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Wu X, Lian H, Xia C, Deng J, Li X, Zhang C. Mechanistic insights and applications of lignin-based ultraviolet shielding composites: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135477. [PMID: 39250986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a green aromatic polymer constructed from repeating phenylpropane units, incorporating features such as phenolic hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, and conjugated double bonds that serve as chromophores. These structural attributes enable it to absorb a wide spectrum of ultraviolet radiation within the 250-400 nm range. The resulting properties make lignin a material of considerable interest for its potential applications in polymers, packaging, architectural decoration, and beyond. By examining the structure of lignin, this research delves into the structural influence on its UV-shielding capabilities. Through a comparative analysis of lignin's use in various UV-shielding applications, the study explores the interplay between lignin's structure and its interactions with other materials. This investigation aims to elucidate the UV-shielding mechanism, thereby offering insights that could inform the development of high-value applications for lignin in UV-shielding composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hailan Lian
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Fast-growing Trees and Agri-fiber Materials, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Changlei Xia
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junqian Deng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changhang Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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2
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Dal Corso J, Newton RJ, Zerkle AL, Chu D, Song H, Song H, Tian L, Tong J, Di Rocco T, Claire MW, Mather TA, He T, Gallagher T, Shu W, Wu Y, Bottrell SH, Metcalfe I, Cope HA, Novak M, Jamieson RA, Wignall PB. Repeated pulses of volcanism drove the end-Permian terrestrial crisis in northwest China. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7628. [PMID: 39223125 PMCID: PMC11368959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Permo-Triassic mass extinction was linked to catastrophic environmental changes and large igneous province (LIP) volcanism. In addition to the widespread marine losses, the Permo-Triassic event was the most severe terrestrial ecological crisis in Earth's history and the only known mass extinction among insects, but the cause of extinction on land remains unclear. In this study, high-resolution Hg concentration records and multiple-archive S-isotope analyses of sediments from the Junggar Basin (China) provide evidence of repeated pulses of volcanic-S (acid rain) and increased Hg loading culminating in a crisis of terrestrial biota in the Junggar Basin coeval with the interval of LIP emplacement. Minor S-isotope analyses are, however, inconsistent with total ozone layer collapse. Our data suggest that LIP volcanism repeatedly stressed end-Permian terrestrial environments in the ~300 kyr preceding the marine extinction locally via S-driven acidification and deposition of Hg, and globally via pulsed addition of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Dal Corso
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
| | - Robert J Newton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Aubrey L Zerkle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Huyue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinnan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Tommaso Di Rocco
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Geochemistry and Isotope Geology Department, Geosciences Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark W Claire
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamsin A Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianchen He
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Wenchao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Ian Metcalfe
- Division of Earth Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen A Cope
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin Novak
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Fu H, Zhong J, Zhao J, Huo L, Wang C, Ma D, Pan W, Sun L, Ren Z, Fan T, Wang Z, Wang W, Lei X, Yu G, Li J, Zhu Y, Geelen D, Liu B. Ultraviolet attenuates centromere-mediated meiotic genome stability and alters gametophytic ploidy consistency in flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2214-2234. [PMID: 39039772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation influences development and genome stability in organisms; however, its impact on meiosis, a special cell division essential for the delivery of genetic information across generations in eukaryotes, has not yet been elucidated. In this study, by performing cytogenetic studies, we reported that UV radiation does not damage meiotic chromosome integrity but attenuates centromere-mediated chromosome stability and induces unreduced gametes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that functional centromere-specific histone 3 (CENH3) is required for obligate crossover formation and plays a role in the protection of sister chromatid cohesion under UV stress. Moreover, we found that UV specifically alters the orientation and organization of spindles and phragmoplasts at meiosis II, resulting in meiotic restitution and unreduced gametes. We determined that UV-induced meiotic restitution does not rely on the UV Resistance Locus8-mediated UV perception and the Tapetal Development and Function1- and Aborted Microspores-dependent tapetum development, but possibly occurs via altered JASON function and downregulated Parallel Spindle1. This study provides evidence that UV radiation influences meiotic genome stability and gametophytic ploidy consistency in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Fu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li Huo
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Dexuan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ziming Ren
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tianyi Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ze Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoning Lei
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
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4
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Duan X, Shi Z. Sedimentary records of sea level fall during the end-Permian in the upper Yangtze region (southern China): Implications for the mass extinction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31226. [PMID: 38799747 PMCID: PMC11126861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea level fall is considered one of the significant factors leading to the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). We studied the relative sea level changes in the Beifengjing and Shangsi sections, and the results indicate that a sea level fall occurred in the Upper Yangtze region during the Permian-Triassic transition. Considering that there is no significant change in fossil abundance in the strata following the two sea level falls observed in the Beifengjing section, we conclude that the reduction in shallow marine habitat for sea level fall solely was insufficient to cause the mass extinction. However, sea level fall did exacerbate the input of terrestrial debris into the ocean, leading to the deterioration of the marine environment. We propose that the combined adverse effects of volcanic eruptions, sea level falls, and other events exceeded the threshold for biological survival, ultimately resulting in the catastrophic EPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Duan
- School of Geographical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Monitoring and Control for Soil Erosion in Dry Valley, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
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5
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Bos R, Zheng W, Lindström S, Sanei H, Waajen I, Fendley IM, Mather TA, Wang Y, Rohovec J, Navrátil T, Sluijs A, van de Schootbrugge B. Climate-forced Hg-remobilization associated with fern mutagenesis in the aftermath of the end-Triassic extinction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3596. [PMID: 38678037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, a large igneous province connected to the end-Triassic mass-extinction (201.5 Ma), remain largely elusive. Here, we document the persistence of volcanic-induced mercury (Hg) pollution and its effects on the biosphere for ~1.3 million years after the extinction event. In sediments recovered in Germany (Schandelah-1 core), we record not only high abundances of malformed fern spores at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, but also during the lower Jurassic Hettangian, indicating repeated vegetation disturbance and stress that was eccentricity-forced. Crucially, these abundances correspond to increases in sedimentary Hg-concentrations. Hg-isotope ratios (δ202Hg, Δ199Hg) suggest a volcanic source of Hg-enrichment at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary but a terrestrial source for the early Jurassic peaks. We conclude that volcanically injected Hg across the extinction was repeatedly remobilized from coastal wetlands and hinterland areas during eccentricity-forced phases of severe hydrological upheaval and erosion, focusing Hg-pollution in the Central European Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Bos
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584, CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China.
| | - Sofie Lindström
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Lithospheric Organic Carbon (LOC) Group, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs gade 2, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irene Waajen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584, CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Fendley
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tamsin A Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, Prague, 6 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, Prague, 6 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584, CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Schootbrugge
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584, CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Ramezani J, Zhang FF, Erwin DH, Feng Z, Shao LY, Cai YF, Zhang SH, Xu YG, Shen SZ. The terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in the paleotropics postdates the marine extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7284. [PMID: 38295161 PMCID: PMC10830061 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe ecological event during the Phanerozoic and has long been presumed contemporaneous across terrestrial and marine realms with global environmental deterioration triggered by the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province. We present high-precision zircon U-Pb geochronology by the chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique on tuffs from terrestrial to transitional coastal settings in Southwest China, which reveals a protracted collapse of the Cathaysian rainforest beginning after the onset of the end-Permian marine extinction. Integrated with high-resolution geochronology from coeval successions, our results suggest that the terrestrial extinction occurred diachronously with latitude, beginning at high latitudes during the late Changhsingian and progressing to the tropics by the early Induan, spanning a duration of nearly 1 million years. This latitudinal age gradient may have been related to variations in surface warming with more degraded environmental conditions at higher latitudes contributing to higher extinction rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jahandar Ramezani
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fei-fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Douglas H. Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Long-yi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao-feng Cai
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu-han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-gang Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shu-zhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Feng T, Pucker B, Kuang T, Song B, Yang Y, Lin N, Zhang H, Moore MJ, Brockington SF, Wang Q, Deng T, Wang H, Sun H. The genome of the glasshouse plant noble rhubarb (Rheum nobile) provides a window into alpine adaptation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:706. [PMID: 37429977 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glasshouse plants are species that trap warmth via specialized morphology and physiology, mimicking a human glasshouse. In the Himalayan alpine region, the highly specialized glasshouse morphology has independently evolved in distinct lineages to adapt to intensive UV radiation and low temperature. Here we demonstrate that the glasshouse structure - specialized cauline leaves - is highly effective in absorbing UV light but transmitting visible and infrared light, creating an optimal microclimate for the development of reproductive organs. We reveal that this glasshouse syndrome has evolved at least three times independently in the rhubarb genus Rheum. We report the genome sequence of the flagship glasshouse plant Rheum nobile and identify key genetic network modules in association with the morphological transition to specialized glasshouse leaves, including active secondary cell wall biogenesis, upregulated cuticular cutin biosynthesis, and suppression of photosynthesis and terpenoid biosynthesis. The distinct cell wall organization and cuticle development might be important for the specialized optical property of glasshouse leaves. We also find that the expansion of LTRs has likely played an important role in noble rhubarb adaptation to high elevation environments. Our study will enable additional comparative analyses to identify the genetic basis underlying the convergent occurrence of glasshouse syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Boas Pucker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- CeBiTec & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology & BRICS, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tianhui Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Bo Song
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nan Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Samuel F Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Tao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
| | - Hengchang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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8
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Shapiro AV, Brühl C, Klingmüller K, Steil B, Shapiro AI, Witzke V, Kostogryz N, Gizon L, Solanki SK, Lelieveld J. Metal-rich stars are less suitable for the evolution of life on their planets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1893. [PMID: 37072387 PMCID: PMC10113254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric ozone and oxygen protect the terrestrial biosphere against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we model atmospheres of Earth-like planets hosted by stars with near-solar effective temperatures (5300 to 6300 K) and a broad range of metallicities covering known exoplanet host stars. We show that paradoxically, although metal-rich stars emit substantially less ultraviolet radiation than metal-poor stars, the surface of their planets is exposed to more intense ultraviolet radiation. For the stellar types considered, metallicity has a larger impact than stellar temperature. During the evolution of the universe, newly formed stars have progressively become more metal-rich, exposing organisms to increasingly intense ultraviolet radiation. Our findings imply that planets hosted by stars with low metallicity are the best targets to search for complex life on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Shapiro
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Veronika Witzke
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kostogryz
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Gizon
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Astrophysics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Space Science, NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sami K Solanki
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
- School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, Nicosia, Cyprus
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9
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The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in light of new developments in terrestrial palynology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3074. [PMID: 36813802 PMCID: PMC9947001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval is associated with an oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2, 94.0 Ma) during one of the warmest episodes in the Mesozoic. To date, plant responses to these climatic conditions are known only from the northern mid-latitudinal succession in Cassis, France. There, conifer-dominated and angiosperm-dominated vegetation types alternate. However, whether the exceptional environmental conditions had an impact on plant reproduction is unknown to date. We applied a new environmental proxy based on spore and pollen teratology on palynological samples from the Cassis succession, to explore if this phenomenon also occurs across the OAE 2. The observed frequencies of<1% malformed spores and pollen grains suggest that plant reproduction was not affected during the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval. While the effects of continental Large Igneous Province(s) on plant reproduction have shown to produce abnormal spore or pollen morphologies as evidence for severe environmental pollution, by contrast the effects of oceanic LIP(s) seems to be inconsequential.
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10
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Liu F, Peng H, Marshall JE, Lomax BH, Bomfleur B, Kent MS, Fraser WT, Jardine PE. Dying in the Sun: Direct evidence for elevated UV-B radiation at the end-Permian mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabo6102. [PMID: 36608140 PMCID: PMC9821938 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Land plants can adjust the concentration of protective ultraviolet B (UV-B)-absorbing compounds (UACs) in the outer wall of their reproductive propagules in response to ambient UV-B flux. To infer changes in UV-B radiation flux at Earth's surface during the end-Permian mass extinction, we analyze UAC abundances in ca. 800 pollen grains from an independently dated Permian-Triassic boundary section in Tibet. Our data reveal an excursion in UACs that coincide with a spike in mercury concentration and a negative carbon-isotope excursion in the latest Permian deposits, suggesting a close temporal link between large-scale volcanic eruptions, global carbon and mercury cycle perturbations, and ozone layer disruption. Because enhanced UV-B radiation can exacerbate the environmental deterioration induced by massive magmatism, ozone depletion is considered a compelling ecological driver for the terrestrial mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huiping Peng
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - John E. A. Marshall
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Barry H. Lomax
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Benjamin Bomfleur
- Palaeobotany Group, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Matthew S. Kent
- Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wesley T. Fraser
- Geography, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Phillip E. Jardine
- Palaeobotany Group, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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11
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Barnum TP, Coates JD. The biogeochemical cycling of chlorine. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:634-649. [PMID: 35851523 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has important roles in the Earth's systems. In different forms, it helps balance the charge and osmotic potential of cells, provides energy for microorganisms, mobilizes metals in geologic fluids, alters the salinity of waters, and degrades atmospheric ozone. Despite this importance, there has not been a comprehensive summary of chlorine's geobiology. Here, we unite different areas of recent research to describe a biogeochemical cycle for chlorine. Chlorine enters the biosphere through volcanism and weathering of rocks and is sequestered by subduction and the formation of evaporite sediments from inland seas. In the biosphere, chlorine is converted between solid, dissolved, and gaseous states and in oxidation states ranging from -1 to +7, with the soluble, reduced chloride ion as its most common form. Living organisms and chemical reactions change chlorine's form through oxidation and reduction and the addition and removal of chlorine from organic molecules. Chlorine can be transported through the atmosphere, and the highest oxidation states of chlorine are produced by reactions between sunlight and trace chlorine gases. Partial oxidation of chlorine occurs across the biosphere and creates reactive chlorine species that contribute to the oxidative stress experienced by living cells. A unified view of this chlorine cycle demonstrates connections between chlorine biology, chemistry, and geology that affect life on the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Barnum
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John D Coates
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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12
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Mollaeva MZ, Tembotova FA. The Pollen Quality and Anomalies of the Scots Pine in the Central Caucasus. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Peng F, Engel U, Aliyu H, Rudat J. Origin and Evolution of Enzymes with MIO Prosthetic Group: Microbial Coevolution After the Mass Extinction Event. Front Genet 2022; 13:851738. [PMID: 35422843 PMCID: PMC9002059 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.851738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After major mass extinction events, ancient plants and terrestrial vertebrates were faced with various challenges, especially ultraviolet (UV) light. These stresses probably resulted in changes in the biosynthetic pathways, which employed the MIO (3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazole-4-one)-dependent enzymes (ammonia-lyase and aminomutase), leading to enhanced accumulation of metabolites for defense against UV radiation, pathogens, and microorganisms. Up to now, the origin and evolution of genes from this superfamily have not been extensively studied. In this report, we perform an analysis of the phylogenetic relations between the members of the aromatic amino acid MIO-dependent enzymes (AAM), which demonstrate that they most probably have a common evolutionary origin from ancient bacteria. In early soil environments, numerous bacterial species with tyrosine ammonia-lyase genes (TAL; EC 4.3.1.23) developed tyrosine aminomutase (TAM; EC 5.4.3.6) activity as a side reaction for competing with their neighbors in the community. These genes also evolved into other TAL-like enzymes, such as histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL, EC 4.3.1.3) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.24), in different bacterial species for metabolite production and accumulation for adaptation to adverse terrestrial environmental conditions. On the other hand, the existence of phenylalanine aminomutase (PAM; EC 5.4.3.10) and phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase (PTAL; EC 4.3.1.25) strongly indicates the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between bacteria, fungi, and plants in symbiotic association after acquiring the PAL gene from their ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, II, Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, II, Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Habibu Aliyu
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, II, Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, II, Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Cooke GJ, Marsh DR, Walsh C, Black B, Lamarque JF. A revised lower estimate of ozone columns during Earth's oxygenated history. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211165. [PMID: 35070343 PMCID: PMC8728182 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The history of molecular oxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere is still debated; however, geological evidence supports at least two major episodes where O2 increased by an order of magnitude or more: the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) and the Neoproterozoic Oxidation Event. O2 concentrations have likely fluctuated (between 10-3 and 1.5 times the present atmospheric level) since the GOE ∼2.4 Gyr ago, resulting in a time-varying ozone (O3) layer. Using a three-dimensional chemistry-climate model, we simulate changes in O3 in Earth's atmosphere since the GOE and consider the implications for surface habitability, and glaciation during the Mesoproterozoic. We find lower O3 columns (reduced by up to 4.68 times for a given O2 level) compared to previous work; hence, higher fluxes of biologically harmful UV radiation would have reached the surface. Reduced O3 leads to enhanced tropospheric production of the hydroxyl radical (OH) which then substantially reduces the lifetime of methane (CH4). We show that a CH4 supported greenhouse effect during the Mesoproterozoic is highly unlikely. The reduced O3 columns we simulate have important implications for astrobiological and terrestrial habitability, demonstrating the relevance of three-dimensional chemistry-climate simulations when assessing paleoclimates and the habitability of faraway worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Cooke
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - D. R. Marsh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - C. Walsh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B. Black
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, CUNY City College, New York, NY, USA
| | - J.-F. Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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15
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Zhao X, Yu Y, Clapham ME, Yan E, Chen J, Jarzembowski EA, Zhao X, Wang B. Early evolution of beetles regulated by the end-Permian deforestation. eLife 2021; 10:72692. [PMID: 34747694 PMCID: PMC8585485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to a severe terrestrial ecosystem collapse. However, the ecological response of insects—the most diverse group of organisms on Earth—to the EPME remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse beetle evolutionary history based on taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, phylogeny, and ecological shifts from the Early Permian to Middle Triassic, using a comprehensive new dataset. Permian beetles were dominated by xylophagous stem groups with high diversity and disparity, which probably played an underappreciated role in the Permian carbon cycle. Our suite of analyses shows that Permian xylophagous beetles suffered a severe extinction during the EPME largely due to the collapse of forest ecosystems, resulting in an Early Triassic gap of xylophagous beetles. New xylophagous beetles appeared widely in the early Middle Triassic, which is consistent with the restoration of forest ecosystems. Our results highlight the ecological significance of insects in deep-time terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilun Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew E Clapham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Evgeny Yan
- Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Edmund A Jarzembowski
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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16
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Ozel HB, Abo Aisha AES, Cetin M, Sevik H, Zeren Cetin I. The effects of increased exposure time to UV-B radiation on germination and seedling development of Anatolian black pine seeds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:388. [PMID: 34097139 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exhaustion of stratospheric ozone found at a height of 10-30 km around the world causes the solar UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation to penetrate through the atmosphere more, and thus to reach the Earth's surface quicker. The protective ozone layer gets damaged by human activities constantly, and the increasing levels of UV radiation present threats to all life forms, plants, animals, and even microorganisms. However, the studies conducted on the effects of UV radiation on plants, and especially forest trees, are rather limited. In this study, it was aimed to identify the effects of UV-B radiation on some germination and seedling characteristics of Anatolian black pine seeds. Within the scope of the study, seeds were exposed to UV-B radiation for 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min for germination experiments; and the germination speed (GS) was calculated as the ratio of the germinated seeds to the solid seeds at the end of the 7th day, whereas the germination percentage (GP) was calculated as the ratio of the germinated seeds to the solid seeds at the end of the 35th day. The seeds reserved for the seedling experiment were exposed to UV-B radiation for 1, 3, 5, and 7 h. With the measurements made at the end of the day, the seedling length (SL), the terminal bud length (TBL), the branch number (BN), the root collar diameter (RCD), the stem fresh weight (SFW), the root fresh weight (RFW), the stem dry weight (SDW) and the root dry weight (RDW), and the rooting percentage (RP) were determined. Variance analysis and Duncan test were applied to the obtained data with the help of SPSS package program. The study results revealed that the exposure time to increased UV-B radiation significantly affected all characters; the least affected character was RP, and that the most affected characters were RDW, SDW, and RCD. As a result of the study, it was found that even the applications with the lowest intensity took effect in most of the characters, that the seedling development decreased by more than 80% in terms of some characters at the end of 7-h application, and that even the decrease in the RP character, which was the least affected by the 7-h UV-B application, was above 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Baris Ozel
- Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Adel Easa Saad Abo Aisha
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cetin
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Sevik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Zeren Cetin
- Department of Forest Engineering, Institute of Graduate School, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
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17
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Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Madronich S, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Banaszak AT, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Byrne SN, Foereid B, Häder DP, Hollestein LM, Hou WC, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, Longstreth J, Lucas RM, Martinez-Abaigar J, McNeill K, Olsen CM, Pandey KK, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Ukpebor JE, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Yazar S, Young AR, Young PJ, Zhu L, Zhu M. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1-67. [PMID: 33721243 PMCID: PMC7816068 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595-828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C C White
- Bee America, 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Zhu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Allen BJ, Wignall PB, Hill DJ, Saupe EE, Dunhill AM. The latitudinal diversity gradient of tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and recovery interval. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201125. [PMID: 32546099 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in species richness from the equator to the poles is referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Higher equatorial diversity has been recognized for over 200 years, but the consistency of this pattern in deep time remains uncertain. Examination of spatial biodiversity patterns in the past across different global climate regimes and continental configurations can reveal how LDGs have varied over Earth history and potentially differentiate between suggested causal mechanisms. The Late Permian-Middle Triassic represents an ideal time interval for study, because it is characterized by large-scale volcanic episodes, extreme greenhouse temperatures and the most severe mass extinction event in Earth history. We examined terrestrial and marine tetrapod spatial biodiversity patterns using a database of global tetrapod occurrences. Terrestrial tetrapods exhibit a bimodal richness distribution throughout the Late Permian-Middle Triassic, with peaks in the northern low latitudes and southern mid-latitudes around 20-40° N and 60° S, respectively. Marine reptile fossils are known almost exclusively from the Northern Hemisphere in the Early and Middle Triassic, with highest diversity around 20° N. Reconstructed terrestrial LDGs contrast strongly with the generally unimodal gradients of today, potentially reflecting high global temperatures and prevailing Pangaean super-monsoonal climate system during the Permo-Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel J Hill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Marshall JEA, Lakin J, Troth I, Wallace-Johnson SM. UV-B radiation was the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba0768. [PMID: 32518822 PMCID: PMC7253167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an unexplained terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary (359 million years ago). The discovery in east Greenland of malformed land plant spores demonstrates that the extinction was coincident with elevated UV-B radiation demonstrating ozone layer reduction. Mercury data through the extinction level prove that, unlike other mass extinctions, there were no planetary scale volcanic eruptions. Importantly, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial mass extinction was coincident with a major climatic warming that ended the intense final glacial cycle of the latest Devonian ice age. A mechanism for ozone layer reduction during rapid warming is increased convective transport of ClO. Hence, ozone loss during rapid warming is an inherent Earth system process with the unavoidable conclusion that we should be alert for such an eventuality in the future warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. A. Marshall
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jon Lakin
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ian Troth
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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20
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Mosadegh H, Trivellini A, Lucchesini M, Ferrante A, Maggini R, Vernieri P, Sodi AM. UV-B Physiological Changes Under Conditions of Distress and Eustress in Sweet Basil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E396. [PMID: 31590329 PMCID: PMC6843199 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UV-B radiation has been previously reported to induce protective or deleterious effects on plants depending on the UV-B irradiation doses. To elucidate how these contrasting events are physiologically coordinated, we exposed sweet basil plants to two UV-B doses: low (8.5 kJ m-2 day-1, 30 min exposure) and high (68 kJ m-2 day-1, 4 h exposure), with the plants given both doses once continuously in a single day. Physiological tests during and after both UV-B exposures were performed by comparing the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on photosynthetic activity, the concentration and composition of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments, and stress-related hormones biosynthesis in basil plants. Our results showed that upon receiving a high UV-B dose, a severe inactivation of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) activity at the PSII donor side and irreversible PSII photodamage caused primarily by limitation of the acceptor side occurred, which overloaded protective mechanisms and finally led to the death of the plants. In contrast, low UV-B levels did not induce any signs of UV-B stress injuries. The OEC partial limitation and the inactivation of the electron transport chain allowed the activation of photoprotective mechanisms, avoiding irreversible damage to PSII. Overall results indicate the importance of a specific response mechanisms regulating photoprotection vs irreversible photoinhibition in basil that were modulated depending on the UV-B doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haana Mosadegh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mariella Lucchesini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Rita Maggini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Mensuali Sodi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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21
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Lindström S, Sanei H, van de Schootbrugge B, Pedersen GK, Lesher CE, Tegner C, Heunisch C, Dybkjær K, Outridge PM. Volcanic mercury and mutagenesis in land plants during the end-Triassic mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4018. [PMID: 31681836 PMCID: PMC6810405 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past 600 million years of Earth history, four of five major extinction events were synchronous with volcanism in large igneous provinces. Despite improved temporal frameworks for these events, the mechanisms causing extinctions remain unclear. Volcanic emissions of greenhouse gases, SO2, and halocarbons are generally considered as major factors in the biotic crises, resulting in global warming, acid deposition, and ozone layer depletion. Here, we show that pulsed elevated concentrations of mercury in marine and terrestrial sediments across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany correlate with intense volcanic activity in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. The increased levels of mercury-the most genotoxic element on Earth-also correlate with high occurrences of abnormal fern spores, indicating severe environmental stress and genetic disturbance in the parent plants. We conclude that this offers compelling evidence that emissions of toxic volcanogenic substances contributed to the end-Triassic biotic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lindström
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bas van de Schootbrugge
- Department of Earth Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gunver K. Pedersen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Charles E. Lesher
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christian Tegner
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carmen Heunisch
- State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Dybkjær
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter M. Outridge
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada
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22
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Nowak H, Schneebeli-Hermann E, Kustatscher E. No mass extinction for land plants at the Permian-Triassic transition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:384. [PMID: 30674875 PMCID: PMC6344494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe mass extinction among animals took place in the latest Permian (ca. 252 million years ago). Due to scarce and impoverished fossil floras from the earliest Triassic, the common perception has been that land plants likewise suffered a mass extinction, but doubts remained. Here we use global occurrence data of both plant macro- and microfossils to analyse plant biodiversity development across the Permian-Triassic boundary. We show that the plant fossil record is strongly biased and that evidence for a mass extinction among plants in the latest Permian is not robust. The taxonomic diversities of gymnosperm macrofossils and of the pollen produced by this group are particularly incongruent. Our results indicate that gymnosperm macrofossils are considerably undersampled for the Early Triassic, which creates the impression of increased gymnosperm extinction in the latest Permian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nowak
- Museum of Nature South Tyrol, Bindergasse/Via Bottai 1, Bozen, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
| | | | - Evelyn Kustatscher
- Museum of Nature South Tyrol, Bindergasse/Via Bottai 1, Bozen, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
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