Bcrp do not play a role in limiting maternal brain and fetal exposure to THC and its major metabolites in pregnant mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study systematically investigated whether P-gp and/or Bcrp in pregnant mice can alter the disposition of THC, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH. Surprisingly, except for Bcrp, which limits placental (but not fetal) exposure to THC, we found that P-gp-/- , Bcrp-/- , and/or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- significantly decreased exposure to THC and/or its metabolites in maternal brain, placenta, or fetus. The mechanistic basis for this decrease is unclear and needs further investigation. If replicated in humans, P-gp- or BCRP-based drug-cannabinoid interactions are not of concern.
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MESH Headings
- Pregnancy
- Mice
- Female
- Humans
- Animals
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Dronabinol/metabolism
- Placenta/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Nguyen HD, Jo WH, Hoang NHM, Kim MS. Risperidone ameliorated 1,2-Diacetylbenzene-induced cognitive impairments in mice via activating prolactin signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109726. [PMID: 36641890 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment and organic solvent exposure have been becoming public health concerns due to an increasingly aging population, increased life expectancy, urbanization, and industrialization. Converging evidence indicates the link between 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB), prolactin (PRL), risperidone, and cognitive impairment. However, these relationships remain unclear. We investigated the therapeutic properties of risperidone in DAB-induced cognitive impairment using both in vivo and in silico methods. Risperidone alleviated DAB-induced cognitive impairment in hippocampal mice, possibly by inhibiting GSK-3β, β-amyloid, CDK5, BACE, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Risperidone also attenuated the activation of TREM-1/DAP12/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β, and TLR4/NF-κB pathways caused by DAB. Furthermore, risperidone inhibited DAB-induced oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as increased the expression of Nrf2, IL-10, Stat3, MDM2, and catalase activity. On the other hand, risperidone activated the expression of IRS1, PI3K, AKT, BDNF, Drd2, Scna5, and Trt as well as reduced the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and Caspase-3 levels. In silico analyses identified the prolactin signaling pathway, miR-155-5p, miR-34a-5p, and CEBPB as the main molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of DAB-induced cognitive impairment and targeted by risperidone. Our results suggest that risperidone could be used to treat cognitive impairment caused by organic solvents, especially DAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Noh K, Liu X, Wei C. Optimizing transcardial perfusion of small molecules and biologics for brain penetration and biodistribution studies in rodents. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2023; 44:71-83. [PMID: 35508078 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Efficiently removing blood from the brain vasculature is critical to evaluate accurately the brain penetration and biodistribution of drug candidates, especially for biologics as their blood concentrations are substantially higher than the brain concentrations. Transcardial perfusion has been used widely to remove residual blood in the brain; however, the perfusion conditions (such as the perfusion rate and time) reported in the literature are quite varied, and the performance of these methods on blood removal has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, the effectiveness of the perfusion conditions was assessed by measuring brain hemoglobin levels. Sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ) as an additive in the perfusate was evaluated at different concentrations. Blood removal was significantly improved with 2% NaNO2 over a 20 min perfusion in mouse without disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In mice, the optimized perfusion method significantly lowered the measured brain-to-plasma ratio (Kp,brain ) for monoclonal antibodies due to the removal of blood contamination and small molecules with a moderate-to-high BBB permeability and with a high brain-unbound-fraction (fu,brain ) presumably due to flux out of the brain during perfusion. Perfusion with or without NaNO2 clearly removed the residual blood in rat brain but with no difference observed in Kp,brain between the perfusion groups with or without 2% NaNO2 . In conclusion, a perfusion method was successfully developed to evaluate the brain penetration of small molecules and biologics in rodents for the first time. The transcardial perfusion with 2% NaNO2 effectively removed the residual blood in the brain and significantly improved the assessment of brain penetration of biologics. For small molecules, however, transcardial perfusion may not be performed, as small molecule compounds could be washed away from the brain by the perfusion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Chatterjee S, Deshpande AA, Shen H. Recent advances in the in vitro and in vivo methods to assess impact of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein transporters in central nervous system drug disposition. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2023; 44:7-25. [PMID: 36692150 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One challenge in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery has been ensuring the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of compounds at an efficacious concentration that provides suitable safety margins for clinical investigation. Research providing for the accurate prediction of brain penetration of compounds during preclinical discovery is important to a CNS program. In the BBB, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) (ABCG2) transporters have been demonstrated to play a major role in the active efflux of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics out of the brain microvessel cells and back to the systemic circulation. In the past 10 years, there has been significant technological improvement in the sensitivity of quantitative proteomics methods, in vivo imaging, in vitro methods of organoid and microphysiological systems, as well as in silico quantitative physiological based pharmacokinetic and systems pharmacology models. Scientists continually leverage these advancements to interrogate the distribution of compounds in the CNS which may also show signals of substrate specificity of P-gp and/or BCRP. These methods have shown promise toward predicting and quantifying the unbound concentration(s) within the brain relevant for efficacy or safety. In this review, the authors have summarized the in vivo, in vitro, and proteomics advancements toward understanding the contribution of P-gp and/or BCRP in restricting the entry of compounds to the CNS of either healthy or special populations. Special emphasis has been provided on recent investigations on the application of a proteomics-informed approach to predict steady-state drug concentrations in the brain. Moreover, future perspectives regarding the role of these transporters in newer modalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Chatterjee
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kastrup, Denmark
| | - Anup Arunrao Deshpande
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Regional Differences in the Absolute Abundance of Transporters, Receptors and Tight Junction Molecules at the Blood-Arachnoid Barrier and Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier among Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spines in Dogs. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1393-1413. [PMID: 35488144 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively determine the expression of transporters, receptors and tight junction molecules at the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines from dogs. METHODS The expression levels of 31 transporters, 3 receptors, 1 tight junction protein, and 3 marker proteins in leptomeninges and capillaries isolated from spines (3 male and 2 female dogs) were determined by quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics (qTAP). The units were converted from fmol/μg protein to pmol/cm (absolute abundance at the BAB and the BSCB in a 1 cm section of spine). RESULTS The expression of MDR1 and BCRP were greater at the BSCB compared to the BAB (especially in the cervical cord), and the expressions at the lumbar BSCB were lower than that for the cervical BSCB. Among the organic anionic and cationic drug transporters, OAT1, OAT3, MRP1, OCT2 and MATE1/2 were detected only in the BAB, and not at the BSCB). The expression of these transporters was higher in the order: lumbar > thoracic > cervical BAB. The expressions of GLUT1, 4F2hc, EAAT1, 2, PEPT2, CTL1, and MCT1 at the BSCB of the cervical cord were higher than the corresponding values for the cervical BAB, and these values decreased in going down the spinal cord. CONCLUSION These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the concentration gradients of drugs and endogenous substances in the cerebrospinal fluid and parenchyma of the spinal cord.
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11
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Kadoguchi M, Arakawa H, Honda R, Hotta K, Shirasaka Y, Deguchi Y, Tamai I. Characterization of Aripiprazole Uptake Transporter in the Blood-Brain Barrier Model hCMEC/D3 Cells by Targeted siRNA Screening. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1549-1559. [PMID: 35314999 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification of blood-brain barrier (BBB) uptake transporters is a major challenge in the research and development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. However, conventional methods that consider known drug uptake characteristics have failed at identifying the responsible transporter molecule. The present study aimed at identifying aripiprazole uptake transporters in BBB model hCMEC/D3 cells using a knockdown screening study targeting various transporters, including uncharacterized ones. METHODS We evaluated the effect of 214 types of siRNA targeting transporters on the uptake of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in hCMEC/D3 cells. Aripiprazole uptake was determined using Xenopus oocytes expressing the candidate genes extracted from the siRNA screening assay. RESULTS The estimated unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) of aripiprazole was estimated as 0.67 in wild-type mice and 1.94 in abcb1a/1b/abcg2 knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of both uptake and efflux transporters in BBB permeation. According to siRNA knockdown screening studies, organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) and long-chain fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) were identified as candidate genes. The uptake of aripiprazole by hCMEC/D3 cells was decreased by OCTN2 inhibitors, but not by FATP1 inhibitors. A partially increased uptake of aripiprazole was observed in OCTN2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Finally, to evaluate transporter-mediated BBB permeation of drugs, the reported and estimated Kp,uu,brain values were summarized. CONCLUSIONS A knockdown screening study in combination with Kp,uu,brain values showed that aripiprazole was a potential substrate of OCTN2. The technique described in this study can be applied to identifying novel BBB transporters for CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeno Kadoguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hotta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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12
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Huttunen KM, Terasaki T, Urtti A, Montaser AB, Uchida Y. Pharmacoproteomics of Brain Barrier Transporters and Substrate Design for the Brain Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1363-1392. [PMID: 35257288 PMCID: PMC9246989 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major reasons why central nervous system (CNS)-drug development has been challenging in the past, is the barriers that prevent substances entering from the blood circulation into the brain. These barriers include the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB), and they differ from each other in their transporter protein expression and function as well as among the species. The quantitative expression profiles of the transporters in the CNS-barriers have been recently revealed, and in this review, it is described how they affect the pharmacokinetics of compounds and how these expression differences can be taken into account in the prediction of brain drug disposition in humans, an approach called pharmacoproteomics. In recent years, also structural biology and computational resources have progressed remarkably, enabling a detailed understanding of the dynamic processes of transporters. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) are currently used commonly to reveal the conformational changes of the transporters and to find the interactions between the substrates and the protein during the binding, translocation in the transporter cavity, and release of the substrate on the other side of the membrane. The computational advancements have also aided in the rational design of transporter-utilizing compounds, including prodrugs that can be actively transported without losing potency towards the pharmacological target. In this review, the state-of-art of these approaches will be also discussed to give insights into the transporter-mediated drug delivery to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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13
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Fujita A, Noguchi S, Hamada R, Inoue S, Shimada T, Katakura S, Maruyama T, Sai Y, Nishimura T, Tomi M. Limited Impact of Murine Placental MDR1 on Fetal Exposure of Certain Drugs Explained by Bypass Transfer Between Adjacent Syncytiotrophoblast Layers. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1645-1658. [PMID: 35083640 PMCID: PMC9246986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is located at the interface between two syncytiotrophoblast layers in rodent placenta, and may influence fetal drug distribution. Here, we quantitatively compare the functional impact per single MDR1 molecule of MDR1 at the placental barrier and blood-brain barrier in mice. Methods MDR1A and MDR1B proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Paclitaxel or digoxin was continuously administered to pregnant Mdr1a−/−/Mdr1b−/− or wild-type mice, and the drug concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and maternal brain were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Results MDR1A and MDR1B proteins are expressed in the membrane of mouse placental labyrinth, and total MDR1 at the placental barrier amounts to about 30% of that at the blood-brain barrier. The fetal-to-maternal plasma concentration ratio of digoxin was only marginally affected in Mdr1a−/−/Mdr1b−/− mice, while that of paclitaxel showed a several-fold increase. No such difference between the two drugs was found in the maternal brain distribution. The impact per single MDR1 molecule on the fetal distribution of digoxin was calculated to be much lower than that on the brain distribution, but this was not the case for paclitaxel. Our pharmacokinetic model indicates that the impact of placental MDR1 is inversely correlated to the ratio of permeability through gap junctions connecting the two syncytiotrophoblast layers to passive diffusion permeability. Conclusion Our findings indicate that murine placental MDR1 has a minimal influence on the fetal concentration of certain substrates, such as digoxin, due to bypass transfer, probably via connexin26 gap junctions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03165-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimi Fujita
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Hamada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Satoko Inoue
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satomi Katakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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14
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Sato R, Ohmori K, Umetsu M, Takao M, Tano M, Grant G, Porter B, Bet A, Terasaki T, Uchida Y. An Atlas of the Quantitative Protein Expression of Anti-Epileptic-Drug Transporters, Metabolizing Enzymes and Tight Junctions at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Epileptic Patients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122122. [PMID: 34959403 PMCID: PMC8708024 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively elucidate the levels of protein expression of anti-epileptic-drug (AED) transporters, metabolizing enzymes and tight junction molecules at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the focal site of epilepsy patients using accurate SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Brain capillaries were isolated from focal sites in six epilepsy patients and five normal brains; tryptic digests were produced and subjected to SWATH analysis. MDR1 and BCRP were significantly downregulated in the epilepsy group compared to the normal group. Out of 16 AED-metabolizing enzymes detected, the protein expression levels of GSTP1, GSTO1, CYP2E1, ALDH1A1, ALDH6A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH9A1 and ADH5 were significantly 2.13-, 6.23-, 2.16-, 2.80-, 1.73-, 1.67-, 2.47- and 2.23-fold greater in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients than those of normal brains, respectively. The protein expression levels of Claudin-5, ZO-1, Catenin alpha-1, beta-1 and delta-1 were significantly lower, 1.97-, 2.51-, 2.44-, 1.90- and 1.63-fold, in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients compared to those of normal brains, respectively. Consistent with these observations, leakage of blood proteins was also observed. These results provide for a better understanding of the therapeutic effect of AEDs and molecular mechanisms of AED resistance in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Kotaro Ohmori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Brenda Porter
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Anthony Bet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-6832
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15
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Anoshchenko O, Storelli F, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Fetal Exposure to P-Glycoprotein Substrate Drugs Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach and PBPK Modeling and Simulation. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:919-928. [PMID: 34426410 PMCID: PMC8626637 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many women take drugs during their pregnancy to treat a variety of clinical conditions. To optimize drug efficacy and reduce fetal toxicity, it is important to determine or predict fetal drug exposure throughout pregnancy. Previously, we developed and verified a maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (m-f PBPK) model to predict fetal Kp,uu (unbound fetal plasma AUC/unbound maternal plasma AUC) of drugs that passively cross the placenta. Here, we used in vitro transport studies in Transwell, in combination with our m-f PBPK model, to predict fetal Kp,uu of drugs that are effluxed by placental P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-namely, dexamethasone, betamethasone, darunavir, and lopinavir. Using Transwell, we determined the efflux ratio of these drugs in hMDR1-MDCKcP-gpKO cells, in which human P-gp was overexpressed and the endogenous P-gp was knocked out. Then, using the proteomics-informed efflux ratio-relative expressive factor approach, we predicted the fetal Kp,uu of these drugs at term. Finally, to verify our predictions, we compared them with the observed in vivo fetal Kp,uu at term. The latter was estimated using our m-f PBPK model and published fetal [umbilical vein (UV)]/maternal plasma drug concentrations obtained at term (UV/maternal plasma). Fetal Kp,uu predictions for dexamethasone (0.63), betamethasone (0.59), darunavir (0.17), and lopinavir (0.08) were successful, as they fell within the 90% confidence interval of the corresponding in vivo fetal Kp,uu (0.30-0.66, 0.29-0.71, 0.11-0.22, 0.04-0.19, respectively). This is the first demonstration of successful prediction of fetal Kp,uu of P-gp drug substrates from in vitro studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the first time, using in vitro studies in cells, this study successfully predicted human fetal Kp,uu of P-gp substrate drugs. This success confirms that the m-f PBPK model, combined with the ER-REF approach, can successfully predict fetal drug exposure to P-gp substrates. This success provides increased confidence in the use of the ER-REF approach, combined with the m-f PBPK model, to predict fetal Kp,uu of drugs (transported by P-gp or other transporters), both at term and at earlier gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Anoshchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Flavia Storelli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Burgenske DM, Talele S, Pokorny JL, Mladek AC, Bakken KK, Carlson BL, Schroeder MA, He L, Hu Z, Gampa G, Kosel ML, Decker PA, Kitange GJ, Schmitt-Hoffmann A, Bachmann F, Vaubel RA, Eckel-Passow JE, Giannini C, McSheehy P, Lane HA, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. Preclinical modeling in glioblastoma patient-derived xenograft (GBM PDX) xenografts to guide clinical development of lisavanbulin-a novel tumor checkpoint controller targeting microtubules. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:384-395. [PMID: 34232318 PMCID: PMC8917401 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable disease with few approved therapeutic interventions. Radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) remain the standards of care. The efficacy and optimal deployment schedule of the orally bioavailable small-molecule tumor checkpoint controller lisavanbulin alone, and in combination with, standards of care were assessed using a panel of IDH-wildtype GBM patient-derived xenografts. METHODS Mice bearing intracranial tumors received lisavanbulin +/-RT +/-TMZ and followed for survival. Lisavanbulin concentrations in plasma and brain were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, while flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis. RESULTS Lisavanbulin monotherapy showed significant benefit (P < .01) in 9 of 14 PDXs tested (median survival extension 9%-84%) and brain-to-plasma ratios of 1.3 and 1.6 at 2- and 6-hours postdose, respectively, validating previous data suggesting significant exposure in the brain. Prolonged lisavanbulin dosing from RT start until moribund was required for maximal benefit (GBM6: median survival lisavanbulin/RT 90 vs. RT alone 69 days, P = .0001; GBM150: lisavanbulin/RT 143 days vs. RT alone 73 days, P = .06). Similar observations were seen with RT/TMZ combinations (GBM39: RT/TMZ/lisavanbulin 502 days vs. RT/TMZ 249 days, P = .0001; GBM26: RT/TMZ/lisavanbulin 172 days vs. RT/TMZ 121 days, P = .04). Immunohistochemical analyses showed a significant increase in phospho-histone H3 with lisavanbulin treatment (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Lisavanbulin demonstrated excellent brain penetration, significant extension of survival alone or in RT or RT/TMZ combinations, and was associated with mitotic arrest. These data provide a strong clinical rationale for testing lisavanbulin in combination with RT or RT/TMZ in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jenny L Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katrina K Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lihong He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zeng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gautham Gampa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew L Kosel
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul A Decker
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gaspar J Kitange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Felix Bachmann
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachael A Vaubel
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Caterina Giannini
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul McSheehy
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heidi A Lane
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Corresponding Author: Jann N. Sarkaria, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA ()
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17
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Terasaki T. [Development of Novel Methodology and Its Application for Clarifying the Transport Function of the Blood-brain Barrier]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:447-462. [PMID: 33790111 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of brain capillary endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and serves to regulate the transfer of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics between the circulating blood and brain interstitial fluid. We have developed a methodology to characterize brain-to-blood efflux transport in vivo, using the Brain Efflux Index and an in vitro culture model of the BBB, i.e., a conditionally immortalized cell line of the neurovascular unit. Employing these methods, we showed that the BBB plays an important role in protecting the brain by transporting neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, metabolites, uremic toxins, and xenobiotics together with atrial natriuretic peptide from the brain interstitial fluid to the circulating blood. We also developed a highly selective, sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous protein quantification. We found significant species differences in the expression amounts of various BBB transporter proteins among mice, rats, marmosets, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. Among transporter proteins at the BBB, multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mdr1/Abcb1) is known to generate a concentration gradient of unbound substrate drugs between the blood and brain. Based on measurements of the intrinsic efflux transport rate of Mdr1 and the protein expression amounts of Mdr1 in mouse brain capillaries and Mdr1-expressing cell lines, we predicted the unbound drug concentration gradients of 7 drugs in the mouse brain in vivo. This was the first successful prediction of in vivo drug transport activity from in vitro experimental data and transporter protein concentration in tissues. This methodology and findings should greatly advance central nervous system barrier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeing Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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18
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Sato S, Matsumiya K, Tohyama K, Kosugi Y. Translational CNS Steady-State Drug Disposition Model in Rats, Monkeys, and Humans for Quantitative Prediction of Brain-to-Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid-to-Plasma Unbound Concentration Ratios. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34085128 PMCID: PMC8175309 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capturing unbound drug exposure in the brain is crucial to evaluate pharmacological effects for drugs acting on the central nervous system. However, to date, there are no reports of validated prediction models to determine the brain-to-plasma unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) as well as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-to-plasma unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,CSF) between humans and other species. Here, we developed a translational CNS steady-state drug disposition model to predict Kp,uu,brain and Kp,uu,CSF across rats, monkeys, and humans by estimating the relative activity factors (RAF) for MDR1 and BCRP in addition to scaling factors (γ and σ) using the molecular weight, logD, CSF bulk flow, and in vitro transport activities of these transporters. In this study, 68, 26, and 28 compounds were tested in the rat, monkey, and human models, respectively. Both the predicted Kp,uu,brain and Kp,uu,CSF values were within the 3-fold range of the observed values (71, 73, and 79%; 79, 88, and 78% of the compounds, respectively), indicating successful prediction of Kp,uu,brain and Kp,uu,CSF in the three species. The overall predictivity of the RAF approach is consistent with that of the relative expression factor (REF) approach. As the established model can predict Kp,uu,brain and Kp,uu,CSF using only in vitro and physicochemical data, this model would help avoid ethical issues related to animal use and improve CNS drug discovery workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Global DMPK, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shonan Health Innovation Park (iPark), 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Kota Matsumiya
- Global DMPK, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shonan Health Innovation Park (iPark), 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Global DMPK, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shonan Health Innovation Park (iPark), 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Global DMPK, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shonan Health Innovation Park (iPark), 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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19
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Kosugi Y, Mizuno K, Santos C, Sato S, Hosea N, Zientek M. Direct Comparison of the Prediction of the Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partitioning Utilizing Machine Learning Approach and Mechanistic Neuropharmacokinetic Model. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:72. [PMID: 34008121 PMCID: PMC8131289 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic neuropharmacokinetic (neuroPK) model was established to predict unbound brain-to-plasma partitioning (Kp,uu,brain) by considering in vitro efflux activities of multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Herein, we directly compare this model to a computational machine learning approach utilizing physicochemical descriptors and efflux ratios of MDR1 and BCRP-expressing cells for predicting Kp,uu,brain in rats. Two different types of machine learning techniques, Gaussian processes (GP) and random forest regression (RF), were assessed by the time and cluster-split validation methods using 640 internal compounds. The predictivity of machine learning models based on only molecular descriptors in the time-split dataset performed worse than the cluster-split dataset, whereas the models incorporating MDR1 and BCRP efflux ratios showed similar predictivity between time and cluster-split datasets. The GP incorporating MDR1 and BCRP in the time-split dataset achieved the highest correlation (R2 = 0.602). These results suggested that incorporation of MDR1 and BCRP in machine learning is beneficial for robust and accurate prediction. Kp,uu,brain prediction utilizing the neuroPK model was significantly worse compared to machine learning approaches for the same dataset. We also investigated the predictivity of Kp,uu,brain using an external independent test set of 34 marketed drugs. Compared to machine learning models, the neuroPK model showed better predictive performance with R2 of 0.577. This work demonstrates that the machine learning model for Kp,uu,brain achieves maximum predictive performance within the chemical applicability domain, whereas the neuroPK model is applicable more widely beyond the chemical space covered in the training dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kosugi
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, 92121, USA.
| | - Kunihiko Mizuno
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Cipriano Santos
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Sho Sato
- Global DMPK, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Michael Zientek
- Global DMPK, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, California, 92121, USA
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20
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Storelli F, Anoshchenko O, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Steady-State Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio of P-gp Substrates Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:432-442. [PMID: 33675056 PMCID: PMC8360000 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize central nervous system (CNS) drug development, accurate prediction of the drug's human steady-state unbound brain interstitial fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain ) is critical, especially for drugs that are effluxed by the multiple drug resistance transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein, P-gp). Due to lack of good in vitro human blood-brain barrier models, we and others have advocated the use of a proteomics-informed relative expressive factor (REF) approach to predict Kp,uu,brain . Therefore, we tested the success of this approach in humans, with a focus on P-gp substrates, using brain positron emission tomography imaging data for verification. To do so, the efflux ratio (ER) of verapamil, N-desmethyl loperamide, and metoclopramide was determined in human P-gp-transfected MDCKII cells using the Transwell assay. Then, using the ER estimate, Kp,uu,brain of the drug was predicted using REF (ER approach). Alternatively, in vitro passive and P-gp-mediated intrinsic clearances (CLs) of these drugs, estimated using a five-compartmental model, were extrapolated to in vivo using REF (active CL) and brain microvascular endothelial cells protein content (passive CL). The ER approach successfully predicted Kp,uu,brain of all three drugs within twofold of observed data and within 95% confidence interval of the observed data for verapamil and N-desmethyl loperamide. Using the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolated clearance approach, Kp,uu,brain was reasonably well predicted but not the brain unbound interstitial fluid drug concentration-time profile. Therefore, we propose that the ER approach be used to predict Kp,uu,brain of CNS candidate drugs to enhance their success in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Olena Anoshchenko
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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21
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Watanabe R, Esaki T, Ohashi R, Kuroda M, Kawashima H, Komura H, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Mizuguchi K. Development of an In Silico Prediction Model for P-glycoprotein Efflux Potential in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells toward the Prediction of Brain Penetration. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2725-2738. [PMID: 33619967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing in silico models to predict the brain penetration of drugs remains a challenge owing to the intricate involvement of multiple transport systems in the blood brain barrier, and the necessity to consider a combination of multiple pharmacokinetic parameters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the most important transporters affecting the brain penetration of drugs. Here, we developed an in silico prediction model for P-gp efflux potential in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC). Using the representative values of P-gp net efflux ratio in BCEC, we proposed a novel prediction system for brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,brain) and unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) of P-gp substrates. We validated the proposed prediction system using newly acquired experimental brain penetration data of 28 P-gp substrates. Our system improved the predictive accuracy of brain penetration of drugs using only chemical structure information compared with that of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Esaki
- The Center for Data Science Education and Research, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga 522-8522, Japan
| | - Rikiya Ohashi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masataka Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komura
- URA Center, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of In-Silico Drug Design, Center of Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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22
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Rowbottom C, Pietrasiewicz A, Tuczewycz T, Grater R, Qiu D, Kapadnis S, Trapa P. Optimization of dose and route of administration of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, valspodar (PSC-833) and the P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein dual-inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918) as dual infusion in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00740. [PMID: 33660938 PMCID: PMC7931226 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporters can play a key role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Understanding these contributions early in drug discovery allows for more accurate projection of the clinical pharmacokinetics. One method to assess the impact of transporters in vivo involves co‐dosing specific inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to optimize the dose and route of administration of a P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor, valspodar (PSC833), and a dual P‐gp/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918), by assessing the transporters’ impact on brain penetration and absorption. A dual‐infusion strategy was implemented to allow for flexibility with dose formulation. The chemical inhibitor was dosed intravenously via the femoral artery, and a cassette of known substrates was infused via the jugular vein. Valspodar or elacridar was administered as 4.5‐hour constant infusions over a range of doses. To assess the degree of inhibition, the resulting ratios of brain and plasma concentrations, Kp's, of the known substrates were compared to the vehicle control. These data demonstrated that doses greater than 0.9 mg/hr/kg valspodar and 8.9 mg/hr/kg elacridar were sufficient to inhibit P‐gp‐ and BCRP‐mediated efflux at the blood‐brain barrier in rats without any tolerability issues. Confirmation of BBB restriction by efflux transporters in preclinical species allows for subsequent prediction in humans based upon the proteomic expression at rodent and human BBB. Overall, the approach can also be applied to inhibition of efflux at other tissues (gut absorption, liver clearance) or can be extended to other transporters of interest using alternate inhibitors.
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Di L, Artursson P, Avdeef A, Benet LZ, Houston JB, Kansy M, Kerns EH, Lennernäs H, Smith DA, Sugano K. The Critical Role of Passive Permeability in Designing Successful Drugs. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1862-1874. [PMID: 32743945 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Passive permeability is a key property in drug disposition and delivery. It is critical for gastrointestinal absorption, brain penetration, renal reabsorption, defining clearance mechanisms and drug-drug interactions. Passive diffusion rate is translatable across tissues and animal species, while the extent of absorption is dependent on drug properties, as well as in vivo physiology/pathophysiology. Design principles have been developed to guide medicinal chemistry to enhance absorption, which combine the balance of aqueous solubility, permeability and the sometimes unfavorable compound characteristic demanded by the target. Permeability assays have been implemented that enable rapid development of structure-permeability relationships for absorption improvement. Future advances in assay development to reduce nonspecific binding and improve mass balance will enable more accurately measurement of passive permeability. Design principles that integrate potency, selectivity, passive permeability and other ADMET properties facilitate rapid advancement of successful drug candidates to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue, #102, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Brian Houston
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | | | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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24
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Nicolaï J, Chapy H, Gillent E, Saunders K, Ungell AL, Nicolas JM, Chanteux H. Impact of In Vitro Passive Permeability in a P-gp-transfected LLC-PK1 Model on the Prediction of the Rat and Human Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio. Pharm Res 2020; 37:175. [PMID: 32856111 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More accurate prediction of the extent of drug brain exposure in early drug discovery and understanding potential species differences could help to guide medicinal chemistry and avoid unnecessary animal studies. Hence, the aim of the current study was to validate the use of a P-gp transfected LLC-PK1 model to predict the unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kpuu,brain) in rats and humans. METHODS MOCK-, Mdr1a- and MDR1-transfected LLC-PK1 monolayers were applied in a transwell setup to quantify the bidirectional transport for 12 specific P-gp substrates, 48 UCB drug discovery compounds, 11 compounds with reported rat in situ brain perfusion data and 6 compounds with reported human Kpuu,brain values. The in vitro transport data were introduced in a minimal PBPK model (SIVA®) to determine the transport parameters. These parameters were combined with the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability as well as P-gp expression levels (as determined by LC-MS/MS), to predict the Kpuu,brain. RESULTS A 10-fold difference between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability was observed. Incorporation of the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability and P-gp expression levels resulted in an improved prediction of rat (AAFE 2.17) and human Kpuu,brain (AAFE 2.10). CONCLUSIONS We have succesfully validated a methodology to use a P-gp overexpressing LLC-PK1 cell line to predict both rat and human Kpuu,brain by correcting for both passive permeability and P-gp expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Saunders
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Nicolas
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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25
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Establishment and validation of highly accurate formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded quantitative proteomics by heat-compatible pressure cycling technology using phase-transfer surfactant and SWATH-MS. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11271. [PMID: 32647189 PMCID: PMC7347883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a quantitative proteomic method able to accurately quantify pathological changes in the protein expression levels of not only non-membrane proteins, but also membrane proteins, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Protein extraction from FFPE sections of mouse liver was increased 3.33-fold by pressure cycling technology (PCT) and reached the same level as protein extraction from frozen sections. After PCT-assisted processing of FFPE liver samples followed by SWATH-MS-based comprehensive quantification, the peak areas of 88.4% of peptides agreed with those from matched fresh samples within a 1.5-fold range. For membrane proteins, this percentage was remarkably increased from 49.1 to 93.8% by PCT. Compared to the conventional method using urea buffer, the present method using phase-transfer surfactant (PTS) buffer at 95 °C showed better agreement of peptide peak areas between FFPE and fresh samples. When our method using PCT and PTS buffer at 95 °C was applied to a bile duct ligation (BDL) disease model, the BDL/control expression ratios for 80.0% of peptides agreed within a 1.2-fold range between FFPE and fresh samples. This heat-compatible FFPE-PCT-SWATH proteomics technology using PTS is suitable for quantitative studies of pathological molecular mechanisms and biomarker discovery utilizing widely available FFPE samples.
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26
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Hoshi Y, Uchida Y, Kuroda T, Tachikawa M, Couraud PO, Suzuki T, Terasaki T. Distinct roles of ezrin, radixin and moesin in maintaining the plasma membrane localizations and functions of human blood-brain barrier transporters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1533-1545. [PMID: 31409174 PMCID: PMC7308513 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19868880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the roles of ERM proteins (ezrin/radixin/moesin) in the regulation of membrane localization and transport activity of transporters at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ezrin or moesin knockdown in a human in vitro BBB model cell line (hCMEC/D3) reduced both BCRP and GLUT1 protein expression levels on the plasma membrane. Radixin knockdown reduced not only BCRP and GLUT1, but also P-gp membrane expression. These results indicate that P-gp, BCRP and GLUT1 proteins are maintained on the plasma membrane via different ERM proteins. Furthermore, moesin knockdown caused the largest decrease of P-gp and BCRP efflux activity among the ERM proteins, whereas GLUT1 influx activity was similarly reduced by knockdown of each ERM protein. To investigate how moesin knockdown reduced P-gp efflux activity without loss of P-gp from the plasma membrane, we examined the role of PKCβI. PKCβI increased P-gp phosphorylation and reduced P-gp efflux activity. Radixin and moesin proteins were detected in isolated human brain capillaries, and their protein abundances were within a 3-fold range, compared with those in hCMEC/D3 cell line. These findings may mean that ezrin, radixin and moesin maintain the functions of different transporters in different ways at the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Hoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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27
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Song D, Sun L, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Meng S, Jusko WJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Dexamethasone in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:811-818. [PMID: 32601175 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and multitissue concentration-time profiles for dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic corticosteroid, were measured in male rats after subcutaneous bolus and infusion dosing. A physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model was applied for 12 measured tissues. Tissue partition coefficients (K p ) and metabolic clearance were assessed from infusion studies. Blood cell to plasma partitioning (0.664) and plasma free fraction (0.175) for DEX were found to be moderate. DEX was extensively partitioned into liver (K p = 6.76), whereas the calculated K p values of most tissues ranged between 0.1 and 1.5. Despite the moderate lipophilicity of DEX (log P = 1.8), adipose exhibited very limited distribution (K p = 0.17). Presumably due to P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, DEX concentrations were very low in brain compared with its expected high permeability. Infusion studies yielded K p values from male and female rats at steady state that were similar. In silico K p values calculated for different tissues by using GastroPlus software were similar to in vivo values except for adipose and liver. Glucocorticoid receptors are found in diverse tissues, and these PBPK modeling results may help provide exposure profiles driving pharmacodynamic effects of DEX. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our physiologically based pharmacokinetics model describes the experimentally determined tissue and plasma dexamethasone (DEX) pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles in rats reasonably well. This model can serve for further investigation of DEX tissue distribution in rats as the PK driving force for PD effects in different tissues. No major sex differences were found for DEX tissue distribution. Knowledge gained in this study may be translatable to higher-order species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Song
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
| | - Le Sun
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
| | - Richard R Almon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
| | - Shengnan Meng
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
| | - William J Jusko
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S., L.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China (S.M.)
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28
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Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-Based Proteomics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112718. [PMID: 32545386 PMCID: PMC7321193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying proteins in biological samples, outperforming conventional antibody-based methods in many aspects. LC-MS/MS-based proteomics studies have revealed the protein abundances of many drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in tissues relevant to drug metabolism and disposition. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated marked interindividual variability in DMET protein expression, suggesting that varied DMET function is an important contributing factor for interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of medications. Moreover, differential DMET expression profiles were observed across different species and in vitro models. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating animal and in vitro DMET proteomics findings to humans. In recent years, DMET proteomics has been increasingly utilized for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and DMET proteins have also been proposed as biomarkers for prediction of the PK and PD of the corresponding substrate drugs. In sum, despite the existence of many challenges in the analytical technology and data analysis methods of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics, DMET proteomics holds great potential to advance our understanding of PK behavior at the individual level and to optimize treatment regimens via the DMET protein biomarker-guided precision pharmacotherapy.
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29
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Huang L, Wells MC, Zhao Z. A Practical Perspective on the Evaluation of Small Molecule CNS Penetration in Drug Discovery. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 13:78-94. [PMID: 30854983 DOI: 10.2174/1872312813666190311125652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The separation of the brain from blood by the blood-brain barrier and the bloodcerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier poses unique challenges for the discovery and development of drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS). This review will describe the role of transporters in CNS penetration and examine the relationship between unbound brain (Cu-brain) and unbound plasma (Cu-plasma) or CSF (CCSF) concentration. Published data demonstrate that the relationship between Cu-brain and Cu-plasma or CCSF can be affected by transporter status and passive permeability of a drug and CCSF may not be a reliable surrogate for CNS penetration. Indeed, CCSF usually over-estimates Cu-brain for efflux substrates and it provides no additional value over Cu-plasma as the surrogate of Cu-brain for highly permeable non-efflux substrates. A strategy described here for the evaluation of CNS penetration is to use in vitro permeability, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein efflux assays and Cu-brain/Cu-plasma in preclinical species. Cu-plasma should be used as the surrogate of Cu-brain for highly permeable non-efflux substrates with no evidence of impaired distribution into the brain. When drug penetration into the brain is impaired, we recommend using (total brain concentration * unbound fraction in the brain) as Cu-brain in preclinical species or Cu-plasma/in vitro Pgp efflux ratio if Pgp is the major limiting mechanism for brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyue Huang
- Epizyme Inc, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA-02139, United States
| | - Mary C Wells
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA-02210, United States
| | - Zhiyang Zhao
- Alliance Pharma, Inc. 17 Lee Blvd. Malvern, PA-19355, United States
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30
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Uchida Y, Yagi Y, Takao M, Tano M, Umetsu M, Hirano S, Usui T, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T. Comparison of Absolute Protein Abundances of Transporters and Receptors among Blood–Brain Barriers at Different Cerebral Regions and the Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier in Humans and Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2006-2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Usui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Hoshi Y, Uchida Y, Tachikawa M, Ohtsuki S, Couraud PO, Suzuki T, Terasaki T. Oxidative stress-induced activation of Abl and Src kinases rapidly induces P-glycoprotein internalization via phosphorylation of caveolin-1 on tyrosine-14, decreasing cortisol efflux at the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:420-436. [PMID: 30621530 PMCID: PMC7370610 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18822801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the brain to high levels of glucocorticoids during ischemia-reperfusion induces neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress alters blood-brain barrier (BBB) function during ischemia-reperfusion, and so we hypothesized that it might impair P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux transport of glucocorticoids at the BBB. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanism of this putative decrease of P-gp-mediated efflux function. First, we established that H2O2 treatment of a human in vitro BBB model (hCMEC/D3) reduced both P-gp efflux transport activity and protein expression on the plasma membrane within 20 min. These results suggested that the rapid decrease of efflux function might be due to internalization of P-gp. Furthermore, H2O2 treatment markedly increased tyrosine-14-phosphorylated caveolin-1, which is involved in P-gp internalization. A brain perfusion study in rats showed that cortisol efflux at the BBB was markedly decreased by H2O2 administration, and inhibitors of Abl kinase and Src kinase, which phosphorylate tyrosine-14 in caveolin-1, suppressed this decrease. Overall, these findings support the idea that oxidative stress-induced activation of Abl kinase and Src kinase induces internalization of P-gp via the phosphorylation of tyrosine-14 in caveolin-1, leading to a rapid decrease of P-gp-mediated cortisol efflux at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Hoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Role of P-glycoprotein in the brain disposition of seletalisib: Evaluation of the potential for drug-drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105122. [PMID: 31678424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seletalisib is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in clinical development for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the role of P-gp in seletalisib disposition, especially brain distribution, and the associated risks of interactions. Seletalisib was found to be actively transported by rodent and human P-gp in vitro (transfected LLC-PK1 cells; Km of ca. 20 µM), with minimal or no affinity for the other tested transporters. A distribution study in knockout rats (single oral dosing at 750 mg kg-1) showed that P-gp restricts the brain disposition of seletalisib while having minimal effect on its intestinal absorption. Restricted brain penetration was also observed in cynomolgus monkeys (single oral dosing at 30 mg kg-1) using brain microdialysis and cerebrospinal fluid sampling (Kp,uu of 0.09 and 0.24, respectively). These findings opened the question of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between seletalisib and P-gp inhibitors. In vitro, CsA inhibited the active transport of seletalisib with an IC50 of 0.13 µM. In rats, co-administration of high doses of CsA (bolus iv followed by continuous infusion) increased the brain distribution of seletalisib (single oral dosing at 5 mg kg-1). The observed data were found aligned with those predicted by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Based on the same extrapolation method combined with literature data, only very few P-gp inhibitors (i.e. CsA, quinine, quinidine) were predicted to increase the brain disposition of seletalisib in the clinical setting (maximal 3-fold changes).
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Taghi M, Scherrmann JM, Decleves X, Menet MC. ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Interfaces, Their Study Models, and Drug Delivery Implications in Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010020. [PMID: 31878061 PMCID: PMC7022905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain interfaces. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. These selective barriers present a high impermeability to most substances, with the selective transport of nutrients and transporters preventing the entry and accumulation of possibly toxic molecules, comprising many therapeutic drugs. Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily have an important role in drug delivery, because they extrude a broad molecular diversity of xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, preventing their entry into the brain. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors diagnosed in adults, which are often characterized by a poor prognosis, notably in the case of high-grade gliomas. Therapeutic treatments frequently fail due to the difficulty of delivering drugs through the brain barriers, adding to diverse mechanisms developed by the cancer, including the overexpression or expression de novo of ABC transporters in tumoral cells and/or in the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Many models have been developed to study the phenotype, molecular characteristics, and function of the blood-brain interfaces as well as to evaluate drug permeability into the brain. These include in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, which together can help us to better understand their implication in drug resistance and to develop new therapeutics or delivery strategies to improve the treatment of pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we present the principal characteristics of the blood-brain interfaces; then, we focus on the ABC transporters present on them and their implication in drug delivery; next, we present some of the most important models used for the study of drug transport; finally, we summarize the implication of ABC transporters in glioma and the BBTB in drug resistance and the strategies to improve the delivery of CNS anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Hormonologie adulte, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
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Sato S, Tohyama K, Kosugi Y. Investigation of MDR1-overexpressing cell lines to derive a quantitative prediction approach for brain disposition using in vitro efflux activities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105119. [PMID: 31682973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MDR1-overexpressing Lilly Laboratories cell porcine kidney 1 cells (LLC-PK1-MDR1) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK-MDR1) are widely used in drug discovery to evaluate the in vivo relevance of MDR1-mediated efflux. However, as the in vitro efflux ratio (ER) of these cell lines are variable among research facilities, the in vitro ER of these cell lines that would affect quantitative predictivity of brain disposition has not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ER on the quantitative predictivity of brain disposition toward compounds with MDR1 and/or breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) liabilities. Test compounds including internal molecules and five typical substrates of MDR1 and/or BCRP were assessed via an in vitro transporter assay to determine the corrected flux ratio (CFR) and an in vivo animal study using wild-type (WT) and Mdr1a (-/-)/Bcrp(-/-) (dual KO) rats. To assess the in vivo ER for MDR1, the two cell lines LLC-PK1-MDR1 and MDCK-MDR1 were used. After intravenously administering 29 test compounds to rats, the Kp,brain ratio (ratio of Kp,brain,WT to Kp,brain,dual KO), which is considered to be the unbound plasma-to-brain ratio (Kp,uu,brain) that does not require correction for protein binding in both plasma and brain, was determined by measuring their concentrations in the plasma and brain. The Kp,brain ratio of these compounds was predicted by fitting scaling factor that was extrapolated from the in vitro to in vivo ER for MDR1 and BCRP, defined as α and β, respectively. Kp,brain ratio values of 83% and 68% of compounds were predicted by using MDCK-MDR1 and LLC-PK1-MDR1, respectively, within a 2-fold range of the actual corresponding values. The α predicted from CFRs of MDCK-MDR1 was 47-fold smaller than that of LLC-PK1-MDR1; however, a dramatic change in β was not observed. This result appears to be consistent with the data of in vitro transport activity of MDR1, which was estimated to be ~28-fold higher in MDCK-MDR1 than in LLC-PK1-MDR1 by correlation analysis with CFR. Through this study, we revealed that 1) brain disposition in rats was well-predicted by considering the in vitro efflux activities for both MDR1 and BCRP, and 2) MDCK-MDR1 was the superior cell line for the quantitative prediction of brain disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Changes of Blood-Brain Barrier and Brain Parenchymal Protein Expression Levels of Mice under Different Insulin-Resistance Conditions Induced by High-Fat Diet. Pharm Res 2019; 36:141. [PMID: 31367840 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain parenchymal protein expression due to type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) by using SWATH-based quantitative proteomics. METHODS Mice were fed a HFD for 2 or 10 weeks, and then SWATH-based quantitative proteomic analysis, western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and functional transport studies were performed. RESULTS In brain capillaries, expression levels of BBB transporters (Glut1, P-glycoprotein) and tight-junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin) were significantly reduced in HFD mice at 2 weeks, but recovered to the levels in the normal diet (ND) group at 10 weeks. P-glycoprotein function at the BBB was reduced at 2 weeks. In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, neurofilament, which is important for neuronal function, was decreased in HFD mice at 2 weeks, but recovered at 10 weeks. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that changes in the status of insulin resistance influence expression of BBB transporters, which in turn may alter the expression of cognitive function-related proteins.
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Erdő F, Krajcsi P. Age-Related Functional and Expressional Changes in Efflux Pathways at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:196. [PMID: 31417399 PMCID: PMC6682691 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, several articles have reported a relationship between advanced age and changes in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These changes were manifested not only in the morphology and structure of the cerebral microvessels but also in the expression and function of the transporter proteins in the luminal and basolateral surfaces of the capillary endothelial cells. Age-associated downregulation of the efflux pumps ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) resulted in increased permeability and greater brain exposure to different xenobiotics and their possible toxicity. In age-related neurodegenerative pathologies like Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance decreased due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) dysfunction, leading to higher brain exposure. In stroke, however, an enhanced P-gp function was reported in the cerebral capillaries, making it even more difficult to perform effective neuroprotective therapy in the infarcted brain area. This mini-review article focuses on the efflux functions of the transporters and receptors of the BBB in age-related brain pathologies and also in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,Solvo Biotechnology, A Charles River Company, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Billington S, Salphati L, Hop CECA, Chu X, Evers R, Burdette D, Rowbottom C, Lai Y, Xiao G, Humphreys WG, Nguyen TB, Prasad B, Unadkat JD. Interindividual and Regional Variability in Drug Transporter Abundance at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Measured by Quantitative Targeted Proteomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:228-237. [PMID: 30673124 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of brain distribution of drugs that are transported at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is important to quantify the interindividual and regional variability of drug transporter abundance at this barrier. Therefore, using quantitative targeted proteomics, we compared the abundance of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) isolated from postmortem specimens of two matched brain regions, the occipital (Brodmann Area (BA)17) and parietal (BA39) lobe, from 30 adults. Of the quantifiable transporters, the abundance ranked: glucose transporter (GLUT)1 > breast cancer resistance protein > P-glycoprotein (P-gp) > equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT)1 > organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1. The abundance of multidrug resistance protein 1/2/3/4, OATP1A2, organic anion transporter (OAT)3, organic cation transporter (OCT)1/2, OCTN1/2, or ENT2 was below the limit of quantification. Transporter abundance per gram of tissue (scaled using GLUT1 abundance in BMEC vs. brain homogenate) in BA17 was 30-42% higher than BA39. The interindividual variability in transporter abundance (percentage of coefficient of variation (%CV)) was 35-57% (BA17) and 27-46% (BA39). These data can be used in proteomics-informed bottom-up IVIVE to predict human brain drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Billington
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raymond Evers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tot Bui Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Involvement of Claudin-11 in Disruption of Blood-Brain, -Spinal Cord, and -Arachnoid Barriers in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2039-2056. [PMID: 29984400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of barrier disruption in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether claudin-11 is involved in the disruption of two endothelial barriers (blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB)) and two epithelial barriers (blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) and blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB)) in the CNS in MS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, in both normal human and mouse, claudin-11 is co-localized with claudin-5 in the brain and spinal cord capillaries. The absolute protein expression level of claudin-11 was nearly equal to that of claudin-5 in rat brain capillaries, but was 2.81-fold greater in human brain capillaries. The protein expressions of claudin-11 were significantly downregulated in the brain and spinal cord capillaries of an MS patient and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Specific downregulation of claudin-11 with siRNA significantly increased the transfer of membrane-impermeable FITC-dextran across human brain capillary endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) monolayer. As for the epithelial barrier, claudin-11 protein expression was not decreased in choroid plexus epithelial cells forming the BCSFB in EAE mice, whereas it was decreased in brain and spinal cord meninges that form the BAB. Specific downregulation of claudin-11 with siRNA in a rat choroid plexus epithelial cell (TR-CSFB) monolayer significantly increased the permeability of FITC-dextran. In conclusion, our present findings indicate that claudin-11 expression at the BBB, BSCB, and BAB, but not the BCSFB, is downregulated in multiple sclerosis, impairing the functional integrity of these barriers.
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Yamasaki Y, Kobayashi K, Okuya F, Kajitani N, Kazuki K, Abe S, Takehara S, Ito S, Ogata S, Uemura T, Ohtsuki S, Minegishi G, Akita H, Chiba K, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Characterization of P-Glycoprotein Humanized Mice Generated by Chromosome Engineering Technology: Its Utility for Prediction of Drug Distribution to the Brain in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1756-1766. [PMID: 29777024 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the MDR1 gene in humans and by the Mdr1a/1b genes in rodents, is expressed in numerous tissues and performs as an efflux pump to limit the distribution and absorption of many drugs. Owing to species differences of P-gp between humans and rodents, it is difficult to predict the impact of P-gp on pharmacokinetics and the tissue distribution of P-gp substrates in humans from the results of animal experiments. Therefore, we generated a novel P-gp humanized mouse model by using a mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) vector [designated human MDR1-MAC (hMDR1-MAC) mice]. The results showed that hMDR1 mRNA was expressed in various tissues of hMDR1-MAC mice. Furthermore, the expression of human P-gp was detected in the brain capillary fraction and plasma membrane fraction of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from hMDR1-MAC mice, although the expression levels of intestinal P-gp were extremely low. Thus, we evaluated the function of human P-gp at the blood-brain barrier of hMDR1-MAC mice. The brain-to-plasma ratios of P-gp substrates in hMDR1-MAC mice were much lower than those in Mdr1a/1b-knockout mice, and the brain-to-plasma ratio of paclitaxel was significantly increased by pretreatment with a P-gp inhibitor in hMDR1-MAC mice. These results indicated that the hMDR1-MAC mice are the first P-gp humanized mice expressing functional human P-gp at the blood-brain barrier. This mouse is a promising model with which to evaluate species differences of P-gp between humans and mice in vivo and to estimate the brain distribution of drugs in humans while taking into account species differences of P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Fuka Okuya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Shingo Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Seiryo Ogata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Tatsuki Uemura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Genki Minegishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Kan Chiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Y.Y., K.Ko., F.O., G.M., H.A., K.C.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (N.K., K.Ka., S.A., S.T., M.O., Y.K.) and Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (S.I., S.Og., T.U., S.Oh.)
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41
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Liu H, Dong K, Zhang W, Summerfield SG, Terstappen GC. Prediction of brain:blood unbound concentration ratios in CNS drug discovery employing in silico and in vitro model systems. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1357-1372. [PMID: 29548981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift away from optimizing the brain:blood concentration ratio toward the more relevant brain:blood unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,br) in CNS drug discovery. Here, we review the recent developments in the in silico and in vitro model systems to predict the Kp,uu,br of discovery compounds with special emphasis on the in-vitro-in-vivo correlation. We also discuss clinical 'translation' of rodent Kp,uu,br and highlight the future directions for improvement in brain penetration prediction. Important in this regard are in silico Kp,uu,br models built on larger datasets of high quality, calibration and deeper understanding of experimental in vitro transporter systems, and better understanding of blood-brain barrier transporters and their in vivo relevance aside from P-gp and BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kelly Dong
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G Summerfield
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarker, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Georg C Terstappen
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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42
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Zakaria Z, Badhan R. Development of a Region-Specific Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Brain Model to Assess Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010014. [PMID: 29342085 PMCID: PMC5874827 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system drug discovery and development is hindered by the impermeable nature of the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacokinetic modeling can provide a novel approach to estimate CNS drug exposure; however, existing models do not predict temporal drug concentrations in distinct brain regions. A rat CNS physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed, incorporating brain compartments for the frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HC), "rest-of-brain" (ROB), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Model predictions of FC and HC Cmax, tmax and AUC were within 2-fold of that reported for carbamazepine and phenytoin. The inclusion of a 30% coefficient of variation on regional brain tissue volumes, to assess the uncertainty of regional brain compartments volumes on predicted concentrations, resulted in a minimal level of sensitivity of model predictions. This model was subsequently extended to predict human brain morphine concentrations, and predicted a ROB Cmax of 21.7 ± 6.41 ng/mL when compared to "better" (10.1 ng/mL) or "worse" (29.8 ng/mL) brain tissue regions with a FC Cmax of 62.12 ± 17.32 ng/mL and a HC Cmax of 182.2 ± 51.2 ng/mL. These results indicate that this simplified regional brain PBPK model is useful for forward prediction approaches in humans for estimating regional brain drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaril Zakaria
- Ministry of Health Malaysia, Block E1, E3, E6, E7 & E10, Parcel E, Federal Government Administration Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia.
- Applied Health Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Raj Badhan
- Applied Health Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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43
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Braun C, Sakamoto A, Fuchs H, Ishiguro N, Suzuki S, Cui Y, Klinder K, Watanabe M, Terasaki T, Sauer A. Quantification of Transporter and Receptor Proteins in Dog Brain Capillaries and Choroid Plexus: Relevance for the Distribution in Brain and CSF of Selected BCRP and P-gp Substrates. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3436-3447. [PMID: 28880093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) play a pivotal role as gatekeepers for efflux or uptake of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The protein expression of a number of them has already been determined in the brains of rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans using quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP). The dog is an important animal model for drug discovery and development, especially for safety evaluations. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relevance of the transporter protein expression for drug distribution in the dog brain and CSF. We used QTAP to examine the protein expression of 17 selected transporters and receptors at the dog BBB and BCSFB. For the first time, we directly linked the expression of two efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), to regional brain and CSF distribution using specific substrates. Two cocktails, each containing one P-gp substrate (quinidine or apafant) and one BCRP substrate (dantrolene or daidzein) were infused intravenously prior to collection of the brain. Transporter expression varied only slightly between the capillaries of different brain regions and did not result in region-specific distribution of the investigated substrates. There were, however, distinct differences between brain capillaries and choroid plexus. Largest differences were observed for BCRP and P-gp: both were highly expressed in brain capillaries, but no BCRP and only low amounts of P-gp were detected in the choroid plexus. Kp,uu,brain and Kp,uu,CSF of both P-gp substrates were indicative of drug efflux. Also, Kp,uu,brain for the BCRP substrates was low. In contrast, Kp,uu,CSF for both BCRP substrates was close to unity, resulting in Kp,uu,CSF/Kp,uu,brain ratios of 7 and 8, respectively. We conclude that the drug transporter expression profiles differ between the BBB and BCSFB in dogs, that there are species differences in the expression profiles, and that CSF is not a suitable surrogate for unbound brain concentrations of BCRP substrates in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Braun
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. , Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Holger Fuchs
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. , Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Shinobu Suzuki
- Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. , Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Yunhai Cui
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Klaus Klinder
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Proteomedix Frontiers Co., Ltd , T-Biz, 6-6-40 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Achim Sauer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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44
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A Critical View on In Vitro Analysis of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) Transport Kinetics. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2257-2264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Terasaki T. Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics (QTAP)-based Pharmacoproteomics: The Importance of International Collaboration. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:685-689. [PMID: 28566574 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins such as membrane transporters, enzymes, receptors and channels play key roles in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, and also influence efficacy and the likelihood of adverse reactions. Therefore, if we can quantify the activities of these molecules, it may be possible to predict the behavior of candidate drugs in humans in disease states; such methodology would be extremely helpful for efficient drug development. We have developed an in silico method to select appropriate peptides within amino acid sequences in order to quantify targeted proteins by LC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. We have applied this method for the quantification of functional proteins in order to validate various in vitro and in vivo models. We found fairly good correlation between protein amounts and the enzymatic activities of microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in human liver, as well as between protein amounts and the transport activities of multiple transporters in human lung cells. These results suggest that protein quantification can be useful in predicting activity. We have applied this approach to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of an immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell line (D3 cells) and a P-glycoprotein humanized (hMDR1) mouse model by comparing the amounts of functional proteins in the models with those in isolated capillaries from human brain. In order to obtain sufficient human tissue specimens for further studies leading to clinical applications, we believe that international collaboration will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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46
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Hashimoto N, Nakamichi N, Yamazaki E, Oikawa M, Masuo Y, Schinkel AH, Kato Y. P-Glycoprotein in skin contributes to transdermal absorption of topical corticosteroids. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:365-373. [PMID: 28242377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), are expressed in skin, but their involvement in transdermal absorption of clinically used drugs remains unknown. Here, we examined their role in transdermal absorption of corticosteroids. Skin and plasma concentrations of dexamethasone after dermal application were reduced in P-gp and BCRP triple-knockout (Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp-/-) mice. The skin concentration in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp-/- mice was reduced in the dermis, but not in the epidermis, indicating that functional expression of these transporters in skin is compartmentalized. Involvement of these transporters in dermal transport of dexamethasone was also supported by the observation of a higher epidermal concentration in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp-/- than wild-type mice during intravenous infusion. Transdermal absorption after dermal application of prednisolone, but not methylprednisolone or ethinyl estradiol, was also lower in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp-/- than in wild-type mice. Transport studies in epithelial cell lines transfected with P-gp or BCRP showed that dexamethasone and prednisolone are substrates of P-gp, but are minimally transported by BCRP. Thus, our findings suggest that P-gp is involved in transdermal absorption of at least some corticosteroids in vivo. P-gp might be available as a target for inhibition in order to deliver topically applied drugs and cosmetics in a manner that minimizes systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Drug Development Research Laboratories, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Research Division, Maruho Company Ltd., Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Erina Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masashi Oikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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47
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Liu H, Huang L, Li Y, Fu T, Sun X, Zhang YY, Gao R, Chen Q, Zhang W, Sahi J, Summerfield S, Dong K. Correlation between Membrane Protein Expression Levels and Transcellular Transport Activity for Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:449-456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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48
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Prasad B, Vrana M, Mehrotra A, Johnson K, Bhatt DK. The Promises of Quantitative Proteomics in Precision Medicine. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:738-744. [PMID: 27939376 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine approach has a potential to ensure optimum efficacy and safety of drugs at individual patient level. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models could play a significant role in precision medicine by predicting interindividual variability in drug disposition and response. In order to develop robust PBPK/PD models, it is imperative that the critical physiological parameters affecting drug disposition and response and their variability are precisely characterized. Currently used PBPK/PD modeling software, for example, Simcyp and Gastroplus, encompass information such as organ volumes, blood flows to organs, body fat composition, glomerular filtration rate, etc. However, the information on the interindividual variability of the majority of the proteins associated with PK and PD, for example, drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors, are not fully incorporated into these PBPK modeling platforms. Such information is significant because the population factors such as age, genotype, disease, and gender can affect abundance or activity of these proteins. To fill this critical knowledge gap, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important technique to characterize interindividual variability in the protein abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors. Integration of these quantitative proteomics data into in silico PBPK/PD modeling tools will be crucial toward precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 357610, Washington 98195.
| | - Marc Vrana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 357610, Washington 98195
| | - Aanchal Mehrotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 357610, Washington 98195
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 357610, Washington 98195
| | - Deepak Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 357610, Washington 98195
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49
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Zheng Y, Chen X, Benet LZ. Reliability of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods for Predicting the Effect of P-Glycoprotein on the Delivery of Antidepressants to the Brain. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:143-67. [PMID: 26293617 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport on antidepressant delivery has been extensively evaluated using in vitro cellular and in vivo rodent models, an increasing number of publications have addressed the effect of P-gp in limiting brain penetration of antidepressants and causing treatment-resistant depression in current clinical therapies. However, contradictory results have been observed in different systems. It is of vital importance to understand the potential for drug interactions related to P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and whether coadministration of a P-gp inhibitor together with an antidepressant is a good clinical strategy for dosing of patients with treatment-resistant depression. In this review, the complicated construction of the BBB, the transport mechanisms for compounds that cross the BBB, and the basic characteristics of antidepressants are illustrated. Further, the reliability of different systems related to antidepressant brain delivery, including in vitro bidirectional transport cell lines, in vivo Mdr1 knockout mice, and chemical inhibition studies in rodents are analyzed, supporting a low possibility that P-gp affects currently marketed antidepressants when these results are extrapolated to the human BBB. These findings can also be applied to other central nervous system drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0912, USA
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0912, USA.
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50
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Vinorelbine Delivery and Efficacy in the MDA-MB-231BR Preclinical Model of Brain Metastases of Breast Cancer. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2904-2919. [PMID: 27541873 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate vinorelbine drug exposure and activity in brain metastases of the human MDA-MB-231BR breast cancer model using integrated imaging and analysis. METHODS Brain and systemic metastases were created by administration of cancer cells in female NuNu mice. After metastases developed, animals were administered vinorelbine at the maximal tolerated dose (12 mg/kg), and were evaluated thereafter for total and unbound drug pharmacokinetics, biomarker TUNEL staining, and barrier permeability to Texas red. RESULTS Median brain metastasis drug exposure was 4-fold greater than normal brain, yet only ~8% of non-barrier systemic metastases, which suggests restricted brain exposure. Unbound vinorelbine tissue/plasma partition coefficient, Kp,uu, equaled ~1.0 in systemic metastases, but 0.03-0.22 in brain metastases, documenting restricted equilibration. In select sub-regions of highest drug-uptake brain metastases, Kp,uu approached 1.0, indicating complete focal barrier breakdown. Most vinorelbine-treated brain metastases exhibited little or no positive early apoptosis TUNEL staining in vivo. The in vivo unbound vinorelbine IC50 for TUNEL-positive staining (56 nM) was 4-fold higher than that measured in vitro (14 nM). Consistent with this finding, P-glycoprotein expression was observed to be substantially upregulated in brain metastasis cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Vinorelbine exposure at maximum tolerated dose was less than one-tenth that in systemic metastases in >70% of brain metastases, and was associated with negligible biomarker effect. In small subregions of the highest uptake brain metastases, compromise of blood-tumor barrier appeared complete. The results suggest that restricted delivery accounts for 80% of the compromise in drug efficacy for vinorelbine against this model.
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