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Aggarwal M, Wong ST. Will they always be living the Sisyphus punishment? The triple whammy for racialized women: a qualitative investigation of primary care researchers in Canada. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 38:100848. [PMID: 39206410 PMCID: PMC11357804 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Existing literature overlooks the role of gender and race on research productivity, particularly in the context of primary care research. This study examines how gender and race influence the research productivity of primary care researchers in Canada, addressing a gap in existing literature. Methods Qualitative, descriptive methods were used, involving 60-min interviews with 23 Canadian primary care researchers. 13 participants were female (57%) and 10 participants (43%) were male. Fourteen participants were White (non-racialized; 61%), 8 were racialized (35%) and 1 did not comment on race (4%). Reflexive thematic analysis captured participant perceptions of factors influencing research productivity, including individual, professional, institutional, and systemic aspects. Findings Systemic bias and institutional culture, including racism, sexism, and unconscious biases against racialized women, emerge as key barriers to research productivity. The parenting life stage further compounds these biases. Barriers include lack of representation in faculty roles, toxic work environments, research productivity metrics, and exclusion by colleagues. Participants indicated that institutional reforms and systemic interventions are needed to foster a diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment. Strategies include recruiting equity-focused leaders, increasing representation of racialized female faculty, diversity training, mentorship programs, providing meaningful support, flexible work arrangements, and protected research time. Sponsors can offer more targeted grants for female and racialized researchers. Adjusting metrics for gender, race, parenthood, and collaborative metrics is proposed to enhance diversity and inclusion among researchers. Interpretation This study underscores the importance of addressing systemic bias at institutional and systemic levels to create a fair and supportive environment for primary care researchers. A multitude of strategies are needed including increasing representation of racialized female faculty, creating supportive and psychologically safe work environments, and public reporting of data on faculty composition for accreditation and funding decisions. Together, these strategies can alleviate the triple whammy and free these researchers from the Sisyphus Punishment - the absurdity of being asked to climb a hill while pushing a boulder with no hope of reaching the top. Funding College of Family Physicians of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aggarwal
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabrina T. Wong
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research and School of Nursing, Vancouver, Canada
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2
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Mueller-Leisse J, Hillmann HAK, Eiringhaus J, Angelini E, Karfoul N, Hohmann S, Duncker D. Reasons for gender inequities in invasive electrophysiology: a survey on family issues and career paths of female and male electrophysiology fellows in Germany. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2024; 4:oeae070. [PMID: 39253029 PMCID: PMC11382543 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Aims Female physicians are underrepresented in invasive electrophysiology (EP) for multiple reasons. Despite an increasing focus on the topic, it is unclear what aspects are predominant. Methods and results We conducted a survey on career paths of current or former EP fellows in Germany to elucidate how gender and family affected their careers. 231 fellows (24.2% female) were invited. 110 participants completed the survey (30.9% female, mean age 41.0 ± 5.0 years, and 79.1% with children). Female and male participants with children reported similar career goals and achievements before parenthood, but afterwards women changed their career paths more often. Major reasons were personal priorities followed by lack of flexibility at work and at home. Women covered the majority of childcare. At the time of the survey, 80.0% of women and 96.4% of men with a former career goal of invasive EP were active in invasive EP. Independent of age, women were in lower-level positions, had accomplished fewer professional achievements, were less satisfied with their work and had fewer children. 56.5% of women did not feel supported by their employers regarding family issues. 82.6% reported there was no satisfactory day care. 69.6% were unable to continue to follow their career during pregnancy, mostly due to restrictions by employers (75.0%). Dedicated policies for pregnant workers or support programmes were scarce. Conclusion Beside the distribution of childcare at home, lack of flexibility and support by employers as well as working and fluoroscopy restrictions during pregnancy hamper women in EP and should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mueller-Leisse
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henrike Aenne Katrin Hillmann
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joerg Eiringhaus
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eleonora Angelini
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nizar Karfoul
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohmann
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - David Duncker
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Skorski S, Bucher-Sandbakk S. Gender Equity in Sport-Science Academia: We Still Have a Long Way to Go! Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:849-850. [PMID: 39043367 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Skorski
- Institute for Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Silvana Bucher-Sandbakk
- Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Shanks DR, Coles HA, Yeo N. A re-evaluation of gender bias in receptiveness to scientific evidence of gender bias. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240419. [PMID: 39233717 PMCID: PMC11371430 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Gender bias has been documented in many aspects of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) careers, yet efforts to identify the underlying causes have been inconclusive. To what extent do cognitive biases, including unequal receptiveness in women and men to evidence of gender bias, contribute to gender bias in STEM? We investigated receptiveness in a STEM context among members of the general public, by undertaking a high-powered (total N = 1171) replication, including three experiments (2 pre-registered) of the prominent study by Handley et al. [22]. It was hypothesized that men would evaluate a research summary reporting evidence of gender bias less favourably than women but that there would be no difference between men and women's evaluations of research summaries unrelated to gender bias. The results revealed no effect of the assessor's gender on receptiveness to scientific evidence of gender bias. The different results compared to those of Handley et al. [22] suggest either that the gender bias they detected has diminished in the past decade or that their findings are a false positive. The present research adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that some influential studies on cognitive 'markers' of gender bias warrant re-examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Shanks
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, LondonWC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Hollie A. Coles
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, LondonWC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Nadia Yeo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, LondonWC1H 0AP, UK
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5
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Dobbelaar E, Goher SS, Vidal JL, Obhi NK, Felisilda BMB, Choo YSL, Ismail H, Lee HL, Nascimento V, Al Bakain R, Ranasinghe M, Davids BL, Naim A, Offiong NA, Borges J, John T. Towards a Sustainable Future: Challenges and Opportunities for Early-Career Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319892. [PMID: 39046086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The concepts of sustainability and sustainable chemistry have attracted increasing attention in recent years, being of great importance to the younger generation. In this Viewpoint Article, we share how early-career chemists can contribute to the sustainable transformation of their discipline. We identify ways in which they can engage to catalyse action for change. This article does not attempt to answer questions about the most promising or pressing areas driving research and chemical innovation in the context of sustainability. Instead, we want to inspire and engage early-career chemists in pursuing sustainable actions by showcasing opportunities in education, outreach and policymaking, research culture and publishing, while highlighting existing challenges and the complexity of the topic. We want to empower early-career chemists by providing resources and ideas for engagement for a sustainable future globally. While the article focuses on students and early-career chemists, it provides insights to further stimulate the engagement of scientists from diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Dobbelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität (RPTU) Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Current address, Freudenberg Technology Innovation SE & Co. KG, Höhnerweg 2-4, 69469, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Shaimaa S Goher
- Nanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 1183, Egypt
| | | | | | - Bren M B Felisilda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yvonne S L Choo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, 43900, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hossny Ismail
- Dow Inc., Dow Egypt Services Limited, Katameya Heights Business Centre -, Office G01, Fifth Settlement, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hooi Ling Lee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vanessa Nascimento
- SupraSelen Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ramia Al Bakain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Muhandiramge Ranasinghe
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Bianca L Davids
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Arish Naim
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
- Current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - João Borges
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Torsten John
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Current address, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Di Bartolo B, Torres IL. Motherhood penalty and the gender gap in STEM and medicine. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:2800-2802. [PMID: 38842568 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
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LaBerge N, Wapman KH, Clauset A, Larremore DB. Gendered hiring and attrition on the path to parity for academic faculty. eLife 2024; 13:RP93755. [PMID: 38984481 PMCID: PMC11236417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite long-running efforts to increase gender diversity among tenured and tenure-track faculty in the U.S., women remain underrepresented in most academic fields, sometimes dramatically so. Here, we quantify the relative importance of faculty hiring and faculty attrition for both past and future faculty gender diversity using comprehensive data on the training and employment of 268,769 tenured and tenure-track faculty rostered at 12,112U.S. PhD-granting departments, spanning 111 academic fields between 2011 and 2020. Over this time, we find that hiring had a far greater impact on women's representation among faculty than attrition in the majority (90.1%) of academic fields, even as academia loses a higher share of women faculty relative to men at every career stage. Finally, we model the impact of five specific policy interventions on women's representation, and project that eliminating attrition differences between women and men only leads to a marginal increase in women's overall representation-in most fields, successful interventions will need to make substantial and sustained changes to hiring in order to reach gender parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas LaBerge
- Department of Computer Science, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
| | | | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
- Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeUnited States
| | - Daniel B Larremore
- Department of Computer Science, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of ColoradoBoulderUnited States
- Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeUnited States
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Savard W, Raymond C, Richter S, Olson JK, Paul P. Facilitators and Barriers to Developing a Research Program: A Focused Ethnography of New Tenure-Track PhD-Prepared Nursing Faculty. Can J Nurs Res 2024:8445621241256702. [PMID: 38842404 DOI: 10.1177/08445621241256702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creating a research program is a critical requirement for new PhD-prepared tenure-track nursing faculty in Canada. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to present key findings of new faculty members focusing on facilitators and barriers to development of their research program. METHOD We conducted focused ethnography research examining the experience of 17 new faculty members from across Canada. RESULTS The following themes were identified: teaching release, preparation from PhD program, intense feelings, supports and processes, mentoring, obtaining grants, and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Implications for practice include identifying ways to facilitate faculty retention as they develop their research program. This research will be of interest to deans of nursing and new faculty members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnifred Savard
- Candidate at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christy Raymond
- Candidate at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Dean of Nursing at the Faculty of Nursing, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Solina Richter
- Candidate at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Dean of Nursing at the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joanne K Olson
- Candidate at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pauline Paul
- Candidate at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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9
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Nielsen MW, Pedersen JV, Larregue J. Getting ahead in the social sciences: How parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2024; 75:322-346. [PMID: 38549173 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
How do parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement? While extensive research examines the causes of gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, we know much less about the factors that constrain women's advancement in the social sciences. Combining detailed career- and administrative register data on 976 Danish social scientists in Business and Management, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology (5703 person-years) that obtained a PhD degree between 2000 and 2015, we estimate gender differences in attainment of senior research positions and parse out how publication outputs, parenthood and parental leave contribute to these differences. Our approach is advantageous over previous longitudinal studies in that we track the careers and publication outputs of graduates from the outset of their PhD education and match this data with time-sensitive information on each individual's publication activities and family situation. In discrete time-event history models, we observe a ∼24 per cent female disadvantage in advancement likelihoods within the first 7 years after PhD graduation, with gender differences increasing over the observation period. A decomposition indicates that variations in publishing, parenthood and parental leave account for ∼ 40 per cent of the gender gap in career advancement, suggesting that other factors, including recruitment disparities, asymmetries in social capital and experiences of unequal treatment at work, may also constrain women's careers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Vognstoft Pedersen
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Evaluation Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien Larregue
- Department of Sociology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Heidt A. US National Academies report outlines barriers and solutions for scientist carers. Nature 2024:10.1038/d41586-024-01334-8. [PMID: 38698234 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
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11
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Aggarwal M, Hutchison B, Katz A, Wong ST, Marshall EG, Slade S. Assessing the impact of Canadian primary care research and researchers: Citation analysis. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2024; 70:329-341. [PMID: 38744505 PMCID: PMC11280635 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.7005329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the citation impact and characteristics of Canadian primary care researchers and research publications. DESIGN Citation analysis. SETTING Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 266 established Canadian primary care researchers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 50 most cited primary care researchers in Canada were identified by analyzing data from the Scopus database. Various parameters, including the number of publications and citations, research themes, Scopus h index, content analysis, journal impact factors, and field-weighted citation impact for their publications, were assessed. Information about the characteristics of these researchers was collected using the Google search engine. RESULTS On average, the 50 most cited primary care researchers produced 51.1 first-author publications (range 13 to 249) and were cited 1864.32 times (range 796 to 9081) over 29 years. Twenty-seven publications were cited more than 500 times. More than half of the researchers were men (60%). Most were clinician scientists (86%) with a primary academic appointment in family medicine (86%) and were affiliated with 5 universities (74%). Career duration was moderately associated with the number of first-author publications (0.35; P=.013). Most research focused on family practice, while some addressed health and health care issues (eg, continuing professional education, pharmaceutical policy). CONCLUSION Canada is home to a cadre of primary care researchers who are highly cited in the medical literature, suggesting that their work is of high quality and relevance. Building on this foundation, further investments in primary care research could accelerate needed improvements in Canadian primary care policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aggarwal
- Assistant Professor in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto in Ontario
| | - Brian Hutchison
- Professor Emeritus in the Department of Family Medicine and the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont
| | - Alan Katz
- Professor in the Department of Family Medicine and the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg
| | - Sabrina T Wong
- Senior investigator with the Division of Intramural Research of the National Institute of Nursing Research in Bethesda, Md
| | - Emily Gard Marshall
- Professor in the Department of Family Medicine and the Primary Care Research Unit at Dalhousie University in Halifax, NS, and with the Nova Scotia Health Authority
| | - Steve Slade
- Director of Research at the College of Family Physicians of Canada
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12
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Seidel Malkinson T, Terhune DB, Kollamkulam M, Guerreiro MJ, Bassett DS, Makin TR. Gender imbalances in the editorial activities of a selective journal run by academic editors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294805. [PMID: 38079414 PMCID: PMC10712860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The fairness of decisions made at various stages of the publication process is an important topic in meta-research. Here, based on an analysis of data on the gender of authors, editors and reviewers for 23,876 initial submissions and 7,192 full submissions to the journal eLife, we report on five stages of the publication process. We find that the board of reviewing editors (BRE) is men-dominant (69%) and that authors disproportionately suggest male editors when making an initial submission. We do not find evidence for gender bias when Senior Editors consult Reviewing Editors about initial submissions, but women Reviewing Editors are less engaged in discussions about these submissions than expected by their proportion. We find evidence of gender homophily when Senior Editors assign full submissions to Reviewing Editors (i.e., men are more likely to assign full submissions to other men (77% compared to the base assignment rate to men RE of 70%), and likewise for women (41% compared to women RE base assignment rate of 30%))). This tendency was stronger in more gender-balanced scientific disciplines. However, we do not find evidence for gender bias when authors appeal decisions made by editors to reject submissions. Together, our findings confirm that gender disparities exist along the editorial process and suggest that merely increasing the proportion of women might not be sufficient to eliminate this bias. Measures accounting for women's circumstances and needs (e.g., delaying discussions until all RE are engaged) and raising editorial awareness to women's needs may be essential to increasing gender equity and enhancing academic publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Seidel Malkinson
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau ‐ Paris Brain Institute ‐ ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Devin B. Terhune
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Kollamkulam
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dani S. Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Tamar R. Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Jansen CS, Sugiura A, Stalbow L, Nguyen C, Lever JP, Peiper A, Plaza-Jennings A, Varvel L, Williams MA, Zarrinpar A, Swartz TH. Physician-scientist trainees with parenting responsibilities need financial and childcare support. Nat Med 2023; 29:2990-2992. [PMID: 37853137 PMCID: PMC10842773 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Physician–scientists who become parents during their long period of training need additional funding and support for lactation, childcare and healthcare, to ensure an equitable workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayaka Sugiura
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Stalbow
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Peiper
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Linda Varvel
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Bol T. Gender inequality in cum laude distinctions for PhD students. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20267. [PMID: 38030662 PMCID: PMC10687083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resource allocation in academia is highly skewed, and peer evaluation is the main method used to distribute scarce resources. A large literature documents gender inequality in evaluation, and the explanation for this inequality is homophily: male evaluators give more favorable ratings to male candidates. We investigate this by focusing on cum laude distinctions for PhD students in the Netherlands, a distinction that is only awarded to 5 percent of all dissertations and has as its sole goal to distinguish the top from the rest. Using data from over 5000 PhD recipients of a large Dutch university for the period 2011-2021, we find that female PhD students were almost two times less likely to get a cum laude distinction than their male counterparts, even when they had the same doctoral advisor. This gender gap is largest when dissertations are evaluated by all-male committees and decreases as evaluation committees include more female members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Bol
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Boyle EA, Goldberg G, Schmok JC, Burgado J, Izidro Layng F, Grunwald HA, Balotin KM, Cuoco MS, Chang KC, Ecklu-Mensah G, Arakaki AKS, Ahmed N, Garcia Arceo X, Jagannatha P, Pekar J, Iyer M, Yeo GW. Junior scientists spotlight social bonds in seminars for diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293322. [PMID: 37917746 PMCID: PMC10621980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities for women and minorities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers have continued even amidst mounting evidence for the superior performance of diverse workforces. In response, we launched the Diversity and Science Lecture series, a cross-institutional platform where junior life scientists present their research and comment on diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM. We characterize speaker representation from 79 profiles and investigate topic noteworthiness via quantitative content analysis of talk transcripts. Nearly every speaker discussed interpersonal support, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other topics, such as sexual and gender minority identity, were less frequently addressed but highly salient to the speakers who mentioned them. We found that significantly co-occurring topics reflected not only conceptual similarity, such as terms for racial identities, but also intersectional significance, such as identifying as a Latina/Hispanic woman or Asian immigrant, and interactions between concerns and identities, including the heightened value of friendship to the LGBTQ community, which we reproduce using transcripts from an independent seminar series. Our approach to scholar profiles and talk transcripts serves as an example for transmuting hundreds of hours of scholarly discourse into rich datasets that can power computational audits of speaker diversity and illuminate speakers' personal and professional priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Boyle
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Goldberg
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Schmok
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Izidro Layng
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Hannah A. Grunwald
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kylie M. Balotin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Cuoco
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Keng-Chi Chang
- Department of Political Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Aleena K. S. Arakaki
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Noorsher Ahmed
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ximena Garcia Arceo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Pratibha Jagannatha
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Pekar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mallika Iyer
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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16
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McCrary HC, Meeker M, Farlow JL, Seim NB, Old MO, Ozer E, Agrawal A, Rocco JW, Kang SY, Bradford CR, Haring CT. Demographic and Academic Productivity Trends Among American Head & Neck Society Fellows Over a 20-Year Period. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 149:987-992. [PMID: 37561525 PMCID: PMC10416085 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance Historical data reveal that, compared with women, men are more likely to pursue a head and neck surgical oncology fellowship, but little is known about possible gender differences in academic productivity. Objective To assess demographic trends and academic productivity among American Head & Neck Society (AHNS) fellowship graduates. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used electronically published data from the AHNS on fellowship graduates in the US and Canada from July 1, 1997, to June 30, 2022. Scopus was used to extract h-indices for each graduate. Exposure Scholarly activity. Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes were changes in demographic characteristics and academic productivity among AHNS graduates over time. Data analysis included effect size, η2, and 95% CIs. Results A total of 691 AHNS fellowship graduates (525 men [76%] and 166 women [24%]) were included. Over the study period, there was an increase in the number of programs offering a fellowship (η2, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89) and an increase in the absolute number of women who completed training (η2, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.38-0.78). Among early-career graduates pursuing an academic career, there was a small difference in the median h-index scores between men and women (median difference, 1.0; 95% CI, -1.1 to 3.1); however, among midcareer and late-career graduates, there was a large difference in the median h-index scores (midcareer graduates: median difference, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.2-6.8; late-career graduates: median difference, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.0-10.9). A higher percentage of women pursued academic positions compared with men (106 of 162 [65.4%] vs 293 of 525 [55.8%]; difference, 9.6%; 95% CI, -5.3% to 12.3%). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study suggests that women in head and neck surgery begin their careers with high levels of academic productivity. However, over time, a divergence in academic productivity between men and women begins to develop. These data argue for research to identify possible reasons for this observed divergence in academic productivity and, where possible, develop enhanced early faculty development opportunities for women to promote their academic productivity, promotion, and advancement into leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C. McCrary
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Molly Meeker
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Janice L. Farlow
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Nolan B. Seim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Matthew O. Old
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Enver Ozer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - James W. Rocco
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Stephen Y. Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Carol R. Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Catherine T. Haring
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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Spoon K, LaBerge N, Wapman KH, Zhang S, Morgan AC, Galesic M, Fosdick BK, Larremore DB, Clauset A. Gender and retention patterns among U.S. faculty. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2205. [PMID: 37862417 PMCID: PMC10588949 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Women remain underrepresented among faculty in nearly all academic fields. Using a census of 245,270 tenure-track and tenured professors at United States-based PhD-granting departments, we show that women leave academia overall at higher rates than men at every career age, in large part because of strongly gendered attrition at lower-prestige institutions, in non-STEM fields, and among tenured faculty. A large-scale survey of the same faculty indicates that the reasons faculty leave are gendered, even for institutions, fields, and career ages in which retention rates are not. Women are more likely than men to feel pushed from their jobs and less likely to feel pulled toward better opportunities, and women leave or consider leaving because of workplace climate more often than work-life balance. These results quantify the systemic nature of gendered faculty retention; contextualize its relationship with career age, institutional prestige, and field; and highlight the importance of understanding the gendered reasons for attrition rather than focusing on rates alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Spoon
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas LaBerge
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - K. Hunter Wapman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sam Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Allison C. Morgan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Bailey K. Fosdick
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel B. Larremore
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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18
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Barrett-Walker T, Buelow F, Te Atu O Tu MacDonald L, Brower A, James A. Stochastic modelling of intersectional pay gaps in universities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230615. [PMID: 37830027 PMCID: PMC10565367 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The gender and ethnicity pay gaps are well publicised for academics. The majority of research relies on observations representing a point in time or uses models to consider a standard academic lifespan. We use a stochastic mathematical model to ask what drives differences in lifetime earnings of university academics and highlight a new question: how best should we quantify a working lifetime? The model observes and accounts for patterns in age when entering and leaving the workforce, and differing salary trajectories during an academic career. It is parameterized with data from a national dataset in Aotearoa New Zealand. We compare the total lifetime earnings of different gender and ethnicity groups with and without accounting for the different lengths of time spent in academia. The lifetime earnings gaps are considerably larger when we account for different hiring and leaving ages. We find that overall, for every ethnicity, women have shorter careers and are more likely to leave academia. All minority ethnic groups-and women-earn considerably less than their male white, European colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Barrett-Walker
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Franca Buelow
- School of Earth Sciences and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Ann Brower
- School of Earth Sciences and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alex James
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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19
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Davidson JD, de Oliveira Lopes FN, Safaei S, Hillemann F, Russell NJ, Schaare HL. Postdoctoral researchers' perspectives on working conditions and equal opportunities in German academia. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1217823. [PMID: 37842710 PMCID: PMC10570606 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1217823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Postdoctoral researchers (postdocs) are an essential component of the scientific workforce in German universities and research institutions and play a vital role in advancing knowledge and innovation. However, the experiences of postdocs and other early career researchers (ECRs) indicate that working conditions pose a significant challenge to the pursuit of a long-term research career in Germany-particularly for international scientists and those from marginalized groups. We examine how unstable working conditions as well as insufficient structural support for equal opportunities and diversity are significant obstacles for the career development of ECRs in German academia. We discuss these issues with the aid of an extensive survey recently conducted and published by PostdocNet, a target-group network representing the interests of postdocs across Germany's Max Planck Society. The survey drew responses from 659 postdoctoral researchers working at the Max Planck Society and represents one of the few datasets of postdoctoral researchers' perspectives in Germany. Building on these findings, we suggest actions at governmental, institutional, and individual levels to improve the working conditions of postdoctoral researchers in Germany.
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20
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Vlasits AL, Smith ML, Maldonado M, Brixius-Anderko S. Supporting nonlinear careers to diversify science. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002291. [PMID: 37708100 PMCID: PMC10501578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear careers through academia are increasingly common, but funding agencies and search committees penalize these paths. Why do scientists stray from the beaten path, how do they contribute to science, and how do we level the playing field?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Vlasits
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Monique L. Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Maldonado
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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21
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Tandoğan Ö, Kugcumen G, Satılmış İG. Opinions of female academicians on oocyte freezing: a qualitative study. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230221. [PMID: 37466604 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the opinions of female academicians about oocyte freezing. METHODS This qualitative study included 12 single academic women who had not yet entered menopause, did not have children, and were continuing their doctoral education in Istanbul, Turkey, between August and September 2022. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews and evaluated by content analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were "Difficulty of fertility in academics," "Advantages of oocyte freezing," and "Concerns about oocyte freezing." Participants mostly had positive attitudes about the advantages of oocyte cryopreservation, but they had concerns about pregnancies obtained with frozen oocytes. CONCLUSION The academic women attributed fertility as an obstacle to their career and experienced anxiety about fertility. They were aware of the advantages of oocyte cryopreservation; however, they defined the pregnancy with oocyte freezing as artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özden Tandoğan
- Istanbul Arel University, Faculty of Health Sciences - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Kugcumen
- Istanbul Medipol University, aculty of Health Sciences - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlkay Güngör Satılmış
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing - Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Garr-Schultz A, Muragishi GA, Mortejo TA, Cheryan S. Masculine Defaults in Academic Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Fields. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2023; 24:1-9. [PMID: 37522708 DOI: 10.1177/15291006231170829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
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23
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Meese KA, Boitet LM, Sweeney KL, Nassetta L, Mugavero M, Hidalgo B, Reamey R, Rogers DA. Still Exhausted: The Role of Residual Caregiving Fatigue on Women in Medicine and Science Across the Pipeline. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e47629. [PMID: 37314842 DOI: 10.2196/47629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact of caregiving responsibilities on women in medicine is crucial for ensuring a healthy and intact workforce, as caregiving responsibilities have the potential to affect the careers of women in health care along the entire pipeline, from students and trainees to physicians, physician-scientists, and biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Meese
- Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Laurence M Boitet
- Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Katherine L Sweeney
- UAB Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lauren Nassetta
- UAB Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael Mugavero
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca Reamey
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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24
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Zhang J, Torchet R, Julienne H. Gender-based disparities and biases in science: An observational study of a virtual conference. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286811. [PMID: 37285372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Success in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) remains influenced by race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Here, we focus on the impact of gender on question-asking behavior during the 2021 JOBIM virtual conference (Journées Ouvertes en Biologie et Mathématiques). We gathered quantitative and qualitative data including : demographic information, question asking motivations, live observations and interviews of participants. Quantitative analyses include unprecedented figures such as the fraction of the audience identifying as LGBTQIA+ and an increased attendance of women in virtual conferences. Although parity was reached in the audience, women asked half as many questions as men. This under-representation persisted after accounting for seniority of the asker. Interviews of participants highlighted several barriers to oral expression encountered by women and gender minorities : negative reactions to their speech, discouragement to pursue a career in research, and gender discrimination/sexual harassment. Informed by the study, guidelines for conference organizers have been written. The story behind the making of this study has been highlighted in a Nature Career article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhanlu Zhang
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel Torchet
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Julienne
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Statistical Genetic Units, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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25
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Pártay LB, Teich EG, Cersonsky RK. Not yet defect-free: the current landscape for women in computational materials research. NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 9:98. [PMID: 37305611 PMCID: PMC10238779 DOI: 10.1038/s41524-023-01054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livia B. Pártay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Erin G. Teich
- Department of Physics, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, 02481 MA USA
| | - Rose K. Cersonsky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, 53706 WI USA
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26
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Liu L, Jones BF, Uzzi B, Wang D. Data, measurement and empirical methods in the science of science. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01562-4. [PMID: 37264084 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent of large-scale datasets that trace the workings of science has encouraged researchers from many different disciplinary backgrounds to turn scientific methods into science itself, cultivating a rapidly expanding 'science of science'. This Review considers this growing, multidisciplinary literature through the lens of data, measurement and empirical methods. We discuss the purposes, strengths and limitations of major empirical approaches, seeking to increase understanding of the field's diverse methodologies and expand researchers' toolkits. Overall, new empirical developments provide enormous capacity to test traditional beliefs and conceptual frameworks about science, discover factors associated with scientific productivity, predict scientific outcomes and design policies that facilitate scientific progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Jones
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian Uzzi
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dashun Wang
- Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Staniscuaski F, Machado AV, Soletti RC, Reichert F, Zandonà E, Mello-Carpes PB, Infanger C, Ludwig ZMC, de Oliveira L. Bias against parents in science hits women harder. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 10:201. [PMID: 37192946 PMCID: PMC10159222 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-023-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, parenthood remains a major driver for the reduced participation of women in the job market, where discrimination stems from people's biases against mothers, based on stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding the vision of motherhood in our society. In academia, parenthood may be perceived as negatively affecting scientists' commitment and dedication, especially women's. We conducted a survey amongst Brazilian scientists and found that mothers self-reported a higher prevalence of negative bias in their workplace when compared to fathers. The perception of a negative bias was influenced by gender and career status, but not by race, scientific field or number of children. Regarding intersections, mothers with less than 15 years of hiring reported having suffered a higher rate of negative bias against themselves. We discuss implications of these results and suggest how this negative bias should be addressed in order to promote an equitable environment that does not harm women in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Staniscuaski
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arthur V. Machado
- Institute of Humanities and Health, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rossana C. Soletti
- Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Tramandai, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Reichert
- Management School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Zandonà
- Department of Ecology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Infanger
- Department of Political Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zelia M. C. Ludwig
- Physics Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Guyotte KW, Melchior S, Coogler CH, Shelton SA. List-keepers and other carrier bag stories: Academic mothers' (in)visible labor during the COVID-19 pandemic. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2023; 98:102755. [PMID: 37214194 PMCID: PMC10187993 DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted familiar rhythms of work and life when academic women from the United States sheltered-in-place in their homes. The pandemic brought forth challenges which accentuated that caregiving with little or no support disproportionately affected mothers' abilities to navigate their new lives inside the home, where work and caregiving abruptly collided. This article takes on the (in)visible labor of academic mothers during this time-the labor mothers saw and viscerally experienced, yet that which was often unseen/unexperienced by others. Using Ursula K. Le Guin's Carrier Bag Theory as a conceptual framework, the authors engage with interviews of 54 academic mothers through a feminist-narrative lens. They craft stories of carrying (in)visible labor, isolation, simultaneity, and list-keeping as they navigate the mundaneness of everyday pandemic home/work/life. Through unrelenting responsibilities and expectations, they each find ways to carry it all, as they carry on.
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29
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Sainburg T. American postdoctoral salaries do not account for growing disparities in cost of living. RESEARCH POLICY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2022.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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San Martin R, Moffitt A, Loveless T, Brixius-Anderko S. Recruiting women faculty through inclusive, family-friendly practices. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:311-314. [PMID: 36754683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of STEM faculty is biased against parents and caregivers. Specifically, women experience discrimination associated with childrearing and marriage. Underestimating the value of these candidates leads to a tremendous loss of talent. Here, we present a toolkit to facilitate the recruitment of talented women caregivers by providing guidelines for hiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg., 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Andrea Moffitt
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Theresa Loveless
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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31
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Bond R, Hammer D, Van Tassell B. Improving Equity for Women in Pharmacy Academia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:ajpe9088. [PMID: 36332919 PMCID: PMC10159026 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe9088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified that gender inequities exist in pharmacy academia. The inequities that women in academic pharmacy face are lower job satisfaction, ability to achieve higher ranks in faculty and administration, and salary. To date, considerations of why these inequities exist and what measures can be taken to address them remain relatively unexplored. This Commentary explores possible causes of gender inequities in pharmacy academia and potential solutions to improve equity between women and men. Potential causes include underlying sexism that still exists in society and academia today, promotion and tenure and the tenure clock, the concept of overwork, and the impact of the role of motherhood on female faculty. Suggestions to help improve gender inequity include both structural and cultural changes to the pharmacy academic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Bond
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dana Hammer
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
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Massa GDS, Tonin FS, de Mendonça Lima T. Female representation among editorial boards of social, clinical, and educational pharmacy journals. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:921-925. [PMID: 36898904 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies on editorial team members of healthcare journals have been showing disparities in this distribution. However, there are limited data with respect to pharmacy journals. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of women among editorial board members of social, clinical, and educational pharmacy research journals around the globe. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and October 2022. Data were extracted from Scimago Journal & Country Rank and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Journal Citation Reports The top 10 journals in each region of the world (continents) were analyzed. Editorial board members were categorized into four groups and determined based on information available on the journal's website. The sex was classified in binary form through name and photography, the personal and institutional web pages, or the Genderize program. RESULTS A total of 45 journals were identified in the databases, of which 42 of them were analyzed. We identified 1482 editorial board members with only 527 (35.6%) being female. Analyzing the subgroups, there were 47 total editors-in-chief, 44 total co-editors, 272 associate editors, and 1119 editorial advisors. Of these, 10 (21.27%), 21 (47.72%), 115 (42.27%), and 381 (34.04%) were female, respectively. Only 9 journals (21.42%) presented more females among their editorial board members. CONCLUSION A notable sex disparity among social, clinical, and educational pharmacy journals' editorial board members was identified. Efforts should be made to involve more female sex in their editorial teams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Stumpf Tonin
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Research Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tácio de Mendonça Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil.
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33
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Neary S, Kamauf R, Ruggeri M. Transparency of Parental Leave Policies to Prospective Students in US Physician Assistant Programs: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Physician Assist Educ 2023; 34:72-75. [PMID: 36652198 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parental leave policies are not well established or always available for prospective graduate students. This study examined the availability and inclusivity of PA program parental leave policies to prospective students at accredited US programs. METHODS The websites and available student handbooks of the 282 currently accredited PA programs were searched for the terms "pregnant," "pregnancy," "maternity," "parent," "family," "child," and/or "birth." Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS In total, 13.5% (38/282) of PA program websites and available handbooks met search criteria. Of these 38 programs, 23 (60.5%) provide information with gendered language that discriminates based on sex, most commonly only mentioning the pregnant female. DISCUSSION PA programs should create specific policies for pregnancy-related and parental leaves that are inclusive to heteronormative families as well as nontraditional and nonnuclear families, and these policies should be widely available to potential applicants and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Neary
- Stephanie Neary, MPA, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor adjunct and director of didactic education for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
- Renée Kamauf, EdD, is Deputy University Registrar at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut
- Mary Ruggeri, MEd, MMS, PA-C, is clinical site coordinator for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renée Kamauf
- Stephanie Neary, MPA, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor adjunct and director of didactic education for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
- Renée Kamauf, EdD, is Deputy University Registrar at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut
- Mary Ruggeri, MEd, MMS, PA-C, is clinical site coordinator for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Ruggeri
- Stephanie Neary, MPA, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor adjunct and director of didactic education for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
- Renée Kamauf, EdD, is Deputy University Registrar at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut
- Mary Ruggeri, MEd, MMS, PA-C, is clinical site coordinator for the PA Online Program at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut
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34
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Liu F, Holme P, Chiesa M, AlShebli B, Rahwan T. Gender inequality and self-publication are common among academic editors. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:353-364. [PMID: 36646836 PMCID: PMC10038799 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientific editors shape the content of academic journals and set standards for their fields. Yet, the degree to which the gender makeup of editors reflects that of scientists, and the rate at which editors publish in their own journals, are not entirely understood. Here, we use algorithmic tools to infer the gender of 81,000 editors serving more than 1,000 journals and 15 disciplines over five decades. Only 26% of authors in our dataset are women, and we find even fewer women among editors (14%) and editors-in-chief (8%). Career length explains the gender gap among editors, but not editors-in-chief. Moreover, by analysing the publication records of 20,000 editors, we find that 12% publish at least one-fifth, and 6% publish at least one-third, of their papers in the journal they edit. Editors-in-chief tend to self-publish at a higher rate. Finally, compared with women, men have a higher increase in the rate at which they publish in a journal soon after becoming its editor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Liu
- Computer Science, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Petter Holme
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Center for Computational Social Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Matteo Chiesa
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bedoor AlShebli
- Social Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Talal Rahwan
- Computer Science, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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35
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Scherer EM, Backer M, Carvajal K, Danziger-Isakov L, Frey S, Howard LM, Huang FS, Kottkamp AC, Reid T, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Karita HCS, Teoh Z, Wald A, Whitaker J, Wiley Z, Ofotokun I, Edwards KM. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Unmasked the Challenges Faced by Early-Stage Faculty in Infectious Diseases: A Call to Action. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:753-759. [PMID: 36131321 PMCID: PMC9494497 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated increase in family care responsibilities resulted in unsustainable personal and professional workloads for infectious diseases (ID) faculty on the front lines. This was especially true for early-stage faculty (ESF), many of whom had caregiving responsibilities. In addition, female faculty, underrepresented in medicine and science faculty and particularly ESF, experienced marked declines in research productivity, which significantly impacts career trajectories. When combined with staffing shortages due to an aging workforce and suboptimal recruitment and retention in ID, these work-life imbalances have brought the field to an inflection point. We propose actionable recommendations and call on ID leaders to act to close the gender, racial, and ethnic gaps to improve the recruitment, retention, and advancement of ESF in ID. By investing in systemic change to make the ID workforce more equitable, we can embody the shared ideals of diversity and inclusion and prepare for the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Scherer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Martin Backer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Karen Carvajal
- Infectious Diseases Fellowship, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sharon Frey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Leigh M Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Felicia Scaggs Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Angelica C Kottkamp
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tara Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Zheyi Teoh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Whitaker
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VAMC and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zanthia Wiley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Grady Healthcare System, Infectious Diseases Program, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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36
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Leigh JS, Smith DK, Blight BA, Lloyd GO, McTernan CT, Draper ER. Listening to fathers in STEM. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:67-68. [PMID: 37117912 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Leigh
- School of Social Policy and Social Science Research, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Barry A Blight
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | | | - Charlie T McTernan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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37
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Heidt A. A call to create funding equity for researcher-mums. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-00252-5. [PMID: 36707706 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Beaudry C, Prozesky H, St-Pierre C, Mirnezami SR. Factors that affect scientific publication in Africa-A gender perspective. Front Res Metr Anal 2023; 8:1040823. [PMID: 36890922 PMCID: PMC9986590 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2023.1040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature on gender differences in scientific publication output has clearly established that women scientists publish less that men do. Yet, no single explanation or group of explanations satisfactorily accounts for this difference, which has been called the "productivity puzzle". To provide a more refined portrait of the scientific publication output of women in relation to that of their male peers, we conducted a web-based survey in 2016 of individual researchers across all African countries, except Libya. The resulting 6,875 valid questionnaires submitted by respondents in the STEM, Health Science and SSH fields were analyzed using multivariate regressions on the self-reported number of articles published in the preceding 3 years. Controlling for a variety of variables including career stage, workload, mobility, research field, and collaboration, we measured the direct and moderating effect of gender on scientific production of African researchers. Our results show that, while women's scientific publication output is positively affected by collaboration and age (impediments to women's scientific output decrease later in their careers), it is negatively impacted by care-work and household chores, limited mobility, and teaching hours. Women are as prolific when they devote the same hours to other academic tasks and raise the same amount of research funding as their male colleagues. Our results lead us to argue that the standard academic career model, relying on continuous publications and regular promotions, assumes a masculine life cycle that reinforces the general perception that women with discontinuous careers are less productive than their male colleagues, and systematically disadvantages women. We conclude that the solution resides beyond women's empowerment, i.e., in the broader institutions of education and the family, which have an important role to play in fostering men's equal contribution to household chores and care-work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Beaudry
- Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi Prozesky
- Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology (CREST) and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and STI Policy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carl St-Pierre
- Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Reza Mirnezami
- Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute for Science, Technology, and Industrial Policy (RISTIP), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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39
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Derrick GE, Chen PY, van Leeuwen T, Larivière V, Sugimoto CR. The relationship between parenting engagement and academic performance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22300. [PMID: 36566309 PMCID: PMC9789521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in research productivity have been well documented. One frequent explanation of these differences is disproportionate child-related responsibilities for women. However, changing social dynamics around parenting has led to fathers taking an increasingly active role in parenting. This demands a more nuanced approach to understanding the relationship between parenting and productivity for both men and women. To gain insight into associations between parent roles, partner type, research productivity, and research impact, we conducted a global survey that targeted 1.5 million active scientists; we received viable responses from 10,445 parents (< 1% response rate), thus providing a basis for exploratory analyses that shed light on associations between parenting models and research outcomes, across men and women. Results suggest that the gendered effect observed in production may be related by differential engagement in parenting: men who serve in lead roles suffer similar penalties for parenting engagement, but women are more likely to serve in lead roles and to be more engaged across time and tasks, therefore suffering a higher penalty. Taking a period of parental leave is associated with higher levels of productivity; however, the productivity advantage dissipates after six months for the US-sample, and at 12-months for the non-US sample. These results suggest that parental engagement is a more powerful variable to explain gender differences in academic productivity than the mere existence of children, and that policies should factor these labor differentials into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Derrick
- Centre for Higher Education Transformations (CHET), School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Pei-Ying Chen
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Thed van Leeuwen
- Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Larivière
- École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Observatoire des sciences et des technologies, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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40
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Johnston M, Ceren Ates H, Glatz RT, Mohsenin H, Schmachtenberg R, Göppert N, Huzly D, Urban GA, Weber W, Dincer C. Multiplexed biosensor for point-of-care COVID-19 monitoring: CRISPR-powered unamplified RNA diagnostics and protein-based therapeutic drug management. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2022; 61:129-138. [PMID: 36405570 PMCID: PMC9643339 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In late 2019 SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread to become a global pandemic, therefore, measures to attenuate chains of infection, such as high-throughput screenings and isolation of carriers were taken. Prerequisite for a reasonable and democratic implementation of such measures, however, is the availability of sufficient testing opportunities (beyond reverse transcription PCR, the current gold standard). We, therefore, propose an electrochemical, microfluidic multiplexed polymer-based biosensor in combination with CRISPR/Cas-powered assays for low-cost and accessible point-of-care nucleic acid testing. In this study, we simultaneously screen for and identify SARS-CoV-2 infections (Omicron-variant) in clinical specimens (Sample-to-result time: ∼30 min), employing LbuCas13a, whilst bypassing reverse transcription as well as target amplification of the viral RNA (LODs of 2,000 and 7,520 copies/µl for the E and RdRP genes, respectively, and 50 copies/ml for combined targets), both of which are necessary for detection via PCR and other isothermal methods. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of combining synthetic biology-driven assays based on different classes of biomolecules, in this case protein-based ß-lactam antibiotic detection, on the same device. The programmability of the effector and multiplexing capacity (up to six analytes) of our platform, in combination with a miniaturized measurement setup, including a credit card sized near field communication (NFC) potentiostat and a microperistaltic pump, provide a promising on-site tool for identifying individuals infected with variants of concern and monitoring their disease progression alongside other potential biomarkers or medication clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Johnston
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Ceren Ates
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Regina T Glatz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hasti Mohsenin
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rosanne Schmachtenberg
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Göppert
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Öz TK, Cader FA, Dakhil ZA, Parapid B, Kadavath S, Bond R, Chieffo A, Gimelli A, Mihailidou AS, Ramu B, Cavarretta E, Michos ED, Kaya E, Buchanan L, Patil M, Aste M, Alasnag M, Babazade N, Burgess S, Manzo-Silberman S, Paradies V, Thamman R. International consensus statement on challenges for women in cardiovascular practice and research in the COVID-19 era. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2022; 70:641-651. [PMID: 35212510 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.22.05935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The challenges to academic and professional development and career advancement of women in cardiology (WIC), imposed by the pandemic, not only impinge the female cardiologists' "leaky pipeline" but also make the "leakiness" more obvious. This consensus document aims to highlight the pandemic challenges WIC face, raise awareness of the gender equity gap, and propose mitigating actionable solutions derived from the data and experiences of an international group of female cardiovascular clinicians and researchers. This changing landscape has led to the need for highly specialized cardiologists who may have additional training in critical care, imaging, advanced heart failure, or interventional cardiology. Although women account for most medical school graduates, the number of WIC, particularly in mentioned sub-specialties, remains low. Moreover, women have been more affected by systemic issues within these challenging work environments, limiting their professional progression, career advancement, and economic potential. Therefore, it is imperative that tangible action points be noted and undertaken to ensure the representation of women in leadership, advocacy, and decision-making, and increase diversity in academia. Strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic need to be taken during this COVID-19 pandemic to ensure WIC have a place in the field of Cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Kemaloğlu Öz
- Department of Cardiology, Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Aaysha Cader
- Department of Cardiology, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zainab A Dakhil
- Ibn Al-Bitar Cardiac Center, Department of Cardiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Biljana Parapid
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabeeda Kadavath
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel Bond
- Division of Cardiology, Dignity Health Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Chandler, AZ, USA
| | - Alaide Chieffo
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gimelli
- Nuclear Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anastasia S Mihailidou
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Kolling Institute, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bhavadharini Ramu
- Unit of Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Erin D Michos
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esra Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Heart, Lung, and Vessel Disease, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise Buchanan
- Department of Cardiology, North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, UK
| | - Mansi Patil
- Department of Medicine, Asha Kiran JHC Hospital, Maharastra, India
| | - Milena Aste
- Arrhythmologic Center, Department of Cardiology, ASL4 Chiavarese, Ospedali del Tigullio, Lavagna, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirvat Alasnag
- Cardiac Center, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nigar Babazade
- Department of Cardiology, New Clinic, Heart Valve Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sonya Burgess
- Nepean Public Hospital, Sydney Southwest Private Hospital, Southwest Cardiology and Penrith Specialist Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stéphane Manzo-Silberman
- Coronary Care Unit, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Paradies
- Department of Cardiology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ritu Thamman
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA -
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42
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Meirmans S, Lamatsch DK, Neiman M. Sticky steps and the gender gap: how thoughtful practices could help keep caregivers in science. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221837. [PMID: 36382515 PMCID: PMC9667356 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fewer women than men hold senior academic positions, a widely recognized and increasing problem. Our goal is to identify effective and feasible solutions. We begin by providing an in-depth assessment of the drivers of this gender inequity. In our synthesis of existing data, we provide many lines of evidence highlighting caregiving as a primary main factor. This is not a 'new' insight per se, but a point worth repeating that we back up by a strong and synthetic body of recent data. We also believe that our analysis provides a step forward in tackling a complex issue. We then develop a more detailed understanding of the challenges academic caregivers face and discuss whether and why it is important to keep caregivers in science. We find that the attrition due to caregiving should not be seen as a factor but rather as a process with multiple 'sticky steps' that eventually drive caregivers out of science-which, as we argue, is partly also good news. Indeed, it is here that we believe actions could be taken that would have a real impact: for example, one could effectively increase and expand upon current funding practices that focus on caregiver career advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Meirmans
- Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Mondseestraße 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology and Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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43
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Vess M, Maffly-Kipp J. Parenting Practices and Authenticity in Mothers and Fathers. SEX ROLES 2022; 87:487-497. [PMID: 36373020 PMCID: PMC9638501 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We explored the relationship between parenting practices and the experience of subjective authenticity in the parenting role. Based on work showing that authenticity responds to violations of broad social expectations, we predicted that mothers would feel more authentic than fathers. We also predicted, however, that parenting practices that conflicted with broad gender norms would differentially predict authenticity for mothers and fathers. We tested this prediction in a single study of U.S. parents recruited from an internet research panel service (N = 529). Parents completed online measures of authenticity and parenting practices on three separate occasions. We assessed the within-person association between parenting practices and parent-role authenticity. Authoritarian parenting practices negatively predicted parent-role authenticity for mothers, whereas permissive practices negatively predicted parent-role authenticity for fathers. Authoritative practices positively predicted authenticity regardless of parent gender, and, overall, women felt more authentic in the parenting role than men. These findings contribute to emerging theoretical perspectives on authenticity and gender role congruence and highlight how different parenting practices relate to the well-being of mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Vess
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | - Joseph Maffly-Kipp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77840 USA
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44
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Schwartz LP, Liénard JF, David SV. Impact of gender on the formation and outcome of formal mentoring relationships in the life sciences. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001771. [PMID: 36074782 PMCID: PMC9455859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing representation in graduate training programs, a disproportionate number of women leave academic research without obtaining an independent position that enables them to train the next generation of academic researchers. To understand factors underlying this trend, we analyzed formal PhD and postdoctoral mentoring relationships in the life sciences during the years 2000 to 2020. Student and mentor gender are both associated with differences in rates of student’s continuation to positions that allow formal academic mentorship. Although trainees of women mentors are less likely to take on positions as academic mentors than trainees of men mentors, this effect is reduced substantially after controlling for several measurements of mentor status. Thus, the effect of mentor gender can be explained at least partially by gender disparities in social and financial resources available to mentors. Because trainees and mentors tend to be of the same gender, this association between mentor gender and academic continuation disproportionately impacts women trainees. On average, gender homophily in graduate training is unrelated to mentor status. A notable exception to this trend is the special case of scientists having been granted an outstanding distinction, evidenced by membership in the National Academy of Sciences, being a grantee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, or having been awarded the Nobel Prize. This group of mentors trains men graduate students at higher rates than their most successful colleagues. These results suggest that, in addition to other factors that limit career choices for women trainees, gender inequities in mentors’ access to resources and prestige contribute to women’s attrition from independent research positions. Does the gender of academic mentors impact the careers of their trainees? In the life sciences, graduate and postdoctoral trainees of women mentors are less likely to continue on to positions as academic mentors than trainees of men. This study finds that gender inequality in mentors’ access to resources contributes to this disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah P. Schwartz
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jean F. Liénard
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Li W, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Cranmer SJ, Clauset A. Untangling the network effects of productivity and prominence among scientists. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4907. [PMID: 35987899 PMCID: PMC9392727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While inequalities in science are common, most efforts to understand them treat scientists as isolated individuals, ignoring the network effects of collaboration. Here, we develop models that untangle the network effects of productivity defined as paper counts, and prominence referring to high-impact publications, of individual scientists from their collaboration networks. We find that gendered differences in the productivity and prominence of mid-career researchers can be largely explained by differences in their coauthorship networks. Hence, collaboration networks act as a form of social capital, and we find evidence of their transferability from senior to junior collaborators, with benefits that decay as researchers age. Collaboration network effects can also explain a large proportion of the productivity and prominence advantages held by researchers at prestigious institutions. These results highlight a substantial role of social networks in driving inequalities in science, and suggest that collaboration networks represent an important form of unequally distributed social capital that shapes who makes what scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- LMIB, NLSDE, BDBC, and Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Zhong Guan Cun Laboratory, 100080, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, 100080, Beijing, China.
| | - Sam Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- LMIB, NLSDE, BDBC, and Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Zhong Guan Cun Laboratory, 100080, Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, 100080, Beijing, China
| | - Skyler J Cranmer
- Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA.
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Zheng X, Yuan H, Ni C. Meta-Research: How parenthood contributes to gender gaps in academia. eLife 2022; 11:78909. [PMID: 35822694 PMCID: PMC9299837 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a parent has long been associated with gender disparities in academia. However, details of the mechanisms by which parenthood and gender influence academic career achievement and progression are not fully understood. Here, using data from a survey of 7,764 academics in North America and publication data from the Web of Science, we analyze gender differences in parenthood and academic achievements and explore the influence of work-family conflict and partner support on these gender gaps. Our results suggest that gender gaps in academic achievement are, in fact, “parenthood gender gaps.” Specifically, we found significant gender gaps in most of the measures of academic achievement (both objective and subjective) in the parent group but not in the non-parent group. Mothers are more likely than fathers to experience higher levels of work-family conflict and to receive lower levels of partner support, contributing significantly to the gender gaps in academic achievement for the parent group. We also discuss possible interventions and actions for reducing gender gaps in academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Chaoqun Ni
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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47
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Community voices: policy proposals to promote inclusion in academia through the lens of women in science. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4068. [PMID: 35831416 PMCID: PMC9279379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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48
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Sibener LJ, Kirchgessner MA, Steiner S, Santiago C, Cassataro D, Rossa M, Profaci CP, Padilla-Coreano N. Lessons from the Stories of Women in Neuroscience. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4769-4773. [PMID: 35705494 PMCID: PMC9188381 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0536-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have been contributing to the field of neuroscience since its inception, but their accomplishments are often overlooked. Lack of recognition, among other issues, has led to progressively fewer women at each academic stage; although half of neuroscience graduate students are women, women comprise less than one-third of neuroscience faculty, and even fewer full professors. Those who reach this level continue to struggle to get their work recognized. Women from historically excluded backgrounds are even more starkly underrepresented and face added challenges related to racial, ethnic, and other biases. To increase the visibility of women in neuroscience, promote their voices, and learn about their career journeys, we created Stories of Women in Neuroscience (Stories of WiN). Stories of WiN shares the scientific and personal stories of women neuroscientists with diverse backgrounds, identities, research interests, and at various career stages. From >70 women highlighted thus far, a major theme has emerged: there is not a single archetype of a woman neuroscientist, nor a single path to "success." Yet, through these diverse experiences run common threads, such as the importance of positive early research experiences, managing imposter syndrome, the necessity of work-life balance, and the challenges of fitting into-or resisting-the "scientist mold" within a patriarchal, racialized academic system. These commonalities reveal important considerations for supporting women neuroscientists. Through the lens of women highlighted by Stories of WiN, we explore the similarities among their journeys and detail specific actionable items to help encourage, support, and sustain women in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Sibener
- Department of Neuroscience and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Megan A Kirchgessner
- New York University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Sheila Steiner
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chiaki Santiago
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Daniela Cassataro
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Marley Rossa
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Caterina P Profaci
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
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49
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Community voices: sowing, germinating, flourishing as strategies to support inclusion in STEM. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3219. [PMID: 35680892 PMCID: PMC9184504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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50
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Rennane S, Acheson-Field H, Edwards KA, Gahlon G, Zaber MA. Leak or link? the overrepresentation of women in non-tenure-track academic positions in STEM. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267561. [PMID: 35675259 PMCID: PMC9176805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines gender variation in departures from the tenure-track science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) academic career pathway to non-tenure-track academic careers. We integrate multiple data sources including the Survey of Earned Doctorates and the Survey of Doctorate Recipients to examine longitudinal career outcomes of STEM doctorate women. We consider three types of careers after receipt of a PhD: academic, academic non-tenure-track, and non-academic positions. We find that STEM women are more likely to hold academic non-tenure-track positions, which are associated with lower job satisfaction and lower salaries among men and women. Explanations including differences in field of study, preparation in graduate school, and family structure only explain 35 percent of the gender gap in non-tenure-track academic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rennane
- Economics, Sociology, and Statistics, RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah Acheson-Field
- Pardee RAND Graduate School, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Edwards
- Economics, Sociology, and Statistics, RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Grace Gahlon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melanie A. Zaber
- Economics, Sociology, and Statistics, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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