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Falah K, Zhang P, Nigam AK, Maity K, Chang G, Granados JC, Momper JD, Nigam SK. In Vivo Regulation of Small Molecule Natural Products, Antioxidants, and Nutrients by OAT1 and OAT3. Nutrients 2024; 16:2242. [PMID: 39064685 PMCID: PMC11280313 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporters OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) are drug transporters that are expressed in the kidney, with well-established roles in the in vivo transport of drugs and endogenous metabolites. A comparatively unexplored potential function of these drug transporters is their contribution to the in vivo regulation of natural products (NPs) and their effects on endogenous metabolism. This is important for the evaluation of potential NP interactions with other compounds at the transporter site. Here, we have analyzed the NPs present in several well-established databases from Asian (Chinese, Indian Ayurvedic) and other traditions. Loss of OAT1 and OAT3 in murine knockouts caused serum alterations of many NPs, including flavonoids, vitamins, and indoles. OAT1- and OAT3-dependent NPs were largely separable based on a multivariate analysis of chemical properties. Direct binding to the transporter was confirmed using in vitro transport assays and protein binding assays. Our in vivo and in vitro results, considered in the context of previous data, demonstrate that OAT1 and OAT3 play a pivotal role in the handling of non-synthetic small molecule natural products, NP-derived antioxidants, phytochemicals, and nutrients (e.g., pantothenic acid, thiamine). As described by remote sensing and signaling theory, drug transporters help regulate redox states by meditating the movement of endogenous antioxidants and nutrients between organs and organisms. Our results demonstrate how dietary antioxidants and other NPs might feed into these inter-organ and inter-organismal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Falah
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anisha K. Nigam
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Koustav Maity
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Geoffrey Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffry C. Granados
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Lin GC, Friedl HP, Grabner S, Gerhartl A, Neuhaus W. Transport of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs across an Oral Mucosa Epithelium In Vitro Model. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:543. [PMID: 38675204 PMCID: PMC11054638 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most prescribed drugs to treat pain or fever. However, oral administration of NSAIDs is frequently associated with adverse effects due to their inhibitory effect on the constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase enzyme 1 (COX-1) in, for instance, the gastrointestinal tract. A systemic delivery, such as a buccal delivery, of NSAIDs would be beneficial and additionally has the advantage of a non-invasive administration route, especially favourable for children or the elderly. To investigate the transport of NSAIDs across the buccal mucosa and determine their potential for buccal therapeutic usage, celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and piroxicam were tested using an established oral mucosa Transwell® model based on human cell line TR146. Carboxyfluorescein and diazepam were applied as internal paracellular and transcellular marker molecule, respectively. Calculated permeability coefficients revealed a transport ranking of ibuprofen > piroxicam > diclofenac > celecoxib. Transporter protein inhibitor verapamil increased the permeability for ibuprofen, piroxicam and celecoxib, whereas probenecid increased the permeability for all tested NSAIDs. Furthermore, influence of local inflammation of the buccal mucosa on the transport of NSAIDs was mimicked by treating cells with a cytokine mixture of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IFN-γ followed by transport studies with ibuprofen (+ probenecid). Cellular response to pro-inflammatory stimuli was confirmed by upregulation of cytokine targets at the mRNA level, increased secreted cytokine levels and a significant decrease in the paracellular barrier. Permeability of ibuprofen was increased across cell layers treated with cytokines, while addition of probenecid increased permeability of ibuprofen in controls, but not across cell layers treated with cytokines. In summary, the suitability of the in vitro oral mucosa model to measure NSAID transport rankings was demonstrated, and the involvement of transporter proteins was confirmed; an inflammation model was established, and increased NSAID transport upon inflammation was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Lin
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria (A.G.)
| | - Heinz-Peter Friedl
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria (A.G.)
| | - Sarah Grabner
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gerhartl
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria (A.G.)
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Sugiyama K, Shimano H, Takahashi M, Shimura Y, Shimura A, Furuya T, Tomabechi R, Shirasaka Y, Higuchi K, Kishimoto H, Inoue K. The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Reveals the Transport Function of MCT6/SLC16A5 Associated with CD147 as a Chloride-Sensitive Organic Anion Transporter in Mammalian Cells. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1113-1120. [PMID: 38160712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug absorption involves drug permeation across the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Although transporters mediating the influx of anionic drugs in the apical membranes have been identified, transporters responsible for efflux in the basolateral membranes remain unclear. Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6/SLC16A5) has been reported to localize to the apical and basolateral membranes of human enterocytes and to transport organic anions such as bumetanide and nateglinide in the Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, its transport functions have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we characterized the function of MCT6 expressed in HEK293T cells and explored fluorescent probes to more easily evaluate MCT6 function. The results illustrated that MCT6 interacts with CD147 to localize at the plasma membrane. When the uptake of various fluorescein derivatives was examined in NaCl-free uptake buffer (pH 5.5), the uptake of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) was significantly greater in MCT6 and CD147-expressing cells. MCT6-mediated 5-CF uptake was saturable with a Km of 1.07 mM and inhibited by several substrates/inhibitors of organic anion transporters and extracellular Cl ion with an IC50 of 53.7 mM. These results suggest that MCT6 is a chloride-sensitive organic anion transporter that can be characterized using 5-CF as a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sugiyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Shimano
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Furuya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tomabechi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanao Kishimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Dou T, Lian T, Shu S, He Y, Jiang J. The substrate and inhibitor binding mechanism of polyspecific transporter OAT1 revealed by high-resolution cryo-EM. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1794-1805. [PMID: 37845412 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) of the SLC22 family have crucial roles in the transport of organic anions, including metabolites and therapeutic drugs, and in transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. In the kidneys, OATs facilitate the elimination of metabolic waste products and xenobiotics. However, their transport activities can lead to the accumulation of certain toxic compounds within cells, causing kidney damage. Moreover, OATs are important drug targets, because their inhibition modulates the elimination or retention of substrates linked to diseases. Despite extensive research on OATs, the molecular basis of their substrate and inhibitor binding remains poorly understood. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of rat OAT1 (also known as SLC22A6) and its complexes with para-aminohippuric acid and probenecid at 2.1, 2.8 and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. Our findings reveal a highly conserved substrate binding mechanism for SLC22 transporters, wherein four aromatic residues form a cage to accommodate the polyspecific binding of diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyi Dou
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shi Shu
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi He
- Fermentation Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiansen Jiang
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Maane M, Xiu F, Bellstedt P, Kullak-Ublick GA, Visentin M. Characterization of ligand-induced thermal stability of the human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1154213. [PMID: 37007010 PMCID: PMC10061065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1154213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is involved in the transport of endogenous quaternary amines and positively charged drugs across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. In the absence of a structure, the progress in unraveling the molecular basis of OCT2 substrate specificity is hampered by the unique complexity of OCT2 binding pocket, which seemingly contains multiple allosteric binding sites for different substrates. Here, we used the thermal shift assay (TSA) to better understand the thermodynamics governing OCT2 binding to different ligands.Methods: Molecular modelling and in silico docking of different ligands revealed two distinct binding sites at OCT2 outer part of the cleft. The predicted interactions were assessed by cis-inhibition assay using [3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP+) as a model substrate, or by measuring the uptake of radiolabeled ligands in intact cells. Crude membranes from HEK293 cells harboring human OCT2 (OCT2-HEK293) were solubilized in n-Dodecyl-β-D-Maltopyranoside (DDM), incubated with the ligand, heated over a temperature gradient, and then pelleted to remove heat-induced aggregates. The OCT2 in the supernatant was detected by western blot.Results: Among the compounds tested, cis-inhibition and TSA assays showed partly overlapping results. Gentamicin and methotrexate (MTX) did not inhibit [3H]MPP+ uptake but significantly increased the thermal stabilization of OCT2. Conversely, amiloride completely inhibited [3H]MPP+ uptake but did not affect OCT2 thermal stabilization. [3H]MTX intracellular level was significantly higher in OCT2-HEK293 cells than in wild type cells. The magnitude of the thermal shift (ΔTm) did not provide information on the binding. Ligands with similar affinity showed markedly different ΔTm, indicating different enthalpic and entropic contributions for similar binding affinities. The ΔTm positively correlated with ligand molecular weight/chemical complexity, which typically has high entropic costs, suggesting that large ΔTm reflect a larger displacement of bound water molecules.Discussion: In conclusion, TSA might represent a viable approach to expand our knowledge on OCT2 binding descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maane
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fangrui Xiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Michele Visentin,
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The Role of Organic Cation Transporters in the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032101. [PMID: 36768423 PMCID: PMC9917293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) decisively contributed in revolutionizing the therapeutic approach to cancer, offering non-invasive, tolerable therapies for a better quality of life. Nonetheless, degree and duration of the response to TKI therapy vary depending on cancer molecular features, the ability of developing resistance to the drug, on pharmacokinetic alterations caused by germline variants and unwanted drug-drug interactions at the level of membrane transporters and metabolizing enzymes. A great deal of approved TKIs are inhibitors of the organic cation transporters (OCTs). A handful are also substrates of them. These transporters are polyspecific and highly expressed in normal epithelia, particularly the intestine, liver and kidney, and are, hence, arguably relevant sites of TKI interactions with other OCT substrates. Moreover, OCTs are often repressed in cancer cells and might contribute to the resistance of cancer cells to TKIs. This article reviews the OCT interactions with approved and in-development TKIs reported in vitro and in vivo and critically discusses the potential clinical ramifications thereof.
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7
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Louisse J, Dellafiora L, van den Heuvel JJMW, Rijkers D, Leenders L, Dorne JLCM, Punt A, Russel FGM, Koenderink JB. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are substrates of the renal human organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4). Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:685-696. [PMID: 36436016 PMCID: PMC9968691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent in the environment and have been shown to accumulate in humans. Most PFASs are not biotransformed in animals and humans, so that elimination is largely dependent on non-metabolic clearance via bile and urine. Accumulation of certain PFASs in humans may relate to their reabsorption from the pre-urine by transporter proteins in the proximal tubules of the kidney, such as URAT1 and OAT4. The present study assessed the in vitro transport of 7 PFASs (PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBS, PFHxS and PFOS) applying URAT1- or OAT4-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Virtually no transport of PFASs could be measured in URAT1-transfected HEK cells. All PFASs, except PFBS, showed clear uptake in OAT4-transfected HEK cells. In addition, these in vitro results were further supported by in silico docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies assessing transporter-ligand interactions. Information on OAT4-mediated transport may provide insight into the accumulation potential of PFASs in humans, but other kinetic aspects may play a role and should also be taken into account. Quantitative information on all relevant kinetic processes should be integrated in physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, to predict congener-specific accumulation of PFASs in humans in a more accurate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jeroen J. M. W. van den Heuvel
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz Leenders
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Lou C. M. Dorne
- grid.483440.f0000 0004 1792 4701Methodological and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ans Punt
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. Koenderink
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Redeker KEM, Jensen O, Gebauer L, Meyer-Tönnies MJ, Brockmöller J. Atypical Substrates of the Organic Cation Transporter 1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1664. [PMID: 36359014 PMCID: PMC9687798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is expressed in the liver and mediates hepatocellular uptake of organic cations. However, some studies have indicated that OCT1 could transport neutral or even anionic substrates. This capability is interesting concerning protein-substrate interactions and the clinical relevance of OCT1. To better understand the transport of neutral, anionic, or zwitterionic substrates, we used HEK293 cells overexpressing wild-type OCT1 and a variant in which we changed the putative substrate binding site (aspartate474) to a neutral amino acid. The uncharged drugs trimethoprim, lamivudine, and emtricitabine were good substrates of hOCT1. However, the uncharged drugs zalcitabine and lamotrigine, and the anionic levofloxacin, and prostaglandins E2 and F2α, were transported with lower activity. Finally, we could detect only extremely weak transport rates of acyclovir, ganciclovir, and stachydrine. Deleting aspartate474 had a similar transport-lowering effect on anionic substrates as on cationic substrates, indicating that aspartate474 might be relevant for intra-protein, rather than substrate-protein, interactions. Cellular uptake of the atypical substrates by the naturally occurring frequent variants OCT1*2 (methionine420del) and OCT1*3 (arginine61cysteine) was similarly reduced, as it is known for typical organic cations. Thus, to comprehensively understand the substrate spectrum and transport mechanisms of OCT1, one should also look at organic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra-Elisa Maria Redeker
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gebauer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marleen Julia Meyer-Tönnies
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Centre of Drug Absorption and Transport (C-DAT), University Medical Centre Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Louisse J, Dorne JLCM, Dellafiora L. Investigating the interaction between organic anion transporter 1 and ochratoxin A: An in silico structural study to depict early molecular events of substrate recruitment and the impact of single point mutations. Toxicol Lett 2021; 355:19-30. [PMID: 34748852 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) belong to a subgroup of the solute carrier 22 transporter family. OATs have a central role in xenobiotic disposition affecting the toxicokinetics of its substrates and inter-individual differences in their expression, activity and function impact both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Amongst OATs, OAT1 (solute carrier family 22 member 6) is involved in the urinary excretion of many xenobiotics bringing substrates into renal proximal tubular cells which can then be secreted across the apical membrane into the tubule lumen. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A has been shown to have a high affinity for OAT1, which is an important renal transporter involved in its urinary excretion. Nowadays, molecular modeling techniques are widely applied to assess protein-ligand interactions and may provide a tool to depict the mechanic of xenobiotic action be it toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics. This work provides a structured pipeline consisting of docking and molecular dynamic simulations to study OAT1-ligand interactions and the impact of OAT1 polymorphisms on such interactions. Such a computational structure-based analytical framework allowed to: i) model OAT1-substrate complex formation and depict the features correlating its sequence, structure and its capability to recruit substrates; and ii) investigate the impact of OAT1 missense mutations on substrate recruitment. Perspectives on applying such a structured pipeline to xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean Lou C M Dorne
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy.
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10
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Haberkorn B, Fromm MF, König J. Transport of Drugs and Endogenous Compounds Mediated by Human OCT1: Studies in Single- and Double-Transfected Cell Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662535. [PMID: 33967805 PMCID: PMC8100673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1, gene symbol: SLC22A1) is predominately expressed in human liver, localized in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and facilitates the uptake of endogenous compounds (e.g. serotonin, acetylcholine, thiamine), and widely prescribed drugs (e.g. metformin, fenoterol, morphine). Furthermore, exogenous compounds such as MPP+, ASP+ and Tetraethylammonium can be used as prototypic substrates to study the OCT1-mediated transport in vitro. Single-transfected cell lines recombinantly overexpressing OCT1 (e.g., HEK-OCT1) were established to study OCT1-mediated uptake and to evaluate transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in vitro. Furthermore, double-transfected cell models simultaneously overexpressing basolaterally localized OCT1 together with an apically localized export protein have been established. Most of these cell models are based on polarized grown MDCK cells and can be used to analyze transcellular transport, mimicking the transport processes e.g. during the hepatobiliary elimination of drugs. Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1, gene symbol: SLC47A1) and the ATP-driven efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp, gene symbol: ABCB1) are both expressed in the canalicular membrane of human hepatocytes and are described as transporters of organic cations. OCT1 and MATE1 have an overlapping substrate spectrum, indicating an important interplay of both transport proteins during the hepatobiliary elimination of drugs. Due to the important role of OCT1 for the transport of endogenous compounds and drugs, in vitro cell systems are important for the determination of the substrate spectrum of OCT1, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of polarized transport, and the investigation of potential drug-drug interactions. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge on cell systems recombinantly overexpressing human OCT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Haberkorn
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Al Rihani SB, Darakjian LI, Deodhar M, Dow P, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Disease-Induced Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier Level. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073742. [PMID: 33916769 PMCID: PMC8038419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective and restrictive semipermeable network of cells and blood vessel constituents. All components of the neurovascular unit give to the BBB its crucial and protective function, i.e., to regulate homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) by removing substances from the endothelial compartment and supplying the brain with nutrients and other endogenous compounds. Many transporters have been identified that play a role in maintaining BBB integrity and homeostasis. As such, the restrictive nature of the BBB provides an obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS. Nevertheless, according to their physicochemical or pharmacological properties, drugs may reach the CNS by passive diffusion or be subjected to putative influx and/or efflux through BBB membrane transporters, allowing or limiting their distribution to the CNS. Drug transporters functionally expressed on various compartments of the BBB involve numerous proteins from either the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or the solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies. Pathophysiological stressors, age, and age-associated disorders may alter the expression level and functionality of transporter protein elements that modulate drug distribution and accumulation into the brain, namely, drug efficacy and toxicity. This review focuses and sheds light on the influence of inflammatory conditions and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and stroke on the expression and functionality of the BBB drug transporters, the consequential modulation of drug distribution to the brain, and their impact on drug efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucy I. Darakjian
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-856-938-8697
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12
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Granados JC, Nigam AK, Bush KT, Jamshidi N, Nigam SK. A key role for the transporter OAT1 in systemic lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100603. [PMID: 33785360 PMCID: PMC8102404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1/SLC22A6) is a drug transporter with numerous xenobiotic and endogenous substrates. The Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory suggests that drug transporters with compatible ligand preferences can play a role in “organ crosstalk,” mediating overall organismal communication. Other drug transporters are well known to transport lipids, but surprisingly little is known about the role of OAT1 in lipid metabolism. To explore this subject, we constructed a genome-scale metabolic model using omics data from the Oat1 knockout mouse. The model implicated OAT1 in the regulation of many classes of lipids, including fatty acids, bile acids, and prostaglandins. Accordingly, serum metabolomics of Oat1 knockout mice revealed increased polyunsaturated fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and long-chain fatty acids and decreased ceramides and bile acids when compared with wildtype controls. Some aged knockout mice also displayed increased lipid droplets in the liver when compared with wildtype mice. Chemoinformatics and machine learning analyses of these altered lipids defined molecular properties that form the structural basis for lipid-transporter interactions, including the number of rings, positive charge/volume, and complexity of the lipids. Finally, we obtained targeted serum metabolomics data after short-term treatment of rodents with the OAT-inhibiting drug probenecid to identify potential drug–metabolite interactions. The treatment resulted in alterations in eicosanoids and fatty acids, further supporting our metabolic reconstruction predictions. Consistent with the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory, the data support a role of OAT1 in systemic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry C Granados
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anisha K Nigam
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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13
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Nakanishi T, Nakamura Y, Umeno J. Recent advances in studies of SLCO2A1 as a key regulator of the delivery of prostaglandins to their sites of action. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107803. [PMID: 33465398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1, also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2) is a plasma membrane transporter consisting of 12 transmembrane domains. It is ubiquitously expressed in tissues, and mediates the membrane transport of prostaglandins (PGs, mainly PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2) and thromboxanes (e.g., TxB2). SLCO2A1-mediated transport is electrogenic and is facilitated by an outwardly directed gradient of lactate. PGs imported by SLCO2A1 are rapidly oxidized by cytoplasmic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, encoded by HPGD). Accumulated evidence suggests that SLCO2A1 plays critical roles in many physiological processes in mammals, and it is considered a potential pharmacological target for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, antipyresis, and non-hormonal contraception. Furthermore, whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of SLCO2A1 mutations is associated with two refractory diseases, primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 (CEAS). Intriguingly, SLCO2A1 is also a key component of the Maxi-Cl channel, which regulates fluxes of inorganic and organic anions, including ATP. Further study of the bimodal function of SLCO2A1 as a transporter and ion channel is expected to throw new light on the complex pathology of human diseases. Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of SLCO2A1, and we discuss its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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14
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Kroll T, Prescher M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Structure and Function of Hepatobiliary ATP Binding Cassette Transporters. Chem Rev 2020; 121:5240-5288. [PMID: 33201677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is beyond any doubt the most important metabolic organ of the human body. This function requires an intensive crosstalk within liver cellular structures, but also with other organs. Membrane transport proteins are therefore of upmost importance as they represent the sensors and mediators that shuttle signals from outside to the inside of liver cells and/or vice versa. In this review, we summarize the known literature of liver transport proteins with a clear emphasis on functional and structural information on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are expressed in the human liver. These primary active membrane transporters form one of the largest families of membrane proteins. In the liver, they play an essential role in for example bile formation or xenobiotic export. Our review provides a state of the art and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of hepatobiliary ABC transporters. Clearly, our knowledge has improved with a breath-taking speed over the last few years and will expand further. Thus, this review will provide the status quo and will lay the foundation for new and exciting avenues in liver membrane transporter research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Prescher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Tanaka N, Kawai J, Hirasawa N, Mano N, Yamaguchi H. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter C4 is a Prostaglandin D2 Exporter in HMC-1 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 159:102139. [PMID: 32544819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter C4 (ABCC4) is associated with multidrug resistance and the regulation of cell signalling. Some prostaglandins (PGs), including: PGE2, PGF2α, PGE3, and PGF3α are known substrates of ABCC4, and are released from some types of cells to exert their biological effects. In the present study, we demonstrate that PGD2 is a novel substrate of ABCC4 using a transport assay based on inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from ABCC4-overexpressing cells. Then, we used two types of cell lines with confirmed ABCC4 mRNA and PGD2 release capacity (human mast cell lines HMC-1 cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines TE671 cells) to evaluate the contribution of ABCC4. The extracellular levels of PGD2 were unchanged following addition of a selective ABCC4 inhibitor in TE671 cells. Pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of ABCC4 significantly reduced the extracellular levels of PGD2 by at least 53% in HMC-1 cells. Moreover, the extracellular levels of PGD2 decreased by at least 20% using the selective ABCC4 inhibitor in the other mast cell line RBL-2H3 cells. Therefore, our results suggest that ABCC4 functions as a PGD2 exporter in HMC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junya Kawai
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, 800-8, Shimokomazawa, Nagano, 381-0008, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
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16
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Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR, Malinen MM. Novel insights into the organic solute transporter alpha/beta, OSTα/β: From the bench to the bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107542. [PMID: 32247663 PMCID: PMC7480074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic solute transporter alpha/beta (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric solute carrier protein that transports bile acids, steroid metabolites and drugs into and out of cells. OSTα/β protein is expressed in various tissues, but its expression is highest in the gastrointestinal tract where it facilitates the recirculation of bile acids from the gut to the liver. Previous studies established that OSTα/β is upregulated in liver tissue of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, obstructive cholestasis, and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), conditions that are characterized by elevated bile acid concentrations in the liver and/or systemic circulation. The discovery that OSTα/β is highly upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) further highlights the clinical relevance of this transporter because the incidence of NASH is increasing at an alarming rate with the obesity epidemic. Since OSTα/β is closely linked to the homeostasis of bile acids, and tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor, OSTα/β is a potential drug target for treatment of cholestatic liver disease, and other bile acid-related metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Obeticholic acid, a semi-synthetic bile acid used to treat PBC, under review for the treatment of NASH, and in development for the treatment of other metabolic disorders, induces OSTα/β. Some drugs associated with hepatotoxicity inhibit OSTα/β, suggesting a possible role for OSTα/β in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, clinical cases of homozygous genetic defects in both OSTα/β subunits resulting in diarrhea and features of cholestasis have been reported. This review article has been compiled to comprehensively summarize the recent data emerging on OSTα/β, recapitulating the available literature on the structure-function and expression-function relationships of OSTα/β, the regulation of this important transporter, the interaction of drugs and other compounds with OSTα/β, and the comparison of OSTα/β with other solute carrier transporters as well as adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters. Findings from basic to more clinically focused research efforts are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Bhatnagar V, Poloyac SM, Momper JD. The Systems Biology of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Relevance to Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:40-53. [PMID: 32119114 PMCID: PMC7292762 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) has emerged as a transformative science in drug discovery and development. It is now time to fully rethink the biological functions of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters within the framework of QSP models. The large set of DME and transporter genes are generally considered from the perspective of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. However, there is a growing amount of data on the endogenous physiology of DMEs and transporters. Recent studies—including systems biology analyses of “omics” data as well as metabolomics studies—indicate that these enzymes and transporters, which are often among the most highly expressed genes in tissues like liver, kidney, and intestine, have coordinated roles in fundamental biological processes. Multispecific DMEs and transporters work together with oligospecific and monospecific ADME proteins in a large multiorgan remote sensing and signaling network. We use the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory (RSST) to examine the roles of DMEs and transporters in intratissue, interorgan, and interorganismal communication via metabolites and signaling molecules. This RSST‐based view is applicable to bile acids, uric acid, eicosanoids, fatty acids, uremic toxins, and gut microbiome products, among other small organic molecules of physiological interest. Rooting this broader perspective of DMEs and transporters within QSP may facilitate an improved understanding of fundamental biology, physiologically based pharmacokinetics, and the prediction of drug toxicities based upon the interplay of these ADME proteins with key pathways in metabolism and signaling. The RSST‐based view should also enable more tailored pharmacotherapy in the setting of kidney disease, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. We further discuss the pharmaceutical and regulatory implications of this revised view through the lens of systems physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Systems Biology Analysis Reveals Eight SLC22 Transporter Subgroups, Including OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051791. [PMID: 32150922 PMCID: PMC7084758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC22 family of OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs is emerging as a central hub of endogenous physiology. Despite often being referred to as “drug” transporters, they facilitate the movement of metabolites and key signaling molecules. An in-depth reanalysis supports a reassignment of these proteins into eight functional subgroups, with four new subgroups arising from the previously defined OAT subclade: OATS1 (SLC22A6, SLC22A8, and SLC22A20), OATS2 (SLC22A7), OATS3 (SLC22A11, SLC22A12, and Slc22a22), and OATS4 (SLC22A9, SLC22A10, SLC22A24, and SLC22A25). We propose merging the OCTN (SLC22A4, SLC22A5, and Slc22a21) and OCT-related (SLC22A15 and SLC22A16) subclades into the OCTN/OCTN-related subgroup. Using data from GWAS, in vivo models, and in vitro assays, we developed an SLC22 transporter-metabolite network and similar subgroup networks, which suggest how multiple SLC22 transporters with mono-, oligo-, and multi-specific substrate specificity interact to regulate metabolites. Subgroup associations include: OATS1 with signaling molecules, uremic toxins, and odorants, OATS2 with cyclic nucleotides, OATS3 with uric acid, OATS4 with conjugated sex hormones, particularly etiocholanolone glucuronide, OCT with neurotransmitters, and OCTN/OCTN-related with ergothioneine and carnitine derivatives. Our data suggest that the SLC22 family can work among itself, as well as with other ADME genes, to optimize levels of numerous metabolites and signaling molecules, involved in organ crosstalk and inter-organismal communication, as proposed by the remote sensing and signaling theory.
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19
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Jones RS, Parker MD, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate Transporter 6-Mediated Interactions with Prostaglandin F 2α: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence Utilizing a Knockout Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030201. [PMID: 32110957 PMCID: PMC7150767 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5) is a recently studied drug transporter that currently has no annotated endogenous function. Currently, only a handful of compounds have been characterized as substrates for MCT6 (e.g., bumetanide, nateglinide, probenecid, and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)). The objective of our research was to characterize the MCT6-specific transporter kinetic parameters and MCT6-specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of PGF2α. Murine and human MCT6-mediated transport of PGF2α was assessed in MCT6-transfected oocytes. Additionally, endogenous PGF2α and a primary PGF2α metabolite (PGFM) were measured in plasma and urine in Mct6 knockout (Mct6−/−) and wild-type (Mct6+/+) mice. Results demonstrated that the affinity was approximately 40.1 and 246 µM respectively, for mouse and human, at pH 7.4. In vivo, plasma PGF2α concentrations in Mct6−/− mice were significantly decreased, compared to Mct6+/+ mice (3.3-fold). Mct6-/- mice demonstrated a significant increase in urinary PGF2α concentrations (1.7-fold). A similar trend was observed with plasma PGFM concentrations. However, overnight fasting resulted in significantly increased plasma PGF2α concentrations, suggesting a diet-dependent role of Mct6 regulation on the homeostasis of systemic PGF2α. Overall, these results are the first to suggest the potential regulatory role of MCT6 in PGF2α homeostasis, and potentially other PGs, in distribution and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Current Address Is Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Marilyn E. Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-645-4839
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20
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Chiba S, Ro A, Ikawa T, Oide Y, Mukai T. Interactions of human organic anion transporters 1-4 and human organic cation transporters 1-3 with the stimulant drug methamphetamine and amphetamine. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 44:101689. [PMID: 32109742 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug membrane transport system proteins, namely, drug transporters, are expressed in the kidney and liver and play a crucial role in the excretion process. This study aimed to elucidate the interactions of the drug transporters human organic anion transporters 1, 2, 3, 4 (hOAT1, 2, 3, 4) and human organic cation transporters 1, 2, 3 (hOCT1, 2, 3), which are expressed primarily in human kidney, liver, and brain, with the stimulants methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMP). The results of an inhibition study using representative substrates of hOATs and hOCTs showed that METH and AMP significantly inhibited (by >50%) uptake of the hOCT1 and hOCT3 representative substrate 1-methy1-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and hOCT2 representative substrate tetraethyl ammonium (TEA). However, METH and AMP did not inhibit uptake of the representative substrates of hOAT1, hOAT2, hOAT3, and hOAT4, (i.e., p-aminohippuric (PAH) acid, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), estron sulfate (ES), and ES respectively). Kinetic analyses revealed that METH competitively inhibited hOCT1-mediated MPP+ and hOCT2-mediated TEA uptake (Ki, 16.9 and 78.6 µM, respectively). Similarly, AMP exhibited competitive inhibition, with Ki values of 78.6 and 42.8 µM, respectively. In contrast, hOCT3 exhibited mixed inhibition of representative substrate uptake; hence, calculating Ki values was not possible. Herein, we reveal that hOCTs mediate the inhibition of METH and AMP. The results of this uptake study suggest that METH and AMP bind specifically to hOCT1 and hOCT2 without passing through the cell membrane, with subsequent passage of METH and AMP via hOCT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoetsu Chiba
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Ayako Ro
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Toru Ikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukino Oide
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiji Mukai
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Chen JY, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV, Wang LJ, Chen XJ. An in vitro study on interaction of anisodine and monocrotaline with organic cation transporters of the SLC22 and SLC47 families. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:490-497. [PMID: 31514980 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current study systematically investigated the interaction of two alkaloids, anisodine and monocrotaline, with organic cation transporter OCT1, 2, 3, MATE1 and MATE2-K by using in vitro stably transfected HEK293 cells. Both anisodine and monocrotaline inhibited the OCTs and MATE transporters. The lowest IC50 was 12.9 µmol·L-1 of anisodine on OCT1 and the highest was 1.8 mmol·L-1 of monocrotaline on OCT2. Anisodine was a substrate of OCT2 (Km = 13.3 ± 2.6 µmol·L-1 and Vmax = 286.8 ± 53.6 pmol/mg protein/min). Monocrotaline was determined to be a substrate of both OCT1 (Km = 109.1 ± 17.8 µmol·L-1, Vmax = 576.5 ± 87.5 pmol/mg protein/min) and OCT2 (Km = 64.7 ± 14.8 µmol·L-1, Vmax = 180.7 ± 22.0 pmol/mg protein/min), other than OCT3 and MATE transporters. The results indicated that OCT2 may be important for renal elimination of anisodine and OCT1 was responsible for monocrotaline uptake into liver. However neither MATE1 nor MATE2-K could facilitate transcellular transport of anisodine and monocrotaline. Accumulation of these drugs in the organs with high OCT1 expression (liver) and OCT2 expression (kidney) may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xi-Jing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Li TT, An JX, Xu JY, Tuo BG. Overview of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporter polypeptides and their roles in the liver. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3915-3933. [PMID: 31832394 PMCID: PMC6906560 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i23.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs) are classified within two SLC superfamilies, namely, the SLC22A superfamily and the SLCO superfamily (formerly the SLC21A family), respectively. They are expressed in many tissues, such as the liver and kidney, and mediate the absorption and excretion of many endogenous and exogenous substances, including various drugs. Most are composed of 12 transmembrane polypeptide chains with the C-terminus and the N-terminus located in the cell cytoplasm. OATs and OATPs are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they mainly promote the uptake of various endogenous substrates such as bile acids and various exogenous drugs such as antifibrotic and anticancer drugs. However, differences in the locations of glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, and amino acids in the OAT and OATP structures lead to different substrates being transported to the liver, which ultimately results in their different roles in the liver. To date, few articles have addressed these aspects of OAT and OATP structures, and we study further the similarities and differences in their structures, tissue distribution, substrates, and roles in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jia-Xing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bi-Guang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
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23
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Wei L, Mansoor N, Khan RA, Czejka M, Ahmad T, Ahmed M, Ali M, Yang DH. WB-PBPK approach in predicting zidovudine pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:341-349. [PMID: 31693190 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has been the mainstay of treatment for neonates born to HIV infected mothers. Neonates born prematurely to HIV positive mothers are underdeveloped not only in anatomical terms but also in their physiological systems. Zidovudine, the first antiretroviral drug in clinical therapy for the treatment of HIV has been approved for use in preterm neonates both prophylactically and therapeutically. The present work describes the whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model development for zidovudine in preterm neonates of varying gestational ages, to observe the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in this vulnerable group of the population. Along with the height, weight, post-natal, and gestational ages of the preterm neonates, metabolic enzymes CYP2A6, CYP2C8, etc. were incorporated for each neonate. The composition of the different organs in terms of water and lipid components, blood flow rates, etc. were specified during simulations according to the gestational ages of these neonates. The following PK parameters were estimated for preterm neonates using simulated plasma profiles: AUC 2686.41 ± 123.49 μmol min/L, Cmax 6.46 ± 0.74 μmol/L, half-life 8.98 ± 2.36 hr, mean residence time 12.23 ± 3.43 hr, and total plasma clearance 1.48 ± 0.19 ml/min/kg in comparison with the observed PK parameters of a clinical study by Mirochknic et al. in preterm neonates with AUC 2020.04 μmol/min/L, Cmax 6.10 μmol/L, and total plasma clearance 1.62 ml/min/kg. PBPK simulations provide an opportunity to visualize the possible impact of physiological maturity levels at varying gestational ages on the pharmacokinetic behavior of zidovudine in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuya Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St John's University, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Najia Mansoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rafeeq Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Martin Czejka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Tasneem Ahmad
- Pharma Professional Services, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St John's University, New York, 11439, USA
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24
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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25
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Tanaka N, Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Involvement of H +-gradient dependent transporter in PGE 2 release from A549 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 149:30-36. [PMID: 31421525 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the transporter involved in the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In the present study, transport assays were conducted using membrane vesicles prepared from human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, thus enabling identification of the novel exporter present in A549 cells. PGE2 transport into A549 vesicles was higher in the presence of a proton (H+)-gradient, thus suggesting the involvement of PGE2H+ symporter in PGE2 transport. Results from our experiments showed enhanced PGE2 release in A549 cells in the presence of H+-gradient ([H+]extracellular < [H+]intracellular). Moreover, in vesicular transport assays, H+-gradient-dependent transport of PGE2 did not show saturation up to 500 μM PGE2, and 10 mM aromatic monocarboxylic acids (acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, and p-nitrobenzoic acid) significantly inhibited PGE2 transport by 62-70%. These results suggest, the involvement of monocarboxylate transporters in the H+-gradient-dependent PGE2 export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japa; Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine/Department of Pharmacy, Yamagata University Hospital, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japa
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26
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Dragojević J, Mihaljević I, Popović M, Smital T. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oat1 and Oat3 transporters and their interaction with physiological compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 236:110309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Müller F, Sharma A, König J, Fromm MF. Biomarkers for In Vivo Assessment of Transporter Function. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:246-277. [PMID: 29487084 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions are a major concern not only during clinical practice, but also in drug development. Due to limitations of in vitro-in vivo predictions of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, multiple clinical Phase I drug-drug interaction studies may become necessary for a new molecular entity to assess potential drug interaction liabilities. This is a resource-intensive process and exposes study participants, who frequently are healthy volunteers without benefit from study treatment, to the potential risks of a new drug in development. Therefore, there is currently a major interest in new approaches for better prediction of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. In particular, researchers in the field attempt to identify endogenous compounds as biomarkers for transporter function, such as hexadecanedioate, tetradecanedioate, coproporphyrins I and III, or glycochenodeoxycholate sulfate for hepatic uptake via organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B or N1-methylnicotinamide for multidrug and toxin extrusion protein-mediated renal secretion. We summarize in this review the currently proposed biomarkers and potential limitations of the substances identified to date. Moreover, we suggest criteria based on current experiences, which may be used to assess the suitability of a biomarker for transporter function. Finally, further alternatives and supplemental approaches to classic drug-drug interaction studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.M., J.K., M.F.F.); and Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riß, Germany (F.M., A.S.)
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.M., J.K., M.F.F.); and Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riß, Germany (F.M., A.S.)
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.M., J.K., M.F.F.); and Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riß, Germany (F.M., A.S.)
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.M., J.K., M.F.F.); and Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riß, Germany (F.M., A.S.)
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28
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Nakanishi T, Takashima H, Uetoko Y, Komori H, Tamai I. Experimental Evidence for Resecretion of PGE2 across Rat Alveolar Epithelium by OATP2A1/SLCO2A1-Mediated Transcellular Transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:317-325. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Boxberger KH, Hagenbuch B, Lampe JN. Ligand-dependent modulation of hOCT1 transport reveals discrete ligand binding sites within the substrate translocation channel. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:371-384. [PMID: 30138624 PMCID: PMC6195816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human hepatic organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) is a well-known transporter of both xenobiotic and endogenous cations. The substrates and inhibitors of hOCT1 are structurally and physiochemically diverse and include some widely prescribed drugs (metformin and imatinib), vitamins (thiamine), and neurotransmitters (serotonin). It has been demonstrated that the closely related renal isoform, hOCT2, is subject to ligand-dependent modulation, wherein one ligand may enhance or inhibit transport of a second, chemically unrelated, ligand. This phenomenon has important implications for drug-drug interactions due to the ubiquity of polypharmacy and the large number of drugs that are present as cations under physiological conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if hOCT1 is subject to the same ligand-dependent modulation as hOCT2, and to identify unique putative ligand binding sites in the translocation channel for a sub-set of ligands using computational modeling. The competitive counter flow (CCF) assay was employed to examine ligand-dependent effects by utilizing four different radiolabeled probe substrates: MPP+, serotonin, metformin, and TEA. We identified 20 ligands that modulated the transport of the four test substrates examined. One of the putative ligands identified, BSP, is an anion at physiological pH. Direct uptake studies of radiolabeled BSP suggested that it is a hOCT1 substrate with a Km of 13.6 ± 2.6 µM and Vmax of 55.1 ± 4.1 pmol/mg protein/min. Each ligand identified was computationally docked into a homology model of hOCT1 using the UCSF DOCK software package. The docking study revealed three separate ligand binding pockets within the hOCT1 translocation pathway, defined by their interactions with three prototypical substrates: MPP+, TEA, and acyclovir. Our results suggest that hOCT1 is not only subject to ligand-dependent modulation, but also that individual ligand binding occurs at discrete sites within the hOCT1 translocation pathway which may influence ligand binding at the other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli H Boxberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Liver Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Liver Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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30
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Nakamura Y, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Membrane Transporters Contributing to PGE 2 Distribution in Central Nervous System. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1337-1347. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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31
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Kim HY, Veal GJ, Zhou F, Boddy AV. The role of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in actinomycin D pharmacokinetics in paediatric cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:1575-1584. [PMID: 30167756 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomycin D is used for treatment of paediatric cancers; however, a large inter-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and hepatotoxicity are significant limitations to its use and warrant further investigation. Elimination of actinomycin D may be mediated by transporters, as the drug does not seem to undergo significant metabolism. We investigated the role of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in actinomycin D PK. METHODS Fourteen key SLCs were screened through probe substrate uptake inhibition by actinomycin D in HEK293 cells. Uptake of actinomycin D was further studied in candidate SLCs by measuring intracellular actinomycin D using a validated LCMS assay. Pharmacogenetic analysis was conducted for 60 patients (Clinical trial: NCT00900354), who were genotyped for SNPs for OAT4 and PEPT2. RESULTS OAT4, OCT2, OCT3 and PEPT2 showed significantly lower probe substrate uptake (mean ± SD 75.0 ± 3.5% (p < 0.0001), 74.8 ± 11.2% (p = 0.001), 81.2 ± 14.0% (p = 0.0083) and 70.7 ± 5.7% (p = 0.0188)) compared to that of control. Intracellular accumulation of actinomycin D was greater compared to vector control in OAT4-transfected cells by 1.5- and 1.4-fold at 10 min (p = 0.01) and 20 min (p = 0.03), and in PEPT2-transfected cells by 1.5- and 1.7-fold at 10 min (p = 0.047) and 20 min (p = 0.043), respectively. Subsequent clinical study did not find a significant association between OAT4 rs11231809 and PEPT2 rs2257212 genotypes, and actinomycin D PK parameters such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd). CONCLUSION Transport of actinomycin D was mediated by OAT4 and PEPT2 in vitro. There was a lack of clinical significance of OAT4 and PEPT2 genotypes as predictors of actinomycin D disposition in paediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yejin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gareth J Veal
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Tyne, UK
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan V Boddy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Genetic Heterogeneity of SLC22 Family of Transporters in Drug Disposition. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8020014. [PMID: 29659532 PMCID: PMC6023491 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of modern medicine is its orientation to achieve more personalized pharmacological treatments. In this context, transporters involved in drug disposition have gained well-justified attention. Owing to its broad spectrum of substrate specificity, including endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, and its strategical expression in organs accounting for drug disposition, such as intestine, liver and kidney, the SLC22 family of transporters plays an important role in physiology, pharmacology and toxicology. Among these carriers are plasma membrane transporters for organic cations (OCTs) and anions (OATs) with a marked overlap in substrate specificity. These two major clades of SLC22 proteins share a similar membrane topology but differ in their degree of genetic variability. Members of the OCT subfamily are highly polymorphic, whereas OATs have a lower number of genetic variants. Regarding drug disposition, changes in the activity of these variants affect intestinal absorption and target tissue uptake, but more frequently they modify plasma levels due to enhanced or reduced clearance by the liver and secretion by the kidney. The consequences of these changes in transport-associated function markedly affect the effectiveness and toxicity of the treatment in patients carrying the mutation. In solid tumors, changes in the expression of these transporters and the existence of genetic variants substantially determine the response to anticancer drugs. Moreover, chemoresistance usually evolves in response to pharmacological and radiological treatment. Future personalized medicine will require monitoring these changes in a dynamic way to adapt the treatment to the weaknesses shown by each tumor at each stage in each patient.
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Barin-Le Guellec C, Largeau B, Bon D, Marquet P, Hauet T. Ischemia/reperfusion-associated tubular cells injury in renal transplantation: Can metabolomics inform about mechanisms and help identify new therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:34-43. [PMID: 29309901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tubular cells are central targets of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in kidney transplantation. Inflammation and metabolic disturbances occurring within these cells are deleterious by themselves but also favor secondary events, such as activation of immune response. It is critical to have an in depth understanding of the mechanisms governing tubular cells response to I/R if one wants to define pertinent biomarkers or to elaborate targeted therapeutic interventions. As oxidative damage was shown to be central in the patho-physiological mechanisms, the impact of I/R on proximal tubular cells metabolism has been widely studied, contrary to its effects on expression and activity of membrane transporters of the proximal tubular cells. Yet, temporal modulation of transporters over ischemia and reperfusion periods appears to play a central role, not only in the induction of cells injury but also in graft function recovery. Metabolomics in cell models or diverse biofluids has the potential to provide large pictures of biochemical consequences of I/R. Metabolomic studies conducted in experimental models of I/R or in transplanted patients indeed retrieved metabolites belonging to the pathways known to be particularly affected. Interestingly, they also revealed that metabolic disturbances and transporters activities are in very close mutual interplay. As well as helping to select diagnostic biomarkers, such analyses could also contribute to identify new pharmacological targets and to set up innovative nephroprotective strategies for the future. Even if various therapeutic approaches have been evaluated for a long time to prevent or treat I/R injuries, metabolomics has helped identifying new ones, those related to membrane transporters seeming to be of particular interest. However, considering the very complex and multifactorial effects of I/R in the context of kidney transplantation, all tracks must be followed if one wants to prevent or limit its deleterious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Barin-Le Guellec
- INSERM UMR 1248, IPPRITT, Limoges, France; CHU Tours, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tours, France; FHU SUPORT, Limoges, Poitiers, Tours, France.
| | - Bérenger Largeau
- CHU Tours, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tours, France
| | - Delphine Bon
- FHU SUPORT, Limoges, Poitiers, Tours, France; University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM UMR 1082, IRTOMIT, Poitiers, France; CHU Poitiers, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- INSERM UMR 1248, IPPRITT, Limoges, France; FHU SUPORT, Limoges, Poitiers, Tours, France; University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacovigilance, Limoges, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- FHU SUPORT, Limoges, Poitiers, Tours, France; University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM UMR 1082, IRTOMIT, Poitiers, France; CHU Poitiers, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Poitiers, France
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Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Roles of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) in Regulating the Pathophysiological Actions of Prostaglandins. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:13. [PMID: 29204966 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (OATP2A1, encoded by the SLCO2A1 gene), which was initially identified as prostaglandin transporter (PGT), is expressed ubiquitously in tissues and mediates the distribution of prostanoids, such as PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2 and TxB2. It is well known to play a key role in the metabolic clearance of prostaglandins, which are taken up into the cell by OATP2A1 and then oxidatively inactivated by 15-ketoprostaglandin dehydrogenase (encoded by HPGD); indeed, OATP2A1-mediated uptake is the rate-limiting step of PGE2 catabolism. Consequently, since OATP2A1 activity is required for termination of prostaglandin signaling via prostanoid receptors, its inhibition can enhance such signaling. On the other hand, OATP2A1 can also function as an organic anion exchanger, mediating efflux of prostaglandins in exchange for import of anions such as lactate, and in this context, it plays a role in the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins from cells. These different functions likely operate in different compartments within the cell. OATP2A1 is reported to function at cytoplasmic vesicle/organelle membranes. As a regulator of the levels of physiologically active prostaglandins, OATP2A1 is implicated in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes in many organs. Recently, whole exome analysis has revealed that recessive mutations in SLCO2A1 cause refractory diseases in humans, including primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic non-specific ulcers in small intestine (CNSU). Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of OATP2A1 and on its physiological and pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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35
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Nakanishi T, Ohno Y, Aotani R, Maruyama S, Shimada H, Kamo S, Oshima H, Oshima M, Schuetz JD, Tamai I. A novel role for OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 in a murine model of colon cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16567. [PMID: 29185482 PMCID: PMC5707394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with proliferation and angiogenesis in colorectal tumours. The role of prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 in colon cancer tumorogenesis is unknown. We evaluated mice of various Slco2a1 genotypes in a murine model of colon cancer, the adenomatous polyposis (APC) mutant (Apc∆716/+) model. Median lifespan was significantly extended from 19 weeks in Slco2a1+/+/ApcΔ716/+ mice to 25 weeks in Slco2a1−/−/ApcΔ716/+ mice. Survival was directly related to a reduction in the number of large polyps in the Slco2a1−/−/Apc∆716/+ compared to the Slco2a1+/+/ApcΔ716/+ or Slco2a1+/−/ApcΔ716/+mice. The large polyps from the Slco2a1−/−/Apc∆716/+ mice had significant reductions in microvascular density, consistent with the high expression of Slco2a1 in the tumour-associated vascular endothelial cells. Chemical suppression of OATP2A1 function significantly reduced tube formation and wound-healing activity of PGE2 in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) although the amount of extracellular PGE2 was not affected by an OATP2A1 inhibitor. Further an in vivo model of angiogenesis, showed a significant reduction of haemoglobin content (54.2%) in sponges implanted into Slco2a1−/−, compared to wildtype mice. These studies indicate that OATP2A1 is likely to promote tumorogenesis by PGE2 uptake into the endothelial cells, suggesting that blockade of OATP2A1 is an additional pharmacologic strategy to improve colon cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rika Aotani
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Oshima
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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36
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Dragojević J, Mihaljević I, Popović M, Zaja R, Smital T. In vitro characterization of zebrafish (Danio rerio) organic anion transporters Oat2a-e. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:246-256. [PMID: 29030288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OATS/Oats are transmembrane proteins that transport a variety of drugs, environmental toxins and endogenous metabolites into the cell. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has seven OAT orthologs: Oat1, Oat2a-e and Oat3. In this study we specifically address Oat2 (Slc22a7) family. Conserved synteny analysis showed localization of zebrafish oat2 genes on two chromosomes, 11 and 17. All five zebrafish Oats were localized by live cell imaging in membranes of transiently transfected HEK293-T cells, and Oat2a, b, d, and e were confirmed using western blot analysis. Functional studies using the HEK293T cells overexpressing zebrafish Oats revealed two model fluorescent substrates of three Oats: Lucifer yellow for Oat2a and Oat2d (Km 122, and 49.7μM), and 6-carboxyfluorescein for Oat2b and Oat2d (Km 199.7, and 266.9μM). The initial screening of a series of diverse endo- and xenobiotics showed interaction with a number of compounds, including cGMP and diclofenac (IC50 27.74, and 19.14μM) with Oat2a; estrone-3-sulfate and diclofenac (IC50 30.96, and 12.6μM) with Oat2b; and fumarate and indomethacin (IC50 68.24, and 20.41μM) with Oat2d. This study provides the first comprehensive data set on Oat2 in zebrafish and offers an important basis for more detailed molecular and (eco)toxicological characterizations of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dragojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roko Zaja
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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37
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Zhou F, Zhu L, Wang K, Murray M. Recent advance in the pharmacogenomics of human Solute Carrier Transporters (SLCs) in drug disposition. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:21-36. [PMID: 27320645 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug pharmacokinetics is influenced by the function of metabolising enzymes and influx/efflux transporters. Genetic variability of these genes is known to impact on clinical therapies. Solute Carrier Transporters (SLCs) are the primary influx transporters responsible for the cellular uptake of drug molecules, which consequently, impact on drug efficacy and toxicity. The Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs), Organic Anion Transporters (OATs) and Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs/OCTNs) are the most important SLCs involved in drug disposition. The information regarding the influence of SLC polymorphisms on drug pharmacokinetics is limited and remains a hot topic of pharmaceutical research. This review summarises the recent advance in the pharmacogenomics of SLCs with an emphasis on human OATPs, OATs and OCTs/OCTNs. Our current appreciation of the degree of variability in these transporters may contribute to better understanding the inter-patient variation of therapies and thus, guide the optimisation of clinical treatments.
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38
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Ellens H, Johnson M, Lawrence SK, Watson C, Chen L, Richards-Peterson LE. Prediction of the Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Dabrafenib and Its Major Circulating Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:646-656. [PMID: 28320730 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib was recently approved for the treatment of certain BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumors, either alone or in combination therapy with the mitogen-activated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 inhibitor, trametinib. This article presents the dabrafenib transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk assessment, which is currently an important part of drug development, regulatory submission, and drug registration. Dabrafenib and its major circulating metabolites (hydroxy-, carboxy-, and desmethyl-dabrafenib) were investigated as inhibitors of the clinically relevant transporters P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT2, OAT1, and OAT3. The DDI Guidance risk assessment decision criteria for inhibition of BCRP, OATP1B1 and OAT3 were slightly exceeded and therefore a minor DDI effect resulting from inhibition of these transporters remained possible. Biliary secretion is the major excretion pathway of dabrafenib-related material (71.1% of orally administered radiolabeled dose recovered in feces), whereas urinary excretion was observed as well (22.7% of the dose). In vitro uptake into human hepatocytes of the dabrafenib metabolites, but not of dabrafenib parent compound, was mediated, at least in part, by hepatic uptake transporters. The transporters responsible for uptake of the pharmacologically active hydroxy- and desmethyl dabrafenib could not be identified, whereas carboxy-dabrafenib was a substrate of several OATPs. Dabrafenib, hydroxy-, and desmethyl-dabrafenib were substrates of P-gp and BCRP, whereas carboxy-dabrafenib was not. Although a small increase in exposure to carboxy-dabrafenib upon inhibition of OATPs and an increase in exposure to desmethyl-dabrafenib upon inhibition of P-gp or BCRP cannot be excluded, the clinical significance of such increases is likely to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harma Ellens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marta Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah K Lawrence
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cory Watson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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39
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Shaw A, Jeromson S, Watterson KR, Pediani JD, Gallagher IJ, Whalley T, Dreczkowski G, Brooks N, Galloway SD, Hamilton DL. Multiple AMPK activators inhibit l-carnitine uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C689-C696. [PMID: 28298333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene that encodes the principal l-carnitine transporter, OCTN2, can lead to a reduced intracellular l-carnitine pool and the disease Primary Carnitine Deficiency. l-Carnitine supplementation is used therapeutically to increase intracellular l-carnitine. As AMPK and insulin regulate fat metabolism and substrate uptake, we hypothesized that AMPK-activating compounds and insulin would increase l-carnitine uptake in C2C12 myotubes. The cells express all three OCTN transporters at the mRNA level, and immunohistochemistry confirmed expression at the protein level. Contrary to our hypothesis, despite significant activation of PKB and 2DG uptake, insulin did not increase l-carnitine uptake at 100 nM. However, l-carnitine uptake was modestly increased at a dose of 150 nM insulin. A range of AMPK activators that increase intracellular calcium content [caffeine (10 mM, 5 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM), A23187 (10 μM)], inhibit mitochondrial function [sodium azide (75 μM), rotenone (1 μM), berberine (100 μM), DNP (500 μM)], or directly activate AMPK [AICAR (250 μM)] were assessed for their ability to regulate l-carnitine uptake. All compounds tested significantly inhibited l-carnitine uptake. Inhibition by caffeine was not dantrolene (10 μM) sensitive despite dantrolene inhibiting caffeine-mediated calcium release. Saturation curve analysis suggested that caffeine did not competitively inhibit l-carnitine transport. To assess the potential role of AMPK in this process, we assessed the ability of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (10 μM) to rescue the effect of caffeine. Compound C offered a partial rescue of l-carnitine uptake with 0.5 mM caffeine, suggesting that AMPK may play a role in the inhibitory effects of caffeine. However, caffeine likely inhibits l-carnitine uptake by alternative mechanisms independently of calcium release. PKA activation or direct interference with transporter function may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Shaw
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart Jeromson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth R Watterson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - John D Pediani
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Whalley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Dreczkowski
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Brooks
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom;
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40
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Chen EC, Khuri N, Liang X, Stecula A, Chien HC, Yee SW, Huang Y, Sali A, Giacomini KM. Discovery of Competitive and Noncompetitive Ligands of the Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1). J Med Chem 2017; 60:2685-2696. [PMID: 28230985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) plays a critical role in the hepatocellular uptake of structurally diverse endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Here we identified competitive and noncompetitive OCT1-interacting ligands in a library of 1780 prescription drugs by combining in silico and in vitro methods. Ligands were predicted by docking against a comparative model based on a eukaryotic homologue. In parallel, high-throughput screening (HTS) was conducted using the fluorescent probe substrate ASP+ in cells overexpressing human OCT1. Thirty competitive OCT1 ligands, defined as ligands predicted in silico as well as found by HTS, were identified. Of the 167 ligands identified by HTS, five were predicted to potentially cause clinical drug interactions. Finally, virtual screening of 29 332 metabolites predicted 146 competitive OCT1 ligands, of which an endogenous neurotoxin, 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, was experimentally validated. In conclusion, by combining docking and in vitro HTS, competitive and noncompetitive ligands of OCT1 can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Natalia Khuri
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yong Huang
- Optivia Biotechnology , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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41
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Shen H, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Organic Anion Transporter 2: An Enigmatic Human Solute Carrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:228-236. [PMID: 27872146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2; SLC22A7) is emerging as an important drug transporter because of its expression in both the liver and kidney, two major eliminating organs, and its ability to transport not only a wide variety of xenobiotics but also numerous physiologically important endogenous compounds, like creatinine and cGMP. However, OAT2 has received relatively little attention compared with other OATs and solute carriers (SLCs), like organic cation transporters, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins, and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Overall, the literature describing OAT2 is rapidly evolving, with numerous publications contradicting each other regarding the transport mechanism, tissue distribution, and transport of creatinine and cGMP, two important endogenous OAT2 substrates. Despite its status as a liver and kidney SLC, tools for assessing its activity and inhibition are lacking, and its role in drug disposition and elimination remains to be defined. The current review focuses on the available and emerging literature describing OAT2. We envision that OAT2 will gain more prominence as its expression, substrate, and inhibitor profile is investigated further and compared with other SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
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42
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Hahn D, Emoto C, Vinks AA, Fukuda T. Developmental Changes in Hepatic Organic Cation Transporter OCT1 Protein Expression from Neonates to Children. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:23-26. [PMID: 27780835 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) plays an important role in the disposition of clinically important drugs, and the capacity of OCT1 activity is presumed to be proportional to the protein expression level in organ tissues. Knowledge of OCT1 protein expression in children, especially neonates and small infants, is currently very limited. Here, we report on the characterization of OCT1 protein expression in neonatal, infant, and pediatric liver samples performed using immunoblot analysis. OCT1 protein expression was detected in liver samples from neonates as early as postnatal days 1 and 2. This youngest group showed significantly lower OCT1 expression normalized by glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (values given as means ± S.D. in arbitrary units; 0.03 ± 0.02, n = 7) compared with samples from patients aged 3 to 4 weeks (0.08 ± 0.03, n = 5, P < 0.01), 3 to 6 months (0.23 ± 0.15, n = 7, P < 0.01), 11 months to 1 year (0.42 ± 0.32, n = 6, P < 0.01), and 8 to 12 years (1.00 ± 0.44, n = 7, P < 0.01). These data demonstrate an age-dependent increase in OCT1 expression from birth up to 8 to 12 years of age, and the findings of this study contribute to the understanding of OCT1 functional capacity and its effect upon the disposition of OCT1 substrates in neonates and small infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hahn
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (D.H., C.E., A.A.V., T.F); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (C.E., A.A.V., T.F)
| | - Chie Emoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (D.H., C.E., A.A.V., T.F); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (C.E., A.A.V., T.F)
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (D.H., C.E., A.A.V., T.F); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (C.E., A.A.V., T.F)
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukuda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (D.H., C.E., A.A.V., T.F); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (C.E., A.A.V., T.F)
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43
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He X, Garza D, Nigam SK, Chang G. Multispecific Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) from Bos taurus Has High Affinity and Slow Binding Kinetics towards Prostaglandin E2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152969. [PMID: 27046168 PMCID: PMC4821612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1, SLC22A1), like many solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family members, is important for the disposition of clinically important drugs, metabolites and signaling molecules. Several studies suggest that SLC22 family (eg. organic anion transporters or OATs and OCTs) bind and possibly transport prostaglandins with relatively high affinity (submicromolar). The affinities of OCT1 and OATs toward PGE2 and PGF2a reported in these cell-based transport studies are considerably greater than for xenobiotics and natural metabolite substrates--in many cases over 100-fold higher. This raises the possibility that prostaglandins are key endogenous substrates and/or that they act on the transporter in a manner different from other substrates such as xenobiotics and lower affinity metabolites. To further investigate OCT1-prostaglandin interactions, we designed biophysical studies using purified bovine OCT1 (Bos taurus, btOCT1/SLC22A1) with PGE2 analogs, in fluorescently labeled and label-free formats. Using fluorescence polarization (FP), we detected a binding of btOCT1 to the PGE2-Rhodamine conjugate at submicromolar affinity, consistent with affinity data for PGE2 from cells over-expressing the related human OCT1. Using purified native btOCT1 as analyte and biotinylated PGE2 analog as ligand, our data from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that btOCT1 specifically interacts to PGE2 with KD values in the hundred nanomolar range. BtOCT1 also demonstrated a slow association (ka) in the range of 103 M(-1) s(-1) and an even slower dissociation rate (kd) in the range of 10-4 s(-1) for PGE2, suggesting the possibility of a different mode of binding compared to other structurally unrelated transported substrates of low-affinity (eg. drugs, metabolites). Our results complement in vitro transport studies and provide direct evidence that OCT1--which is normally expressed in liver and other tissues--interacts with prostaglandin analogs. While it is not entirely clear from the published literature whether OCTs function as major prostaglandin transporters, the tight binding of the naturally occurring PGE2, as well as the slow dissociation rate, could conceivably affect the transport of lower affinity substrates such as drugs and metabolites by SLC22 transporters. More research is necessary to establish the extent to which individual SLC22 family members actually function as PG transporters in vitro and in vivo and to investigate whether PGs can, independent of being directly transported, alter the ability of SLC22 transporters to handle drugs and other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Denisse Garza
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey Chang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Kasai T, Nakanishi T, Ohno Y, Shimada H, Nakamura Y, Arakawa H, Tamai I. Role of OATP2A1 in PGE(2) secretion from human colorectal cancer cells via exocytosis in response to oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:123-31. [PMID: 26850138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by reactive oxygen species is associated with increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which serves as a key mediator of inflammatory responses, plays an important role in CRC initiation and progression. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 in the changes of PGE2 disposition in CRC cells in response to oxidative stress. H2O2 induced translocation of cytoplasmic OATP2A1 to plasma membranes in LoVo and COLO 320DM cells, but not in Caco-2 cells. The shift of subcellular OATP2A1 was abolished in the presence of anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or an inhibitor of protein kinase C, which evokes exocytosis. Exposure of LoVo cells to H2O2 caused an increase in the amount of extracellular PGE2 without changing the sum of intra- and extracellular PGE2. OATP2A1 knockdown decreased extracellular PGE2 in LoVo cells. In addition, extracellular PGE2 was significantly reduced by exocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D, suggesting that H2O2-induced PGE2 release occurs in an exocytotic manner. Furthermore, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly reduced in LoVo cells by knockdown of OATP2A1. These results suggest that cytoplasmic OATP2A1 likely facilitates PGE2 loading into suitable intracellular compartment(s) for efficient exocytotic PGE2 release from CRC cells exposed to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kasai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Gose T, Nakanishi T, Kamo S, Shimada H, Otake K, Tamai I. Prostaglandin transporter (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) contributes to local disposition of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived PGE3. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:10-7. [PMID: 26692285 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) possesses an anti-inflammatory effect; however, information for transporters that regulate its peri-cellular concentration is limited. The present study, therefore, aimed to clarify transporters involved in local disposition of PGE3. PGE3 uptake was assessed in HEK293 cells transfected with OATP2A1/SLCO2A1, OATP1B1/SLCO1B1, OATP2B1/SLCO2B1, OAT1/SLC22A6, OCT1/SLC22A1 or OCT2/SLC22A2 genes, compared with HEK293 cells transfected with plasmid vector alone (Mock). PGE3 uptake by OATP2A1-expressing HEK293 cells (HEK/2A1) was the highest and followed by HEK/1B1, while no significantly higher uptake of PGE3 than Mock cells was detected by other transporters. Saturation kinetics in PGE3 uptake by HEK/2A1 estimated the Km as 7.202 ± 0.595 μM, which was 22 times higher than that of PGE2 (Km=0.331 ± 0.131 μM). Furthermore, tissue disposition of PGE3 was examined in wild-type (WT) and Slco2a1-deficient (Slco2a1(-/-)) mice after oral administration of EPA ethyl ester (EPA-E) when they underwent intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (e.g., lipopolysaccharide). PGE3 concentration was significantly higher in the lung, and tended to increase in the colon, stomach, and kidney of Slco2a1(-/-), compared to WT mice. Ratio of PGE2 metabolite 15-keto PGE2 over PGE2 concentration was significantly lower in the lung and colon of Slco2a1(-/-) than that of WT mice, suggesting that PGE3 metabolism is downregulated in Slco2a1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, PGE3 was found to be a substrate of OATP2A1, and local disposition of PGE3 could be regulated by OATP2A1 at least in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Otake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Henjakovic M, Hagos Y, Krick W, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. Human organic anion transporter 2 is distinct from organic anion transporters 1 and 3 with respect to transport function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F843-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00140.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogentically, organic anion transporter (OAT)1 and OAT3 are closely related, whereas OAT2 is more distant. Experiments with human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with human OAT1, OAT2, or OAT3 were performed to compare selected transport properties. Common to OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 is their ability to transport cGMP. OAT2 interacted with prostaglandins, and cGMP uptake was inhibited by PGE2 and PGF2α with IC50 values of 40.8 and 12.7 μM, respectively. OAT1 (IC50: 23.7 μM), OAT2 (IC50: 9.5 μM), and OAT3 (IC50: 1.6 μM) were potently inhibited by MK571, an established multidrug resistance protein inhibitor. OAT2-mediated cGMP uptake was not inhibited by short-chain monocarboxylates and, as opposed to OAT1 and OAT3, not by dicarboxylates. Consequently, OAT2 showed no cGMP/glutarate exchange. OAT1 and OAT3 exhibited a pH and a Cl− dependence with higher substrate uptake at acidic pH and lower substrate uptake in the absence of Cl−, respectively. Such pH and Cl− dependencies were not observed with OAT2. Depolarization of membrane potential by high K+ concentrations in the presence of the K+ ionophore valinomycin left cGMP uptake unaffected. In addition to cGMP, OAT2 transported urate and glutamate, but cGMP/glutamate exchange could not be demonstrated. These experiments suggest that OAT2-mediated cGMP uptake does not occur via exchange with monocarboxylates, dicarboxylates, and hydroxyl ions. The counter anion for electroneutral cGMP uptake remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Henjakovic
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krick
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C. Burckhardt
- Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Hotchkiss AG, Berrigan L, Pelis RM. Organic anion transporter 2 transcript variant 1 shows broad ligand selectivity when expressed in multiple cell lines. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:216. [PMID: 26500550 PMCID: PMC4594013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) is likely important for renal and hepatic drug elimination. Three variants of the OAT2 peptide sequence have been described – OAT2 transcript variant 1 (OAT2-tv1), OAT2 transcript variant 2 (OAT2-tv2), and OAT2 transcript variant 3 (OAT2-tv3). Early studies helping to define the ligand selectivity of OAT2 failed to identify the variant used, and the studies used several heterologous expression systems. In preliminary studies using OAT2-tv1, we failed to observe transport of several previously identified substrates, leading us to speculate that ligand selectivity of OAT2 differs with variant and/or heterologous expression system. The purpose was to further investigate the ligand selectivity of the OAT2 variants expressed in multiple cell types. We cloned OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2, but were unsuccessful at amplifying mRNA for OAT2-tv3 from human kidney. OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2 were individually expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK), Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. mRNA for OAT2-tv1 and OAT2-tv2 was demonstrated in each cell type transfected with the respective construct, indicating their expression. OAT2-tv1 trafficked to the plasma membrane of all three cell types, but OAT2-tv2 did not. OAT2-tv1 transported penciclovir in all three cell types, but failed to transport para-aminohippurate, succinate, glutarate, estrone-3-sulfate, paclitaxel or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate – previously identified substrates of OAT2-tv2. Not surprising given its lack of plasma membrane expression, OAT2-tv2 failed to transport any of the organic solutes examined, including penciclovir. Penciclovir transport by OAT2-tv1 was sensitive to large (e.g., cyclosporine A) and small (e.g., allopurinol) organic compounds, as well as organic anions, cations and neutral compounds, highlighting the multiselectivity of OAT2-tv1. The potencies with which indomethacin, furosemide, cyclosporine A and cimetidine inhibited OAT2-tv1 are in good agreement with previous studies using this variant, but inconsistent with studies using OAT2 with an unidentified sequence. This study shows that organic molecules with diverse physicochemical properties interact with OAT2-tv1, making it a likely site of drug interactions. Many previously identified substrates of OAT2 are not transported by OAT2-tv1, suggesting that variant and/or expression system may contribute. Future work should establish the expression pattern and ligand selectivity of OAT2-tv3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Hotchkiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Liam Berrigan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
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Schneider R, Meusel M, Betz B, Held C, Möller-Ehrlich K, Büttner-Herold M, Wanner C, Gekle M, Sauvant C. Oat1/3 restoration protects against renal damage after ischemic AKI. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F198-208. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00160.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of proximal tubular organic anion transporters Oat1 and Oat3 is reduced by PGE2 after renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that impaired expression of Oat1/3 is decisively involved in the deterioration of renal function after I/R injury. Therefore, we administered probenecid, which blocks proximal tubular indomethacin uptake, to abolish the indomethacin-mediated restoration of Oat1/3 regulation and its effect on renal functional and morphological outcome. Ischemic acute kidney injury (iAKI) was induced in rats by bilateral clamping of renal arteries for 45 min with 24-h follow-up. Low-dose indomethacin (1 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (ip) at the end of ischemia. Probenecid (50 mg/kg) was administered ip 20 min later. Indomethacin restored the expression of Oat1/3, PAH net secretion, and PGE2 clearance. Additionally, indomethacin improved kidney function as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal perfusion as determined by corrected PAH clearance, and morphology, whereas it reduced renal cortical apoptosis and nitric oxide production. Notably, indomethacin did not affect inflammation parameters in the kidneys (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, ED1+ cells). On the other hand, probenecid blocked the indomethacin-induced restoration of Oat1/3 and moreover abrogated all beneficial effects. Our study indicates that the beneficial effect of low-dose indomethacin in iAKI is not due to its anti-inflammatory potency, but in contrast to its restoration of Oat1/3 expression and/or general renal function. Inhibition of proximal tubular indomethacin uptake abrogates the beneficial effect of indomethacin by resetting the PGE2-mediated Oat1/3 impairment, thus reestablishing renal damage. This provides evidence for a mechanistic effect of Oat1/3 in a new model of the induction of renal damage after iAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abt. Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Meusel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abt. Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B. Betz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abt. Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C. Held
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abt. Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K. Möller-Ehrlich
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Molekulare Medizin (ZEMM), Bayerische Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Büttner-Herold
- Nephropathologische Abteilung im Pathologischen Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. Wanner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abt. Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; and
| | - C. Sauvant
- Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Martovetsky G, Ahn SY, Liu HC, Richard E, Bhatnagar V, Wu W. The organic anion transporter (OAT) family: a systems biology perspective. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:83-123. [PMID: 25540139 PMCID: PMC4281586 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids). Oats are expressed in many tissues, including kidney, liver, choroid plexus, olfactory mucosa, brain, retina, and placenta. Recent metabolomics and microarray data from Oat1 [Slc22a6, originally identified as NKT (novel kidney transporter)] and Oat3 (Slc22a8) knockouts, as well as systems biology studies, indicate that this pathway plays a central role in the metabolism and handling of gut microbiome metabolites as well as putative uremic toxins of kidney disease. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, such as Hnf4α and Hnf1α, appear to regulate the expression of certain Oats in conjunction with phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Some Oats have a strong selectivity for particular signaling molecules, including cyclic nucleotides, conjugated sex steroids, odorants, uric acid, and prostaglandins and/or their metabolites. According to the "Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis," which is elaborated in detail here, Oats may function in remote interorgan communication by regulating levels of signaling molecules and key metabolites in tissues and body fluids. Oats may also play a major role in interorganismal communication (via movement of small molecules across the intestine, placental barrier, into breast milk, and volatile odorants into the urine). The role of various Oat isoforms in systems physiology appears quite complex, and their ramifications are discussed in the context of remote sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gleb Martovetsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Henry C Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erin Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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50
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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