1
|
Uberoi A, McCready-Vangi A, Grice EA. The wound microbiota: microbial mechanisms of impaired wound healing and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:507-521. [PMID: 38575708 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The skin barrier protects the human body from invasion by exogenous and pathogenic microorganisms. A breach in this barrier exposes the underlying tissue to microbial contamination, which can lead to infection, delayed healing, and further loss of tissue and organ integrity. Delayed wound healing and chronic wounds are associated with comorbidities, including diabetes, advanced age, immunosuppression and autoimmune disease. The wound microbiota can influence each stage of the multi-factorial repair process and influence the likelihood of an infection. Pathogens that commonly infect wounds, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, express specialized virulence factors that facilitate adherence and invasion. Biofilm formation and other polymicrobial interactions contribute to host immunity evasion and resistance to antimicrobial therapies. Anaerobic organisms, fungal and viral pathogens, and emerging drug-resistant microorganisms present unique challenges for diagnosis and therapy. In this Review, we explore the current understanding of how microorganisms present in wounds impact the process of skin repair and lead to infection through their actions on the host and the other microbial wound inhabitants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Uberoi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amelia McCready-Vangi
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banerjee SK, Thurlow LR, Kannan K, Richardson AR. Glucose transporter 1 is essential for the resolution of methicillin-resistant S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114486. [PMID: 38990718 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin/soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a major healthcare burden. Distinct inflammatory and resolution phases comprise the host immune response to SSTIs. Resolution is a myeloid PPARγ-dependent anti-inflammatory phase that is essential for the clearance of MRSA. However, the signals activating PPARγ to induce resolution remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that myeloid glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) is essential for the onset of resolution. MRSA-challenged macrophages are unsuccessful in generating an oxidative burst or immune radicals in the absence of GLUT-1 due to a reduction in the cellular NADPH pool. This translates in vivo as a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation products required for the activation of PPARγ in MRSA-infected mice lacking myeloid GLUT-1. Chemical induction of PPARγ during infection circumvents this GLUT-1 requirement and improves resolution. Thus, GLUT-1-dependent oxidative burst is essential for the activation of PPARγ and subsequent resolution of SSTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srijon K Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lance R Thurlow
- Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
| | - Kartik Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Anthony R Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genito CJ, Darwitz BP, Reber CP, Moorman NJ, Graves CL, Monteith AJ, Thurlow LR. mTOR signaling is required for phagocyte free radical production, GLUT1 expression, and control of Staphylococcus aureus infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0086224. [PMID: 38767353 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00862-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of metabolism in the mammalian cell. Here, we show the essential role for mTOR signaling in the immune response to bacterial infection. Inhibition of mTOR during infection with Staphylococcus aureus revealed that mTOR signaling is required for bactericidal free radical production by phagocytes. Mechanistically, mTOR supported glucose transporter GLUT1 expression, potentially through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, upon phagocyte activation. Cytokine and chemokine signaling, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and p65 nuclear translocation were present at similar levels during mTOR suppression, suggesting an NF-κB-independent role for mTOR signaling in the immune response during bacterial infection. We propose that mTOR signaling primarily mediates the metabolic requirements necessary for phagocyte bactericidal free radical production. This study has important implications for the metabolic requirements of innate immune cells during bacterial infection as well as the clinical use of mTOR inhibitors.IMPORTANCESirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus, and similar are a class of pharmaceutics commonly used in the clinical treatment of cancer and the anti-rejection of transplanted organs. Each of these agents suppresses the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of metabolism in human cells. Activation of mTOR is also involved in the immune response to bacterial infection, and treatments that inhibit mTOR are associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections in the skin and soft tissue. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are among the most common and severe. Our study shows that this susceptibility to S. aureus infection during mTOR suppression is due to an impaired function of phagocytic immune cells responsible for controlling bacterial infections. Specifically, we observed that mTOR activity is required for phagocytes to produce antimicrobial free radicals. These results have important implications for immune responses during clinical treatments and in disease states where mTOR is suppressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Genito
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin P Darwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Callista P Reber
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina L Graves
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lance R Thurlow
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O'Connor MJ, Bartler AV, Ho KC, Zhang K, Casas Fuentes RJ, Melnick BA, Huffman KN, Hong SJ, Galiano RD. Understanding Staphylococcus aureus in hyperglycaemia: A review of virulence factor and metabolic adaptations. Wound Repair Regen 2024. [PMID: 38853489 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly detected bacteria in diabetic skin and soft tissue infections. The incidence and severity of skin and soft tissue infections are higher in patients with diabetes, indicating a potentiating mechanism of hyperglycaemia and infection. The goal of this review is to explore the metabolic and virulence factor adaptations of S. aureus under hyperglycaemic conditions. Primary data from identified studies were included and summarised in this paper. Understanding the nexus of hyperglycaemia, metabolism, and virulence factors provides insights into the complexity of diabetic skin and soft tissue infections attributed to S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J O'Connor
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Angelica V Bartler
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly C Ho
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rolando J Casas Fuentes
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley A Melnick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kristin N Huffman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei T, Pan T, Peng X, Zhang M, Guo R, Guo Y, Mei X, Zhang Y, Qi J, Dong F, Han M, Kong F, Zou L, Li D, Zhi D, Wu W, Kong D, Zhang S, Zhang C. Janus liposozyme for the modulation of redox and immune homeostasis in infected diabetic wounds. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01660-y. [PMID: 38740936 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers often become infected, leading to treatment complications and increased risk of loss of limb. Therapeutics to manage infection and simultaneously promote healing are needed. Here we report on the development of a Janus liposozyme that treats infections and promotes wound closure and re-epithelialization. The Janus liposozyme consists of liposome-like selenoenzymes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging to restore tissue redox and immune homeostasis. The liposozymes are used to encapsulate photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of infections. We demonstrate application in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected diabetic wounds showing high ROS levels for antibacterial function from the photosensitizer and nanozyme ROS scavenging from the liposozyme to restore redox and immune homeostasis. We demonstrate that the liposozyme can directly regulate macrophage polarization and induce a pro-regenerative response. By employing single-cell RNA sequencing, T cell-deficient Rag1-/- mice and skin-infiltrated immune cell analysis, we further reveal that IL-17-producing γδ T cells are critical for mediating M1/M2 macrophage transition. Manipulating the local immune homeostasis using the liposozyme is shown to be effective for skin wound repair and tissue regeneration in mice and mini pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiezheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fandi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengke Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Institute for Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baker CL, Seo KS, Park N, Rutter JK, Thornton JA, Pruett SB, Park JY. L-arginine supplementation abrogates hypoxia-induced virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in a murine diabetic pressure wound model. mSphere 2024; 9:e0077423. [PMID: 38426801 PMCID: PMC10964415 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00774-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are the most common complications of diabetes resulting from hyperglycemia leading to ischemic hypoxic tissue and nerve damage. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated bacteria from DFUs and causes severe necrotic infections leading to amputations with a poor 5-year survival rate. However, very little is known about the mechanisms by which S. aureus dominantly colonizes and causes severe disease in DFUs. Herein, we utilized a pressure wound model in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice to reproduce ischemic hypoxic tissue damage seen in DFUs and demonstrated that anaerobic fermentative growth of S. aureus significantly increased the virulence and the severity of disease by activating two-component regulatory systems leading to expression of virulence factors. Our in vitro studies showed that supplementation of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor promotes anaerobic respiration and suppresses the expression of S. aureus virulence factors through inactivation of two-component regulatory systems, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits by promoting anaerobic nitrate respiration. Our in vivo studies revealed that dietary supplementation of L-arginine (L-Arg) significantly attenuated the severity of disease caused by S. aureus in the pressure wound model by providing nitrate. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of anaerobic fermentative growth in S. aureus pathogenesis and the potential of dietary L-Arg supplementation as a therapeutic to prevent severe S. aureus infection in DFUs.IMPORTANCES. aureus is the most common cause of infection in DFUs, often resulting in lower-extremity amputation with a distressingly poor 5-year survival rate. Treatment for S. aureus infections has largely remained unchanged for decades and involves tissue debridement with antibiotic therapy. With high levels of conservative treatment failure, recurrence of ulcers, and antibiotic resistance, a new approach is necessary to prevent lower-extremity amputations. Nutritional aspects of DFU treatment have largely been overlooked as there has been contradictory clinical trial evidence, but very few in vitro and in vivo modelings of nutritional treatment studies have been performed. Here we demonstrate that dietary supplementation of L-Arg in a diabetic mouse model significantly reduced duration and severity of disease caused by S. aureus. These findings suggest that L-Arg supplementation could be useful as a potential preventive measure against severe S. aureus infections in DFUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Baker
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jaime K. Rutter
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Justin A. Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Darwitz BP, Genito CJ, Thurlow LR. Triple threat: how diabetes results in worsened bacterial infections. Infect Immun 2024:e0050923. [PMID: 38526063 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00509-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by impaired insulin signaling, is associated with increased incidence and severity of infections. Various diabetes-related complications contribute to exacerbated bacterial infections, including hyperglycemia, innate immune cell dysfunction, and infection with antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. One defining symptom of diabetes is hyperglycemia, resulting in elevated blood and tissue glucose concentrations. Glucose is the preferred carbon source of several bacterial pathogens, and hyperglycemia escalates bacterial growth and virulence. Hyperglycemia promotes specific mechanisms of bacterial virulence known to contribute to infection chronicity, including tissue adherence and biofilm formation. Foot infections are a significant source of morbidity in individuals with diabetes and consist of biofilm-associated polymicrobial communities. Bacteria perform complex interspecies behaviors conducive to their growth and virulence within biofilms, including metabolic cross-feeding and altered phenotypes more tolerant to antibiotic therapeutics. Moreover, the metabolic dysfunction caused by diabetes compromises immune cell function, resulting in immune suppression. Impaired insulin signaling induces aberrations in phagocytic cells, which are crucial mediators for controlling and resolving bacterial infections. These aberrancies encompass altered cytokine profiles, the migratory and chemotactic mechanisms of neutrophils, and the metabolic reprogramming required for the oxidative burst and subsequent generation of bactericidal free radicals. Furthermore, the immune suppression caused by diabetes and the polymicrobial nature of the diabetic infection microenvironment may promote the emergence of novel strains of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This review focuses on the "triple threat" linked to worsened bacterial infections in individuals with diabetes: (i) altered nutritional availability in diabetic tissues, (ii) diabetes-associated immune suppression, and (iii) antibiotic treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Darwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher J Genito
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lance R Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Potter AD, Criss AK. Dinner date: Neisseria gonorrhoeae central carbon metabolism and pathogenesis. Emerg Top Life Sci 2024; 8:15-28. [PMID: 37144661 PMCID: PMC10625648 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, is a human-adapted pathogen that does not productively infect other organisms. The ongoing relationship between N. gonorrhoeae and the human host is facilitated by the exchange of nutrient resources that allow for N. gonorrhoeae growth in the human genital tract. What N. gonorrhoeae 'eats' and the pathways used to consume these nutrients have been a topic of investigation over the last 50 years. More recent investigations are uncovering the impact of N. gonorrhoeae metabolism on infection and inflammatory responses, the environmental influences driving N. gonorrhoeae metabolism, and the metabolic adaptations enabling antimicrobial resistance. This mini-review is an introduction to the field of N. gonorrhoeae central carbon metabolism in the context of pathogenesis. It summarizes the foundational work used to characterize N. gonorrhoeae central metabolic pathways and the effects of these pathways on disease outcomes, and highlights some of the most recent advances and themes under current investigation. This review ends with a brief description of the current outlook and technologies under development to increase understanding of how the pathogenic potential of N. gonorrhoeae is enabled by metabolic adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee D. Potter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Alison K. Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qi C, Luo X, Huang J, Kong D, Zhang Y, Zou M, Zhou H. Prevalence of S. aureus and/or MRSA in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot and establishment of LAMP methods for rapid detection of the SCCmec gene. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:36. [PMID: 38279164 PMCID: PMC10811927 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetic feet are prone to be infected due to the impaired immune system. However, the prognostic outcome of different microbial infections remains controversial. Identification and rapid screening of the pathogenic microorganisms that pose the greatest threat to the prognosis of patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) is critical. METHODS Clinical data were statistically analyzed, which were obtained from 522 patients with DFIs, including pathogenic bacterial culture results and treatment outcomes at the last return visit. In addition, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection method was developed to identify the prevalent subtype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in DFIs patients. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital (NFEC-202012-K6) and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04916457) on June 1, 2021. RESULTS We found that the proportion of patients with infections of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA was 27.7% (145/522) and 33.7% (49/145), respectively. Additionally, the incidence of osteomyelitis was 46.9% (23/49) and amputation/disability was 40.8% (20/49) in patients with MRSA infection, which were significantly higher compared to patients with other types of bacterial infections such as methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Notably, we demonstrated that the main prevalent subtype of MRSA in DFIs patients in our hospital was Staphylococcal chromosomal cassettes mec (SCCmec) type II. In addition, it only takes 1.5 h to complete the entire experimental procedure in this LAMP assay, providing high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (77.8%) in hospitalized patients with DFIs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated there is a very high rate of MRSA isolation in patients with DFIs and revealed that patients infected with MRSA are at a higher risk of developing osteomyelitis, and amputation or disability. Importantly, we have developed a method for quickly screening newly admitted patients for MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Qi
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, NanFang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, P.R. China
| | - Danli Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, NanFang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, P.R. China
| | - Mengchen Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, P.R. China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stephens AC, Banerjee SK, Richardson AR. Specialized phosphate transport is essential for Staphylococcus aureus nitric oxide resistance. mBio 2023; 14:e0245123. [PMID: 37937971 PMCID: PMC10746193 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02451-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen capable of causing a wide variety of disease in humans. S. aureus is unique in its ability to resist the host immune response, including the antibacterial compound known as nitric oxide (NO·). We used an RNA-sequencing approach to better understand the impact of NO· on S. aureus in different environments. We discovered that inorganic phosphate transport is induced by the presence of NO·. Phosphate is important for the generation of energy from glucose, a carbon source favored by S. aureus. We show that the absence of these phosphate transporters causes lowered energy levels in S. aureus. We find that these phosphate transporters are essential for S. aureus to grow in the presence of NO· and to cause infection. Our work here contributes significantly to our understanding of S. aureus NO· resistance and provides a new context in which S. aureus phosphate transporters are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C. Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Srijon K. Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genito CJ, Darwitz BP, Greenwald MA, Wolfgang MC, Thurlow LR. Hyperglycemia potentiates increased Staphylococcus aureus virulence and resistance to growth inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0229923. [PMID: 37933971 PMCID: PMC10715105 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02299-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Individuals with diabetes are prone to more frequent and severe infections, with many of these infections being polymicrobial. Polymicrobial infections are frequently observed in skin infections and in individuals with cystic fibrosis, as well as in indwelling device infections. Two bacteria frequently co-isolated from infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several studies have examined the interactions between these microorganisms. The majority of these studies use in vitro model systems that cannot accurately replicate the microenvironment of diabetic infections. We employed a novel murine indwelling device model to examine interactions between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Our data show that competition between these bacteria results in reduced growth in a normal infection. In a diabetic infection, we observe increased growth of both microbes and more severe infection as both bacteria invade surrounding tissues. Our results demonstrate that diabetes changes the interaction between bacteria resulting in poor infection outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Genito
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Darwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew A. Greenwald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew C. Wolfgang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lance R. Thurlow
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arumugam P, Kielian T. Metabolism Shapes Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus. J Innate Immun 2023; 16:12-30. [PMID: 38016430 PMCID: PMC10766399 DOI: 10.1159/000535482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections that can result in various clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe disease. The bacterium utilizes different combinations of virulence factors and biofilm formation to establish a successful infection, and the emergence of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains introduces additional challenges for infection management and treatment. SUMMARY Metabolic programming of immune cells regulates the balance of energy requirements for activation and dictates pro- versus anti-inflammatory function. Recent investigations into metabolic adaptations of leukocytes and S. aureus during infection indicate that metabolic crosstalk plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. Furthermore, S. aureus can modify its metabolic profile to fit an array of niches for commensal or invasive growth. KEY MESSAGES Here we focus on the current understanding of immunometabolism during S. aureus infection and explore how metabolic crosstalk between the host and S. aureus influences disease outcome. We also discuss how key metabolic pathways influence leukocyte responses to other bacterial pathogens when information for S. aureus is not available. A better understanding of how S. aureus and leukocytes adapt their metabolic profiles in distinct tissue niches may reveal novel therapeutic targets to prevent or control invasive infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Arumugam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Acosta IC, Alonzo F. The Intersection between Bacterial Metabolism and Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:782-803. [PMID: 37899025 PMCID: PMC10663042 DOI: 10.1159/000534872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and is essential for maintaining good health. If pathogens breach innate barriers, the likelihood of infection is significantly increased. Many bacterial pathogens pose a threat to human health on account of their ability to evade innate immunity and survive in growth-restricted environments. These pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to obtain nutrients as well as manipulate innate immune responses, resulting in disease or chronic infection. SUMMARY The relationship between bacterial metabolism and innate immunity is complex. Although aspects of bacterial metabolism can be beneficial to the host, particularly those related to the microbiota and barrier integrity, others can be harmful. Several bacterial pathogens harness metabolism to evade immune responses and persist during infection. The study of these adaptive traits provides insight into the roles of microbial metabolism in pathogenesis that extend beyond energy balance. This review considers recent studies on bacterial metabolic pathways that promote infection by circumventing several facets of the innate immune system. We also discuss relationships between innate immunity and antibiotics and highlight future directions for research in this field. KEY MESSAGES Pathogenic bacteria have a remarkable capacity to harness metabolism to manipulate immune responses and promote pathogenesis. While we are beginning to understand the multifaceted and complex metabolic adaptations that occur during infection, there is still much to uncover with future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C Acosta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu L, Guo S, Ji W, Sun H, Lee S, Zhang D. Intervention Effects of Physical Activity on Type 2 Diabetic Patients Potentially Infected with COVID-19. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1772. [PMID: 37893490 PMCID: PMC10608032 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has clearly had a great influence on the lifestyles of the population, especially on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. During the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries/regions implemented social-isolation measures, leading to an increase in negative behaviors and impairing the capability of diabetic patients to resist COVID-19, ultimately causing severe prognoses. Moreover, as the epidemic progressed, multiple studies emphasized the significance of physical exercise in the management of type 2 diabetic patients infected with COVID-19. In this study, we selected research from 1 December 2019 to 9 August 2023 that focused on COVID-19-infected diabetic patients to investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes on the immune functions, inflammation factor levels, lung injuries, and mental disorders of such patients, as well as to assess the risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia in these patients. Additionally, the effects of high-intensity, moderate-intensity, and low-intensity exercises on novel coronavirus pneumonia infection in type 2 diabetic patients and the mechanisms of the effects of such exercise were considered. We concluded that elderly diabetic patients with COVID-19 should perform low-intensity exercises to facilitate their recoveries. This study offers guidance for a proper understanding of the dangers of diabetes and the use of appropriate measures to reduce the risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia infections in type 2 diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yu
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
- Institute of Public Foundations, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Sainyu Guo
- College of Arts and Sports, Myongji University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Ji
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Hailian Sun
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Seongno Lee
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Deju Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 0000, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tiwari R, Mishra S, Danaboina G, Pratap Singh Jadaun G, Kalaivani M, Kalaiselvan V, Dhobi M, Raghuvanshi RS. Comprehensive chemo-profiling of coumarins enriched extract derived from Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa fruit pulp, as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101708. [PMID: 37564748 PMCID: PMC10410585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa is an Indian medicinal plant known for its vast therapeutic activities. In Ayurveda, the plant is known to balance "vata," "pitta," and "kapha" dosh. Recent studies suggest anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetic potential but lack in defining the dosage over the therapeutic activities. This study aims to determine the chemical profile of Aegle marmelos fruit extract; identification, enrichment, and characterization of the principal active component(s) having anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential. Targeted enrichment of total coumarins, focusing on marmelosin, marmesin, aegeline, psoralen, scopoletin, and umbelliferone, was done from Aegle marmelos fruit pulp, and characterized using advanced high-throughput techniques. In vitro and in silico anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed to confirm their efficacy and affinity as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agents. The target compounds were also analysed for toxicity by in silico ADMET study and in vitro MTT assay on THP-1 and A549 cell lines. The coumarins enrichment process designed, was found specific for coumarins isolation as it resulted into 48.61% of total coumarins enrichment, which includes 31.2% marmelosin, 8.9% marmesin, 4% psoralen, 2% scopoletin, 1.7% umbelliferone, and 0.72% aegeline. The quantification with HPTLC and qNMR was found to be correlated with the HPLC assay results. The present study validates the potential use of Aegle marmelos as an anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent. Coumarins enriched from the plant fruit have good therapeutic activity and can be used for Phytopharmaceutical ingredient development. The study is novel, in which coumarins were enriched and characterized by a simple and sophisticated methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Tiwari
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Smita Mishra
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gnanabhaskar Danaboina
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gaurav Pratap Singh Jadaun
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - M. Kalaivani
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Rajeev S Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Drugs Controller General of India, Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, FDA Bhawan, Kotla Road, New Delhi 110002, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen VY, Siegfried LG, Tomic-Canic M, Stone RC, Pastar I. Cutaneous changes in diabetic patients: Primed for aberrant healing? Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:700-712. [PMID: 37365017 PMCID: PMC10966665 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations affect most patients with diabetes mellitus, clinically presenting with numerous dermatologic diseases from xerosis to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Skin conditions not only impose a significantly impaired quality of life on individuals with diabetes but also predispose patients to further complications. Knowledge of cutaneous biology and the wound healing process under diabetic conditions is largely limited to animal models, and studies focusing on biology of the human condition of DFUs remain limited. In this review, we discuss the critical molecular, cellular, and structural changes to the skin in the hyperglycaemic and insulin-resistant environment of diabetes with a focus specifically on human-derived data. Elucidating the breadth of the cutaneous manifestations coupled with effective diabetes management is important for improving patient quality of life and averting future complications including wound healing disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Y Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsey G Siegfried
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akbari MS, Keogh RA, Radin JN, Sanchez-Rosario Y, Johnson MDL, Horswill AR, Kehl-Fie TE, Burcham LR, Doran KS. The impact of nutritional immunity on Group B streptococcal pathogenesis during wound infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0030423. [PMID: 37358277 PMCID: PMC10470527 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00304-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive pathobiont that can cause adverse health outcomes in neonates and vulnerable adult populations. GBS is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria from diabetic (Db) wound infections but is rarely found in the non-diabetic (nDb) wound environment. Previously, RNA sequencing of wound tissue from Db wound infections in leprdb diabetic mice showed increased expression of neutrophil factors, and genes involved in GBS metal transport such as the zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and putative nickel (Ni) import systems. Here, we develop a Streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound model to evaluate the pathogenesis of two invasive strains of GBS, serotypes Ia and V. We observe an increase in metal chelators such as calprotectin (CP) and lipocalin-2 during diabetic wound infections compared to nDb. We find that CP limits GBS survival in wounds of non-diabetic mice but does not impact survival in diabetic wounds. Additionally, we utilize GBS metal transporter mutants and determine that the Zn, Mn, and putative Ni transporters in GBS are dispensable in diabetic wound infection but contributed to bacterial persistence in non-diabetic animals. Collectively, these data suggest that in non-diabetic mice, functional nutritional immunity mediated by CP is effective at mitigating GBS infection, whereas in diabetic mice, the presence of CP is not sufficient to control GBS wound persistence. IMPORTANCE Diabetic wound infections are difficult to treat and often become chronic due to an impaired immune response as well as the presence of bacterial species that establish persistent infections. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most frequently isolated bacterial species in diabetic wound infections and, as a result, is one of the leading causes of death from skin and subcutaneous infection. However, GBS is notoriously absent in non-diabetic wounds, and little is known about why this species thrives in diabetic infection. The work herein investigates how alterations in diabetic host immunity may contribute to GBS success during diabetic wound infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline S. Akbari
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yamil Sanchez-Rosario
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Burcham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lensmire JM, Wischer MR, Kraemer-Zimpel C, Kies PJ, Sosinski L, Ensink E, Dodson JP, Shook JC, Delekta PC, Cooper CC, Havlichek DH, Mulks MH, Lunt SY, Ravi J, Hammer ND. The glutathione import system satisfies the Staphylococcus aureus nutrient sulfur requirement and promotes interspecies competition. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010834. [PMID: 37418503 PMCID: PMC10355420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is an indispensable element for bacterial proliferation. Prior studies demonstrated that the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus utilizes glutathione (GSH) as a source of nutrient sulfur; however, mechanisms of GSH acquisition are not defined. Here, we identify a five-gene locus comprising a putative ABC-transporter and predicted γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) that promotes S. aureus proliferation in medium supplemented with either reduced or oxidized GSH (GSSG) as the sole source of nutrient sulfur. Based on these phenotypes, we name this transporter operon the glutathione import system (gisABCD). Ggt is encoded within the gisBCD operon, and we show that the enzyme is capable of liberating glutamate using either GSH or GSSG as substrates, demonstrating it is a bona fide γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. We also determine that Ggt is expressed in the cytoplasm, representing only the second example of cytoplasmic Ggt localization, the other being Neisseria meningitidis. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Staphylococcus species closely related to S. aureus encode GisABCD-Ggt homologs. However, homologous systems were not detected in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Consequently, we establish that GisABCD-Ggt provides a competitive advantage for S. aureus over S. epidermidis in a GSH- and GSSG-dependent manner. Overall, this study describes the discovery of a nutrient sulfur acquisition system in S. aureus that targets GSSG in addition to GSH and promotes competition against other staphylococci commonly associated with the human microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lensmire
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael R Wischer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cristina Kraemer-Zimpel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paige J Kies
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lo Sosinski
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elliot Ensink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jack P Dodson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John C Shook
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Phillip C Delekta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Havlichek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Martha H Mulks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Janani Ravi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Neal D Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen T, Xu H, Yao X, Luo Z. Role of sodium pyruvate in maintaining the survival and cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus under high glucose conditions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209358. [PMID: 37405167 PMCID: PMC10315490 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a crucial carbon source for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, but an excess of glucose is detrimental and even leads to cell death. Pyruvate, the central metabolite of glycolysis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of pyruvate on S. aureus under high glucose conditions. Sodium pyruvate greatly increased the cytotoxicity of S. aureus strain BAA-1717 to human erythrocytes and neutrophils in vitro. However, the cytotoxicity and survival of S. aureus were significantly reduced by high glucose, which was restored to normal levels by the addition of sodium pyruvate. The expression of hlg and lukS in S. aureus was higher in the LB-GP cultures than that in LB-G cultures, but there was no significant difference in cytotoxicity between LB-GP and LB-G cultures. Furthermore, the hemolytic activity of S. aureus supernatants could be inhibited by the cell-free culture medium (CFCM) of LB-G cultures, suggesting that high levels of extracellular proteases were presence in the CFCM of LB-G cultures, resulting in degradation of the hemolytic factors. The expression of sarA, which negatively regulates extracellular protease secretion, was higher in LB-GP cultures than that in LB-G cultures. Additionally, sodium pyruvate increased acetate production in S. aureus, which helps maintain cell viability under acidic environment. In conclusion, pyruvate plays an important role in the survival and cytotoxicity of S. aureus under high glucose conditions. This finding may aid in the development of effective treatments for diabetic foot infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ti Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rajab AAH, Hegazy WAH. What’s old is new again: Insights into diabetic foot microbiome. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:680-704. [PMID: 37383589 PMCID: PMC10294069 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is considered one of the most stubborn global health problems that continues to defy the efforts of scientists and physicians. The prevalence of diabetes in the global population continues to grow to alarming levels year after year, causing an increase in the incidence of diabetes complications and health care costs all over the world. One major complication of diabetes is the high susceptibility to infections especially in the lower limbs due to the immunocompromised state of diabetic patients, which is considered a definitive factor in all cases. Diabetic foot infections continue to be one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that are associated with a high risk of serious complications such as bone infection, limb amputations, and life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we discussed the circumstances associated with the high risk of infection in diabetic patients as well as some of the most commonly isolated pathogens from diabetic foot infections and the related virulence behavior. In addition, we shed light on the different treatment strategies that aim at eradicating the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papadopoulou V, Sidders AE, Lu KY, Velez AZ, Durham PG, Bui DT, Angeles-Solano M, Dayton PA, Rowe SE. Overcoming biological barriers to improve treatment of a Staphylococcus aureus wound infection. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:513-526.e5. [PMID: 37148883 PMCID: PMC10198964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds frequently become infected with bacterial biofilms which respond poorly to antibiotic therapy. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are ineffective at treating deep-seated wound infections due to poor drug penetration, poor drug uptake into persister cells, and widespread antibiotic resistance. In this study, we combat the two major barriers to successful aminoglycoside treatment against a biofilm-infected wound: limited antibiotic uptake and limited biofilm penetration. To combat the limited antibiotic uptake, we employ palmitoleic acid, a host-produced monounsaturated fatty acid that perturbs the membrane of gram-positive pathogens and induces gentamicin uptake. This novel drug combination overcomes gentamicin tolerance and resistance in multiple gram-positive wound pathogens. To combat biofilm penetration, we examined the ability of sonobactericide, a non-invasive ultrasound-mediated-drug delivery technology to improve antibiotic efficacy using an in vivo biofilm model. This dual approach dramatically improved antibiotic efficacy against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) wound infection in diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Papadopoulou
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ashelyn E Sidders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda Z Velez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Phillip G Durham
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Duyen T Bui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Angeles-Solano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah E Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Butrico CE, Klopfenstein N, Green ER, Johnson JR, Peck SH, Ibberson CB, Serezani CH, Cassat JE. Hyperglycemia Increases Severity of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis and Influences Bacterial Genes Required for Survival in Bone. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0052922. [PMID: 36877063 PMCID: PMC10112148 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00529-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose, renders individuals more prone to developing severe Staphylococcus aureus infections. S. aureus is the most common etiological agent of musculoskeletal infection, which is a common manifestation of disease in hyperglycemic patients. However, the mechanisms by which S. aureus causes severe musculoskeletal infection during hyperglycemia are incompletely characterized. To examine the influence of hyperglycemia on S. aureus virulence during invasive infection, we used a murine model of osteomyelitis and induced hyperglycemia with streptozotocin. We discovered that hyperglycemic mice exhibited increased bacterial burdens in bone and enhanced dissemination compared to control mice. Furthermore, infected hyperglycemic mice sustained increased bone destruction relative to euglycemic controls, suggesting that hyperglycemia exacerbates infection-associated bone loss. To identify genes contributing to S. aureus pathogenesis during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic animals relative to euglycemic controls, we used transposon sequencing (TnSeq). We identified 71 genes uniquely essential for S. aureus survival in osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice and another 61 mutants with compromised fitness. Among the genes essential for S. aureus survival in hyperglycemic mice was the gene encoding superoxide dismutase A (sodA), one of two S. aureus superoxide dismutases involved in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). We determined that a sodA mutant exhibits attenuated survival in vitro in high glucose and in vivo during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice. SodA therefore plays an important role during growth in high glucose and promotes S. aureus survival in bone. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that hyperglycemia increases the severity of osteomyelitis and identify genes contributing to S. aureus survival during hyperglycemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey E. Butrico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erin R. Green
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua R. Johnson
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sun H. Peck
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Ibberson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ramasubbu K, Padmanabhan S, Al-Ghanim KA, Nicoletti M, Govindarajan M, Sachivkina N, Rajeswari VD. Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sesbania grandiflora Leaf Extract and Their Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic, Cytotoxic, Anti-Microbial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in an In-Vitro Approach. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Green methods of synthesizing nanoparticles are safer than chemical and physical methods, as well as being eco-friendly and cost-efficient. In this study, we use copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) fabricated with Sesbania grandiflora (Sg) (Hummingbird tree) leaves to test the effectiveness of green synthesizing methods. The attained Sg-CuO NPs physical and optical nature is characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). UV-Vis spectrum for Sg-CuO NPs revealed a peak at 410 nm. SEM images showed the aggregation of needle-shaped particles, at a size of 33 nm. The amylase and glucosidase enzymes were inhibited by the Sg-CuO NPs up to 76.7% and 72.1%, respectively, indicating a possible antihyperglycemic effect. Fabricated Sg-CuO NPs disclosed the excellent inhibition of DPPH-free radicle formation (89.7%) and repressed protein degradation (81.3%). The results showed that Sg-CuO NPs display good anti-bacterial activity against the gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Cytotoxicity of the Sg-CuO NPs was determined using anIC50 of 37 μg/mL. Sg-CuO NPs have shown promising anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, protein degradation-inhibiting, and anti-microbial properties. Our findings have shown that synthesized Sg-CuO NPs have biological activities that may be utilized to treat bacterial infections linked to hyperglycemia.
Collapse
|
25
|
Changing careers: Skin pathogen evolves to infect the bloodstream. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:166-167. [PMID: 36758515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) rose to clinical dominance decades ago and predominantly manifested as skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). These clones were distinct from those causing hospital acquired (HA-MRSA) infections. Dyzenhaus et al. describe the evolutionary changes necessary for CA-MRSA clones to cause bloodstream infections (BSIs).
Collapse
|
26
|
Russell CD, Lone NI, Baillie JK. Comorbidities, multimorbidity and COVID-19. Nat Med 2023; 29:334-343. [PMID: 36797482 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of comorbidities on COVID-19 outcomes has been recognized since the earliest days of the pandemic. But establishing causality and determining underlying mechanisms and clinical implications has been challenging-owing to the multitude of confounding factors and patient variability. Several distinct pathological mechanisms, not active in every patient, determine health outcomes in the three different phases of COVID-19-from the initial viral replication phase to inflammatory lung injury and post-acute sequelae. Specific comorbidities (and overall multimorbidity) can either exacerbate these pathological mechanisms or reduce the patient's tolerance to organ injury. In this Review, we consider the impact of specific comorbidities, and overall multimorbidity, on the three mechanistically distinct phases of COVID-19, and we discuss the utility of host genetics as a route to causal inference by eliminating many sources of confounding. Continued research into the mechanisms of disease-state interactions will be crucial to inform stratification of therapeutic approaches and improve outcomes for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nazir I Lone
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
- Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wei R, Wang X, Wang Q, Qiang G, Zhang L, Hu HY. Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Skin Infections Promotes Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factor Aureolysin: Visualization by Molecular Imaging. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3416-3421. [PMID: 36351204 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial skin infections are common in diabetic patients, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) being the most commonly isolated, causing comorbidities such as increased mortality and long-term hospitalization. While precise mechanisms remain to be determined, hyperglycemia represents an important pathogenetic factor responsible for the increased risk of S. aureus infection. Herein, we constructed a series of ratiometric fluorescent molecular probes for aureolysin (Aur), a major virulence factor in S. aureus. Using probe 1, we were able to determine specific Aur activity in both cells and tissues. We also observed that elevated glucose levels led to 2-fold higher Aur expression in S. aureus cultures. In a diabetic mouse model, we used molecular imaging to demonstrate that hyperglycemia tripled S. aureus Aur virulence compared to nondiabetic mice, resulting in more severe infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sohail MU, Mashood F, Oberbach A, Chennakkandathil S, Schmidt F. The role of pathogens in diabetes pathogenesis and the potential of immunoproteomics as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042362. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases marked by hyperglycemia, which increases the risk of systemic infections. DM patients are at greater risk of hospitalization and mortality from bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Poor glycemic control can result in skin, blood, bone, urinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract infections and recurrent infections. Therefore, the evidence that infections play a critical role in DM progression and the hazard ratio for a person with DM dying from any infection is higher. Early diagnosis and better glycemic control can help prevent infections and improve treatment outcomes. Perhaps, half (49.7%) of the people living with DM are undiagnosed, resulting in a higher frequency of infections induced by the hyperglycemic milieu that favors immune dysfunction. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic markers for glycemic control and infection prevention are desirable. High-throughput blood-based immunoassays that screen infections and hyperglycemia are required to guide timely interventions and efficiently monitor treatment responses. The present review aims to collect information on the most common infections associated with DM, their origin, pathogenesis, and the potential of immunoproteomics assays in the early diagnosis of the infections. While infections are common in DM, their role in glycemic control and disease pathogenesis is poorly described. Nevertheless, more research is required to identify novel diagnostic and prognostic markers to understand DM pathogenesis and management of infections. Precise monitoring of diabetic infections by immunoproteomics may provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and healthy prognosis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Keogh RA, Haeberle AL, Langouët-Astrié CJ, Kavanaugh JS, Schmidt EP, Moore GD, Horswill AR, Doran KS. Group B Streptococcus adaptation promotes survival in a hyperinflammatory diabetic wound environment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd3221. [PMID: 36367946 PMCID: PMC9651866 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds have poor healing outcomes due to the presence of numerous pathogens and a dysregulated immune response. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is commonly isolated from diabetic wound infections, but the mechanisms of GBS virulence during these infections have not been investigated. Here, we develop a murine model of GBS diabetic wound infection and, using dual RNA sequencing, demonstrate that GBS infection triggers an inflammatory response. GBS adapts to this hyperinflammatory environment by up-regulating virulence factors including those known to be regulated by the two-component system covRS, such as the surface protein pbsP, and the cyl operon, which is responsible for hemolysin/pigmentation production. We recover hyperpigmented/hemolytic GBS colonies from the murine diabetic wound, which we determined encode mutations in covR. We further demonstrate that GBS mutants in cylE and pbsP are attenuated in the diabetic wound. This foundational study provides insight into the pathogenesis of GBS diabetic wound infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda L. Haeberle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine–Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Garrett D. Moore
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stephens AC, Richardson AR. Recent developments in our understanding of the physiology and nitric oxide-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Adv Microb Physiol 2022; 81:111-135. [PMID: 36167441 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen causing a wide range of disease presentations. It harbors a vast array of virulence factors and drug-resistance determinants. All of these factors are coordinately regulated by a hand full of key transcriptional regulators. The regulation and expression of these factors are tightly intertwined with the metabolic state of the cell. Furthermore, alterations in central metabolism are also key to the ability of S. aureus to resist clearance by the host innate immune response, including nitric oxide (NO·) production. Given the fact that central metabolism directly influences virulence, drug resistance and immune tolerance in S. aureus, a better understanding of the metabolic capabilities of this pathogen is critical. This work highlights some of the major findings within the last five years surrounding S. aureus central metabolism, both organic and inorganic. These are also put in the context of the unique NO·-resistance associated with this pathogen as well as their contributions to virulence. The more we understand the intersection between central metabolism and virulence capabilities in S. aureus, the better the chances of developing novel therapeutics so desperately needed to treat this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C Stephens
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony R Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mechanisms Behind the Indirect Impact of Metabolic Regulators on Virulence Factor Production in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0206322. [PMID: 35862951 PMCID: PMC9430575 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02063-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human skin pathogen capable of causing invasive infections in many tissues in the human body. The host of virulence factors, such as toxins and proteases, available to S. aureus contribute to its diverse disease presentations. The majority of these virulence factors are under the control of the Agr quorum sensing system. The interaction between the Agr system and some well-established metabolic regulators has long been noted, but no mechanism has been provided as to these indirect interactions. In this study, we examine the connection between Agr and CcpA, a regulator of central carbon metabolism with a known positive impact on Agr function. We further investigated the interaction of Agr and CodY, a regulator of amino acid metabolism and a member of the stringent response with a known negative impact on Agr function. We show that though there are alterations in intracellular amino acid levels in each of these mutants that are consistent with their effect on Agr, there does not seem to be a direct impact on the translation of the Agr system itself that contributes to the altered expression observed in these mutants. Given the changes in cellular metabolism in a ΔccpA mutant, we find reduced levels of intracellular ATP even in the presence of glucose. This reduction in ATP, combined with the reduced affinity of the AgrC sensor kinase for ATP, explains the reduction in Agr activity long observed in ΔccpA strains. IMPORTANCE The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produces a great number of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogen’s ability to cause dangerous, invasive infections. Understanding the full scope of the regulation of these virulence factors can provide us with new information about how to target virulence factor production. For years, researchers in the field have observed an impact of metabolic regulators on virulence factor production with no mechanistic explanation. Here, we describe the role of two of these regulators, CcpA and CodY, in virulence factor expression and provide evidence of indirect mechanisms contributing to the control of the Agr system and virulence factor production by these two metabolic regulators. Our study sheds light on the interplay between metabolism and virulence in S. aureus and provides an explanation as to how these concepts are linked.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rosenberg G, Riquelme S, Prince A, Avraham R. Immunometabolic crosstalk during bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:497-507. [PMID: 35365784 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following detection of bacteria, macrophages switch their metabolism from oxidative respiration through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. This immunometabolic shift enables pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses and is facilitated by the accumulation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid-derived metabolites and catabolism of amino acids. Recent studies have shown that these immunometabolites are co-opted by pathogens as environmental cues for expression of virulence genes. We review mechanisms by which host immunometabolites regulate bacterial pathogenicity and discuss opportunities for the development of therapeutics targeting metabolic host-pathogen crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alice Prince
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li S, Wang X, Chen J, Guo J, Yuan M, Wan G, Yan C, Li W, Machens HG, Rinkevich Y, Yang X, Song H, Chen Z. Calcium ion cross-linked sodium alginate hydrogels containing deferoxamine and copper nanoparticles for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:657-670. [PMID: 35066024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing diabetic wounds and ulcers can be fatal, lead to amputations, and remain a major challenge to medical, and health care sectors. Susceptibility to infection and impaired angiogenesis are two central reasons for the clinical consequences associated with chronic non-healing diabetic wounds. Herein, we successfully developed calcium ion (Ca2+) cross-linked sodium alginate (SA) hydrogels with both pro-angiogenesis and antibacterial properties. Our results demonstrated that deferoxamine (DFO) and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) worked synergistically to enhance the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of human umbilical venous endothelial cells in vitro. Results of colony formation assay indicated Cu-NPs were effective against E. coli and S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. An SA hydrogel containing both DFO and Cu-NPs (SA-DFO/Cu) was prepared using a Ca2+ cross-linking method. Cytotoxicity assay and colony formation assay indicated that the hydrogel exhibited beneficial biocompatible and antibacterial properties in vitro. Furthermore, SA-DFO/Cu significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing, improved angiogenesis and reduced long-lasting inflammation in a mouse model of diabetic wound. Mechanistically, DFO and Cu-NPs synergistically stimulated the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo. Given the pro-angiogenesis, antibacterial and healing properties, the hydrogel possesses high potential for clinical application in refractory wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiahe Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gui Wan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu Y, Niu Y, Ye X, Zhu C, Tong T, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. Staphylococcus aureus Synergized with Candida albicans to Increase the Pathogenesis and Drug Resistance in Cutaneous Abscess and Peritonitis Murine Models. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081036. [PMID: 34451500 PMCID: PMC8398722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mixed species of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans can cause infections on skin, mucosa or bloodstream; however, mechanisms of their cross-kingdom interactions related to pathogenesis and drug resistance are still not clear. Here an increase of S. aureus proliferation and biofilm formation was observed in S. aureus and C. albicans dual-species culture, and the synergistic pathogenic effect was then confirmed in both local (cutaneous abscess) and systemic infection (peritonitis) murine models. According to the transcriptome analysis of the dual-species culture, virulence factors of S. aureus were significantly upregulated. Surprisingly, the beta-lactams and vancomycin-resistant genes in S. aureus as well as azole-resistant genes in C. albicans were also significantly increased. The synergistic effects on drug resistance to both antibacterial and antifungal agents were further proved both in vitro and in cutaneous abscess and peritonitis murine models treated by methicillin, vancomycin and fluconazole. The synergistic interactions between S. aureus and C. albicans on pathogenesis and drug resistance highlight the importance of targeting the microbial interactions in polyspecies-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yulong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Xingchen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ting Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Veis DJ, Cassat JE. Infectious Osteomyelitis: Marrying Bone Biology and Microbiology to Shed New Light on a Persistent Clinical Challenge. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:636-643. [PMID: 33740314 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections of bone occur in a variety of clinical settings, ranging from spontaneous isolated infections arising from presumed hematogenous spread to those associated with skin and soft tissue wounds or medical implants. The majority are caused by the ubiquitous bacterium Staphyloccocus (S.) aureus, which can exist as a commensal organism on human skin as well as an invasive pathogen, but a multitude of other microbes are also capable of establishing bone infections. While studies of clinical isolates and small animal models have advanced our understanding of the role of various pathogen and host factors in infectious osteomyelitis (iOM), many questions remain unaddressed. Thus, there are many opportunities to elucidate host-pathogen interactions that may be leveraged toward treatment or prevention of this troublesome problem. Herein, we combine perspectives from bone biology and microbiology and suggest that interdisciplinary approaches will bring new insights to the field. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville,, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Soe YM, Bedoui S, Stinear TP, Hachani A. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and host cell death pathways. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13317. [PMID: 33550697 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic human pathogen that is globally prevalent. Although S. aureus and humans may have co-evolved to the point of commensalism, the bacterium is equipped with virulence factors causing devastating infections. The adoption of an intracellular lifestyle by S. aureus is an important facet of its pathogenesis. Occupying a privileged intracellular compartment permits evasion from the bactericidal actions of host immunity and antibiotics. However, this localization exposes S. aureus to cell-intrinsic processes comprising autophagy, metabolic challenges and clearance mechanisms orchestrated by host programmed cell death pathways (PCDs), including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis. Mounting evidence suggests that S. aureus deploys pathoadaptive mechanisms that modulate the expression of its virulence factors to prevent elimination through PCD pathways. In this review, we critically analyse the current literature on the interplay between S. aureus virulence factors with the key, intertwined nodes of PCD. We discuss how S. aureus adaptation to the human host plays an essential role in the evasion of PCD, and we consider future directions to study S. aureus-PCD interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Mon Soe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu C, Cao Q, Lan L. Glucose-Binding of Periplasmic Protein GltB Activates GtrS-GltR Two-Component System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:447. [PMID: 33670077 PMCID: PMC7927077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-component system GtrS-GltR is required for glucose transport activity in P. aeruginosa and plays a key role during P. aeruginosa-host interactions. However, the mechanism of action of GtrS-GltR has not been definitively established. Here, we show that gltB, which encodes a periplasmic glucose binding protein, is essential for the glucose-induced activation of GtrS-GltR in P. aeruginosa. We determined that GltB is capable of binding to membrane regulatory proteins including GtrS, the sensor kinase of the GtrS-GltR TCS. We observed that alanine substitution of glucose-binding residues abolishes the ability of GltB to promote the activation of GtrS-GltR. Importantly, like the gtrS deletion mutant, gltB deletion mutant showed attenuated virulence in both Drosophila melanogaster and mouse models of infection. In addition, using CHIP-seq experiments, we showed that the promoter of gltB is the major in vivo target of GltR. Collectively, these data suggest that periplasmic binding protein GltB and GtrS-GltR TCS form a complex regulatory circuit that regulates the virulence of P. aeruginosa in response to glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Qiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Lefu Lan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Horn CM, Kielian T. Crosstalk Between Staphylococcus aureus and Innate Immunity: Focus on Immunometabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621750. [PMID: 33613555 PMCID: PMC7892349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections globally in both healthcare and community settings. The success of this bacterium is the product of an expansive repertoire of virulence factors in combination with acquired antibiotic resistance and propensity for biofilm formation. S. aureus leverages these factors to adapt to and subvert the host immune response. With the burgeoning field of immunometabolism, it has become clear that the metabolic program of leukocytes dictates their inflammatory status and overall effectiveness in clearing an infection. The metabolic flexibility of S. aureus offers an inherent means by which the pathogen could manipulate the infection milieu to promote its survival. The exact metabolic pathways that S. aureus influences in leukocytes are not entirely understood, and more work is needed to understand how S. aureus co-opts leukocyte metabolism to gain an advantage. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning how metabolic biases dictate the pro- vs. anti-inflammatory attributes of various innate immune populations, how S. aureus metabolism influences leukocyte activation, and compare this with other bacterial pathogens. A better understanding of the metabolic crosstalk between S. aureus and leukocytes may unveil novel therapeutic strategies to combat these devastating infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Horn
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|