1
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Abuhammad A, Laurieri N, Rice A, Lowe ED, Singh N, Naser SM, Ratrout SS, Churchill GC. Structural and biochemical analysis of human inositol monophosphatase-1 inhibition by ebselen. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14036-14048. [PMID: 36762717 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2176925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a major psychiatric disorder associated with cognitive impairment and a high suicide rate. Frontline therapy for this condition includes lithium (Li+)-containing treatments that can exert severe side effects. One target of Li+ is inositol monophosphatase-1 (IMPase1); inhibition of IMPase1 through small-molecule compounds may provide an alternative treatment for bipolar disorder. One such compound is the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen, which is well tolerated and safe; however, ebselen's exact mechanism of action in IMPase1 inhibition is not fully understood, preventing rational design of IMPase1 inhibitors. To fill this gap, we performed crystallographic and biochemical studies to investigate how ebselen inhibits IMPase1. We obtained a structure of IMPase1 in space group P21 after treatment with ebselen that revealed three key active-site loops (residues 33-44, 70-79, and 161-165) that are either disordered or in multiple conformations, supporting a hypothesis whereby dynamic conformational changes may be important for catalysis and ebselen inhibition. Using the thermal shift assay, we confirmed that ebselen significantly destabilizes the enzyme. Molecular docking suggests that ebselen could bind in the vicinity of His217. Investigation of the role of IMPase1 residues His217 and Cys218 suggests that inhibition of IMPase1 by ebselen may not be mediated via covalent modification of the active-site cysteine (Cys218) and is not affected by the covalent modification of other cysteine residues in the structure. Our results suggest that effects previously ascribed to ebselen-dependent inhibition likely result from disruption of essential active-site architecture, preventing activation of the IMPase1-Mg2+ complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nicola Laurieri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Rice
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saleem M Naser
- Research and Development Department, APIs Division, Hikma Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samer S Ratrout
- Research and Development Department, APIs Division, Hikma Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Amman, Jordan
| | - Grant C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhang J, Saad R, Taylor EW, Rayman MP. Selenium and selenoproteins in viral infection with potential relevance to COVID-19. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101715. [PMID: 32992282 PMCID: PMC7481318 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is a trace element essential to human health largely because of its incorporation into selenoproteins that have a wide range of protective functions. Selenium has an ongoing history of reducing the incidence and severity of various viral infections; for example, a German study found selenium status to be significantly higher in serum samples from surviving than non-surviving COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, a significant, positive, linear association was found between the cure rate of Chinese patients with COVID-19 and regional selenium status. Moreover, the cure rate continued to rise beyond the selenium intake required to optimise selenoproteins, suggesting that selenoproteins are probably not the whole story. Nonetheless, the significantly reduced expression of a number of selenoproteins, including those involved in controlling ER stress, along with increased expression of IL-6 in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells in culture suggests a potential link between reduced selenoprotein expression and COVID-19-associated inflammation. In this comprehensive review, we describe the history of selenium in viral infections and then go on to assess the potential benefits of adequate and even supra-nutritional selenium status. We discuss the indispensable function of the selenoproteins in coordinating a successful immune response and follow by reviewing cytokine excess, a key mediator of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19, and its relationship to selenium status. We comment on the fact that the synthetic redox-active selenium compound, ebselen, has been found experimentally to be a strong inhibitor of the main SARS-CoV-2 protease that enables viral maturation within the host. That finding suggests that redox-active selenium species formed at high selenium intake might hypothetically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 proteases. We consider the tactics that SARS-CoV-2 could employ to evade an adequate host response by interfering with the human selenoprotein system. Recognition of the myriad mechanisms by which selenium might potentially benefit COVID-19 patients provides a rationale for randomised, controlled trials of selenium supplementation in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ramy Saad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK; Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Ethan Will Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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3
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Ren X, Zou L, Holmgren A. Targeting Bacterial Antioxidant Systems for Antibiotics Development. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1922-1939. [PMID: 31589114 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191007163654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become an urgent issue in modern medicine which requires novel strategies to develop antibiotics. Recent studies have supported the hypothesis that antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death is mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The hypothesis also highlighted the importance of antioxidant systems, the defense mechanism which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Thioredoxin and glutathione systems are the two major thiol-dependent systems which not only provide antioxidant capacity but also participate in various biological events in bacteria, such as DNA synthesis and protein folding. The biological importance makes them promising targets for novel antibiotics development. Based on the idea, ebselen and auranofin, two bacterial thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, have been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria lacking the GSH efficiently. A recent study combining ebselen and silver exhibited a strong synergistic effect against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria which possess both thioredoxin and glutathione systems. These drug-repurposing studies are promising for quick clinical usage due to their well-known profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/ Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, China
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gurung AB, Pamay P, Tripathy D, Biswas K, Chatterjee A, Joshi SR, Bhattacharjee A. Bioprospection of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals suggests rutaecarpine and quinine as promising 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13598-13613. [PMID: 30937959 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) belongs to the family of nonheme iron containing enzymes that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to generate eicosanoids that play an important role in signaling pathways. The role of 15-LOX has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis as well as other inflammatory diseases. In the present study, drug-like compounds were first screened from a set of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals based on Lipinski's rule of five (ROF) and in silico toxicity filters. Two lead compounds-quinine (QUIN) and rutaecarpine (RUT) were shortlisted by analyzing molecular interactions and binding energies of the filtered compounds with the target using molecular docking. Molecular dynamics simulation studies indicate stable trajectories of apo_15-LOX and docked complexes (15-LOX_QUIN and 15-LOX_RUT). In vitro 15-LOX inhibition studies shows that both QUIN and RUT have lower inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value than the control (quercetin). Both QUIN and RUT exhibit moderate antioxidant activities. The cell viability study of these compounds suggests no significant toxicity in HEK-293 cell lines. Further, QUIN and RUT both did not show any inhibition against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. Thus, based on our present findings, rutaecarpine and quinine may be suggested as promising 15-LOX inhibitor for the prevention of the atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Bahadur Gurung
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Pezaiwi Pamay
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Debabrata Tripathy
- Genetics and Molecular biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Koel Biswas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Anupam Chatterjee
- Genetics and Molecular biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - S R Joshi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.,Bioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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5
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Sarwono AEY, Mitsuhashi S, Kabir MHB, Shigetomi K, Okada T, Ohsaka F, Otsuguro S, Maenaka K, Igarashi M, Kato K, Ubukata M. Repurposing existing drugs: identification of irreversible IMPDH inhibitors by high-throughput screening. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 34:171-178. [PMID: 30451014 PMCID: PMC6249553 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1540474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an essential enzyme for the production of guanine nucleotides. Disruption of IMPDH activity has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for numerous purposes, such as for anticancer, immunosuppression, antiviral, and antimicrobial therapy. In the present study, we established a luciferase-based high-throughput screening system to identify IMPDH inhibitors from our chemical library of known bioactive small molecules. The screening of 1400 compounds resulted in the discovery of three irreversible inhibitors: disulfiram, bronopol, and ebselen. Each compound has a distinct chemical moiety that differs from other reported IMPDH inhibitors. Further evaluation revealed that these compounds are potent inhibitors of IMPDHs with kon values of 0.7 × 104 to 9.3 × 104 M-1·s-1. Both disulfiram and bronopol exerted similar degree of inhibition to protozoan and mammalian IMPDHs. Ebselen showed an intriguing difference in mode of inhibition for different IMPDHs, with reversible and irreversible inhibition to each Cryptosporidium parvum IMPDH and human IMPDH type II, respectively. In the preliminary efficacy experiment against cryptosporidiosis in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse, a decrease in the number of oocyst shed was observed upon the oral administration of disulfiram and bronopol, providing an early clinical proof-of-concept for further utilization of these compounds as IMPDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinya Mitsuhashi
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan.,b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler , TX , USA
| | - Mohammad Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Kengo Shigetomi
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan.,e Division of Neurology, Respirology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Miyazaki , Kiyotake , Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohsaka
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Makoto Igarashi
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Makoto Ubukata
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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6
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Chen Z, Jiang Z, Chen N, Shi Q, Tong L, Kong F, Cheng X, Chen H, Wang C, Tang B. Target discovery of ebselen with a biotinylated probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9506-9509. [PMID: 30091742 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on ebselen over the past decade, its cellular targets remain obscure. Here we synthesized a biotinylated ebselen probe (biotin-ebselen) and characterized ebselen-binding proteins via an efficient activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) method, which allowed for the robust identification of 462 targeted proteins in HeLa cells. This first work of global target profiling of ebselen will be helpful to re-design ebselen-based therapy appropriately in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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7
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Jia ZQ, Li SQ, Qiao WQ, Xu WZ, Xing JW, Liu JT, Song H, Gao ZY, Xing BW, He XJ. Ebselen protects mitochondrial function and oxidative stress while inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway after acute spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2018; 678:110-117. [PMID: 29733976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ebselen is a fat-soluble small molecule and organic selenium compound that regulates the activity of glutathione peroxidase to alleviate mitochondrial oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ebselen on mitochondrial oxidative stress response, mitochondrial apotosis, and motor behaviors after spinal cord injury (SCI). We found that ebselen significantly increased the BBB score in motor behavior, thus suggesting a rescue effect of ebselen on motor function after SCI in rats. Meanwhile, we revealed that ebselen can increase glutathione (GSH) content as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities after SCI-this suggests ebselen has an antioxidant effect. Furthermore, the ATP content and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in mitochondria were increased by ebselen after SCI, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased by ebselen. The Cytochrome C and Smac release from mitochondria were reduced by ebselen after SCI, thus indicating improved membrane permeability by ebselen. Moreover, the alterations in caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression, as well as the proportion of cell apoptosis were improved by ebselen treatment, which together suggested that ebselen has an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial apotosis pathways after SCI. Taken together, our results suggest that ebselen can inhibit secondary damage caused by spinal cord injury. Indeed it plays a neuroprotective role in spinal cord injury perhaps by improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, PR China; Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
| | - San-Qiang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Wei-Qiang Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhong Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Jian-Wu Xing
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Jian-Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, PR China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, PR China
| | - Bing-Wen Xing
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Xi-Jing He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, PR China.
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8
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Cebrián-Prats A, Rovira T, Saura P, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. Inhibition of Mammalian 15-Lipoxygenase by Three Ebselen-like Drugs. A QM/MM and MM/PBSA Comparative Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9752-9763. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cebrián-Prats
- Departament de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia
i de Biomedicina
(IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiffani Rovira
- Departament de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia
i de Biomedicina
(IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Saura
- Departament de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia
i de Biomedicina
(IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Departament de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia
i de Biomedicina
(IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Departament de Química and ‡Institut de Biotecnologia
i de Biomedicina
(IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Tirapegui C, Acevedo-Fuentes W, Dahech P, Torrent C, Barrias P, Rojas-Poblete M, Mascayano C. Easy and rapid preparation of benzoylhydrazides and their diazene derivatives as inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1649-1653. [PMID: 28318946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of diaza derivatives were prepared by solvent-free condensation of benzoic acid and 4-substituted phenylhydrazines in order to obtain phenylhydrazides (HYD series) and, by oxidation of these compounds, the corresponding benzoyldiazenes (DIA series). Both sets were evaluated as inhibitors of soybean 15-lipoxygenase activity and antioxidant capability in the FRAP and CUPRAC assays. The most potent inhibitors of both series exhibited IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Kinetic studies showed that at least the more active compounds were competitive inhibitors. Docking results indicated that the most potent inhibitor interacts strongly with Ile-839 and iron in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Tirapegui
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Williams Acevedo-Fuentes
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Dahech
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Torrent
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Barrias
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Rojas-Poblete
- Relativistic Molecular Physics (ReMoPh) Group, Ph.D. Program in Molecular, Physical Chemistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile; Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP, Chile
| | - Carolina Mascayano
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile
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Inhibitors of the Hydrolytic Enzyme Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): Discovery, Synthesis and Development. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050615. [PMID: 27187323 PMCID: PMC6273216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is a highly conserved hydrolytic enzyme found in numerous species, including bacteria, rodents, and humans. In humans, the DDAH-1 isoform is known to metabolize endogenous asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA), with ADMA proposed to be a putative marker of cardiovascular disease. Current literature reports identify the DDAH family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic target in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production, mediated via its biochemical interaction with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes. Increased DDAH expression and NO production have been linked to multiple pathological conditions, specifically, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and septic shock. As such, the discovery, chemical synthesis, and development of DDAH inhibitors as potential drug candidates represent a growing field of interest. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on DDAH inhibition and the derived pharmacokinetic parameters of the main DDAH inhibitors reported in the literature. Furthermore, current methods of development and chemical synthetic pathways are discussed.
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11
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Abdel-Mageed WM, Mohamed NH, Liu M, El-Gamal AA, Basudan OA, Ismail MA, Quinn RJ, Liu X, Zhang L, Shoreit AAM. Lipoxygenase inhibitors from the latex of Calotropis Procera. Arch Pharm Res 2016:10.1007/s12272-016-0725-9. [PMID: 26960736 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A radical-scavenging, guided phytochemical study of the latex of Calotropis Procera afforded five lignans (1-5), including a new one (4). The structural determination was accomplished using 1D- and 2D-NMR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and correlation with known compounds. Among the isolated compounds, acylated lignans (3-5) showed stronger antioxidant activity than non-acylated derivatives (1,2). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by determining the inhibitory potential against 5- and 15-lipoxygenase enzymes. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was observed in compound 4, with IC50s values of 7.6 µM and 2.7 µM against 5-LOX and 15-LOX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Nadia H Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Samtah, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ali A El-Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer A Basudan
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mady Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Xueting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ahmed A M Shoreit
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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12
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The design of redox active thiol peroxidase mimics: Dihydrolipoic acid recognition correlates with cytotoxicity and prooxidant action. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Gousiadou C, Kouskoumvekaki I. LOX1 inhibition with small molecules. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 63:99-109. [PMID: 26722761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are nonheme, iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are widely distributed among plant and animal species. Human LOXs, now identified as key enzymes in the pathogenesis of major disorders, have increasingly drawn the attention as targets and great effort has been made for the discovery and design of suitable inhibitors, to which end both pharmacological and computational methods have been employed. In the present work, using pharmacophore modeling and docking, we attempt to elucidate the inhibition of LOX1 with a new inhibitor, albidoside, an iridoid glucoside isolated from plants of the Scutellaria genus. Through a pharmacophore approach, complementarities between the ligand and the binding site are explored and a plausible mode of binding with the protein is suggested for albidoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Gousiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Irene Kouskoumvekaki
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Azad GK, Tomar RS. Ebselen, a promising antioxidant drug: mechanisms of action and targets of biological pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4865-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Mattmiller SA, Carlson BA, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM. Reduced macrophage selenoprotein expression alters oxidized lipid metabolite biosynthesis from arachidonic and linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:647-54. [PMID: 24746836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is an underlying etiology for multiple diseases and macrophages orchestrate inflammation largely through the production of oxidized fatty acids known as oxylipids. Previous studies showed that selenium (Se) status altered the expression of oxylipids and magnitude of inflammatory responses. Although selenoproteins are thought to mediate many of the biological effects of Se, the direct effect of selenoproteins on the production of oxylipids is unknown. Therefore, the role of decreased selenoprotein activity in modulating the production of biologically active oxylipids from macrophages was investigated. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were collected from wild-type and myeloid-cell-specific selenoprotein knockout mice to analyze oxylipid production by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as well as oxylipid biosynthetic enzyme and inflammatory marker gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Decreased selenoprotein activity resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase expression and decreased oxylipids with known anti-inflammatory properties such as arachidonic acid-derived lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) and linoleic acid-derived 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxoODE). Treating RAW 264.7 macrophages with LXA₄ or 9-oxoODE diminished oxidant-induced macrophage inflammatory response as indicated by decreased production of TNFα. The results show for the first time that selenoproteins are important for the balanced biosynthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory oxylipids during inflammation. A better understanding of the Se-dependent control mechanisms governing oxylipid biosynthesis may uncover nutritional intervention strategies to counteract the harmful effects of uncontrolled inflammation due to oxylipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mattmiller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeff C Gandy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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17
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Azad G, Singh V, Mandal P, Singh P, Golla U, Baranwal S, Chauhan S, Tomar RS. Ebselen induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase being a target. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:77-89. [PMID: 24490132 PMCID: PMC3907691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic, lipid-soluble seleno-organic compound. The high electrophilicity of ebselen enables it to react with multiple cysteine residues of various proteins. Despite extensive research on ebselen, its target molecules and mechanism of action remains less understood. We performed biochemical as well as in vivo experiments employing budding yeast as a model organism to understand the mode of action of ebselen. The growth curve analysis and FACS (florescence activated cell sorting) assays revealed that ebselen exerts growth inhibitory effects on yeast cells by causing a delay in cell cycle progression. We observed that ebselen exposure causes an increase in intracellular ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, and that these effects were reversed by addition of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Interestingly, a significant increase in ROS levels was noticed in gdh3-deleted cells compared to wild-type cells. Furthermore, we showed that ebselen inhibits GDH function by interacting with its cysteine residues, leading to the formation of inactive hexameric GDH. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed protein targets of ebselen including CPR1, the yeast homolog of Cyclophilin A. Additionally, ebselen treatment leads to the inhibition of yeast sporulation. These results indicate a novel direct connection between ebselen and redox homeostasis.
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Key Words
- CypA, Cyclophilin A
- DCFH-DA, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- Ebselen
- FACS, florescence activated cell sorting
- GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase
- GSH, glutathione
- Glutamate dehydrogenase
- Histone clipping
- Mitochondrial membrane potential
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- ROS levels
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Yeast sporulation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462023, India
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Mattmiller SA, Carlson BA, Sordillo LM. Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e28. [PMID: 25191577 PMCID: PMC4153324 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is a contributing factor to many leading causes of human morbidity and mortality including atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Se is an essential nutrient in the mammalian diet that has some anti-inflammatory properties and, at sufficient amounts in the diet, has been shown to be protective in various inflammatory-based disease models. More recently, Se has been shown to alter the expression of eicosanoids that orchestrate the initiation, magnitude and resolution of inflammation. Many of the health benefits of Se are thought to be due to antioxidant and redox-regulating properties of certain selenoproteins. The present review will discuss the existing evidence that supports the concept that optimal Se intake can mitigate dysfunctional inflammatory responses, in part, through the regulation of eicosanoid metabolism. The ability of selenoproteins to alter the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by reducing oxidative stress and/or by modifying redox-regulated signalling pathways also will be discussed. Based on the current literature, however, it is clear that more research is necessary to uncover the specific beneficial mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory properties of selenoproteins and other Se metabolites, especially as related to eicosanoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in Se-mediated regulation of host inflammatory responses may lead to the development of dietary intervention strategies that take optimal advantage of its biological potency.
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Key Words
- 15-HETE, 15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 15-HPETE, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14PGJ2
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- Eicosanoid biosynthesis
- FAHP, fatty acid hydroperoxide
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GPx4, glutathione peroxidase-4
- H-PGDS, haematopoietic PGD2 synthase
- HO-1, haeme oxygenase-1
- HPETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Inflammation
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, leukotriene
- LTA4H, leukotriene A4 hydrolase
- MAPK, itogen-activated protein kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Selenium
- Selenoproteins
- Sepp1, selenoprotein P plasma 1
- TX, thromboxane
- TXB2, thromboxane B2
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
- ppm, parts per million
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Mattmiller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824,
USA
| | - Bradley A. Carlson
- Section on the Molecular Biology of Selenium,
Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
| | - L. M. Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824,
USA
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Giles NM, Kumari S, Stamm RA, Patel S, Giles GI. A hydrogen peroxide electrode assay to measure thiol peroxidase activity for organoselenium and organotellurium drugs. Anal Biochem 2012; 429:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Begum G, Kintner D, Liu Y, Cramer SW, Sun D. DHA inhibits ER Ca2+ release and ER stress in astrocytes following in vitro ischemia. J Neurochem 2012; 120:622-30. [PMID: 22129278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative disease conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DHA on astrocyte Ca(2+) signaling under in vitro ischemic conditions (oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation, OGD/REOX). OGD (2h) triggered a Ca(2+) (ER) store overload (∼1.9-fold). Ca(2+) uptake by the Ca(2+) (ER) stores was further augmented during REOX and Ca(2+) (ER) was elevated by ∼4.7-fold at 90min REOX. Interestingly, Ca(2+) (ER) stores abruptly released Ca(2+) at ∼120min REOX and emptied at 160min REOX. Depletion of Ca(2+) (ER) stores led to delayed elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration (Ca(2+) (cyt) ) and cell death. Activation of the purinergic receptor P2Y1 was responsible for the release of Ca(2+) (ER) . Most importantly, DHA blocked the initial Ca(2+) (ER) store overload, the delayed depletion of Ca(2+) (ER) , and rise in Ca(2+) (cyt) , which was in part via inhibiting d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors. The DHA metabolite DiHDoHE exhibited similar effects. DHA also attenuated expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and activating transcription factor-4, two ER stress markers, following in vitro ischemia. Taken together, these findings suggest that DHA has protective effects in astrocytes following in vitro ischemia, in part, by inhibiting Ca(2+) dysregulation and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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21
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Synchrotron radiation induced X-ray emission studies of the antioxidant mechanism of the organoselenium drug ebselen. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:589-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bijian K, Zhang Z, Xu B, Jie S, Chen B, Wan S, Wu J, Jiang T, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Synthesis and biological activity of novel organoselenium derivatives targeting multiple kinases and capable of inhibiting cancer progression to metastases. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 48:143-52. [PMID: 22204902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports synthesis and biological activity of novel benzoisoselenazolone compounds derived from ebselen and conjugated to a sugar molecule. Cell proliferation assay using cancer cells combined with in vitro biochemical assays revealed that benzoisoselenazolone 2d, 5a, and 6a exerted anti-proliferative activity, which correlated with selective in vitro inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, AKT-1, and protein kinase C-α. Active molecules were able to significantly inhibit cell migration and invasion in vitro compared to cells treated with the vehicle alone or ebselen. Moreover, in vivo anticancer activity focusing on lead compound 2d and using an invasive human breast cancer orthotopic mouse model revealed a potent anti-metastatic activity at well-tolerated doses. In summary, these novel benzoisoselenazolones we report herein target multiple kinases with established roles in cancer progression and possess anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity in preclinical models supporting a potential for therapeutic application for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krikor Bijian
- The Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute of the Sir Mortimer Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Wilson BA, Wang H, Nacev BA, Mease RC, Liu JO, Pomper MG, Isaacs WB. High-throughput screen identifies novel inhibitors of cancer biomarker α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR/P504S). Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:825-38. [PMID: 21441411 PMCID: PMC3423201 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is a metabolic enzyme whose overexpression has been shown to be a diagnostic indicator of prostatic adenocarcinoma and other solid tumors. Here, we confirm that attenuation of AMACR expression diminishes the growth of prostate cancer cell lines by using stably expressed short-hairpin RNA constructs. This observation strongly suggests that the AMACR enzyme may be a target for therapeutic inhibition in prostate cancer. To this end, we report here a novel assay capable of screening libraries of diverse small molecules for inhibitors of AMACR activity. This assay facilitated the screening of approximately 5,000 unique compounds and the discovery of 7 distinct chemical entities capable of inhibiting AMACR at low micromolar concentrations. The most potent inhibitor discovered is the seleno-organic compound ebselen oxide [inhibitory concentration (IC(50)): 0.80 μmol/L]. The parent compound, ebselen (IC(50): 2.79 μmol/L), is a covalent inactivator of AMACR (K(I)((inact)): 24 μmol/L). Two of the AMACR inhibitors are selectively toxic to prostate cancer cell lines (LAPC4/LNCaP/PC3) that express AMACR compared to a normal prostate fibroblast cell line (WPMY1) that does not express the protein. This report shows the first high-throughput screen for the discovery of novel AMACR inhibitors, characterizes the first nonsubstrate-based inhibitors, and validates that AMACR is a viable chemotherapeutic target in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice A.P. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haofan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Benjamin A. Nacev
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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24
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Yu SC, Kuhn H, Daniliuc CG, Ivanov I, Jones PG, du Mont WW. 5-Selenization of salicylic acid derivatives yielded isoform-specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:828-34. [PMID: 20135040 DOI: 10.1039/b918778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight seleno-organic compounds exhibit glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity; the well-known compound ebselen is being used in clinical trials as a stroke medication. Here, we describe the facile one-step synthesis of novel 5-selenized salicylic acid derivatives using selenium tetrachloride. The products were analyzed by spectroscopic studies including (77)Se-NMR and some were subjected to X-ray structure determination. Several products were identified as selective inhibitors of the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) but had little effect on the catalytic activity of 12/15-LOX, which has been implicated in the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators. Such isoform-specificity (specificity coefficient >120) has not been reported before for any seleno-organic compound. In addition, synthesis products exhibited GPx-like activity, which was higher than that of ebselen for some derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Chol Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Monbijoustrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Terentis AC, Freewan M, Sempértegui Plaza TS, Raftery MJ, Stocker R, Thomas SR. The Selenazal Drug Ebselen Potently Inhibits Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase by Targeting Enzyme Cysteine Residues. Biochemistry 2009; 49:591-600. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901546e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Terentis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431
| | | | | | | | - Roland Stocker
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Larabee JL, Hocker JR, Hanas JS. Mechanisms of inhibition of zinc-finger transcription factors by selenium compounds ebselen and selenite. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:419-26. [PMID: 19167089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory selenium compounds, ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3[2H]-one) and selenite, were found to alter the DNA binding mechanisms and structures of cysteine-rich zinc-finger transcription factors. As assayed by DNase I protection, DNA binding by TFIIIA (transcription factor IIIA, prototypical Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger protein), was inhibited by micromolar amounts of ebselen. In a gel shift assay, ebselen inhibited the Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger-containing DNA binding domain (DBD) of the NF-kappaB mediated transcription factor Sp1. Ebselen also inhibited DNA binding by the p50 subunit of the pro-inflammatory Cys-containing NF-kappaB transcription factor. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was utilized to elucidate mechanisms of chemical interaction between ebselen and a zinc-bound Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger polypeptide modeled after the third finger of Sp1 (Sp1-3). Exposing Sp1-3 to micromolar amounts of ebselen resulted in Zn(2+) release from this peptide and the formation of a disulfide bond by oxidation of zinc finger SH groups, the likely mechanism for DNA binding inhibition. Selenite was shown by ESI-MS to also eject zinc from Sp1-3 as well as induce disulfide bond formation through SH oxidation. The selenite-dependent inhibition/oxidation mechanism differed from that of ebselen by inducing the formation of a stable selenotrisulfide bond. Selenite-induced selenotrisulfide formation was dependent upon the structure of the Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger as alteration in the finger structure enhanced this reaction as well as selenite-dependent zinc release. Ebselen and selenite-dependent inhibition/oxidation of Cys-rich zinc finger proteins, with concomitant release of zinc and finger structural changes, points to mechanisms at the atomic and protein level for selenium-induced alterations in Cys-rich proteins, and possible amelioration of certain inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and oncogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Larabee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton Young Blvd., Room 939, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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27
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Butovich IA, Lukyanova SM. Inhibition of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases by linoleyl hydroxamic acid: comparative in vitro studies. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1284-94. [PMID: 18305312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700602-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this first comparative in vitro study, linoleyl hydroxamic acid (LHA), a simple and stable derivative of linoleic acid, was tested as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism in mammals. The tested enzymes were human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase (h5-LO), porcine leukocyte 12-LO, rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO, ovine cyclooxygenases 1/2 (COX1/COX2), and human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Potato tuber and soybean lipoxygenases (ptLOX and sLOX, respectively) were studied for comparative purposes. LHA inhibited most of the tested enzymes with the exception of mPGES-1. The LHA inhibitory activity increased as follows: mPGES-1 (no inhibition)<<COX1 = COX2<h5-LO = sLOX = ptLOX<12-LO<<15-LO. The IC(50) values for COX1/COX2, h5-LO, 12-LO, and 15-LO were 60, 7, 0.6, and 0.02 muM, respectively. sLOX was the only tested enzyme that was capable of aerobic oxygenation of LHA, producing 13-hydroperoxy-LHA. The enzyme rapidly inactivated during the reaction. Therefore, LHA could be used as an effective LO/LOX inhibitor without affecting COX1/COX2 and mPGES-1. Possible implications of this observation include treating diseases and pathological states that are caused by (or lead to) hyperproduction of LO-derived metabolites, e.g., inflammation, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, asthma, allergies, psoriasis, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The brain and nervous system are prone to oxidative stress, and are inadequately equipped with antioxidant defense systems to prevent 'ongoing' oxidative damage, let alone the extra oxidative damage imposed by the neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of oxidized aggregated proteins, inflammation, and defects in protein clearance constitute complex intertwined pathologies that conspire to kill neurons. After a long lag period, therapeutic and other interventions based on a knowledge of redox biology are on the horizon for at least some of the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Herre S, Schadendorf T, Ivanov I, Herrberger C, Steinle W, Rück-Braun K, Preissner R, Kuhn H. Photoactivation of an Inhibitor of the 12/15‐Lipoxygenase Pathway. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1089-95. [PMID: 16755628 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are lipid-peroxidizing enzymes that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and lipoxygenase inhibitors may be developed as anti-inflammatory drugs. Structure comparison with known lipoxygenase inhibitors has suggested that (2Z)-2-(3-benzylidene)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester might inhibit the lipoxygenase pathway but we found that it exhibited only a low inhibitory potency for the pure 12/15-lipoxygenase (IC(50) = 0.7 mM). However, photoactivation, which induces a Z-to-E isomerization of the double bond, strongly augmented the inhibitory potency and an IC(50) value of 0.021 mM was determined for the pure E isomer. Similar isomer-specific differences were observed with the recombinant enzyme and its 12-lipoxygenating Ile418Ala mutant, as well as in intracellular lipoxygenase activity. Structure modeling of the enzyme/inhibitor complex suggested the molecular reasons for this isomer specificity. Since light-induced isomerization may proceed in the skin, such photoreactive compounds might be developed as potential drugs for inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Herre
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Germany
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30
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Borbulevych OY, Jankun J, Selman SH, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Lipoxygenase interactions with natural flavonoid, quercetin, reveal a complex with protocatechuic acid in its X-ray structure at 2.1 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:13-9. [PMID: 14705020 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PUFA metabolites have a profound effect on inflammatory diseases and cancer progression. Blocking their production by inhibiting PUFA metabolizing enzymes (dioxygenases: cyclooxygenases and LOXs) might be a successful way to control and relieve such problems, if we learn to better understand their actions at a molecular level. Compounds with strong antioxidative and free radical scavenging properties, such as polyphenols, could be effective in blocking PUFA activities, and natural flavonoids possess such qualities. Quercetin belongs to the group of natural catecholic compounds and is known as a potent, competitive inhibitor of LOX. Structural analysis reveals that quercetin entrapped within LOX undergoes degradation, and the resulting compound has been identified by X-ray analysis as protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) positioned near the iron site. Its C3-OH group points toward His523, C4-OH forms a hydrogen bond with O=C from the enzyme's C-terminus, and the carboxylic group is incorporated into the hydrogen bonding network of the active-site neighborhood via Gln514. This unexpected result, together with our previous observations concerning other polyphenols, yields new evidence about the metabolism of natural flavonoids. These compounds might be vulnerable to the co-oxidase activity of LOX, leading to enzyme-stimulated oxidative degradation, which results in an inhibitor of a lower molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Y Borbulevych
- Medical College of Ohio, Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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Campbell WB, Spitzbarth N, Gauthier KM, Pfister SL. 11,12,15-Trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid mediates ACh-induced relaxations in rabbit aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H2648-56. [PMID: 12907422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00412.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit aortic endothelium metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA) by the 15-lipoxygenase pathway to vasodilatory eicosanoids, hydroxyepoxyeicosatrienoic acids (HEETAs), and trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (THETAs). The present study determined the chemical identity of the vasoactive THETA and investigated its role in ACh-induced relaxation in the rabbit aorta. AA caused endothelium-dependent, concentration-related relaxations of the rabbit aorta. Increasing the extracellular KCl concentration from 4.8 to 20 mM inhibited the relaxations to AA by approximately 60%, thereby implicating K+-channel activation in the relaxations. In addition, AA caused an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of aortic smooth muscle from -39.6 +/- 2.7 to -56.1 +/- 3.4 mV. In rabbit aortic rings, [14C]AA was metabolized to prostaglandins, HEETAs, THETAs, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Additional purification of the THETAs by HPLC resolved the mixture into its 14C-labeled products. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified the metabolites as isomers of 11,12,15-THETA and 11,14,15-THETA. The 11,12,15-THETA relaxed and hyperpolarized the rabbit aorta, whereas 11,14,15-THETA had no vasoactive effect. The relaxations to 11,12,15-THETA were blocked by 20 mM KCl. In aortic rings pretreated with inhibitors of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis, ACh caused a concentration-related relaxation that was completely blocked by 20 mM KCl. Pretreatment with the phospholipase A2 inhibitors mepacrine and 7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid, the lipoxygenase inhibitors cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and ebselen, or the hydroperoxide isomerase inhibitors miconazole and clotrimazole also blocked ACh-induced relaxations. ACh caused a threefold increase in THETA release. These studies indicate that AA is metabolized by endothelial cells to 11,12,15-THETA, which activates K+ channels to hyperpolarize the aortic smooth muscle membrane and induce relaxation. Additionally, this lipoxygenase pathway mediates the nonnitric oxide, nonprostaglandin relaxations to ACh in the rabbit aorta by acting as a source of an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- Carbon Radioisotopes
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitroarginine/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilation/physiology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226,USA.
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Balboa MA, Pérez R, Balsinde J. Amplification mechanisms of inflammation: paracrine stimulation of arachidonic acid mobilization by secreted phospholipase A2 is regulated by cytosolic phospholipase A2-derived hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:989-94. [PMID: 12847271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In macrophages and other major immunoinflammatory cells, two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes act in concert to mobilize arachidonic acid (AA) for immediate PG synthesis, namely group IV cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and a secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). In this study, the molecular mechanism underlying cross-talk between the two PLA(2)s during paracrine signaling has been investigated. U937 macrophage-like cells respond to Con A by releasing AA in a cPLA(2)-dependent manner, and addition of exogenous group V sPLA(2) to the activated cells increases the release. This sPLA(2) effect is abolished if the cells are pretreated with cPLA(2) inhibitors, but is restored by adding exogenous free AA. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase have no effect on the response to sPLA(2). In contrast, ebselen strongly blocks it. Reconstitution experiments conducted in pyrrophenone-treated cells to abolish cPLA(2) activity reveal that 12- and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) are able to restore the sPLA(2) response to levels found in cells displaying normal cPLA(2) activity. Moreover, 12- and 15-HPETE are able to enhance sPLA(2) activity in vitro, using a natural membrane assay. Neither of these effects is mimicked by 12- or 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, indicating that the hydroperoxy group of HPETE is responsible for its biological activity. Collectively, these results establish a role for 12/15-HPETE as an endogenous activator of sPLA(2)-mediated phospholipolysis during paracrine stimulation of macrophages and identify the mechanism that connects sPLA(2) with cPLA(2) for a full AA mobilization response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Balboa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Valladolid School of Medicine, Valladolid, Spain
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Sadik CD, Sies H, Schewe T. Inhibition of 15-lipoxygenases by flavonoids: structure-activity relations and mode of action. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:773-81. [PMID: 12628491 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that flavonoids of cocoa inhibit the mammalian 15-lipoxygenase-1-a catalyst of enzymatic lipid peroxidation. To elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the inhibitory effect, we investigated the effects of 18 selected flavonoids of variable structure on pure rabbit reticulocyte and soybean 15-lipoxygenases using linoleic acid as substrate. Moreover, the inhibition by quercetin was studied in detail to gain insight into the mode of action. Quercetin was found to modulate the time-course of the reaction of both lipoxygenases by three distinct effects: (i) prolongation of the lag period, (ii) rapid decrease in the initial rate after the lag phase was overcome, (iii) time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme during reaction but not in the absence of substrate. A comparison of the IC(50) for the rapid inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 revealed that (i) the presence of a hydroxyl group in the flavonoid molecule is not essential, (ii) a catechol arrangement reinforces the inhibitory effect, (iii) in the presence of a catechol arrangement the inhibitory potency inversely correlates with the number of hydroxyl groups, (iv) a 2,3-double bond in the C ring strengthens the inhibitory effect. The flavone luteolin turned out to be the most potent inhibitor of the mammalian enzyme with an IC(50) of 0.6 microM followed by baicalein (1 microM) and fisetin (1.5 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Sadik
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, P.O. Box 101007, Germany
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Alpert E, Gruzman A, Totary H, Kaiser N, Reich R, Sasson S. A natural protective mechanism against hyperglycaemia in vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells: role of glucose and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Biochem J 2002; 362:413-22. [PMID: 11853550 PMCID: PMC1222402 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine aortic endothelial and smooth-muscle cells down-regulate the rate of glucose transport in the face of hyperglycaemia, thus providing protection against deleterious effects of increased intracellular glucose levels. When exposed to high glucose concentrations these cells reduced the mRNA and protein content of their typical glucose transporter, GLUT-1, as well as its plasma-membrane abundance. Inhibition of the lipoxygenase (LO) pathway, and particularly 12-LO, reversed this glucose-induced down-regulatory process and restored the rate of hexose transport to the level seen in vascular cells exposed to normal glucose levels. This reversal was accompanied by increased levels of GLUT-1 mRNA and protein, as well as of its plasma-membrane content. Exposure of the vascular cells to elevated glucose concentrations increased by 2-3-fold the levels of cell-associated and secreted 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), the product of 12-LO. Inhibition of 15- and 5-LO, cyclo-oxygenases 1 and 2, and eicosanoid-producing cytochrome P450 did not modify the hexose-transport system in vascular cells. These results suggest a role for HETEs in the autoregulation of hexose transport in vascular cells. 8-Iso prostaglandin F(2alpha), a non-enzymic oxidation product of arachidonic acid, had no effect on the hexose-transport system in vascular cells exposed to hyperglycaemic conditions. Taken together, these findings show that hyperglycaemia increases the production rate of 12-HETE, which in turn mediates the down-regulation of GLUT-1 expression and the glucose-transport system in vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Cattle
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Glucose Transporter Type 1
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Kinetics
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/drug effects
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Umbelliferones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Alpert
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Mugesh G, du Mont WW, Sies H. Chemistry of biologically important synthetic organoselenium compounds. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2125-79. [PMID: 11710243 DOI: 10.1021/cr000426w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Mugesh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technischen Universität, Postfach 3329, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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Tewari KP, Malinowska DH, Sherry AM, Cuppoletti J. PKA and arachidonic acid activation of human recombinant ClC-2 chloride channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C40-50. [PMID: 10898715 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.1.c40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An HEK-293 cell line stably expressing the human recombinant ClC-2 Cl(-) channel was used in patch-clamp studies to study its regulation. The relative permeability P(x)/P(Cl) calculated from reversal potentials was I(-) > Cl(-) = NO(3)(-) = SCN(-)>/=Br(-). The absolute permeability calculated from conductance ratios was Cl(-) = Br(-) = NO(3)(-) >/= SCN(-) > I(-). The channel was activated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), reduced extracellular pH, oleic acid (C:18 cisDelta9), elaidic acid (C:18 transDelta9), arachidonic acid (AA; C:20 cisDelta5,8,11,14), and by inhibitors of AA metabolism, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA; C:20 transDelta5,8,11,14), alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid (ibuprofen), and 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-[2H]-one (PZ51, ebselen). ClC-2 Cl(-) channels were activated by a combination of forskolin plus IBMX and were inhibited by the cell-permeant myristoylated PKA inhibitor (mPKI). Channel activation by reduction of bath pH was increased by PKA and prevented by mPKI. AA activation of the ClC-2 Cl(-) channel was not inhibited by mPKI or staurosporine and was therefore independent of PKA or protein kinase C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Tewari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0576, USA
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