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Manning JJ, Finlay DB, Glass M. GPCR kinase subtype requirements for arrestin-2 and -3 translocation to the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor and the consequences on G protein signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116190. [PMID: 38604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Arrestins are key negative regulators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) through mediation of G protein desensitisation and receptor internalisation. Arrestins can also contribute to signal transduction by scaffolding downstream signalling effectors for activation. GPCR kinase (GRK) enzymes phosphorylate the intracellular C-terminal domain, or intracellular loop regions of GPCRs to promote arrestin interaction. There are seven different GRK subtypes, which may uniquely phosphorylate the C-terminal tail in a type of 'phosphorylation barcode,' potentially differentially contributing to arrestin translocation and arrestin-dependent signalling. Such contributions may be exploited to develop arrestin-biased ligands. Here, we examine the effect of different GRK subtypes on the ability to promote translocation of arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1) with a range of ligands. We find that most GRK subtypes (including visual GRK1) can enhance arrestin-2 and -3 translocation to CB1, and that GRK-dependent changes in arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 translocation were broadly shared for most agonists tested. GRK2/3 generally enhanced arrestin translocation more than the other GRK subtypes, with some small differences between ligands. We also explore the interplay between G protein activity and GRK2/3-dependent arrestin translocation, highlighting that high-efficacy G protein agonists will cause GRK2/3 dependent arrestin translocation. This study supports the hypothesis that arrestin-biased ligands for CB1 must engage GRK5/6 rather than GRK2/3, and G protein-biased ligands must have inherently low efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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2
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Patel M, Zheng X, Akinfiresoye LR, Prioleau C, Walker TD, Glass M, Marusich JA. Pharmacological evaluation of new generation OXIZID synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 971:176549. [PMID: 38561104 PMCID: PMC11132922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) remain one the largest classes of new psychoactive substances, and are increasingly associated with severe adverse effects and death compared to the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In the attempt to circumvent the rapid emergence of novel SCRAs, several nations have implemented 'generic' legislations, or 'class-wide' bans based on common structural scaffolds. However, this has only encouraged the incorporation of new chemical entities, including distinct core and linker structures, for which there is a dearth of pharmacological data. The current study evaluated five emergent OXIZID SCRAs for affinity and functional activity at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1) in HEK 293 cells, as well as pharmacological equivalence with THC in drug discrimination in mice. All OXIZID compounds behaved as agonists in Gαi protein activation and β-arrestin 2 translocation assays, possessing low micromolar affinity at CB1. All ligands also substituted for THC in drug discrimination, where potencies broadly correlated with in vitro activity, with the methylcyclohexane analogue BZO-CHMOXIZID being the most potent. Notably, MDA-19 (BZO-HEXOXIZID) exhibited partial efficacy in vitro, generating an activity profile most similar to that of THC, and partial substitution in vivo. Overall, the examined OXIZIDs were comparatively less potent and efficacious than previous generations of SCRAs. Further toxicological data will elucidate whether the moderate cannabimimetic activity for this series of SCRAs will translate to severe adverse health effects as seen with previous generations of SCRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoxi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), New Zealand
| | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Prioleau
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Teneille D Walker
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), New Zealand.
| | - Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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3
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Dutta S, Shukla D. Characterization of binding kinetics and intracellular signaling of new psychoactive substances targeting cannabinoid receptor using transition-based reweighting method. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.29.560261. [PMID: 37873328 PMCID: PMC10592854 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) targeting cannabinoid receptor 1 pose a significant threat to society as recreational abusive drugs that have pronounced physiological side effects. These greater adverse effects compared to classical cannabinoids have been linked to the higher downstream β-arrestin signaling. Thus, understanding the mechanism of differential signaling will reveal important structure-activity relationship essential for identifying and potentially regulating NPS molecules. In this study, we simulate the slow (un)binding process of NPS MDMB-Fubinaca and classical cannabinoid HU-210 from CB1 using multi-ensemble simulation to decipher the effects of ligand binding dynamics on downstream signaling. The transition-based reweighing method is used for the estimation of transition rates and underlying thermodynamics of (un)binding processes of ligands with nanomolar affinities. Our analyses reveal major interaction differences with transmembrane TM7 between NPS and classical cannabinoids. A variational autoencoder-based approach, neural relational inference (NRI), is applied to assess the allosteric effects on intracellular regions attributable to variations in binding pocket interactions. NRI analysis indicate a heightened level of allosteric control of NPxxY motif for NPS-bound receptors, which contributes to the higher probability of formation of a crucial triad interaction (Y7.53-Y5.58-T3.46) necessary for stronger β-arrestin signaling. Hence, in this work, MD simulation, data-driven statistical methods, and deep learning point out the structural basis for the heightened physiological side effects associated with NPS, contributing to efforts aimed at mitigating their public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumajit Dutta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
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4
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Lea Houston M, Morgan J, Kelso C. Narrative Review of the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicities of Illicit Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:92-109. [PMID: 37190813 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230515163107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are the most diverse class of new psychoactive substances worldwide, with approximately 300 unique SCRAs identified to date. While the use of this class of drug is not particularly prevalent, SCRAs are associated with several deaths every year due to their severe toxicity. METHODS A thorough examination of the literature identified 15 new SCRAs with a significant clinical impact between 2015 and 2021. RESULTS These 15 SCRAs have been implicated in 154 hospitalizations and 209 deaths across the US, Europe, Asia, and Australasia during this time period. CONCLUSION This narrative review provides pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic data for SCRAs as a drug class, including an in-depth review of known pharmacological properties of 15 recently identified and emerging SCRAs for the benefit of researchers, policy makers, and clinicians who wish to be informed of developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Lea Houston
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Patel M, Grimsey NL, Banister SD, Finlay DB, Glass M. Evaluating signaling bias for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists at the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01157. [PMID: 38018694 PMCID: PMC10685394 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid structural evolution and emergence of novel synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in the recreational market remains a key public health concern. Despite representing one of the largest classes of new psychoactive substances, pharmacological data on new SCRAs is limited, particularly at the cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2 ). Hence, the current study aimed to characterize the molecular pharmacology of a structurally diverse panel of SCRAs at CB2 , including 4-cyano MPP-BUT7AICA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, AMB-FUBINACA, JWH-018, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and XLR-11. The activity of SCRAs was assessed in a battery of in vitro assays in CB2 -expressing HEK 293 cells: G protein activation (Gαi3 and GαoB ), phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and β-arrestin 1/2 translocation. The activity profiles of the ligands were further evaluated using the operational analysis to identify ligand bias. All SCRAs activated the CB2 signaling pathways in a concentration-dependent manner, although with varying potencies and efficacies. Despite the detection of numerous instances of statistically significant bias, compound activities generally appeared only subtly distinct in comparison with the reference ligand, CP55940. In contrast, the phytocannabinoid THC exhibited an activity profile distinct from the SCRAs; most notably in the translocation of β-arrestins. These findings demonstrate that CB2 is able to accommodate a structurally diverse array of SCRAs to generate canonical agonist activity. Further research is required to elucidate whether the activation of CB2 contributes to the toxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Natasha L. Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David B. Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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6
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Gabarin A, Yarmolinsky L, Budovsky A, Khalfin B, Ben-Shabat S. Cannabis as a Source of Approved Drugs: A New Look at an Old Problem. Molecules 2023; 28:7686. [PMID: 38067416 PMCID: PMC10707504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis plants have been used in medicine since ancient times. They are well known for their anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal activities. A growing body of evidence indicates that targeting the endocannabinoid system and various other receptors with cannabinoid compounds holds great promise for addressing multiple medical conditions. There are two distinct avenues in the development of cannabinoid-based drugs. The first involves creating treatments directly based on the components of the cannabis plant. The second involves a singular molecule strategy, in which specific phytocannabinoids or newly discovered cannabinoids with therapeutic promise are pinpointed and synthesized for future pharmaceutical development and validation. Although the therapeutic potential of cannabis is enormous, few cannabis-related approved drugs exist, and this avenue warrants further investigation. With this in mind, we review here the medicinal properties of cannabis, its phytochemicals, approved drugs of natural and synthetic origin, pitfalls on the way to the widespread clinical use of cannabis, and additional applications of cannabis-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Gabarin
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Ludmila Yarmolinsky
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Arie Budovsky
- Research and Development Authority, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon 7830604, Israel;
| | - Boris Khalfin
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
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7
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Persia D, Mangiavacchi F, Marcotullio MC, Rosati O. Cannabinoids as multifaceted compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113718. [PMID: 37196772 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, Cannabis and its preparations have found various applications such as for medical, recreational and industrial purposes. Subsequently the 1930s, legislation in many countries has restricted its use due to its psychotropic properties. More recently, the discovery of endocannabinoid system, including new receptors, ligands, and mediators, its role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and the possible implication in various physiological and pathophysiological processes has also been understood. Based on this evidence, researchers were able to develop new therapeutic targets for the treatment of various pathological disorders. For this purpose, Cannabis and cannabinoids were subjected for the evaluation of their pharmacological activities. The renewed interest in the medical use of cannabis for its potential therapeutic application has prompted legislators to take action to regulate the safe use of cannabis and products containing cannabinoids. However, each country has an enormous heterogeneity in the regulation of laws. Here, we are pleased to show a general and prevailing overview of the findings regarding cannabinoids and the multiple research fields such as chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology and analytics in which they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Persia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mangiavacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy; Current Address: Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', Via Della Lastruccia, 16 - Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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8
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Krishna Kumar K, Robertson MJ, Thadhani E, Wang H, Suomivuori CM, Powers AS, Ji L, Nikas SP, Dror RO, Inoue A, Makriyannis A, Skiniotis G, Kobilka B. Structural basis for activation of CB1 by an endocannabinoid analog. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2672. [PMID: 37160876 PMCID: PMC10169858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates a number of therapeutically relevant physiological responses. Hence, understanding the structural and functional consequences of eCB-CB1 interactions has important implications for designing effective drugs targeting this receptor. To characterize the molecular details of eCB interaction with CB1, we utilized AMG315, an analog of the eCB anandamide to determine the structure of the AMG315-bound CB1 signaling complex. Compared to previous structures, the ligand binding pocket shows some differences. Using docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and signaling assays we investigated the functional consequences of ligand interactions with the "toggle switch" residues F2003.36 and W3566.48. Further, we show that ligand-TM2 interactions drive changes to residues on the intracellular side of TM2 and are a determinant of efficacy in activating G protein. These intracellular TM2 rearrangements are unique to CB1 and are exploited by a CB1-specific allosteric modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaavya Krishna Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Elina Thadhani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander S Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lipin Ji
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Brian Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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9
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Stalberga D, Ingvarsson S, Bessa G, Maas L, Vikingsson S, Persson M, Norman C, Gréen H. Metabolism studies of 4'Cl-CUMYL-PINACA, 4'F-CUMYL-5F-PINACA and 4'F-CUMYL-5F-PICA using human hepatocytes and LC-QTOF-MS analysis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 132:263-280. [PMID: 36544361 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
4'Cl-cumyl-PINACA (SGT-157), 4'F-cumyl-5F-PINACA (4F-cumyl-5F-PINACA, SGT-65) and 4'F-cumyl-5F-PICA (4F-cumyl-5F-PICA, SGT-64) are a series of new halogenated cumyl synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). Due to rapid metabolism, monitoring and screening for SCRAs in biological matrices requires identification of their metabolites. It is an essential tool for estimating their spread and fluctuations in the global illicit market. The purpose of this study was to identify human biotransformations of 4'Cl-cumyl-PINACA, 4'F-cumyl-5F-PINACA and 4'F-cumyl-5F-PICA in vitro and characterize for the first time the metabolic pathways of halogenated cumyl SCRAs. 4'Cl-cumyl-PINACA, 4'F-cumyl-5F-PINACA and 4'F-cumyl-5F-PICA were incubated with human hepatocytes in duplicates for 0, 1, 3 and 5 h. The supernatants were analysed in data-dependent acquisition on a UHPLC-QToF-MS, and the potential metabolites were tentatively identified. A total of 11 metabolites were detected for 4'Cl-cumyl-PINACA, 21 for 4'F-cumyl-5F-PINACA and 10 for 4'F-cumyl-5F-PICA. The main biotransformations were oxidative defluorination, followed by hydroxylation with dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation, dihydrodiol formation and glucuronidation. Hydroxylations were most common at the tail moieties with higher abundancy for indole than indazole compounds. N-dealkylations were more common for fluorinated tail chain compounds than the non-fluorinated 4'Cl-cumyl-PINACA. In conclusion, many metabolites retained halogen groups at the cumyl moieties which, in various combinations, may be suitable as analytical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darta Stalberga
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarah Ingvarsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ghidaa Bessa
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lisa Maas
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mattias Persson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Caitlyn Norman
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Manning JJ, Rawcliffe G, Finlay DB, Glass M. Cannabinoid 1 (CB 1 ) receptor arrestin subtype-selectivity and phosphorylation dependence. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:369-382. [PMID: 36250246 PMCID: PMC10100024 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arrestin or G protein bias may be desirable for novel cannabinoid therapeutics. Arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 translocation to CB1 receptor have been suggested to mediate different functions that may be exploited with biased ligands. Here, the requirement of a recently described phosphorylation motif 'pxxp' (where 'p' denotes phosphorylatable serine or threonine and 'x' denotes any other amino acid) within the CB1 receptor C-terminus for interaction with different arrestin subtypes was examined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Site-directed mutagenesis was conducted to generate nine different phosphorylation-impaired CB1 receptor C-terminal mutants. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) was employed to measure arrestin-2/3 translocation and G protein dissociation of a high efficacy agonist for each mutant. Immunocytochemistry was used to quantify receptor expression. KEY RESULTS The effects of each mutation were shared for arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 translocation to CB1 receptor pxxp motifs are partially required for arrestin-2/3 translocation, but translocation was not completely inhibited until all phosphorylation sites were mutated. The rate of arrestin translocation was reduced with simultaneous mutation of S425 and S429. Desensitisation of G protein dissociation was inhibited in different mutants proportional to the extent of their respective loss of arrestin translocation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data do not support the existence of an 'essential' pxxp motif for arrestin translocation to CB1 receptor. These data also identify that arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 have equivalent phosphorylation requirements within the CB1 receptor C-terminus, suggesting arrestin subtype-selective biased ligands may not be viable and that different regions of the C-terminus contribute differently to arrestin translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gabriel Rawcliffe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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Finlay DB, Mackie W, Webb HDJ, Thomsen LR, Nimick M, Rosengren RJ, Marusich JA, Glass M, Wiley JL. The piperazine analogue para-fluorophenylpiperazine alters timing of the physiological effects of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AMB-FUBINACA, without changing its discriminative stimulus, signalling effects, or metabolism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 223:173530. [PMID: 36805861 PMCID: PMC10020421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
AMB-FUBINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA), which has been associated with substantial abuse and health harm since 2016 in many countries including New Zealand. A characteristic of AMB-FUBINACA use in New Zealand has included the observation that forensic samples (from autopsies) and drugs seized by police have often been found to contain para-fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP), a relatively little-characterised piperazine analogue that has been suggested to act through 5HT1a serotonin receptors. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the interactions of these two agents in rat physiological endpoints using plethysmography and telemetry, and to examine whether pFPP altered the subjective effects of AMB-FUBINACA in mice trained to differentiate a cannabinoid (THC) from vehicle. Though pFPP did not alter the ability of AMB-FUBINACA to substitute for THC, it did appear to abate some of the physiological effects of AMB-FUBINACA in rats by delaying the onset of AMB-FUBINACA-mediated hypothermia and shortening duration of bradycardia. In HEK cells stably expressing the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, 5HT1a, or both CB1 and 5HT1a, cAMP signalling was recorded using a BRET biosensor (CAMYEL) to assess possible direct receptor interactions. Although low potency pFPP agonism at 5HT1a was confirmed, little evidence for signalling interactions was detected in these assays: additive or synergistic effects on potency or efficacy were not detected between pFPP and AMB-FUBINACA-mediated cAMP inhibition. Experiments utilising higher potency, classical 5HT1a ligands (agonist 8OH-DPAT and antagonist WAY100635) also failed to reveal evidence for mutual CB1/5HT1a interactions or cross-antagonism. Finally, the ability of pFPP to alter the metabolism of AMB-FUBINACA in rat and human liver microsomes into its primary carboxylic acid metabolite via carboxylesterase-1 was assessed by HPLC; no inhibition was detected. Overall, the effects we have observed do not suggest that increased harm/toxicity would result from the combination of pFPP and AMB-FUBINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Warwick Mackie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hunter D J Webb
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lucy R Thomsen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mhairi Nimick
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Al-Eitan L, Alkhawaldeh M. MDMB-FUBINACA Influences Brain Angiogenesis and the Expression of VEGF, ANG-1, and ANG-2. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2023; 21:356-365. [PMID: 37711102 DOI: 10.2174/1570161121666230913093441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to explore the impact of the synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-(1-(4- fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-FUBINACA) on the angiogenesis process in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are substances that mimic the natural components found in the cannabis plant. SCs are considered prohibited substances that have a clear impact on the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to explore how MDMB-FUBINACA influences angiogenesis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and to clarify the pathways related to the cannabinoid receptors. METHODS Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) were grown in the medium containing Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM/F12) using an endothelial cell growth kit. Endothelial cell viability was evaluated using the MTT test. Migration ability was measured using the Wound healing test. The angiogenic capability was measured using a Tube Formation assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to explore the mRNA concentrations following MDMBFUBINACA treatment. ELISA and Western blotting were also employed to measure the protein levels. RESULTS MDMB-FUBINACA greatly increases tube formation, endothelial cell proliferation, and migration. Pro-angiogenic factors such as angiopoietins 1 and 2 (ANG-1 and 2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were shown to be increased at both the RNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION MDMB-FUBINACA induces the progression of the angiogenesis process by inducing the expression of pro-angiogenic factors. These findings aim toward developing novel treatments for angiogenesis- related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mishael Alkhawaldeh
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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13
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Wiese BM, Alvarez Reyes A, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. The endocannabinoid system and breathing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1126004. [PMID: 37144090 PMCID: PMC10153446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in cannabis accessibility have provided adjunct therapies for patients across numerous disease states and highlights the urgency in understanding how cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid (EC) system interact with other physiological structures. The EC system plays a critical and modulatory role in respiratory homeostasis and pulmonary functionality. Respiratory control begins in the brainstem without peripheral input, and coordinates the preBötzinger complex, a component of the ventral respiratory group that interacts with the dorsal respiratory group to synchronize burstlet activity and drive inspiration. An additional rhythm generator: the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group drives active expiration during conditions of exercise or high CO2. Combined with the feedback information from the periphery: through chemo- and baroreceptors including the carotid bodies, the cranial nerves, stretch of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, lung tissue, and immune cells, and the cranial nerves, our respiratory system can fine tune motor outputs that ensure we have the oxygen necessary to survive and can expel the CO2 waste we produce, and every aspect of this process can be influenced by the EC system. The expansion in cannabis access and potential therapeutic benefits, it is essential that investigations continue to uncover the underpinnings and mechanistic workings of the EC system. It is imperative to understand the impact cannabis, and exogenous cannabinoids have on these physiological systems, and how some of these compounds can mitigate respiratory depression when combined with opioids or other medicinal therapies. This review highlights the respiratory system from the perspective of central versus peripheral respiratory functionality and how these behaviors can be influenced by the EC system. This review will summarize the literature available on organic and synthetic cannabinoids in breathing and how that has shaped our understanding of the role of the EC system in respiratory homeostasis. Finally, we look at some potential future therapeutic applications the EC system has to offer for the treatment of respiratory diseases and a possible role in expanding the safety profile of opioid therapies while preventing future opioid overdose fatalities that result from respiratory arrest or persistent apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M. Wiese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angelica Alvarez Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Tally M. Largent-Milnes,
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14
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Marusich JA, Gamage TF, Zhang Y, Akinfiresoye LR, Wiley JL. In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of nine novel synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173467. [PMID: 36154844 PMCID: PMC9837865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are novel psychoactive substances that bind to and activate CB1 receptors in the brain. The structural manipulations observed in newer SCRAs suggest that manufacturers have incorporated modern drug development techniques into their repertoire, often producing higher CB1 receptor affinity than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This study examined nine SCRAs recently detected by forensic surveillance, some of which caused fatalities: 5F-MDMB-PICA, FUB-144, 5F-MMB-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, MMB-FUBICA, 5F-EDMB-PINACA, APP-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and FUB-AKB48. Compounds were evaluated for CB1 and CB2 receptor binding affinity and functional activation and for their effects on body temperature, time course, and pharmacological equivalence with Δ9-THC in Δ9-THC drug discrimination in mice. All SCRAs bound to and activated CB1 and CB2 receptors with high affinity, with similar or greater affinity for CB2 than CB1 receptors and stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in CB1 and CB2 expressing cell membranes. All compounds produced hypothermia, with shorter latency to peak effects for SCRAs than Δ9-THC. All SCRAs fully substituted for Δ9-THC in drug discrimination at one or more doses. Rank order potency in producing in vivo effects mostly aligned with rank order CB1 receptor affinities. Potencies for Δ9-THC-like discriminative stimulus effects were similar across sex except Δ9-THC was more potent in females and 5F-MMB-PICA was more potent in males. In summary, 5F-EMDB-PINACA, 5F-MDMB-PICA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, FUB-144, FUB-AKB48, 5F-MMB-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, and MMB-FUBICA are potent and efficacious SCRAs with pharmacology like that of past SCRAs that have been abused in humans. In contrast, APP-BINACA was efficacious, but had lower potency than most past SCRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA 22152, USA
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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15
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Lowin T, Kok C, Smutny S, Pongratz G. Impact of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts Alone and in Co-Culture with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1118. [PMID: 35625855 PMCID: PMC9138512 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of arthritis, but its mechanism of action and cellular targets are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effects of THC (0.1-25 µM) on synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RASF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors in respect to proliferation, calcium mobilization, drug uptake, cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Intracellular calcium and drug uptake were determined by fluorescent dyes Cal-520 and PoPo3, respectively. Cytokine and immunoglobulin production were evaluated by ELISA. Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) were detected by flow cytometry. RASF express CB1 and CB2 and the latter was increased by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In RASF, THC (≥5 µM) increased intracellular calcium levels/PoPo3 uptake in a TRPA1-dependent manner and reduced interleukin-8 (IL-8) and matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP-3) production at high concentrations (25 µM). Proliferation was slightly enhanced at intermediate THC concentrations (1-10 µM) but was completely abrogated at 25 µM. In PBMC alone, THC decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) production and increased immunoglobulin G (IgG). In PBMC/RASF co-culture, THC decreased TNF production when cells were stimulated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or CpG. THC provides pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in RASF and PBMC. This is dependent on the activating stimulus and concentration of THC. Therefore, THC might be used to treat inflammation in RA but it might need titrating to determine the effective concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (C.K.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
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16
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Markham J, Sparkes E, Boyd R, Chen S, Manning JJ, Finlay D, Lai F, McGregor E, Maloney CJ, Gerona RR, Connor M, McGregor IS, Hibbs DE, Glass M, Kevin RC, Banister SD. Defining Steric Requirements at CB 1 and CB 2 Cannabinoid Receptors Using Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists 5F-AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, PX-1, PX-2, NNL-1, and Their Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1281-1295. [PMID: 35404067 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS). They commonly comprise N-alkylated indole, indazole, or 7-azaindole scaffolds with amide-linked pendant amino acid groups. To explore the contribution of the amino acid side chain to the cannabinoid pharmacology of SCRA NPS, a systematic library of side chain-modified SCRAs was prepared based on the recent detections of amino acid derivatives 17 (5F-AB-PINACA), 18 (5F-ADB-PINACA), 15 (PX-1), 19 (PX-2), and 20 (NNL-1). In vitro binding affinities and functional activities at cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2, respectively) were determined for all the library members using radioligand competition experiments and a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Binding affinities and functional activities varied widely across compounds (Ki = 0.32 to >10 000 nM, EC50 = 0.24-1259 nM), with several clear structure-activity relationships (SARs) emerging. Affinity and potency at CB1 changed as a function of the heterocyclic core (indazole > indole > 7-azaindole) and the pendant amino acid side chain (tert-butyl > iso-propyl > iso-butyl > benzyl > ethyl > methyl > hydrogen). Ensemble docking at CB1 revealed a clear steric basis for observed SAR trends. Interestingly, although 15 (PX-1) and 19 (PX-2) have been detected in recreational drug markets, they failed to induce centrally CB1-mediated effects (e.g., hypothermia) in mice using radiobiotelemetry. Together, these data provide insights regarding structural contributions to the cannabimimetic profiles of 17 (5F-AB-PINACA), 18 (5F-ADB-PINACA), 15 (PX-1), 19 (PX-2), 20 (NNL-1), and other SCRA NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Markham
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - David Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Felcia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eila McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2005, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Callan J. Maloney
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2005, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E. Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Glatfelter GC, Partilla JS, Baumann MH. Structure-activity relationships for 5F-MDMB-PICA and its 5F-pentylindole analogs to induce cannabinoid-like effects in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:924-932. [PMID: 34802041 PMCID: PMC8882184 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are an evolving class of new psychoactive substances found on recreational drug markets worldwide. The indole-containing compound, 5F-MDMB-PICA, is a popular SCRA associated with serious medical consequences, including overdose and hospitalizations. In vitro studies reveal that 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent agonist at cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1), but little information exists regarding in vivo pharmacology of the drug. To this end, we examined the in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid-like effects produced by 5F-MDMB-PICA and related 5F-pentylindole analogs with differing composition of the head group moiety (i.e., 5F-NNEI, 5F-SDB-006, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, 5F-MMB-PICA). In mouse brain membranes, 5F-MDMB-PICA and its analogs inhibited binding to [3H]rimonabant-labeled CB1 and displayed agonist actions in [35S]GTPγS functional assays. 5F-MDMB-PICA exhibited the highest CB1 affinity (Ki = 1.24 nM) and functional potency (EC50 = 1.46 nM), but head group composition markedly influenced activity in both assays. For example, the 3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PICA) and cumyl (5F-CUMYL-PICA) head groups engendered high CB1 affinity and potency, whereas a benzyl (5F-SDB-006) head group did not. In C57BL/6J mice, all 5F-pentylindole SCRAs produced dose- and time-dependent hypothermia, catalepsy, and analgesia that were reversed by rimonabant, indicating CB1 involvement. In vitro Ki and EC50 values were positively correlated with in vivo ED50 potency estimates. Our findings demonstrate that 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent SCRA, and subtle alterations to head group composition can have profound influence on pharmacological effects at CB1. Importantly, measures of CB1 binding and efficacy in mouse brain tissue seem to accurately predict in vivo drug potency in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Glatfelter
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Baltimore, MD USA
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18
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Hoare SRJ, Tewson PH, Sachdev S, Connor M, Hughes TE, Quinn AM. Quantifying the Kinetics of Signaling and Arrestin Recruitment by Nervous System G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:814547. [PMID: 35110998 PMCID: PMC8801586 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.814547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons integrate inputs over different time and space scales. Fast excitatory synapses at boutons (ms and μm), and slow modulation over entire dendritic arbors (seconds and mm) are all ultimately combined to produce behavior. Understanding the timing of signaling events mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action of therapeutics targeting the nervous system. Measuring signaling kinetics in live cells has been transformed by the adoption of fluorescent biosensors and dyes that convert biological signals into optical signals that are conveniently recorded by microscopic imaging or by fluorescence plate readers. Quantifying the timing of signaling has now become routine with the application of equations in familiar curve fitting software to estimate the rates of signaling from the waveform. Here we describe examples of the application of these methods, including (1) Kinetic analysis of opioid signaling dynamics and partial agonism measured using cAMP and arrestin biosensors; (2) Quantifying the signaling activity of illicit synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists measured using a fluorescent membrane potential dye; (3) Demonstration of multiplicity of arrestin functions from analysis of biosensor waveforms and quantification of the rates of these processes. These examples show how temporal analysis provides additional dimensions to enhance the understanding of GPCR signaling and therapeutic mechanisms in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R. J. Hoare
- Pharmechanics LLC, Owego, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Sam R. J. Hoare
| | | | - Shivani Sachdev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Howlett AC, Thomas BF, Huffman JW. The Spicy Story of Cannabimimetic Indoles. Molecules 2021; 26:6190. [PMID: 34684770 PMCID: PMC8538531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sterling Research Group identified pravadoline as an aminoalkylindole (AAI) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain reliever. As drug design progressed, the ability of AAI analogs to block prostaglandin synthesis diminished, and antinociceptive activity was found to result from action at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) abundant in the brain. Several laboratories applied computational chemistry methods to ultimately conclude that AAI and cannabinoid ligands could overlap within a common binding pocket but that WIN55212-2 primarily utilized steric interactions via aromatic stacking, whereas cannabinoid ligands required some electrostatic interactions, particularly involving the CB1 helix-3 lysine. The Huffman laboratory identified strategies to establish CB2 receptor selectivity among cannabimimetic indoles to avoid their CB1-related adverse effects, thereby stimulating preclinical studies to explore their use as anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic pharmacotherapies. Some AAI analogs activate novel GPCRs referred to as "Alkyl Indole" receptors, and some AAI analogs act at the colchicine-binding site on microtubules. The AAI compounds having the greatest potency to interact with the CB1 receptor have found their way into the market as "Spice" or "K2". The sale of these alleged "herbal products" evades FDA consumer protections for proper labeling and safety as a medicine, as well as DEA scheduling as compounds having no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. The distribution to the public of potent alkyl indole synthetic cannabimimetic chemicals without regard for consumer safety contrasts with the adherence to regulatory requirements for demonstration of safety that are routinely observed by ethical pharmaceutical companies that market medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn C. Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Department of Analytical Sciences, The Cronos Group, Toronto, ON M5V 2H1, Canada;
| | - John W. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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20
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Brown JD, Rivera Rivera KJ, Hernandez LYC, Doenges MR, Auchey I, Pham T, Goodin AJ. Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Uses, Adverse Drug Events, and Drug Interactions. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61 Suppl 2:S37-S52. [PMID: 34396558 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the current use environment of both natural and synthetic cannabinoids while providing context for cannabinoid chemistry and pharmacology. In addition to a long history of recreational and nonmedical use, natural cannabinoids are increasingly used as prescription products, through medical cannabis programs, and as consumer health products. Despite anecdotal safety evidence, cannabis and cannabinoids are pharmacologically complex and pose risks for adverse drug events and drug-drug interactions. Synthetic cannabinoids, particularly agonists of cannabinoid receptors, are more potent than natural cannabinoids and can lead to more severe reactions and medical emergencies. This review provides a summary of approved uses and an overview of mechanisms of action for adverse drug events with natural and synthetic cannabinoids. Clinical considerations for special populations that may be at heightened risk for drug-drug interactions and adverse drug events while using natural or synthetic cannabinoids are examined, and recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew R Doenges
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - India Auchey
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thanh Pham
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amie J Goodin
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Abstract
In this review, the state of the art for compounds affecting the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is described with a focus on the treatment of pain. Amongst directly acting CB receptor ligands, clinical experience with ∆9 -tetrahydracannabinol and medical cannabis in chronic non-cancer pain indicates that there are differences between the benefits perceived by patients and the at best modest effect seen in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. The reason for this difference is not known but may involve differences in the type of patients that are recruited, the study conditions that are chosen and the degree to which biases such as reporting bias are operative. Other directly acting CB receptor ligands such as biased agonists and allosteric receptor modulators have not yet reached the clinic. Amongst indirectly acting compounds targeting the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and catabolism of the eCBs anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors have been investigated clinically but were per se not useful for the treatment of pain, although they may be useful for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and cannabis use disorder. Dual-acting compounds targeting this enzyme and other targets such as cyclooxygenase-2 or transient potential vanilloid receptor 1 may be a way forward for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- From the, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS). A New Threat for Young Drug Users with Forensic-Toxicological Implications. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050440. [PMID: 34068903 PMCID: PMC8156937 DOI: 10.3390/life11050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a severe health risk for drug users. Even though the phenomenon has been growing since the early 2000s, the mechanisms of action of NPS at the receptors and beyond them are still scarcely understood. The aim of the present study was to provide a systematic review of the updated knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of synthetic opioids, cannabinoids, cathinones, and stimulants. The study was conducted on the PubMed database. Study eligibility criteria included relevance to the topic, English language, and time of publication (2010–2020). A combined Mesh and free-text protocols search was performed. Study selection was performed on the title/abstract and, in doubtful cases, on the full texts of papers. Of the 580 records identified through PubMed searching and reference checking, 307 were excluded by title/abstract and 78 additional papers were excluded after full-text reading, leaving a total of 155 included papers. Molecular mechanisms of synthetic opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, stimulants, psychedelics, and hallucinogens were reviewed and mostly involved both a receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated cellular modulation with multiple neurotransmitters interactions. The molecular mechanisms underlying the action of NPS are more complex than expected, with a wide range of overlap among activated receptors and neurotransmitter systems. The peculiar action profile of single compounds does not necessarily reflect that of the structural class to which they belong, accounting for possible unexpected toxic reactions.
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23
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Oliveira da Cruz JF, Ioannidou C, Pagano Zottola AC, Muguruza C, Gomez‐Sotres P, Fernandez M, Callado LF, Marsicano G, Busquets‐Garcia A. Sex-dependent pharmacological profiles of the synthetic cannabinoid MMB-Fubinaca. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12940. [PMID: 32744799 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have emerged as novel psychoactive substances with damaging consequences for public health. They exhibit high affinity at the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1 ) receptor and produce similar and often more potent effects as other CB1 receptor agonists. However, we are still far from a complete pharmacological understanding of these compounds. In this study, by using behavioral, molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches, we aimed at characterizing several in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects of the synthetic cannabinoid MMB-Fubinaca (also known as AMB-Fubinaca or FUB-AMB), a particular synthetic cannabinoid. MMB-Fubinaca stimulates CB1 receptor-mediated functional coupling to G-proteins in mouse and human brain preparations in a similar manner as the CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,512-2 but with a much greater potency. Both drugs similarly activate the CB1 receptor-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Notably, in vivo administration of MMB-Fubinaca in mice induced greater behavioral and electrophysiological effects in male than in female mice in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner. Overall, these data provide a solid pharmacological profiling of the effects of MMB-Fubinaca and important information about the mechanisms of action underlying its harmful impact in humans. At the same time, they reinforce the significant sexual dimorphism of cannabinoid actions, which will have to be taken into account in future animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Oliveira da Cruz
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Center for Neural Science New York University New York New York USA
| | - Christina Ioannidou
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | - Carolina Muguruza
- Department of Pharmacology University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM Spain
| | - Paula Gomez‐Sotres
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Monica Fernandez
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Leioa Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Arnau Busquets‐Garcia
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux France
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
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24
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Wiley JL, Barrus DG, Farquhar CE, Lefever TW, Gamage TF. Sex, species and age: Effects of rodent demographics on the pharmacology of ∆ 9-tetrahydrocanabinol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110064. [PMID: 32810571 PMCID: PMC7750258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis edibles are becoming more common in an increasingly diverse population of users, and the impact of first pass metabolism on cannabis's pharmacological profile across age and sex is not well understood. The present study examined the impact of age, sex and rodent species on the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary psychoactive metabolite, 11-OH-THC, in rodent models of psychoactivity and molecular assays of cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) pharmacology. Like oral THC, i.p. THC also undergoes first pass metabolism. In both species and sexes, 11-OH-THC exhibited marginally higher affinity (~1.5 fold) than THC and both served as partial agonists in [35S]GTPγS binding with equivalent potency; 11-OH-THC exhibited slightly greater efficacy in rat brain tissue. In ICR mice, 11-OH-THC exhibited greater potency than THC in assays of catalepsy (7- to 15-fold) and hypothermia (7- to 31-fold). Further, 11-OH-THC was more potent in THC drug discrimination (7- to 9-fold) in C57Bl/6 J mice, with THC-like discriminative stimulus effects being CB1-, but not CB2-, mediated. THC's discriminative stimulus also was stable across age in mice, as its potency did not change over the course of the experiment (~17 months). While sex differences in THC's effects were not revealed in mice, THC was significantly more potent in females Sprague-Dawley rats than in males trained to discriminate THC from vehicle. This study demonstrates a cross-species in the psychoactive effects of i.p. THC across sex that may be related to differential metabolism of THC into its psychoactive metabolite 11-OH-THC, suggesting that species is a crucial design consideration in the preclinical study of phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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25
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Overview of Synthetic Cannabinoids ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA: Clinical, Analytical, and Forensic Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030186. [PMID: 33669071 PMCID: PMC7996508 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA are two synthetic indazole-derived cannabinoid receptor agonists, up to 140- and 85-fold more potent, respectively, than trans-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), the main psychoactive compound of cannabis. Synthesised in 2009 as a pharmaceutical drug candidate, the recreational use of ADB-FUBINACA was first reported in 2013 in Japan, with fatal cases being described in 2015. ADB-FUBINACA is one of the most apprehended and consumed synthetic cannabinoid (SC), following AMB-FUBINACA, which emerged in 2014 as a drug of abuse and has since been responsible for several intoxication and death outbreaks. Here, we critically review the physicochemical properties, detection methods, prevalence, biological effects, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of both drugs. When smoked, these SCs produce almost immediate effects (about 10 to 15 s after use) that last up to 60 min. They are rapidly and extensively metabolised, being the O-demethylated metabolite of AMB-FUBINACA, 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide)-3-methylbutanoic acid, the main excreted in urine, while for ADB-FUBINACA the main biomarkers are the hydroxdimethylpropyl ADB-FUBINACA, hydroxydehydrodimethylpropyl ADB-FUBINACA and hydroxylindazole ADB-FUBINACA. ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA display full agonism of the CB1 receptor, this being responsible for their cardiovascular and neurological effects (e.g., altered perception, agitation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, loss of consciousness and memory, chest pain, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures). This review highlights the urgent requirement for additional studies on the toxicokinetic properties of AMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, as this is imperative to improve the methods for detecting and quantifying these drugs and to determine the best exposure markers in the various biological matrices. Furthermore, it stresses the need for clinicians and pathologists involved in the management of these intoxications to describe their findings in the scientific literature, thus assisting in the risk assessment and treatment of the harmful effects of these drugs in future medical and forensic investigations.
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26
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Norman C, McKirdy B, Walker G, Dugard P, NicDaéid N, McKenzie C. Large-scale evaluation of ion mobility spectrometry for the rapid detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in infused papers in prisons. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:644-663. [PMID: 33058556 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), colloquially known as "spice," are commonly used in prisons and enter establishments via the mail in the form of infused papers. Many prisons use benchtop ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) instruments to screen mail and seized materials for the presence of SCRAs and other controlled substances. The selectivity and sensitivity of Rapiscan Itemiser® 3E and Itemiser® 4DN Ion Trap Mobility Spectroscopy™ (ITMS™) systems were evaluated using 21 SCRA reference standards. Some differences in the SCRA reduced mobility (K0 ) values were observed between this study and those reported previously using IMS detection systems, particularly for cumyl and quinolinyl SCRAs (e.g., 5F-PB-22, Cumyl-4CN-BINACA, and 5F-Cumyl-PEGACLONE), although this was found to have little effect at an operational level. Operational reliability of the systems was evaluated by analyzing 392 paper and card samples with known drug content. ITMS™ system results (e.g., detect or nondetect) were in agreement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in up to 95% of samples tested. Overall, this study found the ITMS™ systems tested to be effective instruments when deployed for the rapid detection of SCRA-infused papers. Used effectively and with up-to-date substance libraries, they will help reduce the supply of SCRAs into prisons and identify emerging threats as they arise. Several emerging SCRAs (5F-MPP-PICA, 5F-EMB-PICA, and 4F-MDMB-BICA) were detected for the first time in Scottish prisons between May and August 2020 as a result of routine monitoring, and all were detected using the ITMS™ systems tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Norman
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Brian McKirdy
- HMP Inverness, Scottish Prison Service, Inverness, UK
| | - Gillian Walker
- Public Protection Unit, Scottish Prison Service, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pat Dugard
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Niamh NicDaéid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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27
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Cannaert A, Sparkes E, Pike E, Luo JL, Fang A, Kevin RC, Ellison R, Gerona R, Banister SD, Stove CP. Synthesis and in Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Activity of Recently Detected Synthetic Cannabinoids 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4434-4446. [PMID: 33253529 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are an evolving class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) with structurally diverse compounds emerging each year. Due to the rapid pace at which these drugs enter the market, there is often little or nil information regarding the pharmacology of these substances despite widespread human use. In this study, 12 recently emerged SCRAs (reported between 2018 and 2020) were synthesized, analytically characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated using a live cell-based nanoluciferase complementation reporter assay that monitors in vitro cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) activation via its interaction with β-arrestin 2 (βarr2). All synthesized SCRAs acted as agonists of CB1, although differences in potency (EC50 = 2.33-5475 nM) and efficacy (Emax = 37-378%) were noted, and several structure-activity relationships were identified. SCRAs featuring indazole cores (EC50 = 2.33-159 nM) were generally of equal or greater potency than indole analogues (EC50 = 32.9-330 nM) or 7-azaindole derivatives (EC50 = 64.0-5475 nM). Interestingly, with the exception of APP-BINACA (Emax = 75.7%) and 5F-A-P7AICA (Emax = 37.4%), all SCRAs showed greater efficacy than the historical SCRA JWH-018 to which responses were normalized (Emax = 142-378%). The most potent CB1 agonists in the study were ADB-BINACA (EC50 = 6.36 nM), 4F-MDMB-BINACA (EC50 = 7.39 nM), and MDMB-4en-PINACA (EC50 = 2.33 nM). Notably, all of these SCRAs featured an indazole core as well as a "bulky" tert-butyl moiety in the pendant amino acid side chain. This study confirms that recently detected SCRAs 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA were all able to activate the CB1 receptor in vitro, albeit to different extents, and are potentially psychoactive in vivo. These results indicate that further evaluation of these widely used NPS is warranted to better understand the risks associated with human consumption of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Edward Pike
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ada Fang
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ross Ellison
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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28
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Presley BC, Castaneto MS, Logan BK, Jansen-Varnum SA. Metabolic profiling of synthetic cannabinoid 5F-ADB and identification of metabolites in authentic human blood samples via human liver microsome incubation and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8908. [PMID: 32710798 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids, a prevalent class of recreational drugs, are a major clinical, forensic and public health challenge. One such compound, 5F-ADB, has been implicated in fatalities worldwide. Understanding its metabolism and distribution facilitates the development of laboratory assays to substantiate its consumption. Synthetic cannabinoid metabolites have been extensively studied in urine; studies identifying metabolites in blood are limited and no data on the metabolic stability (half-life, clearance and extraction ratio) of 5F-ADB have been published prior to this report. METHODS The in vitro metabolism of 5F-ADB was elucidated via incubation with human liver microsomes for 2 h at 37°C. Samples were collected at multiple time points to determine its metabolic stability. Upon identification of metabolites, authentic forensic human blood samples underwent liquid-liquid extraction and were screened for metabolites. Extracts were analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOFMS) operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS Seven metabolites were identified including oxidative defluorination (M1); carboxypentyl (M2); monohydroxylation of the fluoropentyl chain (M3.1/M3.2) and indazole ring system (M4); ester hydrolysis (M5); and ester hydrolysis with oxidative defluorination (M6). The half-life (3.1 min), intrinsic clearance (256.2 mL min-1 kg-1 ), hepatic clearance (18.6 mL min-1 kg-1 ) and extraction ratio (0.93) were determined for the first time. In blood, M1 was present in each sample as the most abundant substance; two samples contained M5; one contained 5F-ADB, M1 and M5. CONCLUSIONS 5F-ADB is rapidly metabolized in HLM. 5F-ADB, M1 and M5 are pharmacologically active at the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 /CB2 ) and M1 and M5 may contribute to a user's impairment profile. The results demonstrate that it is imperative that synthetic cannabinoid assays screen for pharmacologically active metabolites, especially for drugs with short half-lives. The authors propose that M1 and M5 are appropriate markers to include in laboratory blood tests screening for 5F-ADB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Presley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Marisol S Castaneto
- Department of Pathology, Tripler Army Medical Center, 1 Jarrett White Rd., Honolulu, HI, 96859, USA
| | - Barry K Logan
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, 19090, USA
| | - Susan A Jansen-Varnum
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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29
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Patel M, Finlay DB, Glass M. Biased agonism at the cannabinoid receptors - Evidence from synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109865. [PMID: 33259937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors implicated in a variety of physiological processes and diseases. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) were originally developed to explore the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoid receptor activation, although more recently, these compounds have been diverted to the recreational drug market and are increasingly associated with incidences of toxicity. A prominent concept in contemporary pharmacology is functional selectivity or biased agonism, which describes the ability of ligands to elicit differential activation of signalling pathways through stabilisation of distinct receptor conformations. Biased agonists may maximise drug effectiveness by reducing on-target adverse effects if they are mediated by signalling pathways distinct from those that drive the therapeutic effects. For the cannabinoid receptors, it remains unclear as to which signalling pathways mediate desirable and adverse effects. However, given their structural diversity and potential to induce a plethora of signalling effects, SCRAs provide the most promising prospect for detecting and studying bias at the cannabinoid receptors. This review summarises the emerging evidence of SCRA bias at the cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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30
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Robson H, Braund R, Glass M, Ashton J, Tatley M. Synthetic cannabis: adverse events reported to the New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:472-479. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1828592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Robson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhiannon Braund
- New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janelle Ashton
- New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Tatley
- New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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31
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Ametovski A, Macdonald C, Manning JJ, Haneef SAS, Santiago M, Martin L, Sparkes E, Reckers A, Gerona RR, Connor M, Glass M, Banister SD. Exploring Stereochemical and Conformational Requirements at Cannabinoid Receptors for Synthetic Cannabinoids Related to SDB-006, 5F-SDB-006, CUMYL-PICA, and 5F-CUMYL-PICA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3672-3682. [PMID: 33054155 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) represent the most rapidly expanding class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Despite the prevalence and potency of recent chiral indole-3-carboxamide SCRAs, few pharmacological data are available regarding the enantiomeric bias of these NPSs toward human CB1 and CB2 receptors. A series of homochiral indole-3-carboxamides derived from (S)- and (R)-α-methylbenzylamine and featuring variation of the 1-alkyl substituent were prepared, pharmacologically evaluated, and compared to related achiral congeners derived from cumyl- and benzylamine. Competitive binding assays demonstrated that all analogues derived from either enantiomer of α-methylbenzylamine (14-17) showed affinities for CB1 (Ki = 47.9-813 nM) and CB2 (Ki = 47.9-347 nM) that were intermediate to that of the corresponding benzylic (10-13, CB1 Ki = 550 nM to >10 μM; CB2 Ki = 61.7 nM to >10 μM) and cumyl derivatives (6-9, CB1 Ki = 12.6-21.4 nM; CB2 Ki = 2.95-24.5 nM). In a fluorometric membrane potential assay, all α-methylbenzyl analogues (excluding 17) were potent, efficacious agonists of CB1 (EC50 = 32-464 nM; Emax = 89-104%) and low efficacy agonists of CB2 (EC50 = 54-500 nM; Emax = 52-77%), with comparable or greater potency than the benzyl analogues and much lower potency than the cumyl derivatives, consistent with binding trends. The relatively greater affinity and potency of (S)-14-17 compared to (R)-14-17 analogues at CB1 highlighted an enantiomeric bias for this series of SCRAs. Molecular dynamics simulations provided a conformational basis for the observed differences in agonist potency at CB1 pending benzylic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ametovski
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christa Macdonald
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - S. A. Syed Haneef
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lewis Martin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Reckers
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Walsh KB, Andersen HK. Molecular Pharmacology of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Delineating CB1 Receptor-Mediated Cell Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6115. [PMID: 32854313 PMCID: PMC7503917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) that exhibit high affinity binding to the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and display a pharmacological profile similar to the phytocannabinoid (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). SCs are marketed under brand names such as K2 and Spice and are popular drugs of abuse among male teenagers and young adults. Since their introduction in the early 2000s, SCs have grown in number and evolved in structural diversity to evade forensic detection and drug scheduling. In addition to their desirable euphoric and antinociceptive effects, SCs can cause severe toxicity including seizures, respiratory depression, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke and psychosis. Binding of SCs to the CB1 receptor, expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, stimulates pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (Gi/Go) resulting in the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, a decreased opening of N-type Ca2+ channels and the activation of G protein-gated inward rectifier (GIRK) channels. This combination of signaling effects dampens neuronal activity in both CNS excitatory and inhibitory pathways by decreasing action potential formation and neurotransmitter release. Despite this knowledge, the relationship between the chemical structure of the SCs and their CB1 receptor-mediated molecular actions is not well understood. In addition, the potency and efficacy of newer SC structural groups has not been determined. To address these limitations, various cell-based assay technologies are being utilized to develop structure versus activity relationships (SAR) for the SCs and to explore the effects of these compounds on noncannabinoid receptor targets. This review focuses on describing and evaluating these assays and summarizes our current knowledge of SC molecular pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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33
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Presley BC, Castaneto MS, Logan BK, Jansen-Varnum SA. Assessment of synthetic cannabinoid FUB-AMB and its ester hydrolysis metabolite in human liver microsomes and human blood samples using UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4884. [PMID: 32415732 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
FUB-AMB, an indazole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid recreational drug, was one of the compounds most frequently reported to governmental agencies worldwide between 2016 and 2019. It has been implicated in intoxications and fatalities, posing a risk to public health. In the current study, FUB-AMB was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLM) to assess its metabolic fate and stability and to determine if its major ester hydrolysis metabolite (M1) was present in 12 authentic forensic human blood samples from driving under the influence of drug cases and postmortem investigations using UHPLC-MS/MS. FUB-AMB was rapidly metabolized in HLM, generating M1 that was stable through a 120-min incubation period, a finding that indicates a potential long detection window in human biological samples. M1 was identified in all blood samples, and no parent drug was detected. The authors propose that M1 is a reliable marker for inclusion in laboratory blood screens for FUB-AMB; this metabolite may be pharmacologically active like its precursor FUB-AMB. M1 frequently appears in samples in which the parent drug is undetectable and can point to the causative agent. The results suggest that it is imperative that synthetic cannabinoid laboratory assay panels include metabolites, especially known or potential pharmacologically active metabolites, particularly for compounds with short half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Presley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Barry K Logan
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
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34
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Alves VL, Gonçalves JL, Aguiar J, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:359-382. [PMID: 32530350 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest class of drugs detected through the EU Early Warning System with a total of 190 substances notified from 2008 to 2018 and about 280 have been reported worldwide to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Sprayed on natural herb mixtures with the aim to mimic the euphoria effect of cannabis and sold as "herbal smoking blends" or "herbal incense" under brand names like "Spice" or "K2", synthetic cannabinoids are available from websites for the combination with herbal materials or more recently, for the use in e-cigarettes. Currently labeled as "not for human consumption" to circumvent legislation, their legal status varies by country with many government institutions currently pushing for their control. However, due to the emergence of new substances, it requires a constant update of the list of controlled drugs. Little is known about how these substances work and their toxic effects in humans and the same product could vary not only in the amount and in the type of substance added. In the last years, synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with deaths and acute intoxications in Europe and, despite a range of new measures introduced in this area, continue to represent a challenge to current drug policy models. These synthetic substances are much more potent than natural cannabis, as well as displayed greater efficacy, acting as full agonists at the cannabinoid receptors. It is possible that, along with being highly potent, some may also have long half-lives, potentially leading to a prolonged psychoactive effect. The present work provides a review on existing literature about the development of synthetic cannabinoids as substances of abuse, current patterns of abuse and their legal status, chemical classification, and some pharmacological and toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - João L Gonçalves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joselin Aguiar
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena M Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
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35
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Gamage TF, Barrus DG, Kevin RC, Finlay DB, Lefever TW, Patel PR, Grabenauer MA, Glass M, McGregor IS, Wiley JL, Thomas BF. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist EG-018. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020. [PMID: 32247816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172918.in] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) possess high abuse liability and complex toxicological profiles, making them serious threats to public health. EG-018 is a SCRA that has been detected in both illicit products and human samples, but it has received little attention to date. The current studies investigated EG-018 at human CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells in [3H]CP55,940 competition binding, [35S]GTPγS binding and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. EG-018 was also tested in vivo for its ability to produce cannabimimetic and abuse-related effects in the cannabinoid tetrad and THC drug discrimination, respectively. EG-018 exhibited high affinity at CB1 (21 nM) and at CB2 (7 nM), but in contrast to typical SCRAs, behaved as a weak partial agonist in [35S]GTPγS binding, exhibiting lower efficacy but greater potency, than that of THC at CB1 and similar potency and efficacy at CB2. EG-018 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP with similar efficacy but lower potency, compared to THC, which was likely due to high receptor density facilitating saturation of this signaling pathway. In mice, EG-018 (100 mg/kg, 30 min) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) did not produce effects in the tetrad or drug discrimination nor did it shift THC's ED50 value in drug discrimination when administered before THC, suggesting EG-018 has negligible occupancy of brain CB1 receptors following i.p. administration. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration, EG-018 (56 mg/kg) produced hypomotility, catalepsy, and hypothermia, but only catalepsy was blocked by the selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg, i.v.). Additional studies of EG-018 and its structural analogues could provide further insight into how cannabinoids exert efficacy through the cannabinoid receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Body Temperature/drug effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacokinetics
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Liver/cytology
- Locomotion/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Microsomes/drug effects
- Naphthalenes/pharmacokinetics
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Synthetic Drugs/metabolism
- Synthetic Drugs/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard C Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan A Grabenauer
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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36
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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37
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Abstract
Psychoactive substances with chemical structures or pharmacological profiles that are similar to traditional drugs of abuse continue to emerge on the recreational drug market. Internet vendors may at least temporarily sell these so-called designer drugs without adhering to legal statutes or facing legal consequences. Overall, the mechanism of action and adverse effects of designer drugs are similar to traditional drugs of abuse. Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cathinones, primarily interact with monoamine transporters and mostly induce sympathomimetic adverse effects. Agonism at μ-opioid receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) or GABAB receptors mediates the pharmacological effects of sedatives, which may induce cardiorespiratory depression. Dissociative designer drugs primarily act as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and pose similar health risks as the medically approved dissociative anesthetic ketamine. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is thought to drive the psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, which are associated with a less desirable effect profile and more severe adverse effects compared with cannabis. Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) receptors mediate alterations of perception and cognition that are induced by serotonergic psychedelics. Because of their novelty, designer drugs may remain undetected by routine drug screening, thus hampering evaluations of adverse effects. Intoxication reports suggest that several designer drugs are used concurrently, posing a high risk for severe adverse effects and even death.
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38
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Gamage TF, Barrus DG, Kevin RC, Finlay DB, Lefever TW, Patel PR, Grabenauer MA, Glass M, McGregor IS, Wiley JL, Thomas BF. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist EG-018. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 193:172918. [PMID: 32247816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) possess high abuse liability and complex toxicological profiles, making them serious threats to public health. EG-018 is a SCRA that has been detected in both illicit products and human samples, but it has received little attention to date. The current studies investigated EG-018 at human CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells in [3H]CP55,940 competition binding, [35S]GTPγS binding and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. EG-018 was also tested in vivo for its ability to produce cannabimimetic and abuse-related effects in the cannabinoid tetrad and THC drug discrimination, respectively. EG-018 exhibited high affinity at CB1 (21 nM) and at CB2 (7 nM), but in contrast to typical SCRAs, behaved as a weak partial agonist in [35S]GTPγS binding, exhibiting lower efficacy but greater potency, than that of THC at CB1 and similar potency and efficacy at CB2. EG-018 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP with similar efficacy but lower potency, compared to THC, which was likely due to high receptor density facilitating saturation of this signaling pathway. In mice, EG-018 (100 mg/kg, 30 min) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) did not produce effects in the tetrad or drug discrimination nor did it shift THC's ED50 value in drug discrimination when administered before THC, suggesting EG-018 has negligible occupancy of brain CB1 receptors following i.p. administration. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration, EG-018 (56 mg/kg) produced hypomotility, catalepsy, and hypothermia, but only catalepsy was blocked by the selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg, i.v.). Additional studies of EG-018 and its structural analogues could provide further insight into how cannabinoids exert efficacy through the cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard C Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan A Grabenauer
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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39
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Sachdev S, Banister SD, Santiago M, Bladen C, Kassiou M, Connor M. Differential activation of G protein-mediated signaling by synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00566. [PMID: 32101383 PMCID: PMC7043210 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are new psychoactive substances associated with acute intoxication and even death. However, the molecular mechanisms through which SCRAs may exert their toxic effects remain unclear-including the potential differential activation of G protein subtypes by cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), a major target of SCRA. We measured CB1-mediated activation of Gαs and Gαi/o proteins by SCRAs by examining stimulation (pertussis toxin, PTX treated) as well as inhibition (non-PTX treated) of forskolin (FSK)-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing CB1. Real-time measurements of stimulation and inhibition of cAMP levels were made using a BRET biosensor. We found that the maximum concentration of SCRAs tested (10 µmol L-1 ), increased cAMP levels 12%-45% above that produced by FSK alone, while the phytocannabinoid THC did not significantly alter cAMP levels in PTX-treated HEK-CB1 cells. All SCRAs had greater potency to inhibit FSK-induced cAMP levels than to stimulate cAMP levels. The rank order of potencies for SCRA stimulation of cAMP (Gαs ) was PB-22 > 5F-MDMB-PICA > JWH-018 ≈ AB-FUBINACA > XLR-11. By contrast, the potency of SCRAs for inhibition of cAMP (Gαi/o ) was 5F-MDMB-PICA > AB-FUBINACA > PB-22 > JWH-018 > XLR-11. The different rank order of potency and EMax of the SCRAs to stimulate Gαs -like signaling compared to Gαi/o signaling suggests differences in G protein preference between SCRAs. Understanding the apparent differences among these drugs may contribute to unravelling their complex effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sachdev
- Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Chris Bladen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
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40
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Patel M, Manning JJ, Finlay DB, Javitch JA, Banister SD, Grimsey NL, Glass M. Signalling profiles of a structurally diverse panel of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113871. [PMID: 32088263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) represent the most rapidly proliferating class of "designer drugs" or "new psychoactive substances". SCRAs offer unregulated alternatives to cannabis that evade routine drug tests, but their use is increasingly associated with severe toxicity and death worldwide. Little is currently known about SCRA molecular pharmacology, or the mechanisms underpinning their toxicity, although the effects are believed to be primarily mediated by the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1). In this study, we aimed to characterise the signalling profiles of a structurally diverse panel of novel SCRAs at CB1. We compare SCRAs to traditional reference cannabinoids CP55,940, WIN55,212-2, and THC. The activity of the SCRAs was assessed in key receptor signalling and regulatory pathways, including cAMP production, translocation of β-arrestin 1 and 2, and receptor internalisation. The activity profiles of the ligands were also evaluated using operational analysis to identify ligand bias. Results revealed that SCRAs activities were relatively balanced in the pathways evaluated (compared to WIN55,212-2), although 5F-CUMYL-P7AICA and XLR-11 possessed partial efficacy in cAMP stimulation and β-arrestin translocation. Notably, the SCRAs showed distinct potency and efficacy profiles compared to THC. In particular, while the majority of SCRAs demonstrated robust β-arrestin translocation, cAMP stimulation, and internalisation, THC failed to elicit high efficacy responses in any of these assays. Further study is required to delineate if these pathways could contribute to SCRA toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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41
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Nutt D. New psychoactive substances: Pharmacology influencing UK practice, policy and the law. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:445-451. [PMID: 31917863 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the last 20 years of UK drug control policy leading up to the recent Psychoactive Substances Act. It explores policy decision made in relation to MDMA and mephedrone that not only were associated with increased drug harms overall but also had a significant detrimental effect on the UK research base. The new UK legislation on synthetic cannabinoids and other novel psychoactive substances threatens to do the same, showing that there is still much to learn from the decisions of the past. In future input from academic societies such as the BPS could help improve policy evaluation and policy development and so help avoid such problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nutt
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
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42
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Sachdev S, Vemuri K, Banister SD, Longworth M, Kassiou M, Santiago M, Makriyannis A, Connor M. In vitro determination of the efficacy of illicit synthetic cannabinoids at CB 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4653-4665. [PMID: 31412133 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The morbidity and mortality associated with recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) may reflect strong activation of CB1 receptors and is a major health concern. The properties of SCRA at CB1 receptors are not well defined. Here we have developed an assay to determine acute CB1 receptor efficacy using receptor depletion with the irreversible CB1 receptor antagonist AM6544, with application of the Black and Leff operational model to calculate efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Receptor depletion in mouse AtT-20 pituitary adenoma cells stably expressing human CB1 receptors was achieved by pretreatment of cells with AM6544 (10 μM, 60 min). The CB1 receptor-mediated hyperpolarisation of AtT-20 cells was measured using fluorescence-based membrane potential dye. From data fit to the operational model, the efficacy (τ) and affinity (KA ) parameters were obtained for each drug. KEY RESULTS AM6544 did not affect the potency or maximal effect of native somatostatin receptor-induced hyperpolarization. The τ value of ∆9 -THC was 80-fold less than the reference CB receptor agonist CP55940 and 260-fold less than the highest efficacy SCRA, 5F-MDMB-PICA. The operational efficacy of SCRAs ranged from 233 (5F-MDMB-PICA) to 28 (AB-PINACA), with CP55940 in the middle of the efficacy rank order. There was no correlation between the τ and KA values. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS All SCRAs tested showed substantially higher efficacy at CB1 receptors than ∆9 -THC, which may contribute to the adverse effects seen with these drugs but not ∆9 -THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sachdev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel D Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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43
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Finlay DB, Manning JJ, Ibsen MS, Macdonald CE, Patel M, Javitch JA, Banister SD, Glass M. Do Toxic Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Have Signature in Vitro Activity Profiles? A Case Study of AMB-FUBINACA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4350-4360. [PMID: 31513380 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational consumption of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) is a growing crisis in public health in many parts of the world. AMB-FUBINACA is a member of this class of drugs and is responsible for a large proportion of SCRA-related toxicity both in New Zealand and internationally. Strikingly, little is currently known about the mechanisms by which SCRAs exert toxic effects or whether their activity through the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (the mediator of cannabinoid-related psychoactivity) is sufficient to explain clinical observations. The current study therefore set out to perform a basic molecular pharmacology characterization of AMB-FUBINACA (in comparison to traditional research cannabinoids CP55,940, WIN55,212-2, and Δ9-THC) in fundamental pathways of receptor activity, including cAMP inhibition, pERK activation, ability to drive CB1 internalization, and ability to induce translocation of β-arrestins-1 and -2. Activity pathways were then compared by operational analysis to indicate whether AMB-FUBINACA may be a biased ligand. Results revealed that AMB-FUBINACA is highly efficacious and potent in all pathways assayed. However, surprisingly, bias analysis suggested that Δ9-THC, not AMB-FUBINACA, may be a biased ligand, with it being less active in both arrestin pathways than predicted by the activity of the other ligands tested. These data may help predict molecular characteristics of SCRAs. However, more research is required to determine whether these molecular effects manifest in toxicity at tissue/system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mikkel Søes Ibsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christa E. Macdonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Campterdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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45
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Fabregat-Safont D, Mardal M, Noble C, Cannaert A, Stove CP, Sancho JV, Linnet K, Hernández F, Ibáñez M. Comprehensive investigation on synthetic cannabinoids: Metabolic behavior and potency testing, using 5F-APP-PICA and AMB-FUBINACA as model compounds. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1358-1368. [PMID: 31192526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represented 45% of new psychoactive substances seizures in Europe (data from 2016). The consumption of SCs is an issue of concern due to their still unknown toxicity and effects on human health, the great variety of compounds synthetized, and the continuous modifications being made to their chemical structure to avoid regulatory issues. These compounds are extensively metabolized in the organism and often cannot be detected as the intact molecule in human urine. The monitoring of SCs in forensic samples must be performed by the analysis of their metabolites. In this work, a workflow for the comprehensive study of SC consumption is proposed and applied to 5F-APP-PICA (also known as PX 1 or SRF-30) and AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB or MMB-FUBINACA), based not only on the elucidation of their metabolites but also including functional data using the NanoLuc approach, previously published. Both cannabinoids were completely metabolized by human hepatocytes (12 and 8 metabolites were elucidated by high resolution mass spectrometry for 5F-APP-PICA and AMB-FUBINACA, respectively) and therefore suitable consumption markers are proposed. The bioassays revealed that 5F-APP-PICA presented lower activity than AMB-FUBINACA at CB1 and CB2 receptors, based on the half maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) and the maximum response (Emax ). These results are in agreement with the different intoxication cases found in the literature for AMB-FUBINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Mardal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medicinal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolina Noble
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medicinal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medicinal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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46
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Wouters E, Mogler L, Cannaert A, Auwärter V, Stove C. Functional evaluation of carboxy metabolites of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists featuring scaffolds based on L‐valine or L‐
tert
‐leucine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1183-1191. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lukas Mogler
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Albertstr. 9 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Albertstr. 9 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Banister SD, Kevin RC, Martin L, Adams A, Macdonald C, Manning JJ, Boyd R, Cunningham M, Stevens MY, McGregor IS, Glass M, Connor M, Gerona RR. The chemistry and pharmacology of putative synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) new psychoactive substances (NPS) 5F‐PY‐PICA, 5F‐PY‐PINACA, and their analogs. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:976-989. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- School of ChemistryThe University of Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of PathologyStanford University CA USA
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- School of PsychologyThe University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Lewis Martin
- School of PsychologyThe University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Axel Adams
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring LaboratoryUniversity of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Christa Macdonald
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jamie J. Manning
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie University NSW Australia
| | - Michael Cunningham
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of PharmacyThe University of Mississippi MS USA
| | | | - Iain S. McGregor
- School of PsychologyThe University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- School of Medical SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie University NSW Australia
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring LaboratoryUniversity of California San Francisco CA USA
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Wiley JL, Lefever TW, Glass M, Thomas BF. Do you feel it now? Route of administration and Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-like discriminative stimulus effects of synthetic cannabinoids in mice. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:161-167. [PMID: 30953678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A recent push to provide more translationally relevant preclinical models for examination of pharmacological mechanisms underlying inhaled substances of abuse has resulted in the development of equipment and methods that allows exposure of freely moving rodents to aerosolized psychoactive drugs. In the present study, synthetic cannabinoids (CP55,940, AB-CHMINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or aerosolized via a modified electronic cigarette device. Subsequently, the compounds were evaluated in adult male and female C57/Bl6 mice trained to discriminate i.p. 5.6 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for food reinforcement. When administered i.p., THC and AB-CHMINACA were equally potent at producing THC-like effects in both sexes, but CP55,940 and AMB-FUBINACA were more potent in males. Upon aerosol exposure, all compounds continued to produce THC-like effects in both sexes, with AMB-FUBINACA remaining the most potent. In contrast, aerosolized CP55,940 showed substantial decreases in potency in both sexes. Aerosolized nicotine did not substitute for THC in either sex. In females, aerosolized cumyl-4CN-BINACA produced concentration-dependent increases in responding on the THC-associated nosepoke. In addition, the effects of an active concentration of AMB-FUBINACA were reversed by rimonabant, suggesting CB1 receptor mediation. These results show that synthetic cannabinoids produce THC-like effects when injected i.p. or after aerosolization. This study adds to a growing literature suggesting that evaluation of abuse liability of substances via aerosol exposure is feasible and may provide a translationally relevant method that allows for investigation of factors important to the abuse of drugs which humans typically smoke or vape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA.
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- University of Otago, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
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Ivanov ID, Stoykova S, Ivanova E, Vlahova A, Burdzhiev N, Pantcheva I, Atanasov VN. A case of 5F-ADB / FUB-AMB abuse: Drug-induced or drug-related death? Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:372-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Adamowicz P, Meissner E, Maślanka M. Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:1103-1108. [PMID: 30806094 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1580371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances. Those that have been subjected to legal control are replaced by newer uncontrolled substances, which causes constant and dynamic changes to the drug market. Some of the most recent synthetic cannabinoids that have appeared on the "legal highs" market are AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA. Case history: A 27-year-old man was found dead on a bed in an apartment. At autopsy, congestion of internal organs, pulmonary oedema and left-sided pleural adhesions were found. The medical examiner concluded that the man died due to acute respiratory failure. The autopsy materials (blood, urine, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, lung and brain) were collected for further toxicological analyses. Methods: The synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were isolated from autopsy materials by precipitation with acetonitrile. The quantitative analyses were carried out by LC-MS/MS. Results: AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were detected and quantified in all post-mortem materials except the blood. The determined concentrations of these compounds in solid tissues were in the range of 0.2-0.9 ng/g and 0.2-3.5 ng/g. The highest concentrations of AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were revealed in the stomach content (5.8 and 36.2 ng/mL, respectively). Discussion: The presented case demonstrates that even in cases of fatalities, it is possible that the parent substance will not be present in the blood, while being present in other autopsy materials. The determined concentrations of the compounds may indicate oral administration of synthetic cannabinoids. It can also be assumed that AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA probably contributed to death. Conclusion: The presented case shows that synthetic cannabinoids can be undetected in the blood of even seriously or fatally intoxicated people. This situation means that the analysis of only blood samples may not confirm poisoning. The presented case also suggests that AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA use is dangerous to health and may lead to fatal intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Meissner
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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