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Mohammed RS, Turner G, Fowler K, Pateman M, Nieves-Colón MA, Fanovich L, Cooke SB, Dávalos LM, Fitzpatrick SM, Giovas CM, Stokowski M, Wrean AA, Kemp M, LeFebvre MJ, Mychajliw AM. Colonial legacies influence biodiversity lessons: how past trade routes and power dynamics shape present-day scientific research and professional opportunities for Caribbean scientists. Am Nat 2022; 200:140-155. [DOI: 10.1086/720154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Overcast I, Ruffley M, Rosindell J, Harmon L, Borges PAV, Emerson BC, Etienne RS, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H, Mahler DL, Massol F, Parent CE, Patiño J, Peter B, Week B, Wagner C, Hickerson MJ, Rominger A. A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity reveals the mechanisms structuring ecological communities. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2782-2800. [PMID: 34569715 PMCID: PMC9297962 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Within ecological communities drift, dispersal, speciation, and selection operate simultaneously to shape patterns of biodiversity. Reconciling the relative importance of these is hindered by current models and inference methods, which tend to focus on a subset of processes and their resulting predictions. Here we introduce massive ecoevolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS), a unified mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: (i) species richness and abundances, (ii) population genetic diversities, and (iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. Using simulations we demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. MESS is unique in generating predictions of community‐scale genetic diversity, and in characterizing joint patterns of genetic diversity, abundance, and trait values. MESS unlocks the full potential for investigation of biodiversity processes using multidimensional community data including a genetic component, such as might be produced by contemporary eDNA or metabarcoding studies. We combine MESS with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of data availability scenarios, and spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Overcast
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Luke Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Universidade dos Açores, Açores, Portugal
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Massol
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS, Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI Group, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine E Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.,Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Ben Peter
- Group of Genetic Diversity through Space and Time, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bob Week
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Catherine Wagner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA.,Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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3
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Furness EN, Garwood RJ, Mannion PD, Sutton MD. Productivity, niche availability, species richness, and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8923-8940. [PMID: 34257936 PMCID: PMC8258231 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has often been suggested that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the "more individuals" hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual-based eco-evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual-based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: Rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species population size, apparently due to increased competition when total community abundance is higher. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems in which niche partitioning has not been halted by species saturation. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favor of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH and thus needs to be accounted for in macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan N. Furness
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Grantham InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Russell J. Garwood
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Earth Sciences DepartmentNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - Mark D. Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
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4
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Valente L, Phillimore AB, Melo M, Warren BH, Clegg SM, Havenstein K, Tiedemann R, Illera JC, Thébaud C, Aschenbach T, Etienne RS. A simple dynamic model explains the diversity of island birds worldwide. Nature 2020; 579:92-96. [PMID: 32076267 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colonization, speciation and extinction are dynamic processes that influence global patterns of species richness1-6. Island biogeography theory predicts that the contribution of these processes to the accumulation of species diversity depends on the area and isolation of the island7,8. Notably, there has been no robust global test of this prediction for islands where speciation cannot be ignored9, because neither the appropriate data nor the analytical tools have been available. Here we address both deficiencies to reveal, for island birds, the empirical shape of the general relationships that determine how colonization, extinction and speciation rates co-vary with the area and isolation of islands. We compiled a global molecular phylogenetic dataset of birds on islands, based on the terrestrial avifaunas of 41 oceanic archipelagos worldwide (including 596 avian taxa), and applied a new analysis method to estimate the sensitivity of island-specific rates of colonization, speciation and extinction to island features (area and isolation). Our model predicts-with high explanatory power-several global relationships. We found a decline in colonization with isolation, a decline in extinction with area and an increase in speciation with area and isolation. Combining the theoretical foundations of island biogeography7,8 with the temporal information contained in molecular phylogenies10 proves a powerful approach to reveal the fundamental relationships that govern variation in biodiversity across the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valente
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany. .,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Martim Melo
- Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), InBio, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben H Warren
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katja Havenstein
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174, CNRS-IRD-Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Tina Aschenbach
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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DaCosta JM, Miller MJ, Mortensen JL, Reed JM, Curry RL, Sorenson MD. Phylogenomics clarifies biogeographic and evolutionary history, and conservation status of West Indian tremblers and thrashers (Aves: Mimidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 136:196-205. [PMID: 30999037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The West Indian avifauna has provided fundamental insights into island biogeography, taxon cycles, and the evolution of avian behavior. Our interpretations, however, should rely on robust hypotheses of evolutionary relationships and consistent conclusions about taxonomic status in groups with many endemic island populations. Here we present a phylogenetic study of the West Indian thrashers, tremblers, and allies, an assemblage of at least 5 species found on 29 islands, including what is considered the Lesser Antilles' only avian radiation. We improve on previous phylogenetic studies of this group by using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) to broadly sample loci scattered across the nuclear genome. A variety of analyses, based on either nucleotide variation in 2223 loci recovered in all samples or at 13,282 loci confidently scored as present or absent in all samples, converged on a single well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis. Results indicate that the resident West Indian taxa form a monophyletic group, exclusive of the Neotropical-Nearctic migratory Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis, which breeds in North America; this outcome differs from earlier studies suggesting that Gray Catbird was nested within a clade of island resident species. Thus, our findings imply a single colonization of the West Indies without the need to invoke a subsequent 'reverse colonization' of the mainland by West Indian taxa. Additionally, our study is the first to sample both endemic subspecies of the endangered White-breasted Thrasher Ramphocinclus brachyurus. We find that these subspecies have a long history of evolutionary independence with no evidence of gene flow, and are as genetically divergent from each other as other genera in the group. These findings support recognition of R. brachyurus (restricted to Martinique) and the Saint Lucia Thrasher R. sanctaeluciae as two distinct, single-island endemic species, and indicate the need to re-evaluate conservation plans for these taxa. Our results demonstrate the utility of phylogenomic datasets for generating robust systematic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M DaCosta
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Miller
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA; Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - J Michael Reed
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Robert L Curry
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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6
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Zurita A, Callejón R, de Rojas M, Cutillas C. Morphological, biometrical and molecular characterization of Archaeopsylla erinacei (Bouché, 1835). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:726-738. [PMID: 29268804 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we carried out a morphological, biometrical and molecular study of the species Archaeopsylla erinacei (Bouché, 1835) and their subspecies: Archaeopsylla erinacei erinacei (Bouché, 1835) and Archaeopsylla erinacei maura (Jordan & Rothschild, 1912) isolated from hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from different geographical regions (Seville and Corse). We have found morphological differences in females of A. erinacei from the same geographical origin that did not correspond with molecular differences. We suggest that some morphological characters traditionally used to discriminate females of both subspecies should be revised as well as we set the total length of the spermatheca as a valid criterion in order to discriminate between both subspecies. The Internal Transcribed Spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1, ITS2) and partial 18S rRNA gene, and partial cytochrome c-oxidase 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) mtDNA gene sequences were determined to clarify the taxonomic status of these taxa and to assess intra-specific and intra-population similarity. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis with other species of fleas using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed. All molecular markers used, except 18S, showed molecular differences between populations corresponding with geographical origins. Thus, based on the phylogenetic and molecular study of two nuclear markers (ITS1, ITS2) and two mitochondrial markers (cox1 and cytb), as well as concatenated sequences of both subspecies, we reported the existence of two geographical genetic lineages in A. erinacei corresponding with two different subspecies: A. e. erinacei (Corse, France) and A. e. maura (Seville, Spain), that could be discriminated by polymerase chain reaction-linked random-fragment-length polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zurita
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Profesor García González 2,41012 Seville,Spain
| | - R Callejón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Profesor García González 2,41012 Seville,Spain
| | - M de Rojas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Profesor García González 2,41012 Seville,Spain
| | - C Cutillas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Profesor García González 2,41012 Seville,Spain
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7
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Herrera-Alsina L, Pigot AL, Hildenbrandt H, Etienne RS. The influence of ecological and geographic limits on the evolution of species distributions and diversity. Evolution 2018; 72:1978-1991. [PMID: 30055007 PMCID: PMC6220796 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of ecological limits in regulating the distribution and diversification of species remains controversial. Although such limits must ultimately arise from constraints on local species coexistence, this spatial context is missing from most macroevolutionary models. Here, we develop a stochastic, spatially explicit model of species diversification to explore the phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns expected when local diversity is bounded. We show how local ecological limits, by regulating opportunities for range expansion and thus rates of speciation and extinction, lead to temporal slowdowns in diversification and predictable differences in equilibrium diversity between regions. However, our models also show that even when regions have identical diversity limits, the dynamics of diversification and total number of species supported at equilibrium can vary dramatically depending on the relative size of geographic and local ecological niche space. Our model predicts that small regions with higher local ecological limits support a higher standing diversity and more balanced phylogenetic trees than large geographic areas with more stringent constraints on local coexistence. Our findings highlight how considering the spatial context of diversification can provide new insights into the role of ecological limits in driving variation in biodiversity across space, time, and clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Herrera-Alsina
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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8
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Svenson GJ, Rodrigues HM. A Cretaceous-aged Palaeotropical dispersal established an endemic lineage of Caribbean praying mantises. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171280. [PMID: 28954908 PMCID: PMC5627202 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic advances have uncovered remarkable biogeographic histories that have challenged traditional concepts of dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Greater Antilles. Much of this focus has centred on vertebrate lineages despite the high diversity and endemism of terrestrial arthropods, which account for 2.5 times the generic endemism of all Antillean plants and non-marine vertebrates combined. In this study, we focus on three Antillean endemic praying mantis genera, Callimantis, Epaphrodita and Gonatista, to determine their phylogenetic placement and geographical origins. Each genus is enigmatic in their relation to other praying mantises due to their morphological affinities with both Neotropical and Old World groups. We recovered the three genera as a monophyletic lineage among Old World groups, which was supported by molecular and morphological evidence. With a divergence at approximately 107 Ma, the lineage originated during the break-up of Gondwana. Ancestral range reconstruction indicates the lineage dispersed from an African + Indomalayan range to the Greater Antilles, with a subsequent extinction in the Old World. The profound ecomorphic convergence with non-Caribbean groups obscured recognition of natural relationships within the same geographical distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the lineage is one of the oldest endemic animal groups in the Greater Antilles and their morphological diversity and restricted distribution mark them as a critical taxon to conserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Svenson
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Henrique M Rodrigues
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Navarro-Sigüenza AG, Vázquez-Miranda H, Hernández-Alonso G, García-Trejo EA, Sánchez-González LA. Complex biogeographic scenarios revealed in the diversification of the largest woodpecker radiation in the New World. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:53-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Valente L, Illera JC, Havenstein K, Pallien T, Etienne RS, Tiedemann R. Equilibrium Bird Species Diversity in Atlantic Islands. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1660-1666.e5. [PMID: 28528903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Half a century ago, MacArthur and Wilson proposed that the number of species on islands tends toward a dynamic equilibrium diversity around which species richness fluctuates [1]. The current prevailing view in island biogeography accepts the fundamentals of MacArthur and Wilson's theory [2] but questions whether their prediction of equilibrium can be fulfilled over evolutionary timescales, given the unpredictable and ever-changing nature of island geological and biotic features [3-7]. Here we conduct a complete molecular phylogenetic survey of the terrestrial bird species from four oceanic archipelagos that make up the diverse Macaronesian bioregion-the Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira [8, 9]. We estimate the times at which birds colonized and speciated in the four archipelagos, including many previously unsampled endemic and non-endemic taxa and their closest continental relatives. We develop and fit a new multi-archipelago dynamic stochastic model to these data, explicitly incorporating information from 91 taxa, both extant and extinct. Remarkably, we find that all four archipelagos have independently achieved and maintained a dynamic equilibrium over millions of years. Biogeographical rates are homogeneous across archipelagos, except for the Canary Islands, which exhibit higher speciation and colonization. Our finding that the avian communities of the four Macaronesian archipelagos display an equilibrium diversity pattern indicates that a diversity plateau may be rapidly achieved on islands where rates of in situ radiation are low and extinction is high. This study reveals that equilibrium processes may be more prevalent than recently proposed, supporting MacArthur and Wilson's 50-year-old theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valente
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katja Havenstein
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tamara Pallien
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Tiedemann
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Recent extinctions disturb path to equilibrium diversity in Caribbean bats. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Marshall CR, Quental TB. The uncertain role of diversity dependence in species diversification and the need to incorporate time-varying carrying capacities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150217. [PMID: 26977059 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no agreement among palaeobiologists or biologists as to whether, or to what extent, there are limits on diversification and species numbers. Here, we posit that part of the disagreement stems from: (i) the lack of explicit criteria for defining the relevant species pools, which may be defined phylogenetically, ecologically or geographically; (ii) assumptions that must be made when extrapolating from population-level logistic growth to macro-evolutionary diversification; and (iii) too much emphasis being placed on fixed carrying capacities, rather than taking into account the opportunities for increased species richness on evolutionary timescales, for example, owing to increased biologically available energy, increased habitat complexity and the ability of many clades to better extract resources from the environment, or to broaden their resource base. Thus, we argue that a more effective way of assessing the evidence for and against the ideas of bound versus unbound diversification is through appropriate definition of the relevant species pools, and through explicit modelling of diversity-dependent diversification with time-varying carrying capacities. Here, we show that time-varying carrying capacities, either increases or decreases, can be accommodated through changing intrinsic diversification rates (diversity-independent effects), or changing the effects of crowding (diversity-dependent effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Weigelt P, Steinbauer MJ, Cabral JS, Kreft H. Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity. Nature 2016; 532:99-102. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Khimoun A, Arnoux E, Martel G, Pot A, Eraud C, Condé B, Loubon M, Théron F, Covas R, Faivre B, Garnier S. Contrasted patterns of genetic differentiation across eight bird species in the Lesser Antilles. Genetica 2016; 144:125-38. [PMID: 26797853 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Archipelagoes are considered as "natural laboratories" for studying processes that shape the distribution of diversity. The Lesser Antilles provide a favorable geographical context for divergence to occur. However, although morphological subspecies have been described across this archipelago in numerous avian species, the potential for the Lesser Antilles in driving intra-specific genetic divergence in highly mobile organisms such as birds remains understudied. Here, we assessed level of intra-specific genetic diversity and differentiation between three islands of the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica and Martinique) using a multi-species approach on eight bird species. For each species, we built a set of microsatellite markers from cross-species amplifications. Significant patterns of inter-island and/or within-island genetic differentiation were detected in all species. However, levels of intra-specific genetic differentiation among the eight bird species were not always consistent with the boundaries of subspecies previously described in the sampled islands. These results suggest different histories of colonization/expansion and/or different species-specific ecological traits affecting gene flow, advocating for multi-species studies of historical and contemporary factors shaping the distribution of diversity on islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Khimoun
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Emilie Arnoux
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Guillaume Martel
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Pot
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Cyril Eraud
- CNERA Avifaune migratrice, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Station biologique de Chizé, Carrefour de la Canauderie, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Béatriz Condé
- Cellule Technique des Antilles Françaises, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, 5 rue de la Dorade, 79229, Les Trois-Ilets, Martinique, France
| | - Maxime Loubon
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Franck Théron
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Rita Covas
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Bruno Faivre
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Garnier
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
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15
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Valente LM, Phillimore AB, Etienne RS. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics simultaneously operate in the Galápagos islands. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:844-852. [PMID: 26105791 PMCID: PMC4745040 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Island biotas emerge from the interplay between colonisation, speciation and extinction and are often the scene of spectacular adaptive radiations. A common assumption is that insular diversity is at a dynamic equilibrium, but for remote islands, such as Hawaii or Galápagos, this idea remains untested. Here, we reconstruct the temporal accumulation of terrestrial bird species of the Galápagos using a novel phylogenetic method that estimates rates of biota assembly for an entire community. We show that species richness on the archipelago is in an ascending phase and does not tend towards equilibrium. The majority of the avifauna diversifies at a slow rate, without detectable ecological limits. However, Darwin's finches form an exception: they rapidly reach a carrying capacity and subsequently follow a coalescent‐like diversification process. Together, these results suggest that avian diversity of remote islands is rising, and challenge the mutual exclusivity of the non‐equilibrium and equilibrium ecological paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Albert B Phillimore
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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16
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Hubert N, Calcagno V, Etienne RS, Mouquet N. Metacommunity speciation models and their implications for diversification theory. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:864-881. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hubert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution CNRS/IRD/UM2‐UMR5554 Université de Montpellier II Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Vincent Calcagno
- INRA Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06900 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Rampal S. Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen PO Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution CNRS/IRD/UM2‐UMR5554 Université de Montpellier II Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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17
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Aslan C, Holmes N, Tershy B, Spatz D, Croll DA. Benefits to poorly studied taxa of conservation of bird and mammal diversity on islands. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:133-142. [PMID: 25065901 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protected area delineation and conservation action are urgently needed on marine islands, but the potential biodiversity benefits of these activities can be difficult to assess due to lack of species diversity information for lesser known taxa. We used linear mixed effects modeling and simple spatial analyses to investigate whether conservation activities based on the diversity of well-known insular taxa (birds and mammals) are likely to also capture the diversity of lesser known taxa (reptiles, amphibians, vascular land plants, ants, land snails, butterflies, and tenebrionid beetles). We assembled total, threatened, and endemic diversity data for both well-known and lesser known taxa and combined these with physical island biogeography characteristics for 1190 islands from 109 archipelagos. Among physical island biogeography factors, island area was the best indicator of diversity of both well-known and little-known taxa. Among taxonomic factors, total mammal species richness was the best indicator of total diversity of lesser known taxa, and the combination of threatened mammal and threatened bird diversity was the best indicator of lesser known endemic richness. The results of other intertaxon diversity comparisons were highly variable, however. Based on our results, we suggest that protecting islands above a certain minimum threshold area may be the most efficient use of conservation resources. For example, using our island database, if the threshold were set at 10 km(2) and the smallest 10% of islands greater than this threshold were protected, 119 islands would be protected. The islands would range in size from 10 to 29 km(2) and would include 268 lesser known species endemic to a single island, along with 11 bird and mammal species endemic to a single island. Our results suggest that for islands of equivalent size, prioritization based on total or threatened bird and mammal diversity may also capture opportunities to protect lesser known species endemic to islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Aslan
- Conservation Education and Science Department, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ, 85743, U.S.A..
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18
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Warren BH, Simberloff D, Ricklefs RE, Aguilée R, Condamine FL, Gravel D, Morlon H, Mouquet N, Rosindell J, Casquet J, Conti E, Cornuault J, Fernández-Palacios JM, Hengl T, Norder SJ, Rijsdijk KF, Sanmartín I, Strasberg D, Triantis KA, Valente LM, Whittaker RJ, Gillespie RG, Emerson BC, Thébaud C. Islands as model systems in ecology and evolution: prospects fifty years after MacArthur-Wilson. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:200-17. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben H. Warren
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 8008 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- UMR PVBMT; Université de La Réunion-CIRAD; 7 chemin de l'IRAT Ligne Paradis 97410 Saint Pierre Réunion France
| | - Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Robert E. Ricklefs
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri at St. Louis; 8001 Natural Bridge Road St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Robin Aguilée
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS; UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique); Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie; Université du Québec à Rimouski 300; Allée des Ursulines; Rimouski QC G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS); UMR CNRS 8197; 46 rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR 5554; CNRS; Univ. Montpellier 2; CC 065 Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
| | - Juliane Casquet
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Elena Conti
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Josselin Cornuault
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC); Universidad de La Laguna; Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Tomislav Hengl
- ISRIC-World Soil Information; 6700 AJ Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sietze J. Norder
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth F. Rijsdijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico; RJB-CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Dominique Strasberg
- UMR PVBMT; Université de La Réunion-CIRAD; 7 chemin de l'IRAT Ligne Paradis 97410 Saint Pierre Réunion France
| | - Kostas A. Triantis
- Department of Ecology and Taxonomy; Faculty of Biology; National and Kapodistrian University; Athens 15784 Greece
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Luis M. Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Robert J. Whittaker
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Division of Organisms and Environment; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC); C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 La Laguna 38206 Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-ENFA; 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
- CESAB / FRB; Domaine du Petit Arbois; Av Louis Philibert Aix-en-Provence 13100 France
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19
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Ricklefs RE. Reconciling Diversification: Random Pulse Models of Speciation and Extinction. Am Nat 2014; 184:268-76. [DOI: 10.1086/676642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Monceau K, Cézilly F, Moreau J, Motreuil S, Wattier R. Colonisation and diversification of the Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita) in the Antilles: phylogeography, contemporary gene flow and morphological divergence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82189. [PMID: 24349217 PMCID: PMC3861367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caribbean avifaunal biogeography has been mainly studied based on mitochondrial DNA. Here, we investigated both past and recent island differentiation and micro-evolutionary changes in the Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita) based on combined information from one mitochondrial (Cytochrome c Oxydase subunit I, COI) and 13 microsatellite markers and four morphological characters. This Caribbean endemic and abundant species has a large distribution, and two subspecies are supposed to occur: Z. a. zenaida in the Greater Antilles (GA) and Z. a. aurita in the Lesser Antilles (LA). Doves were sampled on two GA islands (Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands) and six LA islands (Saint Barthélemy, Guadeloupe, Les Saintes, Martinique, Saint Lucia and Barbados). Eleven COI haplotypes were observed that could be assembled in two distinct lineages, with six specific to GA, four to LA, the remaining one occurring in all islands. However, the level of divergence between those two lineages was too moderate to fully corroborate the existence of two subspecies. Colonisation of the studied islands appeared to be a recent process. However, both phenotypic and microsatellite data suggest that differentiation is already under way between all of them, partly associated with the existence of limited gene flow. No isolation by distance was observed. Differentiation for morphological traits was more pronounced than for neutral markers. These results suggest that despite recent colonisation, genetic drift and/or restricted gene flow are promoting differentiation for neutral markers. Variation in selective pressures between islands may explain the observed phenotypic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Monceau
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Dijon, France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Motreuil
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Dijon, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Dijon, France
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21
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Travis J, Leips J, Rodd FH. Evolution in Population Parameters: Density-Dependent Selection or Density-Dependent Fitness? Am Nat 2013; 181 Suppl 1:S9-S20. [DOI: 10.1086/669970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Caro LM, Caycedo-Rosales PC, Bowie RCK, Slabbekoorn H, Cadena CD. Ecological speciation along an elevational gradient in a tropical passerine bird? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:357-74. [PMID: 23298144 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Local adaptation of populations along elevational gradients is well known, but conclusive evidence that such divergence has resulted in the origin of distinct species in parapatry remains lacking. We integrated morphological, vocal, genetic and behavioural data to test predictions pertaining to the hypothesis of parapatric ecological speciation associated with elevation in populations of a tropical montane songbird, the Grey-breasted Wood-wren (Henicorhina leucophrys: Troglodytidae), from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. We confirmed that two distinct populations exist along the elevational gradient. Phylogenetic analyses tentatively indicate that the two populations are not sister taxa, suggesting they did not differentiate from a single ancestor along the gradient, but rather resulted from separate colonization events. The populations showed marked divergence in morphometrics, vocalizations and genetic variation in mitochondrial and nuclear loci, and little to no evidence of hybridization. Individuals of both populations responded more strongly to their own local songs than to songs from another elevation. Although the two forms do not appear to have differentiated locally in parapatry, morphological and vocal divergence along the elevational gradient is consistent with adaptation, suggesting a possible link between adaptive evolution in morphology and songs and the origin of reproductive isolation via a behavioural barrier to gene flow. The adaptive value of phenotypic differences between populations requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Caro
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Apartado, Bogotá, Colombia
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23
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Carnicer J, Brotons L, Stefanescu C, Peñuelas J. Biogeography of species richness gradients: linking adaptive traits, demography and diversification. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:457-79. [PMID: 22129434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we review how adaptive traits contribute to the emergence and maintenance of species richness gradients through their influence on demographic and diversification processes. We start by reviewing how demographic dynamics change along species richness gradients. Empirical studies show that geographical clines in population parameters and measures of demographic variability are frequent along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Demographic variability often increases at the extremes of regional species richness gradients and contributes to shape these gradients. Available studies suggest that adaptive traits significantly influence demographic dynamics, and set the limits of species distributions. Traits related to thermal tolerance, resource use, phenology and dispersal seem to play a significant role. For many traits affecting demography and/or diversification processes, complex mechanistic approaches linking genotype, phenotype and fitness are becoming progressively available. In several taxa, species can be distributed along adaptive trait continuums, i.e. a main axis accounting for the bulk of inter-specific variation in some correlated adaptive traits. It is shown that adaptive trait continuums can provide useful mechanistic frameworks to explain demographic dynamics and diversification in species richness gradients. Finally, we review the existence of sequences of adaptive traits in phylogenies, the interactions of adaptive traits and community context, the clinal variation of traits across geographical gradients, and the role of adaptive traits in determining the history of dispersal and diversification of clades. Overall, we show that the study of demographic and evolutionary mechanisms that shape species richness gradients clearly requires the explicit consideration of adaptive traits. To conclude, future research lines and trends in the field are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Carnicer
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Life Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Hubert N, Paradis E, Bruggemann H, Planes S. Community assembly and diversification in Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Ecol Evol 2011; 1:229-77. [PMID: 22393499 PMCID: PMC3287318 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of species coexistence have played a central role in ecology and evolutionary studies of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity in highly diverse communities. The concept of niche and associated theories predict that competition for available ecological space leads to a ceiling in species richness that influences further diversification patterns. By contrast, the neutral theory supports that speciation is stochastic and diversity independent. We examined the phylogenetic community structure and diversification rates in three families and 14 sites within coral reef fish communities from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Using the phylogenetic relationships among 157 species estimated with 2300 bp of mitochondrial DNA, we tested predictions in terms of species coexistence from the neutral and niche theories. At the regional scale, our findings suggest that phylogenetic community structure shifts during community assembly to a pattern of dispersion as a consequence of allopatric speciation in recent times but overall, variations in diversification rates did not relate with sea level changes. At the local scale, the phylogenetic community structure is consistent with a neutral model of community assembly since no departure from a random sorting of species was observed. The present results support a neutral model of community assembly as a consequence of the stochastic and unpredictable nature of coral reefs favoring generalist and sedentary species competing for living space rather than trophic resources. As a consequence, the observed decrease in diversification rates may be seen as the result of a limited supply of living space as expected in a finite island model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hubert
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Réunion, France
- USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE–CBETM, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Paradis
- Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementUR226—ISE-M, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, 34196 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Henrich Bruggemann
- Laboratoire ECOMAR, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Réunion, France
| | - Serge Planes
- USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE–CBETM, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France
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25
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Losos JB. Seeing the forest for the trees: the limitations of phylogenies in comparative biology. (American Society of Naturalists Address). Am Nat 2011; 177:709-27. [PMID: 21597249 DOI: 10.1086/660020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The past 30 years have seen a revolution in comparative biology. Before that time, systematics was not at the forefront of the biological sciences, and few scientists considered phylogenetic relationships when investigating evolutionary questions. By contrast, systematic biology is now one of the most vigorous disciplines in biology, and the use of phylogenies not only is requisite in macroevolutionary studies but also has been applied to a wide range of topics and fields that no one could possibly have envisioned 30 years ago. My message is simple: phylogenies are fundamental to comparative biology, but they are not the be-all and end-all. Phylogenies are powerful tools for understanding the past, but like any tool, they have their limitations. In addition, phylogenies are much more informative about pattern than they are about process. The best way to fully understand the past-both pattern and process-is to integrate phylogenies with other types of historical data as well as with direct studies of evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Losos
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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26
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Warren BH, Strasberg D, Bruggemann JH, Prys-Jones RP, Thébaud C. Why does the biota of the Madagascar region have such a strong Asiatic flavour? Cladistics 2010; 26:526-538. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ricklefs RE. Host-pathogen coevolution, secondary sympatry and species diversification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1139-47. [PMID: 20194175 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The build-up of species locally within a region by allopatric speciation depends on geographically separated (allopatric) sister populations becoming reproductively incompatible followed by secondary sympatry. Among birds, this has happened frequently in remote archipelagos, spectacular cases including the Darwin's finches (Geospizinae) and Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae), but similar examples are lacking in archipelagos nearer to continental landmasses. Of the required steps in the speciation cycle, achievement of secondary sympatry appears to be limiting in near archipelagos and, by extension, in continental regions. Here, I suggest that secondary sympatry might be prevented by apparent competition mediated through pathogens that are locally coevolved with one population of host and are pathogenic in sister populations. The absence of numerous pathogens in remote archipelagos might, therefore, allow sister populations to achieve secondary sympatry more readily and thereby accelerate diversification. By similar reasoning, species should accumulate relatively slowly within continental regions. In this essay, I explore the assumptions and some implications of this model for species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
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Evolutionary diversification, coevolution between populations and their antagonists, and the filling of niche space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1265-72. [PMID: 20080597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913626107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The population component of a species' niche corresponds to the distribution of individuals across environments within a region. As evolutionary clades of species diversify, they presumably fill niche space, and, consequently, the rate of increase in species numbers slows. Total niche space and species numbers appear to be relatively stable over long periods, and so an increase in the species richness of one clade must be balanced by decrease in others. However, in several analyses, the total population niche space occupied per clade is independent of the number of species, suggesting that species in more diverse clades overlap more in niche space. This overlap appears to be accommodated by variation in the populations of each species, including their absence, within suitable niche space. I suggest that the uneven filling of niche space results from localized outcomes of the dynamic coevolutionary interactions of populations with their pathogens or other antagonists. Furthermore, I speculate that relationships with pathogens might constrain diversification if pathogen diversity increased with host diversity and resulted in more frequent host switching and emergent disease. Many indirect observations are consistent with these scenarios. However, the postulated influence of pathogens on the filling of niche space and diversification of clades primarily highlights our lack of knowledge concerning the space and time dimensions of coevolutionary interactions and their influence on population distribution and species diversification.
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Ricklefs R, Bermingham E. The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2393-413. [PMID: 17446164 PMCID: PMC2606802 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands have long provided material and inspiration for the study of evolution and ecology. The West Indies are complex historically and geographically, providing a rich backdrop for the analysis of colonization, diversification and extinction of species. They are sufficiently isolated to sustain endemic forms and close enough to sources of colonists to develop a dynamic interaction with surrounding continental regions. The Greater Antilles comprise old fragments of continental crust, some very large; the Lesser Antilles are a more recent volcanic island arc, and the low-lying Bahama Islands are scattered on a shallow oceanic platform. Dating of island lineages using molecular methods indicates over-water dispersal of most inhabitants of the West Indies, although direct connections with what is now southern Mexico in the Early Tertiary, and subsequent land bridges or stepping stone islands linking to Central and South America might also have facilitated colonization. Species-area relationships within the West Indies suggest a strong role for endemic radiations and extinction in shaping patterns of diversity. Diversification is promoted by opportunities for allopatric divergence between islands, or within the large islands of the Greater Antilles, with a classic example provided by the Anolis lizards. The timing of colonization events using molecular clocks permits analysis of colonization-extinction dynamics by means of species accumulation curves. These indicate low rates of colonization and extinction for reptiles and amphibians in the Greater Antilles, with estimated average persistence times of lineages in the West Indies exceeding 30Myr. Even though individual island populations of birds might persist an average of 2Myr on larger islands in the Lesser Antilles, recolonization from within the archipelago appears to maintain avian lineages within the island chain indefinitely. Birds of the Lesser Antilles also provide evidence of a mass extinction event within the past million years, emphasizing the time-heterogeneity of historical processes. Geographical dynamics are matched by ecological changes in the distribution of species within islands over time resulting from adaptive radiation and shifts in habitat, often following repeatable patterns. Although extinction is relatively infrequent under natural conditions, changes in island environments as a result of human activities have exterminated many populations and others--especially old, endemic species--remain vulnerable. Conservation efforts are strengthened by recognition of aesthetic, cultural and scientific values of the unique flora and fauna of the West Indies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
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Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 23:619-30. [PMID: 18823678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary ecologists are increasingly combining phylogenetic data with distributional and ecological data to assess how and why communities of species differ from random expectations for evolutionary and ecological relatedness. Of particular interest have been the roles of environmental filtering and competitive interactions, or alternatively neutral effects, in dictating community composition. Our goal is to place current research within a dynamic framework, specifically using recent phylogenetic studies from insular environments to provide an explicit spatial and temporal context. We compare communities over a range of evolutionary, ecological and geographic scales that differ in the extent to which speciation and adaptation contribute to community assembly and structure. This perspective allows insights into the processes that can generate community structure, as well as the evolutionary dynamics of community assembly.
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Bellemain E, Bermingham E, Ricklefs RE. The dynamic evolutionary history of the bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) in the Caribbean revealed by a multigene analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:240. [PMID: 18718030 PMCID: PMC2533019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) is a small nectivorous and frugivorous emberizine bird (order Passeriformes) that is an abundant resident throughout the Caribbean region. We used multi-gene analyses to investigate the evolutionary history of this species throughout its distribution in the West Indies and in South and Middle America. We sequenced six mitochondrial genes (3744 base pairs) and three nuclear genes (2049 base pairs) for forty-four bananaquits and three outgroup species. We infer the ancestral area of the present-day bananaquit populations, report on the species' phylogenetic, biogeographic and evolutionary history, and propose scenarios for its diversification and range expansion. Results Phylogenetic concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genes at the base of the bananaquit phylogeny supported a West Indian origin for continental populations. Multi-gene analysis showing genetic remnants of successive colonization events in the Lesser Antilles reinforced earlier research demonstrating that bananaquits alternate periods of invasiveness and colonization with biogeographic quiescence. Although nuclear genes provided insufficient information at the tips of the tree to further evaluate relationships of closely allied but strongly supported mitochondrial DNA clades, the discrepancy between mitochondrial and nuclear data in the population of Dominican Republic suggested that the mitochondrial genome was recently acquired by introgression from Jamaica. Conclusion This study represents one of the most complete phylogeographic analyses of its kind and reveals three patterns that are not commonly appreciated in birds: (1) island to mainland colonization, (2) multiple expansion phases, and (3) mitochondrial genome replacement. The detail revealed by this analysis will guide evolutionary analyses of populations in archipelagos such as the West Indies, which include islands varying in size, age, and geological history. Our results suggest that multi-gene phylogenies will permit improved comparative analysis of the evolutionary histories of different lineages in the same geographical setting, which provide replicated "natural experiments" for testing evolutionary hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bellemain
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo 2072, Balboa, Panama.
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Barnett JR, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Coulon A, Lovette IJ. Weak genetic structuring indicates ongoing gene flow across White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo altera) populations in a highly fragmented Costa Rica landscape. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gillespie RG, Claridge EM, Roderick GK. Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. Mol Ecol 2007; 17:45-57. [PMID: 17727622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flora and fauna of oceanic islands have inspired research since the early scientific explorations. Islands can be considered 'nature's test tubes'- simple systems with multiple replicates. Our research has used the simplicity of island systems to understand ecological community dynamics and to compare the properties of island communities with those in more complex mainland systems. Here, we present three topics: (i) current patterns of biodiversity on isolated islands of the Pacific; (ii) current patterns of disturbance and invasion on islands; and (iii) future trajectories inferred from these patterns. We examine features of islands (in particular, topography and isolation) that have allowed for given levels and distribution of endemicity. The extent to which island communities are impacted by, resist or accommodate disturbance and/or invasions by nonindigenous species appears to be dictated to a large extent by properties of the native communities and how these communities were originally assembled. Accordingly, patterns of disturbance and invasion are very different for high (montane) islands that are extremely isolated compared to those that are nearer to a source of natural migrants. As with all biotas, those on islands are dynamic entities. However, the unique aspect of islands is their isolation, and extreme isolation has largely been lost over the course of the last few centuries due to the development of transportation routes. We argue that such a modified dynamic will affect the future of the biota and the processes that gave rise to the biota. Specifically for isolated habitats, ecological processes will become increasingly more likely to generate biodiversity than evolutionary processes which have been relatively more important in the past. In the short term, island biotas and other similar biotas that occur in montane habitats may fare well as species are often abundant locally in the habitat to which they are indigenous, and may demonstrate considerable resistance and resilience to invasion. However, island biotas - and other biotas that show high local endemism - will likely not fare well in the face of prolonged disturbance. The biotas in these areas generally display a relatively low dispersal capacity; therefore, under conditions of long-term habitat modification, isolated biotas are likely to be swamped by non-natives, which - simply because of random processes and higher propagule pressure - will move more readily into available habitats. Thus, despite the importance of incorporating the evolutionary process into conservation efforts, we must also be careful to evaluate the likely form that the processes will take when the context (specifically, extent of isolation) has been highly modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
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Ricklefs RE. History and Diversity: Explorations at the Intersection of Ecology and Evolution. Am Nat 2007; 170 Suppl 2:S56-70. [PMID: 17874385 DOI: 10.1086/519402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis provides an important tool for assessing the influence of historical and evolutionary processes on the structure of contemporary ecological systems. Patterns of diversity, for example, represent the regional buildup of species through immigration and diversification, their loss through extinction, and the sorting of species ecologically within the region. Colonization-extinction dynamics on islands can be inferred from lineage accumulation through time. Lineage branching within clades can be used to estimate rates of speciation and extinction. However, simulations of these processes show potential ambiguities in the interpretation of data. Clade size is unrelated to age in many studies, suggesting that speciation and extinction might be in long-term equilibrium and raising questions about unobserved past diversity. Among passerine birds and other groups, the size of similar-aged clades is positively related to the size of the region within which they have diversified, and it is greater in tropical than in temperate regions. There is no consensus on the causes of these patterns. Finally, the ecological interactions between populations within regions brings the timescale of species sorting and species production close to each other and emphasizes the important interaction of ecological and evolutionary processes in shaping ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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Vázquez-Miranda H, Navarro-Sigüenza AG, Morrone JJ. Biogeographical patterns of the avifaunas of the Caribbean Basin Islands: a parsimony perspective. Cladistics 2007; 23:180-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Emerson BC. Alarm Bells for the Molecular Clock? No Support for Ho et al.'s Model of Time-Dependent Molecular Rate Estimates. Syst Biol 2007; 56:337-45. [PMID: 17464888 DOI: 10.1080/10635150701258795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brent C Emerson
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. The Causes of Evolutionary Radiations in Archipelagoes: Passerine Birds in the Lesser Antilles. Am Nat 2007; 169:285-97. [PMID: 17230401 DOI: 10.1086/510730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To investigate why some lineages undergo evolutionary radiation, we compare the passerine avifaunas of the Hawaiian and Galapagos archipelagoes, which have supported well-known radiations of birds, with those of the Lesser Antilles, which have not. We focus on four steps required for the buildup of diversity through allopatric speciation and secondary sympatry: genetic divergence in isolation, persistence of island populations, recolonization of source islands, and ecological compatibility in secondary sympatry. Analysis of genetic divergence among island populations in the Lesser Antilles reveals evidence of both prolonged independent evolution and re-expansion of differentiated island populations through the archipelago but little evidence of secondary sympatry of divergent genetic lineages. Archipelagoes with high rates of colonization from continental or nearby large-island sources might fail to promote evolutionary radiations because colonists fill ecological space and constrain diversification through competition. However, morphological analysis demonstrated similar divergence between allopatric populations in species in Hawaii, Galapagos, and the Lesser Antilles, although the rate of divergence between secondarily sympatric species evidently is more rapid in Hawaii and the Galapagos. Alternatively, endemic buildup of diversity might be facilitated by the relative absence of pathogens in Hawaii and Galapagos that otherwise could prevent the secondary sympatry of populations owing to disease-mediated competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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Overton LC, Rhoads DD. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Xiphidiopicus percussus, Melanerpes, and Sphyrapicus (Aves: Picidae) based on cytochrome b sequence. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 41:288-94. [PMID: 16814571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endemic woodpecker, Xiphidiopicus percussus, from Cuba has been postulated as the sister taxon to the Hispaniolan woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus) and its relationships to the genera Sphyrapicus and Melanerpes have been speculated. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from a collection of New World picids to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among these species using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood approaches. Our data suggest that X. percussus is the sister taxon to the Melanerpes woodpeckers, which appear to group into a single distinct clade. Xiphidiopicus percussus is not the sister taxon to M. striatus as has been postulated [Olson, S., 1972. The generic distinction of the Hispaniolan Woodpecker, Chryserpes striatus (Aves: Picidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 85, 499-508]. The genus Sphyrapicus appears to have diverged earlier than Xiphidiopicus. Divergence estimates from the cytochrome b sequences indicate that Xiphidiopicus probably diverged sometime in the late Miocene-early Pliocene, and the endemic contemporary species X. percussus on Cuba may be a relict from a group that originated in Central America or North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell C Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont., Canada N9B 3P4.
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40
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Abstract
Global patterns in species richness have resisted explanation since they first caught the attention of ecologists in the 1960s. The failure of ecology to fully integrate the diversity issue into its core of accepted wisdom derives from an inappropriate concept of community and the rejection of history and region as formative contexts for ecological systems. Traditionally, ecologists have held that the pervasive relationship between species richness and conditions of the physical environment reflects the influence of environment on the ability of populations to coexist locally. However, many ecologists now recognize that this relationship can also develop historically from the evolutionary diversification of lineages within and between ecological zones. To assess the relative roles of local ecological constraint vs. regional and historical unfolding of diversity-environment relationships, we must abandon localized concepts of the community and adopt historical (particularly phylogenetic) and geographic methods to evaluate the evolution of diversity within large regions and its influence on diversity at local scales. This integrated perspective opens new research directions for ecologists to explore the formation of species, adaptive diversification, and the adjustment of ecological distributions of species on regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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41
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Graham CH, Moritz C, Williams SE. Habitat history improves prediction of biodiversity in rainforest fauna. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:632-6. [PMID: 16407139 PMCID: PMC1334636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505754103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of biological diversity should be interpreted in light of both contemporary and historical influences; however, to date, most attempts to explain diversity patterns have largely ignored history or have been unable to quantify the influence of historical processes. The historical effects on patterns of diversity have been hypothesized to be most important for taxonomic groups with poor dispersal abilities. We quantified the relative stability of rainforests over the late Quaternary period by modeling rainforest expansion and contraction in 21 biogeographic subregions in northeast Australia across four time periods. We demonstrate that historical habitat stability can be as important, and in endemic low-dispersal taxa even more important, than current habitat area in explaining spatial patterns of species richness. In contrast, patterns of endemic species richness for taxa with high dispersal capacity are best predicted by using current environmental parameters. We also show that contemporary patterns of species turnover across the region are best explained by historical patterns of habitat connectivity. These results clearly demonstrate that spatially explicit analyses of the historical processes of persistence and colonization are both effective and necessary for understanding observed patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Graham
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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42
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Filardi CE, Moyle RG. Single origin of a pan-Pacific bird group and upstream colonization of Australasia. Nature 2005; 438:216-9. [PMID: 16281034 DOI: 10.1038/nature04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oceanic islands have long served as natural laboratories for understanding the diversification of life. In particular, the many thousands of islands spanning the tropical Pacific support an unparalleled array of terrestrial communities whose patterns of diversity contributed fundamental insights to the development of classical speciation and biogeographic theory. Much of this work is founded on an assumption derived from traditional taxonomic approaches, namely that faunas on these widely separated archipelagos stem from a simple one-way, downstream flow of colonists from continents to islands. Here we show, with the use of molecular phylogenetic data from one of the original bird families used to justify this assumption, that a diverse array of endemic island genera and species are the product of a single radiation that diversified across all major Pacific archipelagos in a non-stepping-stone fashion, and recently recolonized continental areas. The geographic scope and lineage-specific approach of this study reveal evolutionary patterns long obscured by traditional taxonomic surveys and indicate that widely dispersed archipelagos can be sources of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Filardi
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA
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Fallon SM, Bermingham E, Ricklefs RE. Host Specialization and Geographic Localization of Avian Malaria Parasites: A Regional Analysis in the Lesser Antilles. Am Nat 2005; 165:466-80. [PMID: 15791538 DOI: 10.1086/428430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We recovered 26 genetically distinct avian malaria parasite lineages, based on cytochrome b sequences, from a broad survey of terrestrial avifauna of the Lesser Antilles. Here we describe their distributions across host species within a regional biogeographic context. Most parasite lineages were recovered from a few closely related host species. Specialization on one host species and distribution across many hosts were both rare. Geographic patterns of parasite lineages indicated limited dispersal and frequent local extinction. The central islands of the archipelago share similar parasite lineages and patterns of infection. However, the peripheral islands harbor well-differentiated parasite communities, indicating long periods of isolation. Nonetheless, 20 of 26 parasite lineages were recovered from at least one of three other geographic regions, the Greater Antilles, North America, and South America, suggesting rapid dispersal relative to rate of differentiation. Six parasite lineages were restricted to the Lesser Antilles, primarily to endemic host species. Host differences between populations of the same parasite lineage suggest that host preference may evolve more rapidly than mitochondrial gene sequences. Taken together, distributions of avian malarial parasites reveal evidence of coevolution, host switching, extinction, and periodic recolonization events resulting in ecologically dynamic as well as evolutionarily stable patterns of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M Fallon
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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Rocha S, Carretero MA, Harris DJ. Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Hemidactylus geckos from the Comoro islands. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 35:292-9. [PMID: 15737599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), ICETA, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
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Smith SA, Bell G, Bermingham E. Cross-Cordillera exchange mediated by the Panama Canal increased the species richness of local freshwater fish assemblages. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:1889-96. [PMID: 15347510 PMCID: PMC1691808 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 breached the continental divide and set into motion a natural experiment of unprecedented magnitude by bringing previously isolated freshwater fish communities into contact. The construction of a freshwater corridor connecting evolutionarily isolated communities in Pacific and Caribbean watersheds dramatically increased the rate of dispersal, without directly affecting species interactions. Here, we report that a large fraction of species have been able to establish themselves on the other side of the continental divide, whereas no species have become extinct, leading to a local increase in species richness. Our results suggest that communities are not saturated and that competitive exclusion does not occur over the time-scale previously envisioned. Moreover, the results of this unintentional experiment demonstrate that community composition and species richness were regulated by the regional process of dispersal, rather than by local processes such as competition and predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Smith
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. History and the Species‐Area Relationship in Lesser Antillean Birds. Am Nat 2004; 163:227-39. [PMID: 14970924 DOI: 10.1086/381002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the species-area relationship for three historically distinct subsets of Lesser Antillean birds identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis of island and continental populations. The groups comprised recent colonists from continental or Greater Antillean source populations, old taxa having recently expanded distributions within the Lesser Antilles, and old endemic taxa lacking evidence of recent dispersal between islands. The number of young taxa was primarily related to distance from the source of colonists in South America. In a multiple regression, the logarithmic slope of the species-area relationship for this group was shallow (0.066+/-0.016). Old endemic taxa were restricted to islands with high elevation, and within this subset, species richness was related primarily to island area, with a steep slope (0.719+/-0.110). The number of recently spread endemic taxa was related primarily to island elevation, apparently reflecting the persistence of such populations on islands with large areas of forested and montane habitats. Historical analysis of the Lesser Antillean avifauna supports the dynamic concept of island biogeography of MacArthur and Wilson, rather than the more static view of David Lack, in that colonists exhibit dispersal limitation and extinction plays a role in shaping patterns of diversity. However, the avifauna of the Lesser Antilles is probably not in equilibrium at present, and the overall species-area relationship might reflect changing proportions of historically distinguishable subsets of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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48
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Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. APPLICATION OF JOHNSON ET AL.'S SPECIATION THRESHOLD MODEL TO APPARENT COLONIZATION TIMES OF ISLAND BIOTAS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Lovette IJ. Mitochondrial Dating and Mixed Support for the “2% Rule” in Birds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/auk/121.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irby J. Lovette
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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