1
|
Zhou H, Li D, Ren Z, Xu C, Wang LF, Lee C. Surface plasmons-phonons for mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado3179. [PMID: 38809968 PMCID: PMC11135386 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmons have proven their ability to boost the sensitivity of mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging by enhancing light-matter interactions. Surface phonons, a counterpart technology to plasmons, present unclear contributions to hyperspectral imaging. Here, we investigate this by developing a plasmon-phonon hyperspectral imaging system that uses asymmetric cross-shaped nanoantennas composed of stacked plasmon-phonon materials. The phonon modes within this system, controlled by light polarization, capture molecular refractive index intensity and lineshape features, distinct from those observed with plasmons, enabling more precise and sensitive molecule identification. In a deep learning-assisted imaging demonstration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), phonons exhibit enhanced identification capabilities (230,400 spectra/s), facilitating the de-overlapping and observation of the spatial distribution of two mixed SARS-CoV spike proteins. In addition, the plasmon-phonon system demonstrates increased identification accuracy (93%), heightened sensitivity, and enhanced detection limits (down to molecule monolayers). These findings extend phonon polaritonics to hyperspectral imaging, promising applications in imaging-guided molecule screening and pharmaceutical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School–Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie Q, Zhang Y, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Atomic-force-microscopy-based time-domain two-dimensional infrared nanospectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01670-w. [PMID: 38750165 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
For decades, infrared (IR) spectroscopy has advanced on two distinct frontiers: enhancing spatial resolution and broadening spectroscopic information. Although atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based IR microscopy overcomes Abbe's diffraction limit and reaches sub-10 nm spatial resolutions, time-domain two-dimensional IR spectroscopy (2DIR) provides insights into molecular structures, mode coupling and energy transfers. Here we bridge the boundary between these two techniques and develop AFM-2DIR nanospectroscopy. Our method offers the spatial precision of AFM in combination with the rich spectroscopic information provided by 2DIR. This approach mechanically detects the sample's photothermal responses to a tip-enhanced femtosecond IR pulse sequence and extracts spatially resolved spectroscopic information via FFTs. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we elucidate the anharmonicity of a carbonyl vibrational mode. Further, leveraging the near-field photons' high momenta from the tip enhancement for phase matching, we photothermally probe hyperbolic phonon polaritons in isotope-enriched h10BN. Our measurements unveil an energy transfer between phonon polaritons and phonons, as well as among different polariton modes, possibly aided by scattering at interfaces. The AFM-2DIR nanospectroscopy enables the in situ investigations of vibrational anharmonicity, coupling and energy transfers in heterogeneous materials and nanostructures, especially suitable for unravelling the relaxation process in two-dimensional materials at IR frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, US
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, US
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, US.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Jahng J, Ma X, Liang J, Zhang X, Min Q, Wang XL, Chen S, Lee ES, Xia XH. Surface-phonon-polariton-enhanced photoinduced dipole force for nanoscale infrared imaging. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae101. [PMID: 38698902 PMCID: PMC11065349 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The photoinduced dipole force (PiDF) is an attractive force arising from the Coulombic interaction between the light-induced dipoles on the illuminated tip and the sample. It shows extreme sample-tip distance and refractive index dependence, which is promising for nanoscale infrared (IR) imaging of ultrathin samples. However, the existence of PiDF in the mid-IR region has not been experimentally demonstrated due to the coexistence of photoinduced thermal force (PiTF), typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than PiDF. In this study, we demonstrate that, with the assistance of surface phonon polaritons, the PiDF of c-quartz can be enhanced to surpass its PiTF, enabling a clear observation of PiDF spectra reflecting the properties of the real part of permittivity. Leveraging the detection of the PiDF of phonon polaritonic substrate, we propose a strategy to enhance the sensitivity and contrast of photoinduced force responses in transmission images, facilitating the precise differentiation of the heterogeneous distribution of ultrathin samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Xuezhi Ma
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangjun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Hyperspectral Nano-Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herzig Sheinfux H, Orsini L, Jung M, Torre I, Ceccanti M, Marconi S, Maniyara R, Barcons Ruiz D, Hötger A, Bertini R, Castilla S, Hesp NCH, Janzen E, Holleitner A, Pruneri V, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Koppens FHL. High-quality nanocavities through multimodal confinement of hyperbolic polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:499-505. [PMID: 38321241 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Compressing light into nanocavities substantially enhances light-matter interactions, which has been a major driver for nanostructured materials research. However, extreme confinement generally comes at the cost of absorption and low resonator quality factors. Here we suggest an alternative optical multimodal confinement mechanism, unlocking the potential of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride. We produce deep-subwavelength cavities and demonstrate several orders of magnitude improvement in confinement, with estimated Purcell factors exceeding 108 and quality factors in the 50-480 range, values approaching the intrinsic quality factor of hexagonal boron nitride polaritons. Intriguingly, the quality factors we obtain exceed the maximum predicted by impedance-mismatch considerations, indicating that confinement is boosted by higher-order modes. We expect that our multimodal approach to nanoscale polariton manipulation will have far-reaching implications for ultrastrong light-matter interactions, mid-infrared nonlinear optics and nanoscale sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Herzig Sheinfux
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Orsini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iacopo Torre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Matteo Ceccanti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Simone Marconi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Rinu Maniyara
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David Barcons Ruiz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bertini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Sebastián Castilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Niels C H Hesp
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alexander Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ling H, Nourbakhsh M, Whiteside VR, Tischler JG, Davoyan AR. Near-Unity Light-Matter Interaction in Mid-Infrared van der Waals Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3315-3322. [PMID: 38452251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Accessing mid-infrared radiation is of great importance for a range of applications, including thermal imaging, sensing, and radiative cooling. Here, we study light interaction with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocavities and reveal strong and tunable resonances across its hyperbolic transition. In addition to conventional phonon-polariton excitations, we demonstrate that the high refractive index of hexagonal boron nitride outside the Reststrahlen band allows enhanced light-matter interactions in deep subwavelength (<λ/15) nanostructures across a broad 7-8 μm range. Emergence and interplay of Fabry-Perot and Mie-like resonances are examined experimentally and theoretically. Near-unity absorption and high quality (Q ≥ 80) resonance interaction in the vicinity of the hBN transverse optical phonon is further observed. Our study provides avenues to design highly efficient and ultracompact structures for controlling mid-infrared radiation and accessing strong light-matter interactions with hBN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Milad Nourbakhsh
- Deven Energy Hall, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 110 W. Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Vincent R Whiteside
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 West Brooks Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Joseph G Tischler
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 West Brooks Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Artur R Davoyan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ginsberg JS, Jadidi MM, Zhang J, Chen CY, Tancogne-Dejean N, Chae SH, Patwardhan GN, Xian L, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Rubio A, Gaeta AL. Phonon-enhanced nonlinearities in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7685. [PMID: 38001087 PMCID: PMC10673846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar crystals can be driven into collective oscillations by optical fields tuned to precise resonance frequencies. As the amplitude of the excited phonon modes increases, novel processes scaling non-linearly with the applied fields begin to contribute to the dynamics of the atomic system. Here we show two such optical nonlinearities that are induced and enhanced by the strong phonon resonance in the van der Waals crystal hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). We predict and observe large sub-picosecond duration signals due to four-wave mixing (FWM) during resonant excitation. The resulting FWM signal allows for time-resolved observation of the crystal motion. In addition, we observe enhancements of third-harmonic generation with resonant pumping at the hBN transverse optical phonon. Phonon-induced nonlinear enhancements are also predicted to yield large increases in high-harmonic efficiencies beyond the third.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Ginsberg
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - M Mehdi Jadidi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, 22761, Germany.
| | - Cecilia Y Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Sang Hoon Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gauri N Patwardhan
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lede Xian
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, 22761, Germany.
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Simons Foundation Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Li G, Yao Y, Chen J, Xue M, Bao L, Jin K, Ge C, Chen J. Tunable heterostructural prism for planar polaritonic switch. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1757-1763. [PMID: 37507260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of phonon polaritons in van der Waals materials at the nanoscale has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in nanophotonics. The unique properties of these materials, such as their ability to support sub-diffraction imaging, sensing, and hyperlenses, have made them a promising avenue for the development of new techniques in the field. Despite these advancements, there still exists a challenge in achieving dynamically reversible manipulation of phonon polaritons in these materials due to their insulating properties. In this study, we present experimental results on the reversible manipulation of anisotropic phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 on top of a VO2 film, a phase-change material known for its dramatic changes in dielectric properties between its insulating and metallic states. Our findings demonstrate that the engineered VO2 film enables a switch in the propagation of polaritons in the mid-infrared region by modifying the dielectric properties of the film through temperature changes. Our results represent a promising approach to effectively control the flow of light energy at the nanoscale and offer the potential for the design and fabrication of integrated, flat sub-diffraction polaritonic devices. This study adds to the growing body of work in the field of nanophotonics and highlights the importance of considering phase-change materials for the development of new techniques in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Zhao
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117550, Singapore
| | - Jiancui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chen Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ogawa S, Fukushima S, Shimatani M. Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Photonic Device Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2005. [PMID: 36903116 PMCID: PMC10004243 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a key two-dimensional material. Its importance is linked to that of graphene because it provides an ideal substrate for graphene with minimal lattice mismatch and maintains its high carrier mobility. Moreover, hBN has unique properties in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) and infrared (IR) wavelength bands owing to its indirect bandgap structure and hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs). This review examines the physical properties and applications of hBN-based photonic devices that operate in these bands. A brief background on BN is provided, and the theoretical background of the intrinsic nature of the indirect bandgap structure and HPPs is discussed. Subsequently, the development of DUV-based light-emitting diodes and photodetectors based on hBN's bandgap in the DUV wavelength band is reviewed. Thereafter, IR absorbers/emitters, hyperlenses, and surface-enhanced IR absorption microscopy applications using HPPs in the IR wavelength band are examined. Finally, future challenges related to hBN fabrication using chemical vapor deposition and techniques for transferring hBN to a substrate are discussed. Emerging techniques to control HPPs are also examined. This review is intended to assist researchers in both industry and academia in the design and development of unique hBN-based photonic devices operating in the DUV and IR wavelength regions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Han Z, Wang F, Sun J, Wang X, Tang Z. Recent Advances in Ultrathin Chiral Metasurfaces by Twisted Stacking. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206141. [PMID: 36284479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial chiral nanostructures have been subjected to extensive research for their unique chiroptical activities. Planarized chiral films of ultrathin thicknesses are in particular demand for easy on-chip integration and improved energy efficiency as polarization-sensitive metadevices. Recently, controlled twisted stacking of two or more layers of nanomaterials, such as 2D van der Waals materials, ultrathin films, or traditional metasurfaces, at an angle has emerged as a general strategy to introduce optical chirality into achiral solid-state systems. This method endows new degrees of freedom, e.g., the interlayer twist angle, to flexibly engineer and tune the chiroptical responses without having to change the material or the design, thus greatly facilitating the development of multifunctional metamaterials. In this review, recent exciting progress in planar chiral metasurfaces are summarized and discussed from the viewpoints of building blocks, fabrication methods, as well as circular dichroism and modulation thereof in twisted stacked nanostructures. The review further highlights the ever-growing portfolio of applications of these chiral metasurfaces, including polarization conversion, information encryption, chiral sensing, and as an engineering platform for hybrid metadevices. Finally, forward-looking prospects are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Juehan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dolado I, Maciel-Escudero C, Nikulina E, Modin E, Calavalle F, Chen S, Bylinkin A, Alfaro-Mozaz FJ, Li J, Edgar JH, Casanova F, Vélez S, Hueso LE, Esteban R, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R. Remote near-field spectroscopy of vibrational strong coupling between organic molecules and phononic nanoresonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6850. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPhonon polariton (PhP) nanoresonators can dramatically enhance the coupling of molecular vibrations and infrared light, enabling ultrasensitive spectroscopies and strong coupling with minute amounts of matter. So far, this coupling and the resulting localized hybrid polariton modes have been studied only by far-field spectroscopy, preventing access to modal near-field patterns and dark modes, which could further our fundamental understanding of nanoscale vibrational strong coupling (VSC). Here we use infrared near-field spectroscopy to study the coupling between the localized modes of PhP nanoresonators made of h-BN and molecular vibrations. For a most direct probing of the resonator-molecule coupling, we avoid the direct near-field interaction between tip and molecules by probing the molecule-free part of partially molecule-covered nanoresonators, which we refer to as remote near-field probing. We obtain spatially and spectrally resolved maps of the hybrid polariton modes, as well as the corresponding coupling strengths, demonstrating VSC on a single PhP nanoresonator level. Our work paves the way for near-field spectroscopy of VSC phenomena not accessible by conventional techniques.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ling H, Khurgin JB, Davoyan AR. Atomic-Void van der Waals Channel Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6254-6261. [PMID: 35867898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Layered van der Waals materials allow creating unique atomic-void channels with subnanometer dimensions. Coupling light into these channels may further advance sensing, quantum information, and single molecule chemistries. Here, we examine theoretically limits of light guiding in atomic-void channels and show that van der Waals materials exhibiting strong resonances, excitonic and polaritonic, are ideally suited for deeply subwavelength light guiding. We predict that excitonic transition metal dichalcogenides can squeeze >70% of optical power in just <λ/100 thick channel in the visible and near-infrared. We also show that polariton resonances of hexagonal boron nitride allow deeply subwavelength (<λ/500) guiding in the mid-infrared. We further reveal effects of natural material anisotropy and discuss the influence of losses. Such van der Waals channel waveguides while offering extreme optical confinement exhibit significantly lower loss compared to plasmonic counterparts, thus paving the way to low-loss and deeply subwavelength optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jacob B Khurgin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Artur R Davoyan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiodini S, Kerfoot J, Venturi G, Mignuzzi S, Alexeev EM, Teixeira Rosa B, Tongay S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ferrari AC, Ambrosio A. Moiré Modulation of Van Der Waals Potential in Twisted Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7589-7604. [PMID: 35486712 PMCID: PMC9134503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
When a twist angle is applied between two layered materials (LMs), the registry of the layers and the associated change in their functional properties are spatially modulated, and a moiré superlattice arises. Several works explored the optical, electric, and electromechanical moiré-dependent properties of such twisted LMs but, to the best of our knowledge, no direct visualization and quantification of van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interactions has been presented, so far. Here, we use tapping mode atomic force microscopy phase-imaging to probe the spatial modulation of the vdW potential in twisted hexagonal boron nitride. We find a moiré superlattice in the phase channel only when noncontact (long-range) forces are probed, revealing the modulation of the vdW potential at the sample surface, following AB and BA stacking domains. The creation of scalable electrostatic domains, modulating the vdW potential at the interface with the environment by means of layer twisting, could be used for local adhesion engineering and surface functionalization by affecting the deposition of molecules or nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Chiodini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - James Kerfoot
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Venturi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Sandro Mignuzzi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny M. Alexeev
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Teixeira Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sifat AA, Jahng J, Potma EO. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) - principles and implementations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4208-4222. [PMID: 35510630 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a scan probe technique that offers images with spectroscopic contrast at a spatial resolution in the nanometer range. PiFM utilizes the non-propagating, enhanced near field at the apex of a sharp tip to locally induce a polarization in the sample, which in turn produces an additional force acting on the cantilevered tip. This photo-induced force, though in the pN range or less, can be extracted from the oscillation properties of the cantilever, thus enabling the generation of photo-induced force maps. Since its inception in 2010, the PiFM technique has grown into a useful nano-spectrocopic tool that has expanded its reach in terms of imaging capabilities and applications. In this review, we present various technical implementations of the PiFM approach. In addition, we discuss the physical origin of the PiFM signal, highlighting the contributions from dipole-dipole forces as well as forces that derive from photo-thermal processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Anjum Sifat
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Lab, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Larciprete MC, Dereshgi SA, Centini M, Aydin K. Tuning and hybridization of surface phonon polaritons in α-MoO 3 based metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12788-12796. [PMID: 35472908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose an effective medium approach to tune and control surface phonon polariton dispersion relations along the three main crystallographic directions of α-phase molybdenum trioxide. We show that a metamaterial consisting of subwavelength air inclusions into the α-MoO3 matrix displays new absorption modes producing a split of the Reststrahlen bands of the crystal and creating new branches of phonon polaritons. In particular, we report hybridization of bulk and surface polariton modes by tailoring metamaterials' structural parameters. Theoretical predictions obtained with the effective medium approach are validated by full-field electromagnetic simulations using finite difference time domain method. Our study sheds light on the use of effective medium theory for modeling and predicting wavefront polaritons. Our simple yet effective approach could potentially enable different functionalities for hyperbolic infrared metasurface devices and circuits on a single compact platform for on-chip infrared photonics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu SJ, Jiang Y, Roberts JA, Huber MA, Yao H, Shi X, Bechtel HA, Gilbert Corder SN, Heinz TF, Zheng X, Fan JA. Ultrahigh-Quality Infrared Polaritonic Resonators Based on Bottom-Up-Synthesized van der Waals Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3027-3035. [PMID: 35041379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals nanomaterials supporting phonon polariton quasiparticles possess extraordinary light confinement capabilities, making them ideal systems for molecular sensing, thermal emission, and subwavelength imaging applications, but they require defect-free crystallinity and nanostructured form factors to fully showcase these capabilities. We introduce bottom-up-synthesized α-MoO3 structures as nanoscale phonon polaritonic systems that feature tailorable morphologies and crystal qualities consistent with bulk single crystals. α-MoO3 nanoribbons serve as low-loss hyperbolic Fabry-Pérot nanoresonators, and we experimentally map hyperbolic resonances over four Reststrahlen bands spanning the far- and mid-infrared spectral range, including resonance modes beyond the 10th order. The measured quality factors are the highest from phonon polaritonic van der Waals structures to date. We anticipate that bottom-up-synthesized polaritonic van der Waals nanostructures will serve as an enabling high-performance and low-loss platform for infrared optical and optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John A Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Helen Yao
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinjian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie N Gilbert Corder
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tu PY, Huang CC. Analysis of hybrid plasmon-phonon-polariton modes in hBN/graphene/hBN stacks for mid-infrared waveguiding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2863-2876. [PMID: 35209418 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guiding mid-infrared (mid-IR) signals provide wide-ranging applications including chemical sensing, thermal imaging, and optical waveguiding. To manipulate mid-IR signals on photonic chips, it is critical to build a waveguide that provides both sub-diffraction field confinement and low loss. We present a mid-IR waveguide made up of a multilayer graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) stacking (MLGhS) and a high-refractive index nanowire. The guided mode of the proposed waveguide structure is formed by coupling the fundamental volume plasmon polariton with the fundamental hyperbolic phonon polariton in hBN, and is then modulated by a high-index nanowire. Interestingly, we found that the effective index, propagation length, and mode area of the guided mode vary as the dependences of N-1, N, and N3/2, where N is the number of graphene layers. In addition, an anomalous result, which reveals Lp and Am monotonously decrease as Fermi energy increases that is not observed in conventional graphene plasmon waveguides, occurs in the present structure. The modal properties are analyzed by altering geometry effects and material parameters, and by crossing the upper Reststrahlen band of hBN from the wavevector k = 1,300 to 1,500 cm-1. Furthermore, crosstalk between adjacent waveguides are investigated to assess the degree of integration. The proposed idea not only provides a potential approach for designing tunable and large-area photonic integrated circuits, but it also has the potential to be extended to other 2D materials such as silicone, germanene, and stanene.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yadav A, Kumari R, Varshney SK, Lahiri B. Tunable phonon-plasmon hybridization in α-MoO 3-graphene based van der Waals heterostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33171-33183. [PMID: 34809134 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasmon-phonon hybridization behavior between anisotropic phonon polaritons (APhP) of orthorhombic phase Molybdenum Trioxide (α - MoO3) and the plasmon-polaritons of Graphene layer - forming a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is investigated theoretically in this paper. It is found that in-plane APhP shows strong interaction with graphene plasmons lying in their close vicinity, leading to large Rabi splitting. Anisotropic behavior of biaxial MoO3 shows the polarization-dependent response with strong anti-crossing behavior at 0.55 eV and 0.3 eV of graphene's Fermi potential for [100] and [001] crystalline directions, respectively. Numerical results reveal unusual electric field confinement for the two arms of enhanced hybrid modes: the first being confined in the graphene layer representing plasmonic-like behavior. The second shows volume confined zigzag pattern in hyperbolic MoO3. It is also found that the various plasmon-phonon hybridized modes could be wavelength tuned, simply by varying the Fermi potential of the graphene layer. The coupling response of the hybrid structure is studied analytically using the coupled oscillator model. Furthermore, we also infer upon the coupling strength and frequency splitting between the two layers with respect to their structural parameters and interlayer spacing. Our work will provide an insight into the active tunable property of hybrid van der Waals (vdW) structure for their potential application in sensors, detectors, directional spontaneous emission, as well as for the tunable control of the propagating polaritons in fields of flat dispersion where strong localization of photons can be achieved, popularly known as the flatband optics.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao Y, Ye J, Wang H, Zhang F, Sun M, Yu B, Wang J, Liu Y, Shan X, Bai X, Wang W. Edge-Enriched Large-Area Hexagonal BN Ultrathin Films with Enhanced Optical Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9475-9480. [PMID: 34559546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The optical second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layered materials is profoundly influenced by the symmetry properties, which has severely limited the usefulness of their SHG for nonlinear optical applications. Herein, we report on the controlled growth of large-area and continuous ultrathin h-BN films with a high density of exposed edges that show strongly enhanced SHG, owing to the breaking of inversion symmetry occurring naturally at edge sites. The large-area growth of edge-enriched BN films was accomplished through the introduction of Turing instability into a growth process that involves the liquid-gas interface self-limiting reaction between molten boron oxide (B2O3) with gaseous ammonia (NH3) at elevated temperature. Remarkably, the edge-enriched BN films give rise to a SHG response up to nearly 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the smooth BN films prepared through the same growth approach but with different growth parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Muhua Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bohan Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinyan Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons. Nature 2021; 597:187-195. [PMID: 34497390 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are hybrid excitations of matter and photons. In recent years, polaritons in van der Waals nanomaterials-known as van der Waals polaritons-have shown great promise to guide the flow of light at the nanoscale over spectral regions ranging from the visible to the terahertz. A vibrant research field based on manipulating strong light-matter interactions in the form of polaritons, supported by these atomically thin van der Waals nanomaterials, is emerging for advanced nanophotonic and opto-electronic applications. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of exploiting interface optics-such as refractive optics, meta-optics and moiré engineering-for the control of van der Waals polaritons. This enhanced control over van der Waals polaritons at the nanoscale has not only unveiled many new phenomena, but has also inspired valuable applications-including new avenues for nano-imaging, sensing, on-chip optical circuitry, and potentially many others in the years to come.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ni G, McLeod AS, Sun Z, Matson JR, Lo CFB, Rhodes DA, Ruta FL, Moore SL, Vitalone RA, Cusco R, Artús L, Xiong L, Dean CR, Hone JC, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Basov DN. Long-Lived Phonon Polaritons in Hyperbolic Materials. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5767-5773. [PMID: 34142555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural hyperbolic materials with dielectric permittivities of opposite signs along different principal axes can confine long-wavelength electromagnetic waves down to the nanoscale, well below the diffraction limit. Confined electromagnetic waves coupled to phonons in hyperbolic dielectrics including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and α-MoO3 are referred to as hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs). HPP dissipation at ambient conditions is substantial, and its fundamental limits remain unexplored. Here, we exploit cryogenic nanoinfrared imaging to investigate propagating HPPs in isotopically pure hBN and naturally abundant α-MoO3 crystals. Close to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, losses for HPPs in isotopic hBN drop significantly, resulting in propagation lengths in excess of 8 μm, with lifetimes exceeding 5 ps, thereby surpassing prior reports on such highly confined polaritonic modes. Our nanoscale, temperature-dependent imaging reveals the relevance of acoustic phonons in HPP damping and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses for miniaturized mid-infrared technologies operating at liquid-nitrogen temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Ni
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Alexander S McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joseph R Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Chiu Fan Bowen Lo
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel A Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Francesco L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Samuel L Moore
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rocco A Vitalone
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ramon Cusco
- Lluís Solé i Sabarís s.n., GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Artús
- Lluís Solé i Sabarís s.n., GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Extraordinary Optical Transmission by Hybrid Phonon-Plasmon Polaritons Using hBN Embedded in Plasmonic Nanoslits. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061567. [PMID: 34198718 PMCID: PMC8232318 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) exhibits natural hyperbolic dispersion in the infrared (IR) wavelength spectrum. In particular, the hybridization of its hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs) and surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) induced by metallic nanostructures is expected to serve as a new platform for novel light manipulation. In this study, the transmission properties of embedded hBN in metallic one-dimensional (1D) nanoslits were theoretically investigated using a rigorous coupled wave analysis method. Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) was observed in the type-II Reststrahlen band, which was attributed to the hybridization of HPPs in hBN and SPRs in 1D nanoslits. The calculated electric field distributions indicated that the unique Fabry–Pérot-like resonance was induced by the hybridization of HPPs and SPRs in an embedded hBN cavity. The trajectory of the confined light was a zigzag owing to the hyperbolicity of hBN, and its resonance number depended primarily on the aspect ratio of the 1D nanoslit. Such an EOT is also independent of the slit width and incident angle of light. These findings can not only assist in the development of improved strategies for the extreme confinement of IR light but may also be applied to ultrathin optical filters, advanced photodetectors, and optical devices.
Collapse
|
22
|
Peng C, Ou K, Li G, Zhao Z, Li X, Liu C, Li X, Chen X, Lu W. Tunable and polarization-sensitive perfect absorber with a phase-gradient heterojunction metasurface in the mid-infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12893-12902. [PMID: 33985035 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the growing family of Van der Waals materials, hBN supported phonon polaritons have attracted much attention due to their inherent hyperbolic dispersion properties in the mid-infrared. However, the lack of tunability imposes a severe restriction on the diversified, functional and integrated applications. Here, we propose a phase-gradient heterostructure metasurface to realize a dynamically tunable and polarization-sensitive perfect absorber in the mid-infrared through combining hBN and phase change VO2. Narrow-band perfect absorption at 7.2 µm can be switched to broadband around 11.2 µm through controlling the temperature of VO2. The governed physics of the bandwidth and absorption differences are demonstrated. Phonon polaritons in hBN phase-gradient configurations and plasmon polaritons in periodic VO2 blocks are respectively excited. We also investigate the absorption dependence on the polarization states of designed absorber. The method of engineering the absorption through controlling the temperature and polarization states opens up a new avenue for tunable applications such as data storage and integrated optical circuits.
Collapse
|
23
|
Feres FH, Mayer RA, Wehmeier L, Maia FCB, Viana ER, Malachias A, Bechtel HA, Klopf JM, Eng LM, Kehr SC, González JC, Freitas RO, Barcelos ID. Sub-diffractional cavity modes of terahertz hyperbolic phonon polaritons in tin oxide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1995. [PMID: 33790286 PMCID: PMC8012705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons have recently attracted considerable attention in nanophotonics mostly due to their intrinsic strong electromagnetic field confinement, ultraslow polariton group velocities, and long lifetimes. Here we introduce tin oxide (SnO2) nanobelts as a photonic platform for the transport of surface and volume phonon polaritons in the mid- to far-infrared frequency range. This report brings a comprehensive description of the polaritonic properties of SnO2 as a nanometer-sized dielectric and also as an engineered material in the form of a waveguide. By combining accelerator-based IR-THz sources (synchrotron and free-electron laser) with s-SNOM, we employed nanoscale far-infrared hyper-spectral-imaging to uncover a Fabry-Perot cavity mechanism in SnO2 nanobelts via direct detection of phonon-polariton standing waves. Our experimental findings are accurately supported by notable convergence between theory and numerical simulations. Thus, the SnO2 is confirmed as a natural hyperbolic material with unique photonic properties essential for future applications involving subdiffractional light traffic and detection in the far-infrared range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio H Feres
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Physics Department, Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Mayer
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Physics Department, Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - E R Viana
- Department of Physics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelo Malachias
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J C González
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiang B, Yuan G, Zhao M, Liu H, Wang QJ, Wang Q. Far-field controllable excitation of phonon polariton via nanostructure engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39156-39164. [PMID: 33379471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a natural mid-infrared (mid-IR) hyperbolic material which supports a strong excitation of phonon polariton (PhP) has enabled a new class of photonic devices with unprecedented functionalities. The hyperbolic property of h-BN has not only brought in new physical insights but also spurred potential applications. However, most of the current h-BN devices are designed repying on near-field excitation and manipulation of PhP. For fully realizing the potentials of h-BN, research on far-field controllable excitation and control of PhP is important for future integrated photonic devices. In this work, we exploit the designs of controllable far-field excitation of PhP in nanostructure-patterned h-BN thin film for deep subwavelength focusing (FWHM∼λ0/14.9) and interference patterns of 1D (FWHM∼λ0/52) and 2D standing waves (FWHM∼λ0/36.8) which find great potential for super-resolution imaging beyond diffraction limit. These polaritonic patterns could be easily tuned remotely by manipulating the polarization and phase of incident laser. This approach provides a novel platform for practical IR nanophotonic devices and potential applications in mid-IR bio-imaging and sensing.
Collapse
|
25
|
Edge-oriented and steerable hyperbolic polaritons in anisotropic van der Waals nanocavities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6086. [PMID: 33257664 PMCID: PMC7705012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly confined and low-loss polaritons are known to propagate isotropically over graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in the plane, leaving limited degrees of freedom in manipulating light at the nanoscale. The emerging family of biaxial van der Waals materials, such as α-MoO3 and V2O5, support exotic polariton propagation, as their auxiliary optical axis is in the plane. Here, exploiting this strong in-plane anisotropy, we report edge-tailored hyperbolic polaritons in patterned α-MoO3 nanocavities via real-space nanoimaging. We find that the angle between the edge orientation and the crystallographic direction significantly affects the optical response, and can serve as a key tuning parameter in tailoring the polaritonic patterns. By shaping α-MoO3 nanocavities with different geometries, we observe edge-oriented and steerable hyperbolic polaritons as well as forbidden zones where the polaritons detour. The lifetime and figure of merit of the hyperbolic polaritons can be regulated by the edge aspect ratio of nanocavity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Castilla S, Vangelidis I, Pusapati VV, Goldstein J, Autore M, Slipchenko T, Rajendran K, Kim S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Martín-Moreno L, Englund D, Tielrooij KJ, Hillenbrand R, Lidorikis E, Koppens FHL. Plasmonic antenna coupling to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons for sensitive and fast mid-infrared photodetection with graphene. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4872. [PMID: 32978380 PMCID: PMC7519130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating and manipulating the nano-optoelectronic properties of Van der Waals heterostructures can enable unprecedented platforms for photodetection and sensing. The main challenge of infrared photodetectors is to funnel the light into a small nanoscale active area and efficiently convert it into an electrical signal. Here, we overcome all of those challenges in one device, by efficient coupling of a plasmonic antenna to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in hexagonal-BN to highly concentrate mid-infrared light into a graphene pn-junction. We balance the interplay of the absorption, electrical and thermal conductivity of graphene via the device geometry. This approach yields remarkable device performance featuring room temperature high sensitivity (NEP of 82 pW[Formula: see text]) and fast rise time of 17 nanoseconds (setup-limited), among others, hence achieving a combination currently not present in the state-of-the-art graphene and commercial mid-infrared detectors. We also develop a multiphysics model that shows very good quantitative agreement with our experimental results and reveals the different contributions to our photoresponse, thus paving the way for further improvement of these types of photodetectors even beyond mid-infrared range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Castilla
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Ioannis Vangelidis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Varun-Varma Pusapati
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Jordan Goldstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marta Autore
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Tetiana Slipchenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Khannan Rajendran
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Seyoon Kim
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Material Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Material Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Luis Martín-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.,CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Elefterios Lidorikis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece. .,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain. .,ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo Y, Engelke R, Mattheakis M, Tamagnone M, Carr S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Kim P, Wilson WL. In situ nanoscale imaging of moiré superlattices in twisted van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4209. [PMID: 32826888 PMCID: PMC7442634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct visualization of nanometer-scale properties of moiré superlattices in van der Waals heterostructure devices is a critically needed diagnostic tool for study of the electronic and optical phenomena induced by the periodic variation of atomic structure in these complex systems. Conventional imaging methods are destructive and insensitive to the buried device geometries, preventing practical inspection. Here we report a versatile scanning probe microscopy employing infrared light for imaging moiré superlattices of twisted bilayers graphene encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride. We map the pattern using the scattering dynamics of phonon polaritons launched in hexagonal boron nitride capping layers via its interaction with the buried moiré superlattices. We explore the origin of the double-line features imaged and show the mechanism of the underlying effective phase change of the phonon polariton reflectance at domain walls. The nano-imaging tool developed provides a non-destructive analytical approach to elucidate the complex physics of moiré engineered heterostructures. Direct visualization of moiré superlattices in van der Waals heterostructures is a needed diagnostic tool for the study of periodicity-induced electronic and optical phenomena. Here, the authors demonstrate that the moiré pattern in twisted bilayer graphene can be indirectly imaged by imaging the phonon polariton interference on the top hexagonal boron nitride encapsulation layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rebecca Engelke
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marios Mattheakis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Carr
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - William L Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mancini A, Gubbin CR, Berté R, Martini F, Politi A, Cortés E, Li Y, De Liberato S, Maier SA. Near-Field Spectroscopy of Cylindrical Phonon-Polariton Antennas. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8508-8517. [PMID: 32530605 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) are hybrid light-matter states in which light strongly couples to lattice vibrations inside the Reststrahlen band of polar dielectrics at mid-infrared frequencies. Antennas supporting localized surface phonon polaritons (LSPhPs) easily outperform their plasmonic counterparts operating in the visible or near-infrared in terms of field enhancement and confinement thanks to the inherently slower phonon-phonon scattering processes governing SPhP decay. In particular, LSPhP antennas have attracted considerable interest for thermal management at the nanoscale, where the emission strongly diverts from the usual far-field blackbody radiation due to the presence of evanescent waves at the surface. However, far-field measurements cannot shed light on the behavior of antennas in the near-field region. To overcome this limitation, we employ scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) to unveil the spectral near-field response of 3C-SiC antenna arrays. We present a detailed description of the behavior of the antenna resonances by comparing far-field and near-field spectra and demonstrate the existence of a mode with no net dipole moment, absent in the far-field spectra, but of importance for applications that exploit the heightened electromagnetic near fields. Furthermore, we investigate the perturbation in the antenna response induced by the presence of the AFM tip, which can be further extended toward situations where for example strong IR emitters couple to LSPhP modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Francesco Martini
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Politi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muniz Y, Manjavacas A, Farina C, Dalvit DAR, Kort-Kamp WJM. Two-Photon Spontaneous Emission in Atomically Thin Plasmonic Nanostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:033601. [PMID: 32745430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to harness light-matter interactions at the few-photon level plays a pivotal role in quantum technologies. Single photons-the most elementary states of light-can be generated on demand in atomic and solid state emitters. Two-photon states are also key quantum assets, but achieving them in individual emitters is challenging because their generation rate is much slower than competing one-photon processes. We demonstrate that atomically thin plasmonic nanostructures can harness two-photon spontaneous emission, resulting in giant far field two-photon production, a wealth of resonant modes enabling tailored photonic and plasmonic entangled states, and plasmon-assisted single-photon creation orders of magnitude more efficient than standard one-photon emission. We unravel the two-photon spontaneous emission channels and show that their spectral line shapes emerge from an intricate interplay between Fano and Lorentzian resonances. Enhanced two-photon spontaneous emission in two-dimensional nanostructures paves the way to an alternative efficient source of light-matter entanglement for on-chip quantum information processing and free-space quantum communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Muniz
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Manjavacas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - C Farina
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | - D A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W J M Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dubrovkin AM, Qiang B, Salim T, Nam D, Zheludev NI, Wang QJ. Resonant nanostructures for highly confined and ultra-sensitive surface phonon-polaritons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1863. [PMID: 32313010 PMCID: PMC7170967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonics on metal-dielectric interfaces was widely seen as the main route for miniaturization of components and interconnect of photonic circuits. However recently, ultra-confined surface phonon-polaritonics in high-index chalcogenide films of nanometric thickness has emerged as an important alternative to plasmonics. Here, using mid-IR near-field imaging we demonstrate tunable surface phonon-polaritons in CMOS-compatible interfaces of few-nm thick germanium on silicon carbide. We show that Ge-SiC resonators with nanoscale footprint can support sheet and edge surface modes excited at the free space wavelength hundred times larger than their physical dimensions. Owing to the surface nature of the modes, the sensitivity of real-space polaritonic patterns provides pathway for local detection of the interface composition change at sub-nanometer level. Such deeply subwavelength resonators are of interest for high-density optoelectronic applications, filters, dispersion control and optical delay devices. Here, the authors demonstrate tunable highly confined surface phonon-polaritons in CMOS-compatible interfaces of nm-thick germanium on silicon carbide. The sensitivity of real-space polaritonic patterns is a pathway for the detection of the interface composition change at sub-nanometer level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Dubrovkin
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Bo Qiang
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Donguk Nam
- Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang S, Wu F, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zhou C, Wang F. Metallic Carbon Nanotube Nanocavities as Ultracompact and Low-loss Fabry-Perot Plasmonic Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2695-2702. [PMID: 32134275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonators enable deep subwavelength manipulation of light matter interactions and have been intensively studied both in fundamental physics as well as for potential technological applications. While various metallic nanostructures have been proposed as plasmonic resonators, their performances are rather limited at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths. Recently, highly confined and low-loss Luttinger liquid plasmons in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been observed at infrared wavelengths. Here, we tailor metallic SWNTs into ultraclean nanocavities by advanced scanning probe lithography and investigate plasmon modes in these individual nanocavities by infrared nanoimaging. The dependence of mode evolutions on cavity length and excitation wavelength can be captured by a Fabry-Perot resonator model of a plasmon nanowaveguide terminated by highly reflective ends. Plasmonic resonators based on SWNT nanocavities approach the ultimate plasmon confinement limit and open the door to the strong light-matter coupling regime, which may enable various nanophotonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li J, Jahng J, Pang J, Morrison W, Li J, Lee ES, Xu JJ, Chen HY, Xia XH. Tip-Enhanced Infrared Imaging with Sub-10 nm Resolution and Hypersensitivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1697-1701. [PMID: 32039604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate sub-10 nm spatial resolution sampling of a volume of ∼360 molecules with a strong field enhancement at the sample-tip junction by implementing noble metal substrates (Au, Ag, Pt) in photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM). This technique shows the versatility and robustness of PiFM and is promising for application in interfacial studies with hypersensitivity and super spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Pang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - William Morrison
- Molecular Vista Inc., 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, California 95119, United States
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dolado I, Alfaro-Mozaz FJ, Li P, Nikulina E, Bylinkin A, Liu S, Edgar JH, Casanova F, Hueso LE, Alonso-González P, Vélez S, Nikitin AY, Hillenbrand R. Nanoscale Guiding of Infrared Light with Hyperbolic Volume and Surface Polaritons in van der Waals Material Ribbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906530. [PMID: 31977111 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) materials host a variety of polaritons, which make them an emerging material platform for manipulating light at the nanoscale. Due to the layered structure of vdW materials, the polaritons can exhibit a hyperbolic dispersion and propagate as nanoscale-confined volume modes in thin flakes. On the other hand, surface-confined modes can be found at the flake edges. Surprisingly, the guiding of these modes in ribbons-representing typical linear waveguide structures-is widely unexplored. Here, a detailed study of hyperbolic phonon polaritons propagating in hexagonal boron nitride ribbons is reported. Employing infrared nanoimaging, a variety of modes are observed. Particularly, the fundamental volume waveguide mode that exhibits a cutoff width is identified, which, interestingly, can be lowered by reducing the waveguide thickness. Further, hybridization of the surface modes and their evolution with varying frequency and waveguide width are observed. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that the symmetrically hybridized surface mode does not exhibit a cutoff width, and thus enables linear waveguiding of the polaritons in arbitrarily narrow ribbons. The experimental data, supported by simulations, establish a solid basis for the understanding of hyperbolic polaritons in linear waveguides, which is of critical importance for their application in future photonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dolado
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Peining Li
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Felix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Saül Vélez
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Electricity and Electronics UPV/EHU, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang H, Li J, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Three-dimensional near-field analysis through peak force scattering-type near-field optical microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1817-1825. [PMID: 31899464 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is instrumental in exploring polaritonic behaviors of two-dimensional (2D) materials at the nanoscale. A sharp s-SNOM tip couples momenta into 2D materials through phase matching to excite phonon polaritons, which manifest as nanoscale interference fringes in raster images. However, s-SNOM lacks the ability to detect the progression of near-field properties along the perpendicular axis to the surface. Here, we perform near-field analysis of a micro-disk and a reflective edge made of isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride (h-11BN), by using three-dimensional near-field response cubes obtained by peak force scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (PF-SNOM). Momentum quantization of polaritons from the confinement of the circular structure is revealed in situ. Moreover, tip-sample distance is found to be capable of fine-tuning the momentum of polaritons and modifying the superposition of quantized polaritonic modes. The PF-SNOM-based three-dimensional near-field analysis provides detailed characterization capability with a high spatial resolution to fully map three-dimensional near-fields of nano-photonics and polaritonic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abdelsalam H, O. Younis W, Saroka VA, Teleb NH, Yunoki S, Zhang Q. Interaction of hydrated metals with chemically modified hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots: wastewater treatment and water splitting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2566-2579. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and adsorption properties of chemically modified square hexagonal boron nitride quantum dots are investigated using density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Abdelsalam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng 224051
- P. R. China
- Theoretical Physics Department
| | - W. O. Younis
- Vice Presidency for Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
- Dammam
- Saudi Arabia
| | - V. A. Saroka
- Institute for Nuclear Problems
- Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk
- Belarus
- Center for Quantum Spintronics
| | - N. H. Teleb
- Electron Microscope and Thin Films Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - S. Yunoki
- Computational Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
| | - Q. Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng 224051
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nanoscale spectroscopic origins of photoinduced tip-sample force in the midinfrared. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26359-26366. [PMID: 31826953 PMCID: PMC6936718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913729116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced force at tip–sample junction provides nanoscale spectroscopic information with label-free and far-field background-free manner. This approach, spectronanoscopy through force detection, shows higher sensitivity and 1,000 times better spatial resolution than conventional ensemble averaged infrared microscopy, even under ambient and environmental conditions. Unfortunately, the origin of this promising photoinduced force effect is sometimes unclear because the force has 2 independent physical aspects: One is the electromagnetic effect related to induced dipoles in tip and sample, and the other one is the thermodynamic effect related to thermal heating of sample. Here, we reveal how the light illumination results in the 2 kinds of photoinduced forces at the tip–sample junction and provide quantitative interpretation of nanoscale spectroscopic measurements. When light illuminates the junction formed between a sharp metal tip and a sample, different mechanisms can contribute to the measured photoinduced force simultaneously. Of particular interest are the instantaneous force between the induced dipoles in the tip and in the sample, and the force related to thermal heating of the junction. A key difference between these 2 force mechanisms is their spectral behavior. The magnitude of the thermal response follows a dissipative (absorptive) Lorentzian line shape, which measures the heat exchange between light and matter, while the induced dipole response exhibits a dispersive spectrum and relates to the real part of the material polarizability. Because the 2 interactions are sometimes comparable in magnitude, the origin of the chemical selectivity in nanoscale spectroscopic imaging through force detection is often unclear. Here, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how the light illumination gives rise to the 2 kinds of photoinduced forces at the tip–sample junction in the midinfrared. We comprehensively address the origin of the spectroscopic forces by discussing cases where the 2 spectrally dependent forces are entwined. The analysis presented here provides a clear and quantitative interpretation of nanoscale chemical measurements of heterogeneous materials and sheds light on the nature of light–matter coupling in optomechanical force-based spectronanoscopy.
Collapse
|
37
|
Feres FH, Barcelos ID, Mayer RA, Dos Santos TM, Freitas RO, Raschke MB, Bahamon DA, Maia FCB. Dipole modelling for a robust description of subdiffractional polariton waves. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21218-21226. [PMID: 31663567 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotonics of van der Waals (vdW) materials relies critically on the electromagnetic properties of polaritons defined on sub-diffraction length scales. Here, we use a full electromagnetic Hertzian dipole antenna (HDA) model to describe the hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HP2s) in vdW crystals of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on a gold surface. The HP2 waves are investigated by broadband synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (SINS) which covers the type I and type II hyperbolic bands simultaneously. Basically, polariton waves, observed by SINS, are assigned to the resultant electric field from the summation over the irradiated electric fields of dipoles distributed along the crystal edge and at the tip location and a non-propagating field. The values of polariton momenta and damping extracted from the HDA model present excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Our analysis shows that the confinement factor of type I HP2s exceeds that of the type II ones by up to a factor of 3. We extract anti-parallel group velocities (vg) for type I (vg,typeI = -0.005c, c is the light velocity in a vacuum) in relation to type II (vg,typeII = 0.05c) polaritonic pulses, with lifetimes of ∼0.6 ps and ∼0.3 ps, respectively. Furthermore, by incorporating consolidated optical-near field theory into the HDA model, we simulate real-space images of polaritonic standing waves for hBN crystals of different shapes. This approach reproduces the experiments with a minimal computational cost. Thus, it is demonstrated that the HDA modelling self-consistently explains the measured complex-valued polariton near-field, while being a general approach applicable to other polariton types, like plasmon- and exciton-polaritons, active in the wide range of vdW materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio H Feres
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. and Physics Department, Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Mayer
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. and Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Dos Santos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dario A Bahamon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302-907, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chaudhary K, Tamagnone M, Yin X, Spägele CM, Oscurato SL, Li J, Persch C, Li R, Rubin NA, Jauregui LA, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Wuttig M, Edgar JH, Ambrosio A, Capasso F. Polariton nanophotonics using phase-change materials. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4487. [PMID: 31582738 PMCID: PMC6776658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons formed by the coupling of light and material excitations enable light-matter interactions at the nanoscale beyond what is currently possible with conventional optics. However, novel techniques are required to control the propagation of polaritons at the nanoscale and to implement the first practical devices. Here we report the experimental realization of polariton refractive and meta-optics in the mid-infrared by exploiting the properties of low-loss phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride interacting with the surrounding dielectric environment comprising the low-loss phase change material Ge3Sb2Te6. We demonstrate rewritable waveguides, refractive optical elements such as lenses, prisms, and metalenses, which allow for polariton wavefront engineering and sub-wavelength focusing. This method will enable the realization of programmable miniaturized integrated optoelectronic devices and on-demand biosensors based on high quality phonon resonators. Here, the authors experimentally demonstrate a platform for tunable polariton refractive and meta-optics based on hexagonal boron nitride and phase change Ge3Sb2Te6. This combination has the advantage of the long-lived phonon-polariton with switchable refractive index of the phase change material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Chaudhary
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Xinghui Yin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Christina M Spägele
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stefano L Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Jiahan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Christoph Persch
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruoping Li
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Luis A Jauregui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - James H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,CNST - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rah Y, Jin Y, Kim S, Yu K. Optical analysis of the refractive index and birefringence of hexagonal boron nitride from the visible to near-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3797-3800. [PMID: 31368978 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphene, and transition metal dichalcogenides have drawn great attention in various fields of photonics and electronics. Among them, h-BN has recently emerged as a promising material platform to study integrated quantum photonics due to its ultrabright quantum light emission capabilities. However, the fundamental optical properties of h-BN have not yet been investigated in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum thoroughly. In this Letter, we report the refractive indices of h-BN thin films in the visible to NIR range. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental observation of h-BN birefringence. Accurate parameters of refractive indices enable more precise design of h-BN-based photonic devices in the integrated photonics platforms.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Q, Zhen Z, Yang Y, Gan G, Jariwala D, Cui X. Hybrid phonon-polaritons at atomically-thin van der Waals heterointerfaces for infrared optical modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:18585-18600. [PMID: 31252799 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.018585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) in polar dielectrics are potential candidates for infrared nanophotonics due to their low optical loss and long phonon life-time. However, the small confinement factors of bulk SPhPs, limits their applications that require small footprint and strong light-matter interaction. Here, we report that ultrathin van der Waals dielectrics (e.g., MoS2 and h-BN) on Silicon Carbide enable ultra-confined dielectric tailored surface phonon polaritons (d-SPhPs) where the confinement factor can exceed 100. By creating a heterostructure of these vdW dielectrics with graphene, the d-SPhPs can hybridize with graphene plasmons which can be electrically tuned. By subwavelength patterning of the vdW dielectrics, these hybrid polaritons can be localized into ultra-small antenna volumes (λ03/vantenna 3~1003) with high-quality factor resonances (Q~85). Further, electric gating of graphene enables active tunability of these localized resonances which results in an electro-optic modulator with modulation depth exceeding 95%. Our report of manipulating and controlling ultra-confined SPhPs in van der Waals heterostructures, serves as a possible route for non-plasmonic platforms for infrared photodetectors, modulators and sensors.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen X, Hu D, Mescall R, You G, Basov DN, Dai Q, Liu M. Modern Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Advanced Material Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804774. [PMID: 30932221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and optical spectroscopy represents one of the most informative methods in advanced materials research. As an important branch of modern optical techniques that has blossomed in the past decade, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises deterministic characterization of optical properties over a broad spectral range at the nanoscale. It allows ultrabroadband optical (0.5-3000 µm) nanoimaging, and nanospectroscopy with fine spatial (<10 nm), spectral (<1 cm-1 ), and temporal (<10 fs) resolution. The history of s-SNOM is briefly introduced and recent advances which broaden the horizons of this technique in novel material research are summarized. In particular, this includes the pioneering efforts to study the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of plasmonic metamaterials, strongly correlated quantum materials, and polaritonic systems at room or cryogenic temperatures. Technical details, theoretical modeling, and new experimental methods are also discussed extensively, aiming to identify clear technology trends and unsolved challenges in this exciting field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ryan Mescall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Roberts JA, Yu SJ, Ho PH, Schoeche S, Falk AL, Fan JA. Tunable Hyperbolic Metamaterials Based on Self-Assembled Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3131-3137. [PMID: 30950280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We show that packed, horizontally aligned films of single-walled carbon nanotubes are hyperbolic metamaterials with ultrasubwavelength unit cells and dynamic tunability. Using Mueller matrix ellipsometry, we characterize the films' optical properties, which are doping level dependent, and find a broadband hyperbolic region tunable in the mid-infrared. To characterize the dispersion of in-plane hyperbolic plasmon modes, we etch the nanotube films into nanoribbons with differing widths and orientations relative to the nanotube axis, and we observe that the hyperbolic modes support strong light localization. An agreement between the experiments and theoretical models using the ellipsometry data indicates that the packed carbon nanotubes support bulk anisotropic responses at the nanoscale. Self-assembled films of carbon nanotubes are well-suited for applications in thermal emission and photodetection, and they serve as model systems for studying light-matter interactions in the deep subwavelength regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Andris Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Po-Hsun Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Stefan Schoeche
- J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Abram L Falk
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zheng Z, Xu N, Oscurato SL, Tamagnone M, Sun F, Jiang Y, Ke Y, Chen J, Huang W, Wilson WL, Ambrosio A, Deng S, Chen H. A mid-infrared biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8690. [PMID: 31139747 PMCID: PMC6534390 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic media have attracted much attention in the photonics community due to their ability to confine light to arbitrarily small volumes and their potential applications to super-resolution technologies. The two-dimensional counterparts of these media can be achieved with hyperbolic metasurfaces that support in-plane hyperbolic guided modes upon nanopatterning, which, however, poses notable fabrication challenges and limits the achievable confinement. We show that thin flakes of a van der Waals crystal, α-MoO3, can support naturally in-plane hyperbolic polariton guided modes at mid-infrared frequencies without the need for patterning. This is possible because α-MoO3 is a biaxial hyperbolic crystal with three different Reststrahlen bands, each corresponding to a different crystalline axis. These findings can pave the way toward a new paradigm to manipulate and confine light in planar photonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Stefano L. Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - William L. Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chaudhary K, Tamagnone M, Rezaee M, Bediako DK, Ambrosio A, Kim P, Capasso F. Engineering phonon polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures to enhance in-plane optical anisotropy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7171. [PMID: 30993198 PMCID: PMC6461454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures assembled from layers of two-dimensional materials have attracted considerable interest due to their novel optical and electrical properties. Here, we report a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy study of hexagonal boron nitride on black phosphorus (h-BN/BP) heterostructures, demonstrating the first direct observation of in-plane anisotropic phonon polariton modes in vdW heterostructures. Notably, the measured in-plane optical anisotropy along the armchair and zigzag crystal axes exceeds the ratio of refractive indices of BP in the x-y plane. We explain that this enhancement is due to the high confinement of the phonon polaritons in h-BN. We observe a maximum in-plane optical anisotropy of αmax = 1.25 in the frequency spectrum at 1405 to 1440 cm-1. These results provide new insights into the behavior of polaritons in vdW heterostructures, and the observed anisotropy enhancement paves the way to novel nanophotonic devices and to a new way to characterize optical anisotropy in thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Chaudhary
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | | | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Guo X, Hu H, Hu D, Liao B, Chen K, Liu L, Zhu X, Yang X, Dai Q. High-efficiency modulation of coupling between different polaritons in an in-plane graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2703-2709. [PMID: 30672542 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08334g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials have a full set of highly confined polariton modes, such as low-loss phonon polaritons and dynamically tunable graphene plasmons, which provide a solution for integrated nanophotonic devices by combining the unique advantages of different polaritons. Highly efficient coupling between these complementary polaritons is key to realize the nanoscale optical integration. However, fluctuations of permittivity or geometry at the abrupt interfaces have been demonstrated as perturbations or scatters of polaritons. Here, in-plane plasmon-phonon polariton coupling in an in-plane graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (BN) heterostructure is studied using a full-wave electromagnetic numerical model. Transmittance between different polaritons is proportional to momentum matching, which can be tuned using the graphene Fermi energy. The transmittance between a graphene plasmon and a BN phonon polariton can be controlled between 0% and 100% within the upper Reststrahlen band of the BN. This is central to many photon devices, such as waveguides, wavefront shapers, filters, modulators and switches. Moreover, we simulate near-field interference patterns in an in-plane heterostructure based on the theoretical dispersion relation of polaritons, enabling scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy a potential experimental method to investigate the coupling between different polaritons. This study provides a theoretical basis for efficient coupling of propagation and modulation between different polaritons in in-plane heterostructures of vdW materials, which could pave a way to design nanoscale multi-functional waveguide devices in integrated photonic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|