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Liu J, Wang J, Wang Z, Ren H, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Li L, Shen Z, Li T, Tang S, Wei F. PGC-1α/LDHA signaling facilitates glycolysis initiation to regulate mechanically induced bone remodeling under inflammatory microenvironment. Bone 2024; 185:117132. [PMID: 38789096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanosensitivity of inflammation can alter cellular mechanotransduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the metabolic mechanism of inflammation under mechanical force to guide tissue remodeling better. Herein, we found that inflammation hindered bone remodeling under mechanical force, accompanied by a simultaneous enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis. The control of metabolism direction through GNE-140 and Visomitin revealed that enhanced glycolysis might act as a compensatory mechanism to resist OXPHOS-induced osteoclastogenesis by promoting osteogenesis. The inhibited osteogenesis induced by inflammatory mechanical stimuli was concomitant with a reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). PGC-1α knockdown impeded osteogenesis under mechanical force and facilitated osteoclastogenesis by enhancing OXPHOS. Conversely, PGC-1α overexpression attenuated the impairment of bone remodeling by inflammatory mechanical signals through promoting glycolysis. This process benefited from the PGC-1α regulation on the transcriptional and translational activity of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and the tight control of the extracellular acidic environment. Additionally, the increased binding between PGC-1α and LDHA proteins might contribute to the glycolysis promotion within the inflammatory mechanical environment. Notably, LDHA suppression effectively eliminated the bone repair effect mediated by PGC-1α overexpression within inflammatory mechanical environments. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a novel molecular mechanism illustrating how inflammation orchestrated glucose metabolism through glycolysis and OXPHOS to affect mechanically induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Huiying Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fulan Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
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2
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Chen T, Majerníková N, Marmolejo-Garza A, Trombetta-Lima M, Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Zhang Y, Ten Kate R, Zuidema M, Mulder PPMFA, den Dunnen W, Gosens R, Verpoorte E, Culmsee C, Eisel ULM, Dolga AM. Mitochondrial transplantation rescues neuronal cells from ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:62-72. [PMID: 37536459 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of oxidative cell death that can occur in neurodegenerative diseases and involves damage to mitochondria. Previous studies demonstrated that preventing mitochondrial dysfunction can rescue cells from ferroptotic cell death. However, the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction and the timing of therapeutic interventions make it difficult to develop an effective treatment strategy against ferroptosis in neurodegeneration conditions. In this study, we explored the use of mitochondrial transplantation as a novel therapeutic approach for preventing ferroptotic neuronal cell death. Our data showed that isolated exogenous mitochondria were incorporated into both healthy and ferroptotic immortalized hippocampal HT-22 cells and primary cortical neurons (PCN). The mitochondrial incorporation was accompanied by increased metabolic activity and cell survival through attenuating lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial superoxide production. Further, the function of mitochondrial complexes I, III and V activities contributed to the neuroprotective activity of exogenous mitochondria. Similarly, we have also showed the internalization of exogenous mitochondria in mouse PCN; these internalized mitochondria were found to effectively preserve the neuronal networks when challenged with ferroptotic stimuli. The administration of exogenous mitochondria into the axonal compartment of a two-compartment microfluidic device induced mitochondrial transportation to the cell body, which prevented fragmentation of the neuronal network in ferroptotic PCN. These findings suggest that mitochondria transplantation may be a promising therapeutic approach for protecting neuronal cells from ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nad'a Majerníková
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuequ Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth Ten Kate
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Minte Zuidema
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patty P M F A Mulder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Kremslehner C, Gruber F, Oberreiter S, Hagenbuchner J, Del Frari B, Blunder S, Gruber R, Dubrac S. Excessive Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in Mitochondria Contributes to Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1906-1918.e8. [PMID: 37085042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease characterized by chronic recurring eczema and pruritus. In addition, patients with AD display increased cutaneous and systemic levels of oxidative damage markers, whose source remains elusive. In this study, we investigated oxidative and mitochondrial stress in AD epidermis. The levels of superoxide dismutase 2 and hydrogen peroxide are augmented in the mitochondria of flaky tail (ft/ft) mouse keratinocytes, which is associated with the inhibition of the glutathione system and catalase. Furthermore, reduced levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 are associated with accumulation of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and oxidized phosphatidylcholines in ft/ft epidermis. Cytochrome c is markedly increased in ft/ft epidermis, hence showing mitochondrial stress. Topical application of MitoQ, which is a mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant, to ft/ft mouse skin reduced damage to macromolecules and inflammation and restored epidermal homeostasis. Absence of alteration in the expression of superoxide dismutase 2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase 4 and limited lipid peroxidation as well as oxidized phosphatidylcholines in the epidermis of Flg-/- mice suggest that FLG deficiency marginally contributes to oxidative stress in ft/ft epidermis. Increased superoxide dismutase 2, lipid peroxidation, and cytochrome c in the epidermis of patients with AD, associated with reduced antioxidant response in primary AD keratinocytes, corroborate mitochondrial dysfunction and lack of cellular adjustment to oxidative stress in AD epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Oberreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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4
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Lee WE, Genetzakis E, Figtree GA. Novel Strategies in the Early Detection and Treatment of Endothelial Cell-Specific Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Coronary Artery Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1359. [PMID: 37507899 PMCID: PMC10376062 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although elevated cholesterol and other recognised cardiovascular risk factors are important in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart attack, the susceptibility of humans to this fatal process is distinct from other animals. Mitochondrial dysfunction of cells in the arterial wall, particularly the endothelium, has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. In this manuscript, we review the established evidence and mechanisms in detail and explore the potential opportunities arising from analysing mitochondrial function in patient-derived cells such as endothelial colony-forming cells easily cultured from venous blood. We discuss how emerging technology and knowledge may allow us to measure mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and risk management. We also discuss the "pros and cons" of animal models of atherosclerosis, and how patient-derived cell models may provide opportunities to develop novel therapies relevant for humans. Finally, we review several targets that potentially alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction working both via direct and indirect mechanisms and evaluate the effect of several classes of compounds in the cardiovascular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian E. Lee
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elijah Genetzakis
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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5
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Sharma K, Sarkar J, Trisal A, Ghosh R, Dixit A, Singh AK. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to salvage cellular senescence for managing neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:309-337. [PMID: 37437982 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable phenomenon that causes a decline in bodily functions over time. One of the most important processes that play a role in aging is senescence. Senescence is characterized by accumulation of cells that are no longer functional but elude the apoptotic pathway. These cells secrete inflammatory molecules that comprise the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Several essential molecules such as p53, Rb, and p16INK4a regulate the senescence process. Mitochondrial regulation has been found to play an important role in senescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from mitochondria can affect cellular senescence by inducing the persistent DNA damage response, thus stabilizing the senescence. Evidently, senescence plays a major contributory role to the development of age-related neurological disorders. In this chapter, we discuss the role of senescence in the progression and onset of several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, we also discuss the efficacy of certain molecules like MitoQ, SkQ1, and Latrepirdine that could be proven therapeutics with respect to these disorders by regulating mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Joyobrata Sarkar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Anchal Trisal
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Rishika Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Anubhuti Dixit
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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Almikhlafi MA, Karami MM, Jana A, Alqurashi TM, Majrashi M, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM. Mitochondrial Medicine: A Promising Therapeutic Option Against Various Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1165-1183. [PMID: 36043795 PMCID: PMC10286591 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220830112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and metabolic dysfunction have been observed in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by aberrant mitochondrial DNA, mutant nuclear proteins that interact with mitochondria directly or indirectly, or for unknown reasons. Since mitochondria play a significant role in neurodegeneration, mitochondriatargeted therapies represent a prosperous direction for the development of novel drug compounds that can be used to treat NDDs. This review gives a brief description of how mitochondrial abnormalities lead to various NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We further explore the promising therapeutic effectiveness of mitochondria- directed antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoVitE, MitoPBN, and dimebon. We have also discussed the possibility of mitochondrial gene therapy as a therapeutic option for these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Karami
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ankit Jana
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Thamer M. Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- The Neuroscience Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Leman G, Pavel P, Hermann M, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Minzaghi D, Goudounèche D, Roshardt Prieto NM, Cavinato M, Wanner A, Blunder S, Gruber R, Jansen-Dürr P, Dubrac S. Mitochondrial Activity Is Upregulated in Nonlesional Atopic Dermatitis and Amenable to Therapeutic Intervention. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2623-2634.e12. [PMID: 35341734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown increased expression of genes related to oxidative stress in nonlesional atopic dermatitis (ADNL) skin. Although mitochondria are key regulators of ROS production, their function in AD has never been investigated. Energy metabolism and the oxidative stress response were studied in keratinocytes (KCs) from patients with ADNL or healthy controls. Moreover, ADNL human epidermal equivalents were treated with tigecycline or MitoQ. We found that pyruvate and glucose were used as energy substrates by ADNL KCs. Increased mitochondrial oxidation of (very) long-chain fatty acids, associated with enhanced complexes I and II activities, was observed in ADNL KCs. Metabolomic analysis revealed increased tricarboxylic acid cycle turnover. Increased aerobic metabolism generated oxidative stress in ADNL KCs. ADNL human epidermal equivalents displayed increased mitochondrial function and an enhanced oxidative stress response compared with controls. Treatment of ADNL human epidermal equivalents with tigecycline or MitoQ largely corrected the AD profile, including high p-65 NF-κB, abnormal lamellar bodies, and cellular damage. Furthermore, we found that glycolysis supports but does not supersede mitochondrial metabolism in ADNL KCs. Thus, aerobic metabolism predominates in ADNL but leads to oxidative stress. Therefore, mitochondria could be a reservoir of potential therapeutic targets in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Leman
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Center of Electron Microscopy Applied to Biology, Faculty of Medicine Rangueil, Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Natalia M Roshardt Prieto
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Cavinato
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Wanner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Petcherski A, Sharma M, Satta S, Daskou M, Vasilopoulos H, Hugo C, Ritou E, Dillon BJ, Fung E, Garcia G, Scafoglio C, Purkayastha A, Gomperts BN, Fishbein GA, Arumugaswami V, Liesa M, Shirihai OS, Kelesidis T. Mitoquinone mesylate targets SARS-CoV-2 infection in preclinical models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.22.481100. [PMID: 35233569 PMCID: PMC8887067 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.22.481100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no effective oral antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 that is also anti-inflammatory. Herein, we show that the mitochondrial antioxidant mitoquinone/mitoquinol mesylate (Mito-MES), a dietary supplement, has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern in vitro and in vivo . Mito-MES had nanomolar in vitro antiviral potency against the Beta and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the murine hepatitis virus (MHV-A59). Mito-MES given in SARS-CoV-2 infected K18-hACE2 mice through oral gavage reduced viral titer by nearly 4 log units relative to the vehicle group. We found in vitro that the antiviral effect of Mito-MES is attributable to its hydrophobic dTPP+ moiety and its combined effects scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating Nrf2 and increasing the host defense proteins TOM70 and MX1. Mito-MES was efficacious reducing increase in cleaved caspase-3 and inflammation induced by SARS-CoV2 infection both in lung epithelial cells and a transgenic mouse model of COVID-19. Mito-MES reduced production of IL-6 by SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells through its antioxidant properties (Nrf2 agonist, coenzyme Q10 moiety) and the dTPP moiety. Given established safety of Mito-MES in humans, our results suggest that Mito-MES may represent a rapidly applicable therapeutic strategy that can be added in the therapeutic arsenal against COVID-19. Its potential long-term use by humans as diet supplement could help control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, especially in the setting of rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants that may compromise vaccine efficacy. One-Sentence Summary Mitoquinone/mitoquinol mesylate has potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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9
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Matsumoto C, Sekine H, Nahata M, Mogami S, Ohbuchi K, Fujitsuka N, Takeda H. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced myotube atrophy. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:780-792. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co
| | | | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co
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10
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Samsonov MV, Podkuychenko NV, Khapchaev AY, Efremov EE, Yanushevskaya EV, Vlasik TN, Lankin VZ, Stafeev IS, Skulachev MV, Shestakova MV, Vorotnikov AV, Shirinsky VP. AICAR Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Injury Induced by the Long-Term Palmitate Excess. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010211. [PMID: 35008640 PMCID: PMC8745318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia manifested by high blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and lipoprotein triglycerides is critical for the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its cardiovascular complications via vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, attempts to assess high FFA effects in endothelial culture often result in early cell apoptosis that poorly recapitulates a much slower pace of vascular deterioration in vivo and does not provide for the longer-term studies of endothelial lipotoxicity in vitro. Here, we report that palmitate (PA), a typical FFA, does not impair, by itself, endothelial barrier and insulin signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), but increases NO release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and protein labeling by malondialdehyde (MDA) hallmarking oxidative stress and increased lipid peroxidation. This PA-induced stress eventually resulted in the loss of cell viability coincident with loss of insulin signaling. Supplementation with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside (AICAR) increased endothelial AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, supported insulin signaling, and prevented the PA-induced increases in NO, ROS, and MDA, thus allowing to maintain HUVEC viability and barrier, and providing the means to study the long-term effects of high FFA levels in endothelial cultures. An upgraded cell-based model reproduces FFA-induced insulin resistance by demonstrating decreased NO production by vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Samsonov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Nikita V. Podkuychenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Asker Y. Khapchaev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Eugene E. Efremov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Elena V. Yanushevskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Tatiana N. Vlasik
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Vadim Z. Lankin
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Iurii S. Stafeev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
| | - Maxim V. Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Alexander V. Vorotnikov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.V.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Vladimir P. Shirinsky
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.S.); (N.V.P.); (A.Y.K.); (E.E.E.); (E.V.Y.); (T.N.V.); (V.Z.L.); (I.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.V.); (V.P.S.)
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11
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Priming, Triggering, Adaptation and Senescence (PTAS): A Hypothesis for a Common Damage Mechanism of Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212545. [PMID: 34830427 PMCID: PMC8624051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathomechanism of steatohepatitis (SH) is hampered by the difficulty of distinguishing between causes and consequences, by the broad spectrum of aetiologies that can produce the phenotype, and by the long time-span during which SH develops, often without clinical symptoms. We propose that SH develops in four phases with transitions: (i) priming lowers stress defence; (ii) triggering leads to acute damage; (iii) adaptation, possibly associated with cellular senescence, mitigates tissue damage, leads to the phenotype, and preserves liver function at a lower level; (iv) finally, senescence prevents neoplastic transformation but favours fibrosis (cirrhosis) and inflammation and further reduction in liver function. Escape from senescence eventually leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. This hypothesis for a pathomechanism of SH is supported by clinical and experimental observations. It allows organizing the various findings to uncover remaining gaps in our knowledge and, finally, to provide possible diagnostic and intervention strategies for each stage of SH development.
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12
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Self-Associating Polymers Chitosan and Hyaluronan for Constructing Composite Membranes as Skin-Wound Dressings Carrying Therapeutics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092535. [PMID: 33926140 PMCID: PMC8123578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, industrially acquired by the alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin, belongs to β-N-acetyl-glucosamine polymers. Another β-polymer is hyaluronan. Chitosan, a biodegradable, non-toxic, bacteriostatic, and fungistatic biopolymer, has numerous applications in medicine. Hyaluronan, one of the major structural components of the extracellular matrix in vertebrate tissues, is broadly exploited in medicine as well. This review summarizes that these two biopolymers have a mutual impact on skin wound healing as skin wound dressings and carriers of remedies.
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13
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Carvalho C, Cardoso S. Diabetes-Alzheimer's Disease Link: Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Redox Imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:631-649. [PMID: 32098477 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: It is of common sense that the world population is aging and life expectancy is increasing. However, as the population ages, there is also an exponential risk to live into the ages where the brain-related frailties and neurodegenerative diseases develop. Hand in hand with those events, the world is witnessing a major upsurge in diabetes diagnostics. Remarkably, all of this seems to be narrowly related, and clinical and research communities highlight for the upcoming threat that it will represent for the present and future generations. Recent Advances: It is of utmost importance to clarify the influence of diabetes-related metabolic features on brain health and the mechanisms underlying the increased likelihood of developing neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease. Thereupon, a wealth of evidence suggests that mitochondria and associated oxidative stress are at the root of the link between diabetes and co-occurring disorders in the brain. Critical Issues: The scientific community has been challenged with constant failures of clinical trials raising major issues in the advance of the therapeutic field to fight chronic diseases epidemics. Thus, a change of paradigms is urgently needed. Future Directions: It has become urgent to identify new and solid candidates able to clinically reproduce the positive outcomes obtained in preclinical studies. On this basis, strategies settled to counteract diabetes-induced neurodegeneration encompassing mitochondrial dysfunction, redox status imbalance, and/or insulin dysregulation seem worth to follow. Hopefully, ongoing innovative research based on reliable experimental tools will soon bring the desired answers allowing pharmaceutical industry to apply such knowledge to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Fink BD, Yu L, Coppey L, Obrosov A, Shevalye H, Kerns RJ, Yorek MA, Sivitz WI. Effect of mitoquinone on liver metabolism and steatosis in obese and diabetic rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00701. [PMID: 33547885 PMCID: PMC7866483 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work by ourselves and others showed that mitoquinone (mitoQ) reduced oxidative damage and prevented hepatic fat accumulation in mice made obese with high-fat (HF) feeding. Here we extended these studies to examine the effect of mitoQ on parameters affecting liver function in rats treated with HF to induce obesity and in rats treated with HF plus streptozotocin (STZ) to model a severe form of type 2 diabetes. In prior reported work, we found that mitoQ significantly improved glycemia based on glucose tolerance data in HF rats but not in the diabetic rats. Here we found only non-significant reductions in insulin and glucose measured in the fed state at sacrifice in the HF mice treated with mitoQ. Metabolomic data showed that mitoQ altered several hepatic metabolic pathways in HF-fed obese rats toward those observed in control normal chow-fed non-obese rats. However, mitoQ had little effect on pathways observed in the diabetic rats, wherein diabetes itself induced marked pathway aberrations. MitoQ did not alter respiration or membrane potential in isolated liver mitochondria. MitoQ reduced liver fat and liver hydroperoxide levels but did not improve liver function as marked by circulating levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In summary, our results for HF-fed rats are consistent with past findings in HF-fed mice indicating decreased liver lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) and improved glycemia. However, in contrast to the HF obese mice, mitoQ did not improve glycemia or reset perturbed metabolic pathways in the diabetic rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cell Respiration/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Fatty Liver/blood
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Metabolomics
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/pathology
- Mitochondria, Liver/physiology
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/metabolism
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives
- Ubiquinone/pharmacology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Fink
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of IowaThe Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of BiochemistryNMR Core facilityUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Lawrence Coppey
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of IowaThe Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Alexander Obrosov
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of IowaThe Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Hanna Shevalye
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Robert J. Kerns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Mark A. Yorek
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of IowaThe Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | - William I. Sivitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of IowaThe Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIAUSA
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15
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Fock EM, Parnova RG. Protective Effect of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants against Inflammatory Response to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020144. [PMID: 33499252 PMCID: PMC7910823 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is the most abundant proinflammatory agent. Considerable evidence indicates that LPS challenge inescapably causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell and tissue damage. Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation triggered by LPS is known to play a key role in the progression of the inflammatory response. mtROS at excessive levels impair electron transport chain functioning, reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential, and initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of mitochondrial proteins and mtDNA. Over the past 20 years, a large number of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mito-AOX) of different structures that can accumulate inside mitochondria and scavenge free radicals have been synthesized. Their protective role based on the prevention of oxidative stress and the restoration of mitochondrial function has been demonstrated in a variety of common diseases and pathological states. This paper reviews the current data on the beneficial application of different mito-AOX in animal endotoxemia models, in either in vivo or in vitro experiments. The results presented in our review demonstrate the promising potential of approaches based on mito-AOX in the development of new treatment strategies against Gram-negative infections and LPS per se.
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16
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Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of triphenylphosphonium derivatives of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids: structure-dependent interactions with cancer cells, bacteria, and mitochondria. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Bailey CP, Figueroa M, Gangadharan A, Lee DA, Chandra J. Scaffolding LSD1 Inhibitors Impair NK Cell Metabolism and Cytotoxic Function Through Depletion of Glutathione. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2196. [PMID: 33042135 PMCID: PMC7527493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies such as chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and NK cells are cutting-edge methods for treating cancer and other diseases. There is high interest in optimizing drug treatment regimens to best work together with emerging cell therapies, such as targeting epigenetic enzymes to stimulate recognition of tumor cells by immune cells. Herein, we uncover new mechanisms of the histone demethylase LSD1, and various inhibitors targeting unique domains of LSD1, in the function of NK cells grown for cell therapy. Catalytic inhibitors (tranylcypromine and the structural derivatives GSK LSD1 and RN-1) can irreversibly block the demethylase activity of LSD1, while scaffolding inhibitors (SP-2509 and clinical successor SP-2577, also known as seclidemstat) disrupt epigenetic complexes that include LSD1. Relevant combinations of LSD1 inhibitors with cell therapy infusions and immune checkpoint blockade have shown efficacy in pre-clinical solid tumor models, reinforcing a need to understand how these drugs would impact T- and NK cells. We find that scaffolding LSD1 inhibitors potently reduce oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis of NK cells, and higher doses induce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and depletion of the antioxidant glutathione. These effects are unique to scaffolding inhibitors compared to catalytic, to NK cells compared to T-cells, and importantly, can fully ablate the lytic capacity of NK cells. Supplementation with biologically achievable levels of glutathione rescues NK cell cytolytic function but not NK cell metabolism. Our results suggest glutathione supplementation may reverse NK cell activity suppression in patients treated with seclidemstat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan P Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary Figueroa
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Achintyan Gangadharan
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's and the Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joya Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Fink B, Coppey L, Davidson E, Shevalye H, Obrosov A, Chheda PR, Kerns R, Sivitz W, Yorek M. Effect of mitoquinone (Mito-Q) on neuropathic endpoints in an obese and type 2 diabetic rat model. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:311-318. [PMID: 32326763 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1754409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether the addition of mitoquinone (Mito-Q) in the diet is an effective treatment for peripheral neuropathy in animal models of diet-induced obesity (pre-diabetes) and type 2 diabetes. Unlike other anti-oxidative stress compounds investigated as a treatment for peripheral neuropathy, Mito-Q specifically targets mitochondria. Although mito-Q has been shown to reduce oxidative stress generated by mitochondria there have been no studies performed of the effect of Mito-Q on peripheral neuropathy induced by diet-induced obesity or type 2 diabetes. Diet-induced obese (12 weeks after high fat diet) or type 2 diabetic rats (12 weeks of high fat diet and 4 weeks after the onset of hyperglycemia) were treated via the diet with Mito-Q (0.93 g/kg diet) for 12 weeks. Afterwards, glucose utilization, vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine and peripheral neuropathy related endpoints were examined. The addition of Mito-Q to the diets of obese and diabetic rats improved motor and/or sensory nerve conduction velocity, cornea and intraepidermal nerve fibre density, cornea sensitivity and thermal nociception. Surprisingly, treating obese and diabetic rats with Mito-Q did not improve glucose utilization or vascular reactivity by epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine. These studies imply that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to peripheral neuropathy in animal models of pre-diabetes and late-stage type 2 diabetes. However, improvement in peripheral neuropathy following treatment with Mito-Q was not associated with improvement in glucose utilization or vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fink
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lawrence Coppey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hanna Shevalye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander Obrosov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Robert Kerns
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William Sivitz
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Yorek
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA
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19
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Zinovkin RA, Zamyatnin AA. Mitochondria-Targeted Drugs. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 12:202-214. [PMID: 30479224 PMCID: PMC6875871 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181127151059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Targeting of drugs to the subcellular compartments represents one of the modern trends in molecular pharmacology. The approach for targeting mitochondria was developed nearly 50 years ago, but only in the last decade has it started to become widely used for delivering drugs. A number of pathologies are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory and metabolic conditions. Objective: This mini-review aims to highlight the role of mitochondria in pathophysiological conditions and diseases, to classify and summarize our knowledge about targeting mitochondria and to review the most important preclinical and clinical data relating to the antioxidant lipophilic cations MitoQ and SkQ1. Methods: This is a review of available information in the PubMed and Clinical Trials databases (US National Library of Medicine) with no limiting period. Results and Conclusion: Mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and possibly in aging. Both MitoQ and SkQ1 have shown many beneficial features in animal models and in a few completed clinical trials. More clinical trials and research efforts are needed to understand the signaling pathways influenced by these compounds. The antioxidant lipophilic cations have great potential for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Jiayu Y, Botta A, Simtchouk S, Winkler J, Renaud LM, Dadlani H, Rasmussen B, Elango R, Ghosh S. Egg white consumption increases GSH and lowers oxidative damage in 110-week-old geriatric mice hearts. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 76:108252. [PMID: 31816560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The number of geriatrics with an advanced age is rising worldwide, with attendant cardiovascular disorders, characterized by elevated oxidative stress. Such oxidative stress is accelerated by an age-related loss of critical antioxidants like glutathione (GSH) and dietary solutions to combat this loss does not exist. While egg white is rich in sulphur amino acids (AAs), precursors for GSH biosynthesis, whether they can increase sulphur AA in vivo and augment GSH in the aged myocardium remain unclear. We hypothesized that egg white consumption increases GSH and reduces oxidative damage and inflammation in the geriatric heart. To this end, 101-102 week-old mice were given a AIN 76A diet supplemented with either 9% w/w egg white powder or casein for 8 weeks. Subsequent analysis revealed that egg white increased serum sulphur AA and cardiac GSH, while reducing the cysteine carrying transporter SNAT-2 and elevating glutamine transporter ASCT2 in the heart. Increased GSH was accompanied by elevated expression of GSH biosynthesis enzyme glutathione synthase as well as mitochondrial antioxidants like superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 1 in egg white-fed hearts. These hearts also demonstrated lower oxidative damage of lipids (4-hydroxynonenal) and proteins [nitrotyrosine] with elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene expression. These data demonstrate that even at the end of lifespan, egg whites remain effective in promoting serum sulphur AAs and preserve cardiac GSH with potent anti-oxidant and mild anti-inflammatory effects in the geriatric myocardium. We conclude that egg white intake may be an effective dietary strategy to attenuate oxidative damage in the senescent heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jiayu
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - John Winkler
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Lisa M Renaud
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Hansika Dadlani
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Betina Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada.
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21
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Biasutto L, Mattarei A, La Spina M, Azzolini M, Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M. Strategies to target bioactive molecules to subcellular compartments. Focus on natural compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111557. [PMID: 31374419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many potential pharmacological targets are present in multiple subcellular compartments and have different pathophysiological roles depending on location. In these cases, selective targeting of a drug to the relevant subcellular domain(s) may help to sharpen its impact by providing topological specificity, thus limiting side effects, and to concentrate the compound where needed, thus increasing its effectiveness. We review here the state of the art in precision subcellular delivery. The major approaches confer "homing" properties to the active principle via permanent or reversible (in pro-drug fashion) modifications, or through the use of special-design nanoparticles or liposomes to ferry a drug(s) cargo to its desired destination. An assortment of peptides, substituents with delocalized positive charges, custom-blended lipid mixtures, pH- or enzyme-sensitive groups provide the main tools of the trade. Mitochondria, lysosomes and the cell membrane may be mentioned as the fronts on which the most significant advances have been made. Most of the examples presented here have to do with targeting natural compounds - in particular polyphenols, known as pleiotropic agents - to one or the other subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Dept. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina La Spina
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Parrasia
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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22
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Multifunctional radical quenchers as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1605-1624. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, and is believed to cause or contribute to the etiology of these diseases. These disorders are frequently associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species. One of the design strategies for therapeutic intervention involves the development of novel small molecules containing redox cores, which can scavenge reactive oxygen radicals and selectively block oxidative damage to the mitochondria. Presently, we describe recent research dealing with multifunctional radical quenchers as antioxidants able to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals. The review encompasses ubiquinone and tocopherol analogs, as well as novel pyri(mi)dinol derivatives, and their ability to function as protective agents in cellular models of mitochondrial diseases.
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23
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Szeto HH, Liu S. Cardiolipin-targeted peptides rejuvenate mitochondrial function, remodel mitochondria, and promote tissue regeneration during aging. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:137-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN, Orekhova NI, Osochuk SS. Antioxidant Properties of Plastoquinone and Prospects of its Practical Application. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918060040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant MitoQ Prevents E. coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Accumulation of Triacylglycerol and Lipid Droplets Biogenesis in Epithelial Cells. J Lipids 2018; 2018:5745790. [PMID: 30245885 PMCID: PMC6139225 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5745790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on eukaryotic cell could be accompanied by a significant metabolic shift that includes accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplets (LD), ubiquitous organelles associated with fatty acid storage, energy regulation and demonstrated tight spatial and functional connections with mitochondria. The impairment of mitochondrial activity under pathological stimuli has been shown to provoke TAG storage and LD biogenesis. However the potential mechanisms that link mitochondrial disturbances and TAG accumulation are not completely understood. We hypothesize that mitochondrial ROS (mROS) may play a role of a trigger leading to subsequent accumulation of intracellular TAG and LD in response to a bacterial stimulus. Using isolated epithelial cells from the frog urinary bladder, we showed that LPS decreased fatty acids oxidation, enhanced TAG deposition, and promoted LD formation. LPS treatment did not affect the mitochondrial membrane potential but increased cellular ROS production and led to impairment of mitochondrial function as revealed by decreased ATP production and a reduced maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and OCR directed at ATP turnover. The mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ at a dose of 25 nM did not prevent LPS-induced alterations in cellular respiration, but, in contrast to nonmitochondrial antioxidant α-tocopherol, reduced the effect of LPS on the generation of ROS, restored the LPS-induced decline of fatty acids oxidation, and prevented accumulation of TAG and LD biogenesis. The data obtained indicate the key signaling role of mROS in the lipid metabolic shift that occurs under the impact of a bacterial pathogen in epithelial cells.
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26
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Mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox state, dynamics and turnover alterations in renal mass reduction models of chronic kidney diseases and their possible implications in the progression of this illness. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:1-11. [PMID: 30030169 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a worldwide public health problem. CKD is a term used to describe a set of pathologies that structurally and functionally affect the kidney, it is mostly characterized by the progressive loss of kidney function. Current therapeutic approaches are insufficient to avoid the development of this disease, which highlights the necessity of developing new strategies to reverse or at least delay CKD progression. Kidney is highly dependent on mitochondrial homeostasis and function, consequently, the idea that mitochondrial pathologies could play a pivotal role in the genesis and development of kidney diseases has risen. Although many research groups have recently published studies of mitochondrial function in acute kidney disease models, the existing information about CKD is still limited, especially in renal mass reduction (RMR) models. This paper focuses on reviewing current experimental information about the bioenergetics, dynamics (fission and fusion processes), turnover (mitophagy and biogenesis) and redox mitochondrial alterations in RMR, to discuss and integrate the mitochondrial changes triggered by nephron loss, as well as its relationship with loss of kidney function in CKD, in these models. Understanding these mechanisms would allow us to design new therapies that target these mitochondrial alterations.
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27
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Imai Y, Fink BD, Promes JA, Kulkarni CA, Kerns RJ, Sivitz WI. Effect of a mitochondrial-targeted coenzyme Q analog on pancreatic β-cell function and energetics in high fat fed obese mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00393. [PMID: 29864244 PMCID: PMC5980123 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that mitoquinone (mitoQ, 500 μmol/L) added to drinking water of C57BL/6J mice attenuated weight gain and reduced oxidative stress when administered to high-fat (HF) fed mice. Here, we examined the effects of mitoQ administered to HF fed mice on pancreatic islet morphology, dynamics of insulin secretion, and islet mitochondrial metabolism. C57BL/6J mice were fed HF for 130 days while we administered vehicle (cyclodextrin [CD]) or mitoQ added to the drinking water at up to 500 μmol/L. MitoQ-treated mice vs vehicle gained significantly less weight, expended significantly more energy as determined by indirect calorimetry, and trended to consume less (nonsignificant) food. As we and others reported before, mitoQ-treated mice drank less water but showed no difference in percent body fluid by nuclear magnetic resonance. Circulating insulin and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by isolated islets were decreased in mitoQ-treated mice while insulin sensitivity (plasma insulin x glucose) was greater. Islet respiration as basal oxygen consumption (OCR), OCR directed at ATP synthesis, and maximal uncoupled OCR were also reduced in mitoQ-treated mice. Quantitative morphologic studies revealed that islet size was reduced in the mitoQ-treated mice while visual inspection of histochemically stained sections suggested that mitoQ reduced islet lipid peroxides. MitoQ markedly improved liver function as determined by plasma alanine aminotransferase. In summary, mitoQ treatment reduced the demand for insulin and reduced islet size, likely consequent to the action of mitoQ to mitigate weight gain and improve liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Imai
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Brian D. Fink
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Joseph A. Promes
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Chaitanya A. Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Robert J. Kerns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - William I. Sivitz
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIowaUSA
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28
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Protective effect of mitochondrially targeted antioxidant MitoQ on oxidatively stressed fibroblasts. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Ward MS, Flemming NB, Gallo LA, Fotheringham AK, McCarthy DA, Zhuang A, Tang PH, Borg DJ, Shaw H, Harvie B, Briskey DR, Roberts LA, Plan MR, Murphy MP, Hodson MP, Forbes JM. Targeted mitochondrial therapy using MitoQ shows equivalent renoprotection to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition but no combined synergy in diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15190. [PMID: 29123192 PMCID: PMC5680236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological mediator of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Our objective was to test the mitochondrially targeted agent, MitoQ, alone and in combination with first line therapy for DKD. Intervention therapies (i) vehicle (D); (ii) MitoQ (DMitoQ;0.6 mg/kg/day); (iii) Ramipril (DRam;3 mg/kg/day) or (iv) combination (DCoAd) were administered to male diabetic db/db mice for 12 weeks (n = 11–13/group). Non-diabetic (C) db/m mice were followed concurrently. No therapy altered glycaemic control or body weight. By the study end, both monotherapies improved renal function, decreasing glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria. All therapies prevented tubulointerstitial collagen deposition, but glomerular mesangial expansion was unaffected. Renal cortical concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP, creatinine phosphate and ATP:AMP ratio were increased by diabetes and mostly decreased with therapy. A higher creatine phosphate:ATP ratio in diabetic kidney cortices, suggested a decrease in ATP consumption. Diabetes elevated glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and oxidised (NAD+ and NADP+) and reduced (NADH) nicotinamide dinucleotides, which therapy decreased generally. Diabetes increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR) at complex II-IV. MitoQ further increased OCR but decreased ATP, suggesting mitochondrial uncoupling as its mechanism of action. MitoQ showed renoprotection equivalent to ramipril but no synergistic benefits of combining these agents were shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal S Ward
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole B Flemming
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda A Gallo
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia K Fotheringham
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Domenica A McCarthy
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aowen Zhuang
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Medicine, Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter H Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle J Borg
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hannah Shaw
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin Harvie
- The University of Queensland Biological Resources, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David R Briskey
- Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Llion A Roberts
- Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manuel R Plan
- Metabolomics Australia Queensland Node, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Medicine, Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Pharmacy The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia Queensland Node, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia. .,Medicine, Schools of Biomedical Sciences, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia.
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30
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Abstract
AKI is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and it predisposes to the development and progression of CKD. Novel strategies that minimize AKI and halt the progression of CKD are urgently needed. Normal kidney function involves numerous different cell types, such as tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and podocytes, working in concert. This delicate balance involves many energy-intensive processes. Fatty acids are the preferred energy substrates for the kidney, and defects in fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are universally involved in diverse causes of AKI and CKD. This review provides an overview of ATP production and energy demands in the kidney and summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in AKI and CKD. New therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria protection and cellular bioenergetics are presented, with emphasis on those that have been evaluated in animal models of AKI and CKD. Targeting mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics upstream of cellular damage may offer advantages compared with targeting downstream inflammatory and fibrosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel H Szeto
- Mitochondrial Therapeutics Consulting, New York, New York
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31
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Abstract
Adequate responses to environmental stresses are essential for cell survival. The regulation of cellular energetics that involves mitochondrial energy production and oxidative stress is central in the process of stress adaptation and response. The p38α signalling pathway plays a key role in the response to stress stimuli by orchestrating multiple cellular processes. However, prolonged activation of the p38α pathway results in impaired cell proliferation and can lead to cell death. Here we use a system to specifically activate p38α signalling and show that sustained activation of this pathway suffices to induce important metabolic changes, including high dependence on glucose for cell survival, increased consumption of glutamine, enhanced respiration rate and elevated production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we provide evidence that increased production of mitochondrial superoxide as a consequence of elevated mitochondria activity, contributes to the p38α reduced cell survival triggered by sustained p38α activation. We also show that the p38α-activated kinase MAPKAPK2 (MK2) plays an important role orchestrating the observed metabolic changes. Our results illustrate a new function of p38α signalling in the regulation of cellular metabolism, which may lead to cell death upon persistent activation of the pathway.
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32
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Ježek J, Engstová H, Ježek P. Antioxidant mechanism of mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 is suppressed in aglycemic HepG2 cells dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:750-762. [PMID: 28554565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously suggested antioxidant mechanisms for mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 included: i) ion-pairing of cationic SkQ1+ with free fatty acid anions resulting in uncoupling; ii) SkQ1H2 ability to interact with lipoperoxyl radical; iii) interference with electron flow at the inner ubiquinone (Q) binding site of Complex III (Qi), involving the reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1H2 by ubiquinol. We elucidated SkQ1 antioxidant properties by confocal fluorescence semi-quantification of mitochondrial superoxide (Jm) and cytosolic H2O2 (Jc) release rates in HepG2 cells. Only in glycolytic cells, SkQ1 prevented the rotenone-induced enhancement of Jm and Jc but not basal releases without rotenone. The effect ceased in glutaminolytic aglycemic cells, in which the redox parameter NAD(P)H/FAD increased after rotenone in contrast to its decrease in glycolytic cells. Autofluorescence decay indicated decreased NADPH/NADH ratios with rotenone in both metabolic modes. SkQ1 did not increase cell respiration and diminished Jm established high by antimycin or myxothiazol but not by stigmatellin. The revealed SkQ1 antioxidant modes reflect its reduction to SkQ1H2 at Complex I IQ or Complex III Qi site. Both reductions diminish electron diversions to oxygen thus attenuating superoxide formation. Resulting SkQ1H2 oxidizes back to SkQ1at the second (flavin) Complex I site, previously indicated for MitoQ10. Regeneration proceeds only at lower NAD(P)H/FAD in glycolytic cells. In contrast, cyclic SkQ1 reduction/SkQ1H2 oxidation does not substantiate antioxidant activity in intact cells in the absence of oxidative stress (neither pro-oxidant activity, representing a great advantage). A targeted delivery to oxidative-stressed tissues is suggested for the effective antioxidant therapy based on SkQ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ježek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Engstová
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
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34
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Maddalena LA, Ghelfi M, Atkinson J, Stuart JA. The mitochondria-targeted imidazole substituted oleic acid 'TPP-IOA' affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and its protective efficacy in cells is influenced by cellular dependence on aerobic metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1858:73-85. [PMID: 27836699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of mitochondria-targeted small molecules have been invented to manipulate mitochondrial redox activities and improve function in certain disease states. 3-Hydroxypropyl-triphenylphosphonium-conjugated imidazole-substituted oleic acid (TPP-IOA) was developed as a specific inhibitor of cytochrome c peroxidase activity that inhibits apoptosis by preventing cardiolipin oxidation and cytochrome c release to the cytosol. Here we evaluate the effects of TPP-IOA on oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria and on mitochondrial function in live cells. We demonstrate that, at concentrations similar to those required to achieve inhibition of cytochrome c peroxidase activity, TPP-IOA perturbs oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria. In live SH-SY5Y cells, TPP-IOA partially collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential, caused extensive fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, and decreased apparent mitochondrial abundance within 3h of exposure. Many cultured cell lines rely primarily on aerobic glycolysis, potentially making them less sensitive to small molecules disrupting oxidative phosphorylation. We therefore determined the anti-apoptotic efficacy of TPP-IOA in SH-SY5Y cells growing in glucose or in galactose, the latter of which increases reliance on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP supply. The anti-apoptotic activity of TPP-IOA that was observed in glucose media was not seen in galactose media. It therefore appears that, at concentrations required to inhibit cytochrome c peroxidase activity, TPP-IOA perturbs oxidative phosphorylation. In light of these data it is predicted that potential future therapeutic applications of TPP-IOA will be restricted to highly glycolytic cell types with limited reliance on oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Maddalena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Mikel Ghelfi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Sakellariou GK, Pearson T, Lightfoot AP, Nye GA, Wells N, Giakoumaki II, Griffiths RD, McArdle A, Jackson MJ. Long-term administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone mesylate fails to attenuate age-related oxidative damage or rescue the loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging of skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2016; 30:3771-3785. [PMID: 27550965 PMCID: PMC5067250 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600450r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related skeletal muscle dysfunction is the underlying cause of morbidity that affects up to half the population aged 80 and over. Considerable evidence indicates that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the sarcopenic phenotype that occurs with aging. To examine this, we administered the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone mesylate {[10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)decyl] triphenylphosphonium; 100 μM} to wild-type C57BL/6 mice for 15 wk (from 24 to 28 mo of age) and investigated the effects on age-related loss of muscle mass and function, changes in redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial organelle integrity and function. We found that mitoquinone mesylate treatment failed to prevent age-dependent loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with myofiber atrophy or alter a variety of in situ and ex vivo muscle function analyses, including maximum isometric tetanic force, decline in force after a tetanic fatiguing protocol, and single-fiber-specific force. We also found evidence that long-term mitoquinone mesylate administration did not reduce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species or induce significant changes in muscle redox homeostasis, as assessed by changes in 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, protein carbonyl content, protein nitration, and DNA damage determined by the content of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Mitochondrial membrane potential, abundance, and respiration assessed in permeabilized myofibers were not significantly altered in response to mitoquinone mesylate treatment. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that long-term mitochondria-targeted mitoquinone mesylate administration failed to attenuate age-related oxidative damage in skeletal muscle of old mice or provide any protective effect in the context of muscle aging.—Sakellariou, G. K., Pearson, T., Lightfoot, A. P., Nye, G. A., Wells, N., Giakoumaki, I. I., Griffiths, R. D., McArdle, A., Jackson, M. J. Long-term administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone mesylate fails to attenuate age-related oxidative damage or rescue the loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos K Sakellariou
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Pearson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Lightfoot
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Nye
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Wells
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ifigeneia I Giakoumaki
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Griffiths
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anne McArdle
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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36
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Kalinovich AV, Mattsson CL, Youssef MR, Petrovic N, Ost M, Skulachev VP, Shabalina IG. Mitochondria-targeted dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C 12TPP) combats high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1864-1874. [PMID: 27534841 PMCID: PMC5144127 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: A membrane-penetrating cation, dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12TPP), facilitates the recycling of fatty acids in the artificial lipid membrane and mitochondria. C12TPP can dissipate mitochondrial membrane potential and may affect total energy expenditure and body weight in animals and humans. Methods: We investigated the metabolic effects of C12TPP in isolated brown-fat mitochondria, brown adipocyte cultures and mice in vivo. Experimental approaches included the measurement of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, western blotting, magnetic resonance imaging and bomb calorimetry. Results: In mice, C12TPP (50 μmol per (day•kg body weight)) in the drinking water significantly reduced body weight (12%, P<0.001) and body fat mass (24%, P<0.001) during the first 7 days of treatment. C12TPP did not affect water palatability and intake or the energy and lipid content in feces. The addition of C12TPP to isolated brown-fat mitochondria resulted in increased oxygen consumption. Three hours of pretreatment with C12TPP also increased oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption in brown adipocyte cultures (P<0.01). The effects of C12TPP on mitochondria, cells and mice were independent of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, C12TPP treatment increased the mitochondrial protein levels in the brown adipose tissue of both wild-type and UCP1-knockout mice. Pair-feeding revealed that one-third of the body weight loss in C12TPP-treated mice was due to reduced food intake. C12TPP treatment elevated the resting metabolic rate (RMR) by up to 18% (P<0.05) compared with pair-fed animals. C12TPP reduced the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating enhanced fatty acid oxidation in mice. Conclusions: C12TPP combats diet-induced obesity by reducing food intake, increasing the RMR and enhancing fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - C L Mattsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M R Youssef
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ost
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V P Skulachev
- The Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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37
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Roelofs BA, Ge SX, Studlack PE, Polster BM. Low micromolar concentrations of the superoxide probe MitoSOX uncouple neural mitochondria and inhibit complex IV. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:250-8. [PMID: 26057935 PMCID: PMC4554824 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MitoSOX Red is a fluorescent probe used for the detection of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by live cell imaging. The lipophilic, positively charged triphenylphosphonium moiety within MitoSOX concentrates the superoxide-sensitive dihydroethidium conjugate within the mitochondrial matrix. Here we investigated whether common MitoSOX imaging protocols influence mitochondrial bioenergetic function in primary rat cortical neurons and microglial cell lines. MitoSOX dose-dependently uncoupled neuronal respiration, whether present continuously in the assay medium or washed following a ten minute loading protocol. Concentrations of 5-10μM MitoSOX caused severe loss of ATP synthesis-linked respiration. Redistribution of MitoSOX to the cytoplasm and nucleus occurred concomitant to mitochondrial uncoupling. MitoSOX also dose-dependently decreased the maximal respiration rate and this impairment could not be rescued by delivery of a complex IV specific substrate, revealing complex IV inhibition. As in neurons, loading microglial cells with MitoSOX at low micromolar concentrations resulted in uncoupled mitochondria with reduced respiratory capacity whereas submicromolar MitoSOX had no adverse effects. The MitoSOX parent compound dihydroethidium also caused mitochondrial uncoupling and respiratory inhibition at low micromolar concentrations. However, these effects were abrogated by pre-incubating dihydroethidium with cation exchange beads to remove positively charged oxidation products, which would otherwise by sequestered by polarized mitochondria. Collectively, our results suggest that the matrix accumulation of MitoSOX or dihydroethidium oxidation products causes mitochondrial uncoupling and inhibition of complex IV. Because MitoSOX is inherently capable of causing severe mitochondrial dysfunction with the potential to alter superoxide production, its use therefore requires careful optimization in imaging protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Roelofs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Shealinna X Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR)
| | - Paige E Studlack
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.
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38
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Apostolova N, Victor VM. Molecular strategies for targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:686-729. [PMID: 25546574 PMCID: PMC4350006 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and specifically its implication in cellular redox/oxidative balance is fundamental in controlling the life and death of cells, and has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies. In this context, mitochondrial therapeutics, particularly those involving mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, have attracted increasing interest as potentially effective therapies for several human diseases. For the past 10 years, great progress has been made in the development and functional testing of molecules that specifically target mitochondria, and there has been special focus on compounds with antioxidant properties. In this review, we will discuss several such strategies, including molecules conjugated with lipophilic cations (e.g., triphenylphosphonium) or rhodamine, conjugates of plant alkaloids, amino-acid- and peptide-based compounds, and liposomes. This area has several major challenges that need to be confronted. Apart from antioxidants and other redox active molecules, current research aims at developing compounds that are capable of modulating other mitochondria-controlled processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Multiple chemically different molecular strategies have been developed as delivery tools that offer broad opportunities for mitochondrial manipulation. Additional studies, and particularly in vivo approaches under physiologically relevant conditions, are necessary to confirm the clinical usefulness of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University Jaume I , Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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39
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Shrotriya S, Deep G, Lopert P, Patel M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract targets mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III and induces oxidative and metabolic stress leading to cytoprotective autophagy and apoptotic death in human head and neck cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1734-47. [PMID: 25557495 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major killer worldwide and innovative measures are urgently warranted to lower the morbidity and mortality caused by this malignancy. Aberrant redox and metabolic status in HNSCC cells offer a unique opportunity to specifically target cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) to target the redox and bioenergetic alterations in HNSCC cells. GSE treatment decreased the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III activity, increased the mitochondrial superoxide levels and depleted the levels of cellular antioxidant (glutathione), thus resulting in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in human HNSCC Detroit 562 and FaDu cells. Polyethylene glycol-SOD addition reversed the GSE-mediated apoptosis without restoring complex III activity. Along with redox changes, GSE inhibited the extracellular acidification rate (representing glycolysis) and oxygen consumption rate (indicating oxidative phosphorylation) leading to metabolic stress in HNSCC cells. Molecular studies revealed that GSE activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and suppressed Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1/S6K signaling in both Detroit 562 and FaDu cells. Interestingly, GSE increased the autophagic load specifically in FaDu cells, and autophagy inhibition significantly augmented the apoptosis in these cells. Consistent with in vitro results, in vivo analyses also showed that GSE feeding in nude mice activated AMPK and induced-autophagy in FaDu xenograft tumor tissues. Overall, these findings are innovative as we for the first time showed that GSE targets ETC complex III and induces oxidative and metabolic stress, thereby, causing autophagy and apoptotic death in HNSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Shrotriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pamela Lopert
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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40
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Bullón P, Román-Malo L, Marín-Aguilar F, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Giampieri F, Battino M, Cordero MD. Lipophilic antioxidants prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through mitochondrial biogenesis improvement. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:1-8. [PMID: 25447593 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in several infectious diseases. In this regard, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxic component, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in several pathological events such as periodontal disease or sepsis. In our experiments, LPS-treated fibroblasts provoked increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced oxygen consumption and mitochondrial biogenesis. After comparing coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), we observed a more significant protection of CoQ10 than of NAC, which was comparable with other lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants such as vitamin E or BHA respectively. CoQ10 improved mitochondrial biogenesis by activating PGC-1α and TFAM. This lipophilic antioxidant protection was observed in mice after LPS injection. These results show that mitochondria-targeted lipophilic antioxidants could be a possible specific therapeutic strategy in pharmacology in the treatment of infectious diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, Spain; Research Laboratory, Dental School, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lourdes Román-Malo
- Research Laboratory, Dental School, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Alvarez-Suarez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy; Area de Nutrición y Salud, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana (UNINI), Campeche C.P. 24040, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy; Director Centre for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (UEA), Santander 39011, Spain.
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Dental School, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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41
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Fink BD, Herlein JA, Guo DF, Kulkarni C, Weidemann BJ, Yu L, Grobe JL, Rahmouni K, Kerns RJ, Sivitz WI. A mitochondrial-targeted coenzyme q analog prevents weight gain and ameliorates hepatic dysfunction in high-fat-fed mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:699-708. [PMID: 25301169 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone (mitoQ), known to have mitochondrial uncoupling properties, might prevent the development of obesity and mitigate liver dysfunction by increasing energy expenditure, as opposed to reducing energy intake. We administered mitoQ or vehicle (ethanol) to obesity-prone C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat (HF) or normal-fat (NF) diets. MitoQ (500 µM) or vehicle (ethanol) was added to the drinking water for 28 weeks. MitoQ significantly reduced total body mass and fat mass in the HF-fed mice but had no effect on these parameters in NF mice. Food intake was reduced by mitoQ in the HF-fed but not in the NF-fed mice. Average daily water intake was reduced by mitoQ in both the NF- and HF-fed mice. Hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, and the long form of the leptin receptor were reduced in the HF but not in the NF mice. Hepatic total fat and triglyceride content did not differ between the mitoQ-treated and control HF-fed mice. However, mitoQ markedly reduced hepatic lipid hydroperoxides and reduced circulating alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver function. MitoQ did not alter whole-body oxygen consumption or liver mitochondrial oxygen utilization, membrane potential, ATP production, or production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, mitoQ added to drinking water mitigated the development of obesity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the mechanism involved decreased energy intake likely mediated at the hypothalamic level. MitoQ also ameliorated HF-induced liver dysfunction by virtue of its antioxidant properties without altering liver fat or mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Fink
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Judith A Herlein
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deng Fu Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chaitanya Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin J Weidemann
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William I Sivitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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42
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Efficient synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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43
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Dai DF, Chiao YA, Marcinek DJ, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:6. [PMID: 24860647 DOI: 10.1201/b21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced accumulation of damage to cellular macromolecules is a primary driving force of aging and a major determinant of lifespan. Although this theory is one of the most popular explanations for the cause of aging, several experimental rodent models of antioxidant manipulation have failed to affect lifespan. Moreover, antioxidant supplementation clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The mitochondrial theory of aging specifies more particularly that mitochondria are both the primary sources of ROS and the primary targets of ROS damage. In addition to effects on lifespan and aging, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to play a central role in healthspan of many vital organ systems. In this article we review the evidence supporting the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in aging and healthspan, including cardiac aging, age-dependent cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle aging, neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance and diabetes as well as age-related cancers. The crosstalk of mitochondrial ROS, redox, and other cellular signaling is briefly presented. Potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function in aging and healthspan are reviewed, with a focus on mitochondrial protective drugs, such as the mitochondrial antioxidants MitoQ, SkQ1, and the mitochondrial protective peptide SS-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, HSB-K081, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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44
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Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:6. [PMID: 24860647 PMCID: PMC4013820 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced accumulation of damage to cellular macromolecules is a primary driving force of aging and a major determinant of lifespan. Although this theory is one of the most popular explanations for the cause of aging, several experimental rodent models of antioxidant manipulation have failed to affect lifespan. Moreover, antioxidant supplementation clinical trials have been largely disappointing. The mitochondrial theory of aging specifies more particularly that mitochondria are both the primary sources of ROS and the primary targets of ROS damage. In addition to effects on lifespan and aging, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to play a central role in healthspan of many vital organ systems. In this article we review the evidence supporting the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in aging and healthspan, including cardiac aging, age-dependent cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle aging, neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance and diabetes as well as age-related cancers. The crosstalk of mitochondrial ROS, redox, and other cellular signaling is briefly presented. Potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function in aging and healthspan are reviewed, with a focus on mitochondrial protective drugs, such as the mitochondrial antioxidants MitoQ, SkQ1, and the mitochondrial protective peptide SS-31.
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45
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Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2029-50. [PMID: 24117165 PMCID: PMC3976620 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in energy is common in aging, and the restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics may offer a common approach for the treatment of numerous age-associated diseases. Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid that is exclusively expressed on the inner mitochondrial membrane where it plays an important structural role in cristae formation and the organization of the respiratory complexes into supercomplexes for optimal oxidative phosphorylation. The interaction between cardiolipin and cytochrome c determines whether cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier or peroxidase. Cardiolipin peroxidation and depletion have been reported in a variety of pathological conditions associated with energy deficiency, and cardiolipin has been identified as a target for drug development. This review focuses on the discovery and development of the first cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent. SS-31 is a member of the Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides known to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. By interacting with cardiolipin, SS-31 prevents cardiolipin from converting cytochrome c into a peroxidase while protecting its electron carrying function. As a result, SS-31 protects the structure of mitochondrial cristae and promotes oxidative phosphorylation. SS-31 represents a new class of compounds that can recharge the cellular powerhouse and restore bioenergetics. Extensive animal studies have shown that targeting such a fundamental mechanism can benefit highly complex diseases that share a common pathogenesis of bioenergetics failure. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of SS-31 and provides an update of its clinical development programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel H Szeto
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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46
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Birk AV, Chao WM, Bracken C, Warren JD, Szeto HH. Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2017-28. [PMID: 24134698 PMCID: PMC3976619 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial respiration and cardiolipin peroxidation is associated with age-related diseases. Hydrophobic interactions between cytochrome c and cardiolipin converts cytochrome c from an electron carrier to a peroxidase. In addition to cardiolipin peroxidation, this impedes electron flux and inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthesis. SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2 ) selectively binds to cardiolipin and inhibits cytochrome c peroxidase activity. Here, we examined whether SS-31 also protected the electron carrier function of cytochrome c. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Interactions of SS-31 with cardiolipin were studied using liposomes and bicelles containing phosphatidylcholine alone or with cardiolipin. Structural interactions were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity and nuclear magnetic resonance. Effects of cardiolipin on electron transfer kinetics of cytochrome c were determined by cytochrome c reduction in vitro and oxygen consumption using mitoplasts, frozen and fresh mitochondria. KEY RESULTS SS-31 interacted only with liposomes and bicelles containing cardiolipin in about 1:1 ratio. NMR studies demonstrated that the aromatic residues of SS-31 penetrated deep into cardiolipin-containing bilayers. SS-31 restored cytochrome c reduction and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of added cardiolipin. In fresh mitochondria, SS-31 increased state 3 respiration and efficiency of ATP synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SS-31 selectively targeted cardiolipin and modulated its interaction with cytochrome c. SS-31 inhibited the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex peroxidase activity while protecting its ability to serve as an electron carrier, thus optimizing mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis. This novel class of cardiolipin therapeutics has the potential to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics for treatment of numerous age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Birk
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - W M Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - C Bracken
- Department of Biochemistry, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Facility, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - J D Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
- Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - H H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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47
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Abstract
Phenoptosis is the death of an organism programmed by its genome. Numerous examples of phenoptosis are described in prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, and all kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes (animals, plants, and fungi). There are very demonstrative cases of acute phenoptosis when actuation of a specific biochemical or behavioral program results in immediate death. Rapid (taking days) senescence of semelparous plants is described as phenoptosis controlled by already known genes and mediated by toxic phytohormones like abscisic acid. In soya, the death signal is transmitted from beans to leaves via xylem, inducing leaf fall and death of the plant. Mutations in two genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, required for the flowering and subsequent formation of seeds, prevent senescence, strongly prolonging the lifespan of this small semelparous grass that becomes a big bush with woody stem, and initiate substitution of vegetative for sexual reproduction. The death of pacific salmon immediately after spawning is surely programmed. In this case, numerous typical traits of aging, including amyloid plaques in the brain, appear on the time scale of days. There are some indications that slow aging of higher animals and humans is also programmed, being the final step of ontogenesis. It is assumed that stepwise decline of many physiological functions during such aging increases pressure of natural selection on organisms stimulating in this way biological evolution. As a working hypothesis, the biochemical mechanism of slow aging is proposed. It is assumed that mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a tool to stimulate apoptosis, an effect decreasing with age the cell number (cellularity) of organs and tissues. A group of SkQ-type substances composed of plastoquinone and a penetrating cation were synthesized to target an antioxidant into mitochondria and to prevent the age-linked rise of the mitochondrial ROS level. Such targeting is due to the fact that mitochondria are the only cellular organelles that are negatively charged compared to the cytosol. SkQs are shown to strongly decrease concentration of ROS in mitochondria, prolong lifespan of fungi, invertebrates, fish, and mammals, and retard appearance of numerous traits of aging. Clinical trials of SkQ1 (plastoquinonyl decyltriphenylphosphonium) have been successfully completed so that the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation recommends drops of very dilute (0.25 µM) solution of this antioxidant as a medicine to treat the syndrome of dry eye, which was previously considered an incurable disease developing with age. These drops are already available in drugstores. Thus, SkQ1 is the first mitochondria-targeted drug employed in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Skulachev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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48
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Coenzyme Q10 as a therapy for mitochondrial disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:105-11. [PMID: 24495877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) disorders is extremely difficult, however, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and its synthetic analogues are the only agents which have shown some therapeutic benefit to patients. CoQ10 serves as an electron carrier in the MRC as well as functioning as a potent lipid soluble antioxidant. CoQ10 supplementation is fundamental to the treatment of patients with primary defects in the CoQ10 biosynthetic pathway. The efficacy of CoQ10 and its analogues in the treatment of patients with MRC disorders not associated with a CoQ10 deficiency indicates their ability to restore electron flow in the MRC and/or increase mitochondrial antioxidant capacity may also be important contributory factors to their therapeutic potential.
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Reily C, Mitchell T, Chacko BK, Benavides G, Murphy MP, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrially targeted compounds and their impact on cellular bioenergetics. Redox Biol 2013; 1:86-93. [PMID: 23667828 PMCID: PMC3647698 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as critical sites of localized injury in a number of chronic pathologies which has led to the development of organelle directed therapeutics. One of the approaches employed to target molecules to the mitochondrion is to conjugate a delocalized cation such as triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) to various redox active compounds. Mitochondrially targeted antioxidants have also been used in numerous cell culture based studies as probes of the contribution of the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species on cell signaling events. However, concentrations used in vitro are typically 10-100 times greater than those generated from oral dosing in a wide range of animal models and in humans. In the present study, we determined the effects of mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoTempol, and MitoE on cellular bioenergetics of mesangial cells in culture and compared these to TPP+ conjugated compounds which lack the antioxidant functional group. We found that all TPP+ compounds inhibited oxidative phosphorylation to different extents independent of the antioxidant functional groups. These findings show that the TPP+ moiety can disrupt mitochondrial function at concentrations frequently observed in cell culture and this behavior is dependent on the linker group and independent of antioxidant properties. Moreover, TPP+ moiety alone is unlikely to achieve the concentrations needed to contribute to the protective mechanisms of the mitochondrially targeted compounds that have been reported in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reily
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Davis RE, Williams M. Mitochondrial function and dysfunction: an update. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:598-607. [PMID: 22700430 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.192104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the current explosion of knowledge on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the genesis of various human disease states, there is an increased interest in targeting mitochondrial processes, pathways, and proteins for drug discovery efforts in cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, and central nervous system diseases, the latter including autism and neurodegenerative diseases. We provide an update on understanding the central role of the mitochondrion in ATP and reactive oxygen species production and in controlling cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Davis
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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