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Jiang D, Yu Z, He Y, Wang F, Gu Y, Davies TGE, Fan Z, Wang X, Wu Y. Key role of the ryanodine receptor I4790K mutation in mediating diamide resistance in Plutella xylostella. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104107. [PMID: 38492676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, a global insect pest of cruciferous vegetables, has evolved resistance to many classes of insecticides including diamides. Three point mutations (I4790M, I4790K, and G4946E) in the ryanodine receptor of P. xylostella (PxRyR) have been identified to associate with varying levels of resistance. In this study, we generated a knockin strain (I4790K-KI) of P. xylostella, using CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the I4790K mutation into PxRyR of the susceptible IPP-S strain. Compared to IPP-S, the edited I4790K-KI strain exhibited high levels of resistance to both anthranilic diamides (chlorantraniliprole 1857-fold, cyantraniliprole 1433-fold) and the phthalic acid diamide flubendiamide (>2272-fold). Resistance to chlorantraniliprole in the I4790K-KI strain was inherited in an autosomal and recessive mode, and genetically linked with the I4790K knockin mutation. Computational modeling suggests the I4790K mutation reduces the binding of diamides to PxRyR by disrupting key hydrogen bonding interactions within the binding cavity. The approximate frequencies of the 4790M, 4790K, and 4946E alleles were assessed in ten geographical field populations of P. xylostella collected in China in 2021. The levels of chlorantraniliprole resistance (2.3- to 1444-fold) in these populations were significantly correlated with the frequencies (0.017-0.917) of the 4790K allele, but not with either 4790M (0-0.183) or 4946E (0.017-0.450) alleles. This demonstrates that the PxRyR I4790K mutation is currently the major contributing factor to chlorantraniliprole resistance in P. xylostella field populations within China. Our findings provide in vivo functional evidence for the causality of the I4790K mutation in PxRyR with high levels of diamide resistance in P. xylostella, and suggest that tracking the frequency of the I4790K allele is crucial for optimizing the monitoring and management of diamide resistance in this crop pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhenwu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yingshi He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Falong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Insect Molecular Genomics Group, Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xingliang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Aghris S, Alaoui OT, Laghrib F, Farahi A, Bakasse M, Saqrane S, Lahrich S, El Mhammedi M. Extraction and determination of flubendiamide insecticide in food samples: A review. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:401-413. [PMID: 35243353 PMCID: PMC8861570 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Aghris
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - O. Tahiri Alaoui
- Moulay Ismail University, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Environment, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - F. Laghrib
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
- Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials, and Environment, Faculty of sciences, Fes, Morocco
| | - A. Farahi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - M. Bakasse
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
- Chouaib Doukkali University, Organic Micropollutants Analysis Team, Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - S. Saqrane
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - S. Lahrich
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - M.A. El Mhammedi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Materials Science, Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Khouribga, Morocco
- Corresponding author.
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Shu C, Yingying S, Xinhao F, Qingwu C, Xiaohua D, Chengxia T. Design, Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Pyridyl Thiazole Diamide Compounds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202205022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Electrochemical analysis of flubendiamide in water and white rice using clay microparticles supported on pencil electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A Comparative Perspective on Functionally-Related, Intracellular Calcium Channels: The Insect Ryanodine and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071031. [PMID: 34356655 PMCID: PMC8301844 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is vital for insect development and metabolism, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major intracellular reservoir for Ca2+. The inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) are large homotetrameric channels associated with the ER and serve as two major actors in ER-derived Ca2+ supply. Most of the knowledge on these receptors derives from mammalian systems that possess three genes for each receptor. These studies have inspired work on synonymous receptors in insects, which encode a single IP3R and RyR. In the current review, we focus on a fundamental, common question: “why do insect cells possess two Ca2+ channel receptors in the ER?”. Through a comparative approach, this review covers the discovery of RyRs and IP3Rs, examines their structures/functions, the pathways that they interact with, and their potential as target sites in pest control. Although insects RyRs and IP3Rs share structural similarities, they are phylogenetically distinct, have their own structural organization, regulatory mechanisms, and expression patterns, which explains their functional distinction. Nevertheless, both have great potential as target sites in pest control, with RyRs currently being targeted by commercial insecticide, the diamides.
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Hasan F, Mahboob S, Al-Ghanim KA, Al-Misned F, Dhillon MK, Manzoor U. Ecotoxicity of neonicotinoids and diamides on population growth performance of Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110998. [PMID: 32778532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Relative ecotoxicity of approved neonicotinoids (i.e. imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran) and diamides (i.e. chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide) was examined on population growth parameters of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on parthenium under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and 10 L : 14D photoperiod. The dose of all tested insecticides in the bioassay procedure was within a minimum range of their recommended field rate. In acute toxicity trial, imidacloprid caused highest rate of mortality in treated adults of Z. bicolorata, however, it was lowest in flubendiamide treatment followed by cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Further, based on toxicity coefficient (E) value in acute toxicity trial, all were classified as harmful (H) and diamides were classified as moderately harmful (MH) as per IOBC classification. Moreover, chronic toxicity trials were carried out through life table response experiments (LTREs) in the F1 progeny of acute toxicity experienced group. Prolonged development with the highest mortality was evident in as compared to diamides. Furthermore, population growth parameters i.e. potential fecundity (Pf), natality rate (mx), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) was greatly reduced in Z. bicolorata treated with neonicotinoids as compared with diamides. However, mean generation time (Tc), corrected generation time (τ) and the doubling time (DT) was prolonged in neonicotinoids followed by diamides. Furthermore, proportion of females was greatly reduced (0.43-0.48 females) in neonicotinoids as comparison to diamides (0.53-0.55 females) and control (0.67 females). On the basis of ecotoxicity trials, the tested neonicotinoids were highly toxic to Z. bicolorata than diamides. Therefore, diamide insecticides could be used with Z. bicolorata, however, for validation experimentation need to be done under natural field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil Hasan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Al-Ghanim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Misned
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uzma Manzoor
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, GN, Delhi, India
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Wang X, Cao X, Jiang D, Yang Y, Wu Y. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated ryanodine receptor I4790M knockin confers unequal resistance to diamides in Plutella xylostella. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 125:103453. [PMID: 32798712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is a major destructive pest of Brassica worldwide. P. xylostella has evolved resistance to nearly all commercial insecticides used for its control, including the most recent chemical class, diamide insecticides. Several studies show that the G4946E and I4790M mutations of ryanodine receptor (RyR) are strongly associated with diamide resistance in insects. While the pivotal functional role of G4946E in conferring diamide resistance phenotype has confirmed by several studies in different species, no direct evidence has unambiguously confirmed the functional significance of the single I4790M mutation in diamide resistance. Here, we successfully constructed a knockin homozygous strain (I4790M-KI) of P. xylostella using CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with homology directed repair approach to introduce I4790M into RyR. When compared with the background susceptible IPP-S strain, the manipulated I4790M-KI strain exhibited moderate resistance to the phthalic acid diamide flubendiamide (40.5-fold) and low resistance to anthranilic diamides chlorantraniliprole (6.0-fold) and cyantraniliprole (7.7-fold), with no changes to the toxicities of indoxacarb and β-cypermethrin. Furthermore, the acquired flubendiamide resistance was inherited in an autosomally recessive mode and significantly linked with the I4790M mutation of RyR in this I4790M-KI strain. Our findings provide in vivo functional evidence for the causality of I4790M mutation of PxRyR with moderate levels of resistance to flubendiamide in P. xylostella, and support the hypothesis that the diamide classes have different interactions with RyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Li Z, Jiang H, Liu S, Li Y, Yuchi Z, Gao Q. Ryanodine receptor-targeting small molecule fluorescent probes enables non-isotopic labeling and efficient drug screening for green insecticides. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:108-117. [PMID: 32222232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are calcium release channels located on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, which play important role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscular response. Flubendiamide represents a novel chemical family of green insecticides which selectively activate invertebrate RyR by interacting with the receptor distinct from the ryanodine binding site and has almost no effect on mammalian ryanodine receptors. Traditional methods to screen RyR modulators involve either radio-labeled RyR substrates or calcium signal-based indirect approaches. However, there is lack of RyR-directed non-isotope molecular tools for RyR agonists/antagonists screening and bioimaging. Here we developed a series of fluorescent probes based on the pharmacophore of flubendiamide with the aims to elucidate the mechanism of diamide insecticides and screen novel RyR-targeting insecticides. These probes revealed the specific RyR staining and in vivo RyR targeting properties in diamondback moth RyR transfected Sf9 cells (Sf9-RyR) and RyR enriched insect tissues. The designed fluorescent probes could induce an effective calcium release from ER membrane of Sf9-RyR cells and also showed competitive RyR binding effect with flubendiamide in cell-based fluorometric assay. Having the non-isotope RyR recognition probes will not only accelerate the screening process of new green agrochemicals but also enables deciphering molecular mechanisms of the high selectivity and the drug resistance associated with the diamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China; Central Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group, 226 Huanhe Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94th, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Qingzhi Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China; Department of Biology, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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Jouraku A, Kuwazaki S, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M, Kurokawa T, Mori E, Mori MX, Mori Y, Sonoda S. Ryanodine receptor mutations (G4946E and I4790K) differentially responsible for diamide insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 118:103308. [PMID: 31863874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) strains showing high-level resistance to cyantraniliprole (KA17 strain) and to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole (KU13 strain). The LC50 value of the KA17 strain against cyantraniliprole was ca. 100-fold higher than that of the KU13 strain. The KA17 strain also exhibited high-level resistance to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide equivalent to those in the KU13 strain. The KU13 strain showed a higher LC50 value against cyantraniliprole than the susceptible strains. However, the LC50 value of the KU13 strain against cyantraniliprole was below the agriculturally recommended concentration. Subsequent QTL analysis using ddRAD-seq identified the resistance responsible regions of the KA17 and KU13 strains with different diamide resistance profiles. Ryanodine receptor (RyR) gene was included in the identified regions. Single nucleotide polymorphism calling in the RyR gene using RNA-seq found previously reported G4946E (amino acid mutation from glycine to glutamic acid at amino acid position 4946) and novel I4790K (amino acid mutation from isoleucine to lysine at amino acid position 4790) mutations, respectively, in the RyR of the KU13 and KA17 strains. Functional significance of I4790K in the resistance was confirmed in calcium imaging of the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line expressing Bombyx mori RyR with the mutation. This reporting is the first describing I4790K as a fundamental mechanism responsible for the resistance to the diamides including cyantraniliprole. From this study, we also report up-regulated expression of some degradation enzymes and that of the RyR gene in the KA17 and KU13 strains based on results of RNA-seq data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Seigo Kuwazaki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyamoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kurokawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Emiko Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki X Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shoji Sonoda
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
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Watanabe A, Noguchi Y, Hirose T, Monma S, Satake Y, Arai T, Masuda K, Murashima N, Shiomi K, Ōmura S, Sunazuka T. Efficient synthesis of a ryanodine binding inhibitor verticilide using two practical approaches. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Soil and entomopathogenic fungi with potential for biodegradation of insecticides: degradation of flubendiamide in vivo by fungi and in vitro by laccase. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Flubendiamide is a highly toxic and persistent insecticide that causes loss of insect muscle functions leading to paralysis and death. The objective was to screen for filamentous fungi in soils where insecticides had been applied, to isolate entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva (Anticarsia gemmatalis) that infest soybean crops, and to use these in biodegradation of insecticides.
Method
Filamentous fungi were isolated from soils, and growth inhibition was evaluated on solid medium containing commercial insecticides, Belt® (flubendiamide) and Actara® (thiamethoxam). A total of 133 fungi were isolated from soil and 80 entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva. Based on growth inhibition tests, ten soil fungi, 2 entomopathogenic fungi, and Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 (reference standard) were selected for growth on commercial insecticides in solid media. Fungi were grown in submerged fermentation on media containing commercial insecticides and assayed for laccase activity.
Result
Isolates JUSOLCL039 (soil), JUANT070 (insect), and MAMB-05 performed best, and were respectively inhibited by 48.41%, 75.97%, and 79.23% when cultivated on 35 g/L Actara®, and 0.0, 5.42%, and 43.39% on 39.04 g/L Belt®. JUSOLCL039 and JUANT070 were molecularly identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and Neurospora sp., respectively. The three fungal isolates produced laccase constitutively, albeit at low activities. Fungal growth on pure flubendiamide and thiamethoxam resulted in only thiamethoxam inducing high laccase titers (10.16 U/mL) by JUANT070. Neurospora sp. and B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 27.4% and 9.5% in vivo, while a crude laccase from B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 20.2% in vitro.
Conclusion
This is the first report of fungi capable of degrading flubendiamide, which have applications in bioremediation.
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A monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for flubendiamide detection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2131. [PMID: 30765780 PMCID: PMC6376021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flubendiamide (FD), the first commercial phthalic acid diamide that targets insect ryanodine receptor (RyRs), has played an important role in pest management. With its extensive worldwide application, a rapid and convenient method to detect its existence in the environment is necessary. In this study, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed to analyse FD residue on environmental and food samples. The established icELISA showed a half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 17.25 µg L-1, with a working range of 4.06-103.59 µg L-1 for FD, and showed no cross-reactivity with chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and several FD analogues. Average FD recoveries from spinach, tap water, and soil samples were 89.3-112.3%, 93.0-102.1%, and 86.9-97.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, FD detection results of icELISA were compared with those of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The comparable results verified that icELISA was suitable for rapid detection of FD residue in environmental and agricultural samples.
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Li QB, Liao M, Liu Q, Feng T, Xu ZY, Rui CH, Liu SZ. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of Novel 1,3,5-Trimethylpyrazole-Containing Malonamide Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E562. [PMID: 30717498 PMCID: PMC6385117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
New 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole-containing malonamide derivatives based on pyflubumide were designed, synthesized, and characterized using ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS). The results of preliminary bioassays showed that the target compounds possessed good activities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Plutella xylostella, and Aphis craccivora. Most of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus at a concentration of 400 µg/mL, and some showed moderate activity at a concentration of 200 µg/mL; in particular, compounds 8m and 8p exhibited 70.0% mortality. In addition, some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, especially compounds 8i and 8o, which achieved 100.0% mortality at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Interestingly, some of the target compounds exhibited potent anti-aphid activity against Aphis craccivora at a concentration of 200 µg/mL; furthermore, compounds 8p and 8q demonstrated 100.0% anti-aphid activity at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The preliminary analyses of the structure⁻activity relationships (SAR) indicated that the acaricidal and insecticidal activities varied significantly depending on the type of substituent and substitution pattern, which provides guidance for the further investigation of such structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Bo Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tong Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chang-Hui Rui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shang-Zhong Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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14
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Zhou S, Zhou S, Xie Y, Meng X, Wang B, Xiong L, Yang N, Li Z. Synthesis, insecticidal activities and SAR studies of novel anthranilic diamides containing trifluoroethoxyl substituent and chiral amino acid moieties. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Wu SF, Zhao DD, Huang JM, Zhao SQ, Zhou LQ, Gao CF. Molecular characterization and expression profiling of ryanodine receptor gene in the pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 146:1-6. [PMID: 29626986 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibilities of three field populations of pink stem borer (PSB), Sesamia inferens (walker) to diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, were evaluated in this study. The results showed that these PSB field populations were still sensitive to the two diamide insecticides after many years of exposure. To further understand PSB and diamide insecticide, the full-length ryanodine receptor (RyR) cDNA (named as SiRyR), the molecular target of diamide insecticides was cloned from PSB and characterized. The SiRyR gene contains an open reading frame of 15,420 nucleotides, encoding 5140 amino acid residues, which shares 77% to 98% sequence identity with RyR homologous of other insects. All hallmarks of RyR proteins are conserved in the SiRyR protein, including the conserved C-terminal domain with the consensus calcium-biding EF-hands (calcium-binding motif), the six transmembrane domains, as well as mannosyltransferase, IP3R and RyR (pfam02815) (MIR) domains. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that the highest mRNA expression levels of SiRyR were observed in pupa and adults, especially in males. SiRyR was expressed at the highest level in thorax, and the lowest level in wing. The full genetic characterization of SiRyR could provide useful information for future functional expression studies and for discovery of new insecticides with selective insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Qi Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Qi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Sharma K, Bhushan VS, Rao CS, Reddy KN, Banerjee H, Mandal S, Singh B, Battu R, Jyot G, Sahoo S, Mohapatra S, Lekha S, Manikrao G, Radhika B, Tripathy V, Yadav R, Shukla P, Patel AN, Singh G, Devi S, Pandey P, Gautam R, Kalra S, Gupta R, Singh G, Gopal M, Walia S. Persistence, dissipation and consumer risk assessment of a combination formulation of flubendiamide and deltamethrin on cucumber. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:498-511. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1416678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.K. Sharma
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Shashi Bhushan
- bAINP on Pesticide Residues, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Cherukuri Sreenivasa Rao
- bAINP on Pesticide Residues, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K. Narsimha Reddy
- bAINP on Pesticide Residues, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hemanta Banerjee
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, India
| | - Balwinder Singh
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - R.S. Battu
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gagan Jyot
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - S.K. Sahoo
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Soudamini Mohapatra
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Bangaluru, New Delhi, India
| | - S. Lekha
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Bangaluru, New Delhi, India
| | - Gourishankar Manikrao
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Bangaluru, New Delhi, India
| | - B. Radhika
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Bangaluru, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Tripathy
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Shukla
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amar Nath Patel
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitansh Singh
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Pandey
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Gautam
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobhita Kalra
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Singh
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhuban Gopal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Walia
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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17
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Itagaki Y, Sonoda S. Seasonal proportion change of ryanodine receptor mutation (G4946E) in diamondback moth populations. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2017; 42:116-118. [PMID: 30363943 PMCID: PMC6183386 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the seasonal proportion change of ryanodine receptor mutation (G4946E) for Plutella xylostella populations using quantitative sequencing. Results showed that the proportions of G4946E generally increased from spring through summer, but then decreased in autumn. Furthermore, the proportions in late autumn were similar to those in early spring of the subsequent year. These results suggest that diamide effectiveness for P. xylostella control in the reference year can be evaluated based on a proportion survey in the prior year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Itagaki
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321–8505, Japan, Tochigi 321–8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Sonoda
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321–8505, Japan, Tochigi 321–8505, Japan
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18
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Sindhu T, Venkatesan T, Gracy GR, Jalali SK, Rai A. Exploring the resistance-developing mutations on Ryanodine receptor in diamondback moth and binding mechanism of its activators using computational study. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Mukherjee I, Das SK, Kumar A. Degradation of flubendiamide as affected by elevated CO2, temperature, and carbon mineralization rate in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19931-19939. [PMID: 27430656 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted under three levels of atmospheric CO2 [ambient (398 ± 10 μmol mol(-1)), elevated (570 ± 10 μmol mol(-1)) and open condition], three levels of temperature (4, 25, and 40 °C) to study the degradation pattern of flubendiamide in soil and also carbon mineralization in soil. Results of this study revealed that flubendiamide was found to persist longer under outdoor condition (T1/2, 177.0 and 181.1 days) than ambient (T1/2, 168.4 and 172.3 days) and elevated condition (T1/2, 159.3 and 155.3 days) at 1 and 10 μg g(-1) fortification level, respectively. Results also revealed that flubendiamide dissipated faster at 40 °C (T1/2, 189.4 days) than 25 °C (T1/2, 225.3 days). Slower dissipation was recorded at 4 °C (T1/2, 326.3 days). Thus, increased CO2 levels and temperature following global warming might adversely affect flubendiamide degradation in soil. Laboratory study on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and carbon mineralization (Cmin) in soil revealed that in des-iodo flubendiamide-treated soils, MBC significantly increased up to 45 days and then decreased. Flubendiamide-treated soil showed a non-significantly decreasing trend of soil MBC with time up to the 15th day of incubation and after 15 days significantly decreased up to 90 days of incubation. In des-iodo flubendiamide-treated soil, the evolution of CO2 decreased up to 45 days, which was increased after 45 days up to 90 days. In flubendiamide-treated soil, CO2 evolution decreased up to 30 days and after 45 days, it increased up to 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irani Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, LBS Building, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Shaon Kumar Das
- ICAR-National Organic Farming Research Institute, Tadong, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, LBS Building, New Delhi, 110012, India
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20
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Troczka BJ, Williams AJ, Williamson MS, Field LM, Lüemmen P, Davies TGE. Stable expression and functional characterisation of the diamondback moth ryanodine receptor G4946E variant conferring resistance to diamide insecticides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14680. [PMID: 26424584 PMCID: PMC5289073 DOI: 10.1038/srep14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamides, such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, belong to a new chemical class of insecticides that act as conformation-sensitive activators of insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Both compounds are registered for use against lepidopteran species such as the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, a notorious global pest of cruciferous crops. Recently acquired resistance to diamide insecticides in this species is thought to be due to a target-site mutation conferring an amino acid substitution (G4946E), located within the trans-membrane domain of the RyR, though the exact role of this mutation has not yet been fully determined. To address this we have cloned a full-length cDNA encoding the P. xylostella RyR and established clonal Sf9 cell lines stably expressing either the wildtype RyR or the G4946E variant, in order to test the sensitivity to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole on the recombinant receptor. We report that the efficacy of both diamides was dramatically reduced in clonal Sf9 cells stably expressing the G4946E modified RyR, providing clear functional evidence that the G4946E RyR mutation impairs diamide insecticide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej J Troczka
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alan J Williams
- Institute of Molecular &Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Linda M Field
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - T G Emyr Davies
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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21
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Das SK, Mukherjee I, Kumar A. Effect of soil type and organic manure on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:403. [PMID: 26041063 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory study on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide was conducted in two soil types, varying in their physical and chemical properties, by batch equilibrium method. After 4 h of equilibrium time, adsorption of flubendiamide on soil matrix exhibited moderately low rate of accumulation with 4.52 ± 0.21% in red soil and low rate with 3.55 ± 0.21% in black soil. After amending soils with organic manure, adsorption percentage increased to 6.42 ± 0.21% in red soil and (4.18 ± 0.21%) in black soil indicating that amendment significantly increased sorption. Variation in sorption affinities of the soils as indicated by distribution coefficient (K d) for sorption was in the range of 2.98-4.32, 4.91-6.64, 1.04-1.45 and 1.92-2.81 ml/g for red soil, organic manure-treated red soil, black soil and organic manure-treated black soil, respectively. Desorption was slightly slower than adsorption indicating a hysteresis effect having hysteresis coefficient ranges between 0.023 and 0.149 in two test soils. The adsorption data for the insecticide fitted well the Freundlich equation. Results revealed that adsorption-desorption was influenced by soil types and showed that the maximum sorption and minimum desorption of the insecticide was observed in soils with higher organic carbon and clay content. It can be inferred that crystal lattice of the clay soil plays a significant role in flubendiamide adsorption and desorption. Adsorption was lower at acidic pH and gradually increased towards alkaline pH. As this insecticide is poorly sorbed in the two Indian soil types, there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaon Kumar Das
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India,
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22
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Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity of some novel diacylhydrazine and acylhydrazone derivatives. Molecules 2015; 20:5625-37. [PMID: 25830791 PMCID: PMC6272438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a series of diacylhydrazine and acylhydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized according to the method of active group combination and the principles of aromatic group bioisosterism. The structures of the novel derivatives were determined on the basis on 1H-NMR, IR and ESI-MS spectral data. All of the compounds were evaluated for their in vivo insecticidal activity against the third instar larvae of Spodopteraexigua Hiibner, Helicoverpaarmigera Hubner, Plutellaxyllostella Linnaeus and Pierisrapae Linne, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mg/L. The results showed that all of the derivatives displayed high insecticidal activity. Most of the compounds presented higher insecticidal activity against S. exigua than the reference compounds tebufenozide, metaflumizone and tolfenpyrad, and approximately identical insecticidal activity against H.armigera, P.xyllostella and P.rapae as the references metaflumizone and tolfenpyrad.
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23
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Deepa M, Jayaprakash S, Paramasivam M, Eswar D, Selvi C, Chandrasekaran S. Determination of flubendiamide residues and its safety evaluation for usage in cardamom by liquid chromatography. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2013.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Deepa
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S.A. Jayaprakash
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Paramasivam
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Eswar
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. Selvi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Chandrasekaran
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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24
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Casida JE. Golden Age of RyR and GABA-R Diamide and Isoxazoline Insecticides: Common Genesis, Serendipity, Surprises, Selectivity, and Safety. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:560-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and
Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy,
and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112, United States
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25
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Zhang R, Liu K, Cui Y, Zhang W, He L, Guo S, Chen Y, Li QX, Liu S, Wang B. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of the novel insecticide cyantraniliprole. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective immunoassay was developed for the analysis of cyantraniliprole. The concentrations of cyantraniliprole residues in pakchoi samples determined by ELISA agreed with those by the HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Kechang Liu
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Yongliang Cui
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
- College of Science
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Lishan He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Suoqin Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Shangzhong Liu
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
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26
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Chen Y, Li Y, Pan L, Liu J, Wan Y, Chen W, Xiong L, Yang N, Song H, Li Z. Synthesis, insecticidal activities and SAR of novel phthalamides targeting calcium channel. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6366-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Yan HH, Xue CB, Li GY, Zhao XL, Che XZ, Wang LL. Flubendiamide resistance and Bi-PASA detection of ryanodine receptor G4946E mutation in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 115:73-77. [PMID: 25307469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The extensive application of flubendiamide has led to increasingly prominent development of resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Here we report that the moderate and high level resistance to flubendiamide was identified in a laboratory-selected and two field-collected strains of P. xylostella. The resistance ratios were tested in the lab-selected resistant strains (R), and two field strains (BY and ZC). Compared with the S strain, the R strain showed extended larval development time, decreased pupation rate, emergencing rate, and male adult longevity. The realized heritability (h(2)=0.135) implies the high risk of flubendiamide resistance development in P. xylostella. A Bi-PASA (bi-directional PCR amplification of specific allele)-based method was successfully developed to detect the point mutation (G4946E) potentially causing flubendiamide resistance in diamondback moth, in which different fragments 866 bp + 340 bp, 866 bp+568 bp, and 866 bp+568 bp+340 bp were presented in SS, RR and RS stains, respectively. The predominant genotype was 83.33% SS homozygote in the S strain, 80.77% RR homozygote in ZC population, and 73.08% RS heterozygote in BY population, respectively. Current results showed the significant correlation between the frequencies of the allele carrying G4946E mutation (51.92%, 55.77% and 90.38% for R, BY and ZC, respectively) and the resistance ratios (40.72, 24.24 and 1779.24-folds for R, BY and ZC, respectively) in the three strains/populations. In addition, the relative PxRyR mRNA transcript level in the R strain was 2.938 ± 0.53 folds as compared with the S strain (1.0-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chao-Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Guang-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Che
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Long-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, China
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28
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Paramasivam M, Selvi C, Chandrasekaran S. Persistence and dissipation of flubendiamide and its risk assessment on gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4881-4887. [PMID: 24691735 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A supervised open field trial was conducted to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide in gherkin fruits following foliar application of Fame 480 SC at 60 and 120 g a.i. ha(-1). Samples of gherkin fruits were drawn at different time intervals and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The maximum initial deposits of flubendiamide on gherkin were found to be 0.79 and 1.52 mg kg(-1), respectively, at recommended and double the recommended doses. The dissipation pattern of flubendiamide followed a first-order kinetics with half-lives of 1.87 to 2.16 days at 60 and 120 g a.i. ha(-1), respectively. The limit of quantification of flubendiamide and desiodo flubendiamide was observed to be 0.01 mg kg(-1) for gherkin fruit and soil substrates. Theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) for flubendiamide was calculated and found to be well below the maximum permissible intake (MPI) on gherkin fruits. Thus, the application of flubendiamide at the recommended dose on gherkin fruits presents no human health risks and safe to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India,
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Wang J, Xie Z, Gao J, Liu Y, Wang W, Huang L, Wang J. Molecular cloning and characterization of a ryanodine receptor gene in brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:790-797. [PMID: 23893901 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are a distinct class of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) release channel. The recent discovery of diamide insecticides has prompted studies on insect RyRs. However, information about the structure and function of insect RyRs is still limited. In this study, we isolated and characterized a full-length RyR cDNA (named NlRyR) from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), a serious rice pest throughout Asia. RESULTS The composite NlRyR gene contains an open reading frame of 15 423 bp encoding a protein of 5140 amino acid residues, which shares high sequence identity (78-81%) with other insect homologues, except for two regions (IDR1: 4379-4732; IDR2: 1307-1529) with markedly low identity (44-48 and 38-41%, respectively). All hallmarks of the RyR proteins are conserved in the NlRyR protein, including the RyR domain as well as mannosyltransferase, IP3 R and RyR (pfam02815) (MIR) and RyR and IP3 R homology (pfam01365) (RIH) domains. Expression analysis of NlRyR revealed significant differences in mRNA expression levels among N. lugens developmental stages. Furthermore, three alternative splicing sites were identified in NlRyR, one of which forms the mutually exclusive exons A/B and is conserved in various insect species. Diagnostic PCR assays showed that the splice variant containing exon A was predominantly detected in all developmental stages. CONCLUSION NlRyR may play an important role in the control of developmental processes of N. lugens. Alternative splicing may generate the functional diversity of NlRyR. The results provided the basis for further structural and functional characterization of NlRyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Das SK, Mukherjee I. Influence of microbial community on degradation of flubendiamide in two Indian soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:3213-3219. [PMID: 24420740 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of flubendiamide as affected by microbial population count in two Indian soils (red and alluvial) varying in physicochemical properties was studied under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Recovery of flubendiamide in soil was in the range of 94.7-95.9 % at 0.5 and 1.0 μg g(-1), respectively. The DT50 of flubendiamide at the level of 10 μg g(-1) in red soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions was found to be 140.3 and 93.7 days, respectively, and in alluvial soil under sterile and non-sterile condition was 181.1 and 158.4 days, respectively. Residues of flubendiamide dissipated faster in red soil (non-sterile followed by sterile) as compared to alluvial (non-sterile soil followed by sterile soil). A wide difference in half-life of red and alluvial soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions indicated that the variation in physicochemical properties of red and alluvial soil as well as the presence of microbes play a great role for degradation of flubendiamide. The results revealed that slower-degrading alluvial soil possessed microbes with degradative capacity. The degradation rate in this soil was significantly reduced by some of its physicochemical characteristics, despite sterile and non-sterile conditions, which was faster in red soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaon Kumar Das
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012,
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Wang Y, Guo L, Qi S, Zhang H, Liu K, Liu R, Liang P, Casida JE, Liu S. Fluorescent probes for insect ryanodine receptors: candidate anthranilic diamides. Molecules 2014; 19:4105-14. [PMID: 24699151 PMCID: PMC6270845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamide insecticides with high efficacy against pests and good environmental safety are broadly applied in crop protection. They act at a poorly-defined site in the very complex ryanodine (Ry) receptor (RyR) potentially accessible to a fluorescent probe. Two N-propynyl analogs of the major anthranilic diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole (Chlo) and cyantraniliprole (Cyan) were accordingly synthesized and converted into two fluorescent ligands by click reaction coupling with 3-azido-7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one. The new diamide analogs and fluorescent ligands were shown to be nearly as potent as Chlo and Cyan in inhibition of [3H]Chlo binding and stimulation of [3H]Ry binding in house fly thoracic muscle RyR. Although the newly synthesized compounds had only moderate activity in insect larvicidal activity assays, their high in vitro potency in a validated insect RyR binding assay encourages further development of fluorescent probes for insect RyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kechang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - John E Casida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA.
| | - Shangzhong Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Luo M, Chen Q, Wang J, Hu C, Lu J, Luo X, Sun D. Novel chlorantraniliprole derivatives as potential insecticides and probe to chlorantraniliprole binding site on ryanodine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1987-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cui Y, Liu K, Xu C, Liu F, Li QX, Liu S, Wang B. Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for analysing chlorantraniliprole residues. Food Chem 2014; 143:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Liu Y, Gao J, Xie Z, Huang L, Wang W, Wang J. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of a ryanodine receptor gene in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:327-333. [PMID: 24267694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the targets of novel diamide insecticides. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important cotton pests in the world. In this study, we report the full-length RyR cDNA sequence (named as HaRyR) of H. armigera. The 16,083-bp contiguous sequence encoded 5, 142 amino acid residues, which shares 80% and 78% overall identities with its homologues in Nilaparvata lugens (NlRyR) and Drosophila melanogaster (DmRyR), respectively. All hallmarks of RyR proteins are conserved in the HaRyR, including the GXRXGGGXGD motif conserved in the Ca(2+) release channels and four copies of RyR domain unique to RyR channels. The previously identified seven lepidopteran-specific RyR residues were also found in HaRyR (N(4977), N(4979), N(4990), L(5005), L(5036), N(5068) and T(5119)). An amino acid sequence alignment showed that the N-terminal region of HaRyR (residues 188-295) shared high sequence identity with NlRyR (94%) and DmRyR (92%), and moderate sequence identity (47-50%) with three rabbit RyR isoforms, while the short segment of the C-terminal transmembrane region of HaRyR (residues 4632-4676) exhibited moderate sequence identity with NlRyR (69%) and DmRyR (67%), and low sequence identity (19-28%) with three rabbit RyR isoforms. In addition, expression analysis of HaRyR revealed that the mRNA expression level in eggs was significantly lower than in third instar larvae, pupae and adults, and anatomical regulation of HaRyR expression was also observed with the highest expression level in head compared with thorax and abdomen. Our results lay a foundation for comprehensive structural and functional characterization of HaRyR and for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of toxicity selectivity of diamide insecticides among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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35
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Cui L, Yang D, Yan X, Rui C, Wang Z, Yuan H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression profiling of a ryanodine receptor gene in Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75825. [PMID: 24098400 PMCID: PMC3787966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca(2+) release channel is the target of diamide insecticides, which show selective insecticidal activity against lepidopterous insects. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the species-specific action of diamide insecticides, we have cloned and characterized the entire cDNA sequence of RyR from Ostrinia furnacalis (named as OfRyR). The OfRyR mRNA has an Open Reading Frame of 15324 bp nucleotides and encodes a 5108 amino acid polypeptide that displays 79-97% identity with other insects RyR proteins and shows the greatest identity with Cnaphalocrocis medinalis RyR (97%). Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the OfRyR was expressed at the lowest level in egg and the highest level in adult. The relative expression level of OfRyR in first, third and fifth-instar larva were 1.28, 1.19 and 1.99 times of that in egg. Moreover, two alternative splicing sites were identified in the OfRyR gene. One pair of mutually exclusive exons (a/b) were present in the central part of the predicted SPRY domain, and an optional exon (c) was located between the third and fourth RyR domains. Diagnostic PCR demonstrated that exons a and b existed in all developmental stages of OfRyR cDNA, but exon c was not detected in the egg cDNA. And the usage frequencies of these exons showed a significant difference between different developmental stages. These results provided the crucial basis for the functional expression of OfRyR and for the discovery of compound with potentially selective insect activtity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daibin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Rui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Agbohessi PT, Imorou Toko I, Houndji A, Gillardin V, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P. Acute toxicity of agricultural pesticides to embryo-larval and juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:692-700. [PMID: 23334459 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicities of Tihan 175 O-TEQ, as well as its active ingredients flubendiamide and spirotetramat, and of Thionex 350 EC (active compound endosulfan) were measured for embryo-larval and juvenile stages of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus to assess risks of pesticide use in the cotton basin in Benin (West Africa). For embryo-larval stages, Tihan was more toxic (LC5048h 20 ppm) than Thionex (LC5048h 56 ppm), and flubendiamide was more toxic (LC5048h 2.0 ppm) than spirotetramat (LC5048h 8.44 ppm). All decreased hatching rates. Tihan and spirotetramat disturbed larval swimming coordination; flubendiamide induced tail cleavage. For juvenile fish, Thionex was more toxic (LC5096h 0.22 ppm) than Tihan (LC5096h 8.8 ppm), and flubendiamide (LC5096h 4.7 ppm) was more toxic than spirotetramat (LC5096h 6.0 ppm). Eggs were more resistant than juvenile fish to all tested pesticides except flubendiamide. Although Thionex was more toxic to juvenile fish, replacing Thionex with Tihan may be undesirable for survival of eggs and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Agbohessi
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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37
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Hartung S, Iwasaki M, Ogawa N, Kreuzig R. Laboratory tests on sorption and transformation of the insecticide flubendiamide in Japanese tea field soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:904-909. [PMID: 23247192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flubendiamide belongs to the modern insecticides applied in Japanese tea cultivation to control smaller tea tortrix and tea leaf roller. Since fate and behavior in soil have been only monitored sparsely and fragmentarily until today, laboratory tests were performed on sorption, leaching, biotransformation and photo-induced biotransformation of flubendiamide in two different soils. In batch equilibrium tests, K(d) and K(OC) values were 15 and 298 L kg(-1) for the Japanese tea field soil as well as 16 and 1610 L kg(-1) for the German arable field soil classifying flubendiamide to be moderately mobile and slightly mobile, respectively. The affinity to the tea field soil was additionally confirmed by soil column tests where flubendiamide was predominantly retarded in the topsoil layers resulting in a percolate contamination of only 0.002 mg L(-1). In the aerobic biotransformation tests, flubendiamide did not substantially disappear within the 122-d incubation period. Due to DT(50)>122 d, flubendiamide was assessed very persistent. Supplementary, photo-induced impacts on biotransformation were studied in a special laboratory irradiation system. Despite a 14-d irradiation period, photo-induced biotransformation in the tea field soil was not identifiable, neither by HPLC/DAD nor by LC/MS/MS. 3-d irradiation tests in photosensibilizing acetone, however, showed that the primary photo-transformation product desiodo-flubendiamide was formed. How far this photochemical reaction may also occur in soil of perennial tea plant stands, however, has to be checked in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susen Hartung
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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Jeanguenat A. The story of a new insecticidal chemistry class: the diamides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:7-14. [PMID: 23034936 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the story of the invention of the diamides, a novel chemical class of insecticides. It starts with the pioneering work by Nihon Nohyaku researchers, who developed a herbicide lead with weak insecticidal activity to flubendiamide, a highly potent lepidoptericide. The journey continues with Nissan's isoxazolines and the invention of the anthranilamides by DuPont, culminating in the discovery of the blockbuster chlorantraniliprole and its analogue cyantraniliprole. The next steps are Syngenta's sulfoximines and bicyclic anthranilamides, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha's cyclopropylamides, Sumitomo's hydrazides, Bayer's pyrazoles and tetrazoles, BASF's sulfoximines and more recent contributions from Chinese agrochemical companies and academic institutions. The diamides affect calcium homeostasis by binding to ryanodine receptors and releasing calcium from the intracellular stores. Investigations at Nihon Nohyaku, DuPont and Bayer on the action of the diamides on ryanodine receptors will be briefly reported.
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Isaacs AK, Qi S, Sarpong R, Casida JE. Insect ryanodine receptor: distinct but coupled insecticide binding sites for [N-C(3)H(3)]chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and [(3)H]ryanodine. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1571-3. [PMID: 22856329 DOI: 10.1021/tx300326m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled anthranilic diamide insecticide [N-C(3)H(3)]chlorantraniliprole was synthesized at high specific activity. It was compared with phthalic diamide insecticide flubendiamide and [(3)H]ryanodine in radioligand binding studies with house fly muscle membranes to provide the first direct evidence with a native insect ryanodine receptor that the major anthranilic and phthalic diamide insecticides bind at different allosterically coupled sites, i.e., there are three distinct Ca(2+)-release channel targets for insecticide action.
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Affiliation(s)
- André K Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Wang J, Li Y, Han Z, Zhu Y, Xie Z, Wang J, Liu Y, Li X. Molecular characterization of a ryanodine receptor gene in the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). PLoS One 2012; 7:e36623. [PMID: 22567170 PMCID: PMC3342285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the targets of two novel classes of synthetic insecticidal chemicals, phthalic acid diamides and anthranilic diamides. Isolation of full-length RyR cDNAs is a critical step towards the structural and functional characterization of insect RyRs and an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the species selective toxicity of diamide insecticides. However, there has been little research on the insect RyR genes due to the high molecular weight of the RyR proteins. In this study, we isolated a full-length RyR cDNA (named as CmRyR) from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, an important rice pest throughout Southeast Asia. The composite CmRyR gene contains an ORF of 15264 bp encoding a protein of 5087 amino acid residues, which shares 79% overall identity with its Drosophila melanogaster homologue. All hallmarks of the RyR proteins are conserved in the CmRyR protein, suggesting that CmRyR is a structural and functional analogue of known RyRs. A multiple sequence alignment illustrates that the insect RyRs share high levels of amino acid sequence identity at the the COOH-terminal region. However, the amino acid residues analogous to the CmRyR residues N4922, N4924, N4935, L4950, L4981, N5013 and T5064 are unique to lepidopteran RyRs compared with non-lepidopteran insect RyRs. This finding suggests that these residues may be involved in the differences in channel properties between lepidopteran and non-lepidopteran insect RyRs and in the species selective toxicity of diamide insecticides. Furthermore, two alternative splicing sites were identified in the CmRyR gene, one of which was located in the central part of the predicted second SPRY domain. Diagnostic PCR showed that the inclusion frequencies of two mutually exclusive exons (a/b) and one optional exon (c) differed between developmental stages or adult anatomical regions. Our results imply that alternative splicing may be a major means of generating functional diversity in C. medinalis RyR channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Das SK, Mukherjee I. Effect of moisture and organic manure on persistence of flubendiamide in soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:515-520. [PMID: 22323049 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of flubendiamide in soil as affected by moisture and organic manure was studied. The present study reports persistence of flubendiamide [N (2)-{1,1-dimethyl-2-{methylsulfonyl) ethyl}-3-iodo-N (1)-{2-methyl-4-{1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl) ethyl} phenyl}-1,2-benzene dicarboxamide] in a sandy loam soil. Dissipation of the pesticide followed mono-phasic first order kinetics. The persistence of flubendiamide was more in dry soil followed by field capacity and submerged condition with half life values of 150.5-158.4 days for submerged soil, 177.0-181.1 days for field capacity soil and 206.6-215.0 days for dry soil. It was found that there is slight effect of fortification level on dissipation of flubendiamide in soil. In all the cases i.e. dry, field capacity and submerged condition dissipation was slightly slower at 10 μg g(-1) level. Amendment of organic manure (2.5%) to the soil enhanced the degradation of the insecticide, and the half-life values in field capacity and submerged soils were 155.1 and 130.8 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaon Kumar Das
- Agricultural Research Service, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Das SK, Mukherjee I. Flubendiamide transport through packed soil columns. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:229-233. [PMID: 22002178 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flubendiamide insecticide is widely used in Indian subtropical condition to control lepidopteron pests mainly in rice and cotton. The present study reports leaching behaviour of flubendiamide, N(2)-[1,1-dimethyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-3-iodo-N(1)-[2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl)ethyl] phenyl]-1,2-benzene dicarboxamide, in packed soil columns under different rainfall conditions. Flubendiamide did not leach out of the 25 cm long soil columns even after percolating water equivalent to 462.18 mm rainfall. After leaching with water equivalent to 462.18 mm rainfall, in analytical grade treatment, 68.06% of the recovered flubendiamide was the major amount present in 5-10 cm depth whereas in the formulation 67.22% of the recovered flubendiamide was confined to 0-5 cm depth. Results revealed that with percolating 160 mL of water residues of desiodo flubendiamide detected up to 20-25 cm layer along with 9.47% residues in this layer, indicating that metabolite is more mobile as compared to analytical grade flubendiamide and 39.35% SC formulation. Formulation slowed the downward mobility of flubendiamide in soil column. Flubendiamide is slightly mobile in sandy loam soil, but desiodo flubendiamide is relatively more mobile and may leach into ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaon Kumar Das
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Paramasivam M, Banerjee H. Simultaneous determination of flubendiamide its metabolite desiodo flubendiamide residues in cabbage, tomato and pigeon pea by HPLC. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 87:452-456. [PMID: 21858703 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple method for simultaneous analysis of flubendiamide and its metabolite desiodo flubendiamide in cabbage, tomato and pigeon pea has been developed. The residues were extracted with QuEChERS method followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction with primary secondary amine sorbent to remove co extractives, prior to analysis by HPLC coupled with UV-Vis detector. The recoveries of flubendiamide and desiodo flubendiamide were ranged from 85.1 to 98.5% and 85.9 to 97.1% respectively with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 5% and sensitivity of 0.01 μg g(-1). The method offers a less expensive and safer alternative to the existing residue analysis methods for vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paramasivam
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, AINP on Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Liu M, Wang Y, Wangyang WZ, Liu F, Cui YL, Duan YS, Wang M, Liu SZ, Rui CH. Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activities of phthalamides containing a hydrazone substructure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6858-6863. [PMID: 20450195 DOI: 10.1021/jf1000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluobendiamide is the first commercialized artificial synthetic insecticide acting on the ryanodine receptor. This new molecule possesses a combination of excellent insecticidal activity and eco-friendly characteristics with a skeleton structure of phthalamide. In this study, we incorporated hydrazone, present in many pesticidal compounds reported during the last two decades, into phthalamide derivatives via Schiff-base condensation and aminolysis to obtain 21 new compounds; these compounds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) or elemental analysis. A preliminary bioassay against peach aphids ( Myzus persicae ) revealed that the title compounds exhibited good stomach toxicity at 600 mg/L. Twelve new compounds were found to display higher activity than postive control flubendiamide (LC(50) = 184.099 mg/L), however, LC(50) was less than 100 mg/L only for compounds 4e, 4o, 4s, 4t (59-77 mg/L). That is, combinations of a p-fluorophenyl or (methyl)thienyl group at the Ar position with an isopropyl or cyclohexyl group at the R position might improve the lethality of the designed phthalamide derivative. Preliminary results of a bioassay at 600 mg/L against diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella , Linnaeus) showed that only the title compound 4e possessed good larvicidal activity. On comparison of the bioassay results of stomach toxicity and larvicidal activity, it is noteworthy that the compound incorporating phenylpyrazolyl exhibited good larvicidal activity and poor stomach activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Liu GY, Ju XL, Cheng J, Liu ZQ. 3D-QSAR studies of insecticidal anthranilic diamides as ryanodine receptor activators using CoMFA, CoMSIA and DISCOtech. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:300-306. [PMID: 19914677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To explore the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) and the pharmacophore model of a new class of potent activators of the anthranilic diamide ryanodine receptor (RyR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) and distance comparison technique (DISCOtech) were performed on 38 anthranilic diamides. Successful CoMFA and CoMSIA models yielded "leave-one-out" (LOO) cross-validated correlation coefficient (q(2)) values of 0.785 and 0.788 and non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r(2)) values of 0.958 and 0.981, respectively. Results were graphically interpreted in terms of field contribution maps. A DISCOtech pharmacophore model containing an aromatic ring center, a hydrophobic ring center, a hydrogen bond-donor and a hydrogen bond-acceptor was constructed. This model indicated that hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds have important roles in the interactions between activators and RyRs, which was consistent with CoMSIA results. The information obtained from CoMFA, CoMSIA and DISCOtech models enabled interpretation of the structure-activity relationships of anthranilic diamides. Based on the constructed models, some vital features for the interaction of anthranilic diamides with RyRs were identified, which may prove helpful in designing more potent RyR activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, PR China
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Jeschke P. The unique role of halogen substituents in the design of modern agrochemicals. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:10-27. [PMID: 19701961 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The past 30 years have witnessed a period of significant expansion in the use of halogenated compounds in the field of agrochemical research and development. The introduction of halogens into active ingredients has become an important concept in the quest for a modern agrochemical with optimal efficacy, environmental safety, user friendliness and economic viability. Outstanding progress has been made, especially in synthetic methods for particular halogen-substituted key intermediates that were previously prohibitively expensive. Interestingly, there has been a rise in the number of commercial products containing 'mixed' halogens, e.g. one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms in addition to one or more further halogen atoms. Extrapolation of the current trend indicates that a definite growth is to be expected in fluorine-substituted agrochemicals throughout the twenty-first century. A number of these recently developed agrochemical candidates containing halogen substituents represent novel classes of chemical compounds with new modes of action. However, the complex structure-activity relationships associated with biologically active molecules mean that the introduction of halogens can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the efficacy of a compound, depending on its changed mode of action, physicochemical properties, target interaction or metabolic susceptibility and transformation. In spite of modern design concepts, it is still difficult to predict the sites in a molecule at which halogen substitution will result in optimal desired effects. This review describes comprehensively the successful utilisation of halogens and their unique role in the design of modern agrochemicals, exemplified by various commercial products from Bayer CropScience coming from different agrochemical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jeschke
- Bayer CropScience AG, Research Insecticides Chemistry Insecticides, Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Kato K, Kiyonaka S, Sawaguchi Y, Tohnishi M, Masaki T, Yasokawa N, Mizuno Y, Mori E, Inoue K, Hamachi I, Takeshima H, Mori Y. Molecular characterization of flubendiamide sensitivity in the lepidopterous ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channel. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10342-52. [PMID: 19807072 DOI: 10.1021/bi900866s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flubendiamide is a benzenedicarboxamide derivative that shows selective insecticidal activity against lepidopterous insects. The specific modulatory effects of flubendiamide on ryanodine binding in insect muscle microsomal membranes suggest that the ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca(2+) release channel is a primary target of flubendiamide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the species-specific action of flubendiamide are unclear. We have cloned cDNA encoding a novel RyR from the lepidopterous silkworm RyR (sRyR) and tested the sensitivity to flubendiamide of the recombinant sRyR in HEK293 cells. Confocal localization studies and Ca(2+) imaging techniques revealed that sRyRs form Ca(2+) release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, flubendiamide induced release of Ca(2+) through the sRyR, but not through the rabbit RyR isoforms. Photoaffinity labeling of sRyR deletion mutants using a photoreactive derivative revealed that flubendiamide is mainly incorporated into the transmembrane domain (amino acids 4111-5084) of the sRyR. The rabbit cardiac muscle isoform RyR2 (rRyR2) and the RyR mutant carrying a replacement of the transmembrane domain (residues 4084-5084) with its counterpart sequence from rRyR2 (residues 3936-4968) were not labeled by the photoreactive compound. This replacement in the sRyR significantly impaired the responses to flubendiamide but only marginally reduced the sensitivity to caffeine, a general RyR activator. Furthermore, deletion of the N-terminal sequence (residues 183-290) abolished the responses of the sRyR to flubendiamide but not the sensitivity to caffeine. Our results suggest that the transmembrane domain plays an important role in the formation of an action site for flubendiamide, while the N-terminus is a structural requirement for flubendiamide-induced activation of the sRyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Yamazaki D, Yamazaki T, Takeshima H. New molecular components supporting ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ release: Roles of junctophilin and TRIC channel in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 121:265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lahm GP, Cordova D, Barry JD. New and selective ryanodine receptor activators for insect control. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4127-33. [PMID: 19186058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diamide insecticides have emerged as one of the most promising new classes of insecticide chemistry owing to their excellent insecticidal efficacy and high margins of mammalian safety. Chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, the first two insecticides from this class, demonstrate exceptional activity across a broad range of pests in the order Lepidoptera. This chemistry has been confirmed to control insects via activation of ryanodine receptors which leads to uncontrolled calcium release in muscle. The high levels of mammalian safety are attributed to a strong selectivity for insect over mammalian receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Lahm
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Caboni P, Sarais G, Angioni A, Vargiu S, Pagnozzi D, Cabras P, Casida JE. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric ion-switching determination of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in fruits and vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7696-7699. [PMID: 18690687 DOI: 10.1021/jf8014816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The anthranilic and phthalic diamides, chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and flubendiamide (FLU), respectively, represent a new class of very effective insecticides that activate the ryanodine-sensitive intracellular calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor). This paper reports an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of the two insecticides on fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry operated in the positive and negative ionization switching mode. The two diamides were extracted with acetonitrile and separated on a Zorbax Column Eclipse XDB C8 (4.6 mm x 150 mm i.d., 3 microm) by isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid pumped at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The diamides were selectively detected by multiple reaction monitoring for transitions of proton adduct precursor ions simultaneously: positive m/z 484.3-->285 for CAP, m/z 445.5-->169 for internal standard, and negative m/z 681.4-->253 for FLU. For CAP calibration in the positive mode was linear over a working range of 2 to 1000 microg/L with r > 0.992. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for CAP were 0.8 and 1.6 microg/kg, respectively. For FLU in the negative mode the corresponding values were 1-1000 microg/L for linear working range, with r > 0.996 and 0.4 and 0.8 microg/L for LOD and LOQ, respectively. Moreover, the presence of interfering compounds in the fruit and vegetable extracts was found to be minimal. Due to the linear behavior of the MS detector response for the two analytes, it was concluded that the multiple reaction transitions of molecular ions in the ion-switching mode can be used for analytical purposes, that is, for identification and quantification of diamides in fruit and vegetable extracts at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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