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Hurtado P, Aragón G, Vicente M, Dalsgaard B, Krasnov BR, Calatayud J. Generalism in species interactions is more the consequence than the cause of ecological success. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1602-1611. [PMID: 39060479 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Generalism in resource use is commonly considered a critical driver of population success, species distribution and extinction risk. This idea can be questioned as generalism may be a result rather than the cause of species abundance and range size. We tested these contrasting causal hypotheses focusing on host use in three databases encompassing approximately 44,000 mutualistic (hummingbird-plant), commensalistic (lichen-plant) and parasitic (flea-mammal) interactions in 617 ecological communities across the Americas and Eurasia. Across all interaction types, our analyses indicated that range size and abundance influence the probability of encountering hosts and set the arena for species to express generalism potentials or adapt to new hosts. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that generalism is a consequence of species ecological success. This highlights the importance of ecological opportunity in driving species characteristics considered key for their survival and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hurtado
- DIFAR, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Aragón
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Vicente
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Liczner AR, Pither R, Bennett JR, Bowman J, Hall KR, Fletcher RJ, Ford AT, Michalak JL, Rayfield B, Wittische J, Pither J. Advances and challenges in ecological connectivity science. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70231. [PMID: 39224156 PMCID: PMC11366504 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining and restoring ecological connectivity will be key in helping to prevent and reverse the loss of biodiversity. Fortunately, a growing body of research conducted over the last few decades has advanced our understanding of connectivity science, which will help inform evidence-based connectivity conservation actions. Increases in data availability and computing capacity have helped to dramatically increase our ability to model functional connectivity using more sophisticated models. Keeping track of these advances can be difficult, even for connectivity scientists and practitioners. In this article, we highlight some key advances from the past decade and outline many of the remaining challenges. We describe the efforts to increase the biological realism of connectivity models by, for example, isolating movement behaviors, population parameters, directional movements, and the effects of climate change. We also discuss considerations of when to model connectivity for focal or multiple species. Finally, we reflect on how to account for uncertainty and increase the transparency and reproducibility of connectivity research and discuss situations where decisions may require forgoing sophistication for more simple approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Liczner
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem ServicesUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Richard Pither
- National Wildlife Research CentreEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Jeff Bowman
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | | | - Robert J. Fletcher
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem ServicesUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Julia L. Michalak
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Julian Wittische
- National Museum of Natural HistoryLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Fondation Faune‐FloreLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Department of Biological SciencesComplexe Des SciencesMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Jason Pither
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem ServicesUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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3
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Gürlek S, Araújo AC, Brummitt N. Predicting the Threat Status of Mosses Using Functional Traits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2019. [PMID: 39124136 PMCID: PMC11314510 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Mosses are an early lineage of the plant kingdom, with around 13,000 species. Although an important part of biodiversity, providing crucial ecosystem services, many species are threatened with extinction. However, only circa 300 species have so far had their extinction risk evaluated globally for the IUCN Red List. Functional traits are known to help predict the extinction risk of species in other plant groups. In this study, a matrix of 15 functional traits was produced for 723 moss species from around the world to evaluate the potential of such predictability. Binary generalized linear models showed that monoicous species were more likely to be threatened than dioicous species, and the presence of a sporophyte (sexual reproduction), vegetative reproduction and an erect (straight) capsule instead of a pendent (immersed) one lowers the risk of species extinction. A longer capsule, seta and stem length, as well as broader substrate breadth, are indicative of species with a lower risk of extinction. The best-performing models fitted with few traits were able to predict extinction risks of species with good accuracy. These models applied to Data Deficient (DD) species proved how useful they may be to speed up the IUCN Red List assessment process while reducing the number of listed DD species, by selecting species most in need of a full, detailed assessment. Some traits tested in this study are a novelty in conservation research on mosses, opening new possibilities for future studies. The traits studied and the models presented here are a significant contribution to the knowledge of mosses at risk of extinction and will help to improve conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Gürlek
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK; (A.C.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Ana Claudia Araújo
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK; (A.C.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Neil Brummitt
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK; (A.C.A.); (N.B.)
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4
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Heads M, Saldivia P. The challenging biogeography of the Juan Fernández Islands and Coast Range of central Chile explained by new models of East Pacific tectonics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39032008 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Biogeographers have often been puzzled by several unusual features in the Juan Fernández Islands (JFI) biota. These include the very high endemism density, multiple endemics that are older than the current islands, close biogeographic affinities with the central and West Pacific, and affinities with the diverse Coast Range of central Chile. We review aspects of biogeography in the JFI and the Coast Range in light of recent geological studies. These have examined the mantle below the East Pacific and South America, and have produced radical, new ideas on tectonic history. A long-lived, intraoceanic archipelago ~9000 km long is now thought to have existed in the East Pacific (passing between the JFI hotspot and mainland Chile) until the mid-Cretaceous. At this time, South America, which was moving westward with the opening of the Atlantic, collided with the archipelago. The assumption that the JFI biota is no older than its current islands is questionable, as taxa would have survived on prior islands produced at the JFI hotspot. We propose a new interpretation of evolution in the region based on tectonics rather than on island age and incorporating the following factors: the newly described East Pacific Archipelago; a long history for the JFI hotspot; metapopulation dynamics, including metapopulation vicariance; and formation of the Humboldt Current in the Cretaceous. The model accounts for many distinctive features of the JFI and Coast Range biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY, 14211-1293, USA
| | - Patricio Saldivia
- Biota Ltda, Miguel Claro 1224, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Museo Regional de Aysén, Km. 3 camino a Coyhaique Alto, Coyhaique, Chile
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Davydov EA, Himelbrant DE, Kuznetsova ES, Stepanchikova IS, Yakovchenko LS. Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Umbilicaria aprina Group (Umbilicariaceae, Lichenized Ascomycota) Supports Species Level and Neo-Endemic Status of Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:729. [PMID: 38475574 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The Northeast Asian endemic species of lichen-forming fungus Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii is herein discussed in the global context of biogeography and phylogeny of the U. aprina group. The name U. krascheninnikovii has been erroneously used by lichenologists for Umbilicaria spp. from high latitudes or altitudes worldwide, as there are omphalodisc apothecia and rough "crystals" of a necral layer on the upper surface. To test the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships within the U. aprina group, four independent DNA regions (nrITS/5.8S, RPB2, mtLSU, and mtSSU) were used for six rare species, including a dozen specimens of U. krascheninnikovii from its locus classicus in Kamchatka. The study is based on the phylograms obtained using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference framework. As a result of phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, it was shown that U. krascheninnikovii is a neo-endemic of the areas of modern volcanism in Kamchatka, Japan, as well as in the Kurile Islands, where this species was recorded for the first time. The morphology of U. krascheninnikovii is herein described and illustrated. Increasing the role of the sexual process and reducing asexual thalloconidiogenesis are shown to be apomorphic traits in the U. aprina group. The combination of sexual and asexual reproduction provides adaptive advantages in changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry E Himelbrant
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Kuznetsova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Irina S Stepanchikova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Lidia S Yakovchenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, 100th Anniversary of Vladivostok Avenue, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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6
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Rayos AL, Renner MAM, Ho SYW. The Neotropical endemic liverwort subfamily Micropterygioideae had circum-Antarctic links to the rest of the Lepidoziaceae during the early Cretaceous. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11066. [PMID: 38435016 PMCID: PMC10909501 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lepidoziaceae are the third-largest family of liverworts, with about 860 species distributed on all continents. The evolutionary history of this family has not been satisfactorily resolved, with taxa such as Micropterygioideae yet to be included in phylogenetic analyses. We inferred a dated phylogeny of Lepidoziaceae using a data set consisting of 13 genetic markers, sampled from 147 species. Based on our phylogenetic estimate, we used statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the family. We inferred a crown age of 197 Ma (95% credible interval 157-240 Ma) for the family in the Australian region, with most major lineages also originating in the same region. Micropterygioideae are placed as the sister group to Lembidioideae, with these two lineages diverging from each other about 132 Ma in the South American-Australian region. With South America and Australia being connected through Antarctica at the time, our results suggest a circum-Antarctic link between Micropterygioideae and the rest of the family. Crown Micropterygioideae were inferred to have arisen 45 Ma in South America before the continent separated from Antarctica. Extinction from southern temperate regions might explain the present-day restriction of Micropterygioideae to the Neotropics. Our study reveals the influence of past geological events, such as continental drift, on the evolution and distribution of a widespread and diverse family of liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Rayos
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines Los Baños Los Baños Laguna Philippines
| | - Matthew A M Renner
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- National Herbarium of New South Wales Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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7
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Sancho LG, Aramburu A, Etayo J, Beltrán-Sanz N. Floristic Similarities between the Lichen Flora of Both Sides of the Drake Passage: A Biogeographical Approach. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:9. [PMID: 38248919 PMCID: PMC10817543 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper analyses the lichen flora of Navarino Island (Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn Region, Chile), identifying species shared with the South Shetland Islands (Antarctic Peninsula). In this common flora, species are grouped by their biogeographic origin (Antarctic-subantarctic endemic, austral, bipolar, and cosmopolitan), their habitat on Navarino Island (coastal, forest, and alpine), their morphotype (crustaceous, foliaceous, fruticulose, and cladonioid), and the substrate from which they were collected (epiphytic, terricolous and humicolous, and saxicolous). A total of 124 species have been recognised as common on both sides of the Drake Passage, predominantly bipolar, crustaceous, and saxicolous species, and with an alpine distribution on Navarino Island. The most interesting fact is that more than 30% of the flora is shared between the southern tip of South America and the western Antarctic Peninsula, which is an indication of the existence of a meridian flow of propagules capable of crossing the Antarctic polar front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo G. Sancho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Section of Botany, Complutense University, Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (N.B.-S.)
| | - Ana Aramburu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Section of Botany, Complutense University, Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (N.B.-S.)
| | - Javier Etayo
- Calle Navarro Villoslada 16, 3º dcha., Navarra, 31003 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Núria Beltrán-Sanz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Section of Botany, Complutense University, Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (N.B.-S.)
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8
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Larrue S, Baray JL, Chadeyron J, Meyer JY, Mazal L, Daehler CC, Fumanal B. Modeling long-distance seed dispersal of the invasive tree Spathodea campanulata in the Society Islands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2839. [PMID: 36912726 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance dispersal is a key factor explaining the success of invasive alien species, particularly across oceanic islands. However, it is often not feasible to reliably measure long-distance seed dispersal (LDD) over many kilometers in the field. Here, we used a three-dimensional kinematic trajectory model (Computing Atmospheric Trajectory tool [CAT]) initiated on the basis of regional wind field data to assess the potential for LDD of a wind-dispersed invasive tree, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree), across the Society Islands (French Polynesia, South Pacific Ocean) following its initial planting and spread on the island of Tahiti. The main objective of our study was to determine whether S. campanulata could be expected to spread naturally among islands. Atmospheric dynamics, seed terminal velocity, precipitation, and temperature of air masses were considered to assess the potential for LDD between oceanic islands, with the island of Tahiti serving as the island source for multiple, geographically distant invasions. Aerial trajectories of modeled S. campanulata seeds indicated that wind-dispersed seeds originating from trees on the island of Tahiti could reach most of the Society Islands and disperse as far as 1364 km. This result suggests that Spathodea can be expected to spread naturally among the Society Islands. When rainfall events were modeled as causal agents of seed settlement, fewer seeds reached distant islands, but more seeds settled on the closest island (20 km away). Including effects of island topography ("barrier effects") also resulted in more seeds settling on the closest island and fewer seeds reaching the most distant islands. Overall, our findings suggest that recent atmospheric models can provide valuable insights into LDD and invasion patterns of wind-dispersed invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Larrue
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Baray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaMP, UMR6105, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, OPGC, UAR833, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Chadeyron
- Department of Geography, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Yves Meyer
- Délégation à la Recherche, Government of French Polynesia, B.P. 20981, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Lucas Mazal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Curtis C Daehler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Boris Fumanal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, PIAF, UMR 547, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Mercado-Díaz JA, Lücking R, Moncada B, C St E Campbell K, Delnatte C, Familia L, Falcón-Hidalgo B, Motito-Marín A, Rivera-Queralta Y, Widhelm TJ, Thorsten Lumbsch H. Species assemblages of insular Caribbean Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales) over ecological and evolutionary time scales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107830. [PMID: 37247703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic approaches to macroevolution have provided unique insight into evolutionary relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification patterns for many taxa. Similar frameworks have also been developed to assess how environmental and/or spatial variables shape species diversity and distribution patterns at different spatial/temporal scales, but studies implementing these are still scarce for many groups, including lichens. Here, we combine phylogeny-based ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis with community phylogenetics to reconstruct evolutionary origins and assess patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between island communities of the lichenized fungal genus Sticta in the Caribbean. Sampling was carried out in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique). Data for six molecular loci were obtained for 64 candidate Caribbean species and used to perform both macroevolutionary phylogenetics, which also included worldwide taxa, and phylobetadiversity analyses, which emphasized island-level communities. Our work uncovered high levels of island endemism (∼59%) in Caribbean Sticta. We estimate initial colonization of the region occurred about 19 Mya from a South American ancestor. Reverse migration events by Caribbean lineages to South America were also inferred. We found no evidence for increased diversification rates associated with range expansion into the Caribbean. Taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover between island-level communities was most strongly correlated with environmental variation rather than with geographic distance. We observed less dissimilarity among communities from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica than between these islands and the Lesser Antilles/Puerto Rico. High levels of hidden diversity and endemism in Caribbean Sticta reaffirm that islands are crucial for the maintenance of global biodiversity of lichenized fungi. Altogether, our findings suggest that strong evolutionary links exist between Caribbean and South American biotas but at regional scales, species assemblages exhibit complex taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships that are determined by local environments and shared evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Mercado-Díaz
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A; Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Keron C St E Campbell
- Natural History Museum of Jamaica, Institute of Jamaica, 10-16 East Street, Kingston, Jamaica.
| | - Cesar Delnatte
- Biotope Amazonie, 3 rue Mezin Gildon, F-97354 Rémire-Montjoly, Guyane française.
| | - Lemuel Familia
- Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Avenida Cayetano Germosén esq. Avenida Gregorio Luperón, Ensanche El Pedregal, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
| | - Banessa Falcón-Hidalgo
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Carretera "El Rocío" km 3.5, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Angel Motito-Marín
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Yoira Rivera-Queralta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Todd J Widhelm
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
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10
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Ezra Z, Levavi L, Bar-On B. The load-bearing mechanism of plant wings: A multiscale structural and mechanical analysis of the T. tipu samara. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:423-434. [PMID: 36563776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinning winged fruits ("helicopter" samaras) generate significant lift forces at relatively low velocities, which enable the wind to disperse them across long distances. The biological material of the samara sustains the aerodynamic loadings and maintains the physical shape of the samara in the air via a yet unknown load-bearing mechanism. Here, positing that this mechanism fundamentally originates from the macro-to-microscale structural and mechanical characteristics of the samara, we use sub-micron computer tomography, electron microscopy, and multi-scale mechanical experiments to map the structural and mechanical characteristics of the tipu tree (Tipuana tipu) samara down to the micrometer length scale. Then, using theoretical models, we characterize the multiscale structural-mechanical principles of the samara and use these principles to disclose the underlying load-bearing mechanism. We found that the structural motifs of the tipu tree samara are closely analogous to various other types and forms of winged fruits, suggesting that this load-bearing mechanism is widespread in plant wings. The structural-mechanical principles governing the samara bear unconventional design concepts, which pave the way toward the development and engineering of small-scale wing elements for miniature aviation platforms with specialized mechanical capabilities. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The biomaterial of plant wings grants them mechanical resistance to flight forces during wind dispersal. "Helicopter seeds" demonstrate an intricate load-bearing mechanism that spans three structure-functional scales of their biomaterial. This mechanism appears widespread in plant wings and may promote novel micro-engineering design guidelines for futuristic flight materials and small-scale aviation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeneve Ezra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Liat Levavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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11
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Jauregui-Lazo J, Brinda JC, Mishler BD. The phylogeny of Syntrichia: An ecologically diverse clade of mosses with an origin in South America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16103. [PMID: 36576338 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE To address the biodiversity crisis, we need to understand the evolution of all organisms and how they fill geographic and ecological space. Syntrichia is one of the most diverse and dominant genera of mosses, ranging from alpine habitats to desert biocrusts, yet its evolutionary history remains unclear. METHODS We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntrichia, based on both molecular and morphological data, with most of the named species and closest outgroups represented. In addition, we provide ancestral-state reconstructions of water-related traits and a global biogeographic analysis. RESULTS We found 10 major well-resolved subclades of Syntrichia that possess geographical or morphological coherence, in some cases representing previously accepted genera. We infer that the extant species diversity of Syntrichia likely originated in South America in the early Eocene (56.5-43.8 million years ago [Mya]), subsequently expanded its distribution to the neotropics, and finally dispersed to the northern hemisphere. There, the clade experienced a recent diversification (15-12 Mya) into a broad set of ecological niches (e.g., the S. caninervis and S. ruralis complexes). The transition from terricolous to either saxicolous or epiphytic habitats occurred more than once and was associated with changes in water-related traits. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a framework for understanding the evolutionary history of Syntrichia through the combination of morphological and molecular characters, revealing that migration events that shaped the current distribution of the clade have implications for morphological character evolution in relation to niche diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jauregui-Lazo
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA
| | - John C Brinda
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brent D Mishler
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA
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12
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Maturana CS, Biersma EM, Díaz A, González-Wevar C, Contador T, Convey P, Jackson JA, Poulin E. Survivors and colonizers: Contrasting biogeographic histories reconciled in the Antarctic freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1012852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the contemporary distribution of Antarctic terrestrial biota. We assess whether the current distribution of maritime Antarctic populations of the freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei is the result of (1) a post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) colonization, or whether (2) the species survived in regional glacial refugia throughout the LGM and earlier glaciations. Using 438 specimens from 34 different sampling sites across Southern South America, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula, we analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to uncover patterns of genetic diversity and population structure. We also performed median-joining haplotype network, phylogenetic reconstruction, and divergence time analyses. Finally, we evaluated past demographic changes and historical scenarios using the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method. Our data support the existence of two clades with different and contrasting biogeographic histories. The first clade has been present in maritime Antarctica since at least the mid-Pleistocene, with the South Orkney Islands the most likely refugial area. The second clade has a broader distribution including southern South America, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. The ABC method identified long-distance dispersal (LDD) colonization event(s) from southern South America to South Georgia and the maritime Antarctic after the LGM deglaciation, supporting more recent colonization of Antarctic locations. The current Antarctic and sub-Antarctic distribution of B. poppei is likely derived from two independent biogeographic events. The combination of both (1) post-LGM colonization from southern South America and (2) longer-term persistence in in situ regional refugia throughout glacial periods challenges current understanding of the biogeographic history of Antarctic freshwater biota. Re-colonization of ice-impacted Antarctic areas would have occurred following a LDD and Establishment model, pointing to the existence of possible post-dispersal barriers, despite widely assumed high passive dispersal capacity in freshwater invertebrates.
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Moss establishment success is determined by the interaction between propagule size and species identity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20777. [PMID: 36456649 PMCID: PMC9715719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of new habitat patches is a key aspect of metacommunity dynamics, particularly for sessile organisms. Mosses can establish in new patches through fragmentation, with different vegetative structures acting as propagules. Despite the importance of these propagules for successful colonization the specific aspects that favour moss colonization by vegetative propagules remain poorly understood, including the effect of propagule size. We examine the intra- and interspecific variation of establishment and colonization success in culture of propagules of different sizes in six widespread soil moss species of contrasting growth form (Dicranum scoparium, Homalothecium aureum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Ptychostomum capillare, Syntrichia ruralis and Tortella squarrosa). We obtained three different size classes of propagules from artificially fragmented vegetative material, and assessed their establishment under controlled light and temperature conditions. We characterize the size, shape, apparent viability, morphological type and size changes due to hydration states of the propagules, all of them traits with potentially significant influence in their dispersal pattern and establishment. Then we assess the effect of these traits on moss establishment, using indicators of surface establishment (number of established shoots and colonized surface) and biomass production (viable biomass) as proxies of colonization success. The establishment indicators related to colonization surface and biomass production differ among species and propagule sizes. The magnitude of the interspecific differences of all indicators of establishment success was larger at the smaller propagule size class. T. squarrosa was the most successful species, and D. scoparium showed the lowest performance. We also found interspecific differences in the hydration dynamics of the propagules. The process of establishment by vegetative fragments operates differently among moss species. Besides, differences between hydration states in propagules of some species could be part of syndromes for both dispersal and establishment. This study unveils several functional traits relevant for moss colonization, such as wet versus dry area and length of fragments, which may improve our understanding of their spatial dynamics.
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14
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Huanel OR, Quesada-Calderón S, Ríos Molina C, Morales-González S, Saenz-Agudelo P, Nelson WA, Arakaki N, Mauger S, Faugeron S, Guillemin ML. Pre-domestication bottlenecks of the cultivated seaweed Gracilaria chilensis. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5506-5523. [PMID: 36029170 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gracilaria chilensis is the main cultivated seaweed in Chile. The low genetic diversity observed in the Chilean populations has been associated with the over-exploitation of natural beds and/or the founder effect that occurred during post-glacial colonization from New Zealand. How these processes have affected its evolutionary trajectory before farming and incipient domestication is poorly understood. In this study, we used 2232 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess how the species' evolutionary history in New Zealand (its region of origin), the founder effect linked to transoceanic dispersion and colonization of South America, and the recent over-exploitation of natural populations have influenced the genetic architecture of G. chilensis in Chile. The contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and structure observed between the two main islands in New Zealand attest to the important effects of Quaternary glacial cycles on G. chilensis. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) analyses indicated that Chatham Island and South America were colonized independently near the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and emphasized the importance of coastal and oceanic currents during that period. Furthermore, ABC analyses inferred the existence of a recent and strong genetic bottleneck in Chile, matching the period of over-exploitation of the natural beds during the 1970s, followed by rapid demographic expansion linked to active clonal propagation used in farming. Recurrent genetic bottlenecks strongly eroded the genetic diversity of G. chilensis prior to its cultivation, raising important challenges for the management of genetic resources in this incipiently domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar R Huanel
- Núcleo Milenio MASH, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,IRL 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France
| | - Suany Quesada-Calderón
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,AUSTRAL-omics, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo y Creación Artística, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristian Ríos Molina
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sarai Morales-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Saenz-Agudelo
- IRL 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France.,Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID- Millennium Science Initiative Nucleus (NUTME), Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Wendy A Nelson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalia Arakaki
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Banco de Germoplasma de Organismos Acuáticos, Chucuito, Callao, Peru
| | - Stéphane Mauger
- IRL 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Núcleo Milenio MASH, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,IRL 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France
| | - Marie-Laure Guillemin
- IRL 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France.,Núcleo Milenio MASH, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Lee JR, Waterman MJ, Shaw JD, Bergstrom DM, Lynch HJ, Wall DH, Robinson SA. Islands in the ice: Potential impacts of habitat transformation on Antarctic biodiversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5865-5880. [PMID: 35795907 PMCID: PMC9542894 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic biodiversity faces an unknown future with a changing climate. Most terrestrial biota is restricted to limited patches of ice-free land in a sea of ice, where they are adapted to the continent's extreme cold and wind and exploit microhabitats of suitable conditions. As temperatures rise, ice-free areas are predicted to expand, more rapidly in some areas than others. There is high uncertainty as to how species' distributions, physiology, abundance, and survivorship will be affected as their habitats transform. Here we use current knowledge to propose hypotheses that ice-free area expansion (i) will increase habitat availability, though the quality of habitat will vary; (ii) will increase structural connectivity, although not necessarily increase opportunities for species establishment; (iii) combined with milder climates will increase likelihood of non-native species establishment, but may also lengthen activity windows for all species; and (iv) will benefit some species and not others, possibly resulting in increased homogeneity of biodiversity. We anticipate considerable spatial, temporal, and taxonomic variation in species responses, and a heightened need for interdisciplinary research to understand the factors associated with ecosystem resilience under future scenarios. Such research will help identify at-risk species or vulnerable localities and is crucial for informing environmental management and policymaking into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine R. Lee
- British Antarctic SurveyNERCCambridgeUK
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Melinda J. Waterman
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Justine D. Shaw
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Dana M. Bergstrom
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of AgricultureWater and the EnvironmentKingstonTASAustralia
- Global Challenges ProgramUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Heather J. Lynch
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Diana H. Wall
- Department of Biology and School of Global Environmental SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Global Challenges ProgramUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
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16
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Testo WL, de Gasper AL, Molino S, Galán JMGY, Salino A, Dittrich VADO, Sessa EB. Deep vicariance and frequent transoceanic dispersal shape the evolutionary history of a globally distributed fern family. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1579-1595. [PMID: 36063431 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The historical biogeography of ferns is typically expected to be dominated by long-distance dispersal due to their minuscule spores. However, few studies have inferred the historical biogeography of a large and widely distributed group of ferns to test this hypothesis. Our aims were to determine the extent to which long-distance dispersal vs. vicariance have shaped the history of the fern family Blechnaceae, to explore ecological correlates of dispersal and diversification, and to determine whether these patterns differ between the northern and southern hemispheres. METHODS We used sequence data for three chloroplast loci to infer a time-calibrated phylogeny for 154 of 265 species of Blechnaceae, including representatives of all genera in the family. This tree was used to conduct ancestral range reconstruction and stochastic character mapping, estimate diversification rates, and identify ecological correlates of diversification. RESULTS Blechnaceae originated in Eurasia and began diversifying in the late Cretaceous. A lineage comprising most extant diversity diversified principally in the austral Pacific region around the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Land connections that existed near the poles during periods of warm climates likely facilitated migration of several lineages, with subsequent climate-mediated vicariance shaping current distributions. Long-distance dispersal is frequent and asymmetrical, with New Zealand/Pacific Islands, Australia, and tropical America being major source areas. CONCLUSIONS Ancient vicariance and extensive long-distance dispersal have shaped the history of Blechnaceae in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The exceptional diversity in austral regions appears to reflect rapid speciation in these areas; mechanisms underlying this evolutionary success remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston L Testo
- Department of Biology, 876 Newell Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, TX, 76102, USA
- Department of Science and Education, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - André L de Gasper
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, Victor Konder, CEP 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sonia Molino
- Unit of Botany, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Gabriel Y Galán
- Unit of Botany, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandre Salino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Emily B Sessa
- Department of Biology, 876 Newell Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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17
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González-Montelongo C, Pérez-Vargas I. Together Apart: Evaluating Lichen-Phorophyte Specificity in the Canarian Laurel Forest. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101031. [PMID: 36294596 PMCID: PMC9605454 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of host tree identity on epiphyte lichen communities are a controversial issue, as the results obtained in different forest environments studied are not consistent. We investigated the host preferences for lichens in the laurel forest of Macaronesia. For this purpose, we analyzed the lichen communities growing on the four most common trees (Erica canariensis Rivas-Mart., M. Osorio and Wildpret, Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur, Laurus novoca-nariensis Rivas-Mart., Lousa, Fern. Prieto, E. Días, J.C. Costa and C. Aguiar, and Ilex canariensis Poir. in Lamarck) in the laurel forest of the Canary Islands. The diversity, richness, and lichen composition showed a repetitive and common pattern with the functional traits studied. Although the existence of specificity with respect to the phorophyte species was not demonstrated, there was a clear affinity of the epiphytic lichens to the physico-chemical features of the bark (texture and pH), canopy architecture, foliar characteristics, etc. Our results highlight the importance of the natural diversity of tree species in the laurel forest. Due to the diversity and uniqueness of the lichen species that support each of the phorophytes, this fact should be taken into account in landscape protection and restoration actions, especially in those islands where the forest is highly fragmented.
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Yi X, Latch EK. Systematics of the New World bats Eptesicus and Histiotus suggest trans-marine dispersal followed by Neotropical cryptic diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107582. [PMID: 35810969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity can be boosted by colonization of new habitats such as remote islands and separated continents. Molecular studies have suggested that recently evolved organisms probably colonized already separated continents by dispersal, either via land bridge connections or crossing the ocean. Here we test the on-land and trans-marine dispersal hypotheses by evaluating possibilities of colonization routes over the Bering land bridge and across the Atlantic Ocean in the cosmopolitan bat genus Eptesicus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Previous molecular studies have found New World Eptesicus more closely related to Histiotus, a Neotropical endemic lineage with enlarged ears, than to Old World Eptesicus. However, phylogenetic relationships within the New World group remained unresolved and their evolutionary history was unclear. Here we studied the systematics of New World Eptesicus and Histiotus using extensive taxonomic and geographic sampling, and genomic data from thousands of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs). We estimated phylogenetic trees using concatenation and multispecies coalescent. All analyses supported four major New World clades and a novel topology where E. fuscus and Histiotus are sister clades that together diverged from two sister clades of Neotropical Eptesicus. Intra-clade divergence suggested cryptic diversity that has been concealed by morphological features, especially in the Neotropics where taxonomic re-evaluations are warranted. Molecular dating estimated that Old World and New World clades diverged around 17 million years ago followed by radiation of major New World clades in the mid-Miocene, when climatic changes might have facilitated global dispersal and radiation events. Biogeographic ancestral reconstruction supported the Neotropical origin of the New World clades, suggesting a trans-Atlantic colonization route from North Africa to the northern Neotropics. We highlight that trans-marine dispersal may be more prevalent than currently acknowledged and may be an important first step to global biodiversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Emily K Latch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Tiloca G, Brundu G, Ballesteros D. Bryophyte Spores Tolerate High Desiccation Levels and Exposure to Cryogenic Temperatures but Contain Storage Lipids and Chlorophyll: Understanding the Essential Traits Needed for the Creation of Bryophyte Spore Banks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1262. [PMID: 35567263 PMCID: PMC9100633 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the desiccation and freezing tolerance of bryophyte spores is vital to explain how plants conquered land and current species distribution patterns and help to develop efficient ex situ conservation methods. However, knowledge of these traits is scarce. We investigated tolerance to drying (at 15% relative humidity [RH] for two weeks) and freezing (1 h exposure to liquid nitrogen) on the spores of 12 bryophyte species (23 accessions) from the UK. The presence of storage lipids and their thermal fingerprint, and the levels of unfrozen water content, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The presence of chlorophyll in dry spores was detected by fluorescence microscopy. All species and accessions tested tolerated the drying and freezing levels studied. DSC suggested that 4.1−29.3% of the dry mass is storage lipids, with crystallization and melting temperatures peaking at around −30 °C. Unfrozen water content was determined <0.147 g H2O g−1 dry weight (DW). Most of the spores investigated showed the presence of chlorophyll in the cytoplasm by red autofluorescence. Bryophyte spores can be stored dry at low temperatures, such as orthodox seeds, supporting the creation of bryophyte spore banks. However, the presence of storage lipids and chlorophyll in the cytoplasm may reduce spore longevity during conventional storage at −20 °C. Alternatively, cryogenic spore storage is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tiloca
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Brundu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Seed and Stress Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK;
- Departamento de Botànica y geología, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Schneider JV, Jungcurt T, Cardoso D, Amorim AM, Paule J, Zizka G. Predominantly Eastward Long-Distance Dispersal in Pantropical Ochnaceae Inferred From Ancestral Range Estimation and Phylogenomics. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.813336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochnaceae is a pantropical family with multiple transoceanic disjunctions at deep and shallow levels. Earlier attempts to unravel the processes that led to such biogeographic patterns suffered from insufficient phylogenetic resolution and unclear delimitation of some of the genera. In the present study, we estimated divergence time and ancestral ranges based on a phylogenomic framework with a well-resolved phylogenetic backbone to tackle issues of the timing and direction of dispersal that may explain the modern global distribution of Ochnaceae. The nuclear data provided the more robust framework for divergence time estimation compared to the plastome-scale data, although differences in the inferred clade ages were mostly small. While Ochnaceae most likely originated in West Gondwana during the Late Cretaceous, all crown-group disjunctions are inferred as dispersal-based, most of them as transoceanic long-distance dispersal (LDD) during the Cenozoic. All LDDs occurred in an eastward direction except for the SE Asian clade of Sauvagesieae, which was founded by trans-Pacific dispersal from South America. The most species-rich clade by far, Ochninae, originated from either a widespread neotropical-African ancestor or a solely neotropical ancestor which then dispersed to Africa. The ancestors of this clade then diversified in Africa, followed by subsequent dispersal to the Malagasy region and tropical Asia on multiple instances in three genera during the Miocene-Pliocene. In particular, Ochna might have used the South Arabian land corridor to reach South Asia. Thus, the pantropical distribution of Ochnaceae is the result of LDD either transoceanic or via land bridges/corridors, whereas vicariance might have played a role only along the stem of the family.
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Sanders WB, Brisky BJ. Airborne ascospore discharge with co-dispersal of attached epihymenial algae in some foliicolous lichens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:58-66. [PMID: 34636414 PMCID: PMC9303868 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Lichen-forming fungi that colonize leaf surfaces must find a compatible algal symbiont, establish lichen symbiosis, and reproduce within the limited life span of their substratum. Many produce specialized asexual propagules that appear to be dispersed by rain and runoff currents, but less is known about dispersal of their meiotic ascospores. In some taxa, a layer of algal symbionts covers the hymenial surface of the apothecia, where asci discharge their ascospores. We examined the untested hypothesis that their ascospores are ejected into air currents and carry with them algal symbionts from the epihymenial layer for subsequent lichenization. METHODS Leaves bearing the lichens Calopadia puiggarii, Sporopodium marginatum (Pilocarpaceae), and Gyalectidium viride (Gomphillaceae) were collected in southern Florida. The latter two species have epihymenial algal layers. Leaf fragments with apotheciate thalli were affixed in petri dishes, with glass cover slips attached inside the lid over the thalli. Subsequent discharge of ascospores and any co-dispersed algae was evaluated with light microscopy. RESULTS All three species discharged ascospores aerially. Discharged ascospores were frequently surrounded by a halo-like sheath of transparent material. In the two species with an epihymenial algal layer, most dispersing ascospores (>90%) co-transported algal cells attached to the spore sheath or wall. CONCLUSIONS While water may be the usual vector for their asexual propagules, foliicolous lichen-forming fungi make use of air currents to disperse their ascospores. The epihymenial algal layer represents an adaptation for efficient co-dispersal of the algal symbiont with the next genetic generation of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Sanders
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida Gulf Coast University10501 FGCU Blvd. SouthFt. MyersFL33965‐6565USA
| | - Benjamin J. Brisky
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida Gulf Coast University10501 FGCU Blvd. SouthFt. MyersFL33965‐6565USA
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Scur MC, Kitaura MJ, de Paula JB, Spielmann AA, Lorenz AP. Contrasting variation patterns in Austroplaca hookeri and Rusavskia elegans (Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in maritime Antarctica. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Wang M, Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Brooks A, Paini D. A general trait-based modelling framework for revealing patterns of airborne fungal dispersal threats to agriculture and native flora. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1506-1518. [PMID: 34338336 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens are of economic and ecological importance to global agriculture and natural ecosystems. Long-distance atmospheric dispersal of fungal spores (LAD) can pose threats to agricultural and native vegetation lands. An understanding of such patterns of fungal spore dispersal and invasion pathways can provide valuable insights into plant protection. Spore traits affect their dispersal abilities. We propose a general trait-based framework for modelling LAD to reveal dispersal patterns and pathways, and assess subsequent threats of arrival (TOA) quantitatively in the context of biosecurity. To illustrate the framework, we present a study of Australia and its surrounding land masses. The overall dispersal pattern covered almost the entire continent of Australia. Fungal spores in the size class of 10 and 20 µm (aerodynamic diameter) posed the greatest TOA. Our study shows the effects of morphological traits on these potential TOA, and how they varied between source regions, size classes, and seasons. Our framework revealed spore dispersal patterns and pathways. It also facilitates comparisons of spatio-temporal dispersal dynamics among fungal classes, gaining insights into atmospheric long-distance dispersal of fungi as a whole, and provides a basis for assessing fungal pest threats in potential source regions based on easily measured spore characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Noboru Ota
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Aaron Brooks
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dean Paini
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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24
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Hedenäs L, Hylander K, Lönnell N, Bisang I. Genetic variation and reproductive patterns in wetland mosses suggest efficient initial colonization of disturbed sites. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15846-15859. [PMID: 34824794 PMCID: PMC8601880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand colonization processes, it is critical to fully assess the role of dispersal in shaping biogeographical patterns at the gene, individual, population, and community levels. We test two alternative hypotheses (H I and H II) for the colonization of disturbed sites by clonal plants, by analyzing intraspecific genetic variation in one and reproductive traits in two typical fen mosses with separate sexes and intermittent spore dispersal, comparing disturbed, early-succession (limed) fens and late-successional rich fens. H I suggests initial colonization of disturbed sites by diverse genotypes of which fewer remain in late-successional fens and an initially balanced sex ratio that develops into a possibly skewed population sex ratio. H II suggests initial colonization by few genotypes and gradual accumulation of additional genotypes and an initially skewed sex ratio that alters into the species-specific sex ratio, during succession. Under both scenarios, we expect enhanced sexual reproduction in late-successional fens due to resource gains and decreased intermate distances when clones expand. We show that the intraspecific genetic diversity, assessed by two molecular markers, in Scorpidium cossonii was higher and the genetic variation among sites was smaller in disturbed than late-successional rich fens. Sex ratio was balanced in S. cossonii and Campylium stellatum in disturbed fens and skewed in C. stellatum in late-successional fens, thus supporting H I. In line with our prediction, sex expression incidence was higher in, and sporophytes were confined to, late-succession compared to disturbed rich fens. Late-successional S. cossonii sites had more within-site patches with two or more genotypes, and both species displayed higher sex expression levels in late-successional than in disturbed sites. We conclude that diverse genotypes and both sexes disperse efficiently to, and successfully colonize new sites, while patterns of genetic variation and sexual reproduction in late-successional rich fens are gradually shaped by local conditions and interactions over extended time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hedenäs
- Department of BotanySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Niklas Lönnell
- SLU Swedish Species Information CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Irene Bisang
- Department of BotanySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
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25
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Donoghue S, Turner PAM. A review of Australian tree fern ecology in forest communities. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shavawn Donoghue
- Forest Practices Authority 30 Patrick Street Hobart Tasmania 7000 Australia
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Perpetua A. M. Turner
- Forest Practices Authority 30 Patrick Street Hobart Tasmania 7000 Australia
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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26
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de Groot GA, Geisen S, Wubs ERJ, Meulenbroek L, Laros I, Snoek LB, Lammertsma DR, Hansen LH, Slim PA. The aerobiome uncovered: Multi-marker metabarcoding reveals potential drivers of turn-over in the full microbial community in the air. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106551. [PMID: 33857708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air is a major conduit for the dispersal of organisms at the local and the global scale. Most research has focused on the dispersal of plants, vertebrates and human disease agents. However, the air represents a key dispersal medium also for bacteria, fungi and protists. Many of those represent potential pathogens of animals and plants and have until now gone largely unrecorded. Here we studied the turnover in composition of the entire aerobiome, the collective diversity of airborne microorganisms. For that we performed daily analyses of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes (including plants) using multi-marker high-throughput sequencing for a total of three weeks. We linked the resulting communities to local weather conditions, to assess determinants of aerobiome composition and distribution. We observed hundreds of microbial taxa, mostly belonging to spore-forming organisms including fungi, but also protists. Additionally, we detected many potential human- and plant-pathogens. Community composition fluctuated on a daily basis and was linked to concurrent weather conditions, particularly air pressure and temperature. Using network analyses, we identified taxonomically diverse groups of organisms with correlated temporal dynamics. In part, this was due to co-variation with environmental conditions, while we could also detect specific host-parasite interactions. This study provides the first full inventory of the aerobiome and identifies putative drivers of its dynamics in terms of taxon composition. This knowledge can help develop early warning systems against pathogens and improve our understanding of microbial dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arjen de Groot
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E R Jasper Wubs
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liz Meulenbroek
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Laros
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Basten Snoek
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis R Lammertsma
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lars H Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pieter A Slim
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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27
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García RA, Palacio AD. Peripampasic Arc: a route of dispersion for lichens. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191208. [PMID: 34406284 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Peripampasic Arc is a set of low mountains / hills that connects the Andes, as it scatters to the East forming mountainous areas of lower heights in north-eastern Argentina, with the Atlantic coastal range of the Serra do Mar in Brazil. Numerous studies proved its important biogeographic connection for plant and animal phylogenies, but no information of this pattern is known to lichens. The aim of this work is to establish if the dispersion route of the lichenbiota follows the previously known Peripampasic Arc. For this reason, a comparative study of each area regarding its similarities was analyzed, with emphasis on the biota of the Buenos Aires' Sierras. We quantified the similarity and β diversity of 104 saxicolous lichens species. There was a strong similarity between the Sierra de la Ventana and Tandil biota, which in turn is linked to the biotas of Uruguay, the Pampean Sierras and the northwest of Argentina. The lack of subgroups in the Peripampasic Arc implies the arc acts as a functional unit of dispersion, which is the most likely cause for the present lichens' distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A García
- Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Genética Ambiental (Biogea), Mario Bravo 1460, Piñeyro 1870, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB CABA, República Argentina
| | - Alejandro Del Palacio
- Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Genética Ambiental (Biogea), Mario Bravo 1460, Piñeyro 1870, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB CABA, República Argentina
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28
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Gasper ALD, Grittz GS, Russi CH, Schwartz CE, Rodrigues AV. Expected impacts of climate change on tree ferns distribution and diversity patterns in subtropical Atlantic Forest. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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29
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Lázaro XA, Mackenzie R, Jiménez JE. Evidence of endozoochory in upland geese Chloephaga picta and white-bellied seedsnipes Attagis malouinus in sub-Antarctic Chile. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9191-9197. [PMID: 34306615 PMCID: PMC8293717 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are known to act as potential vectors for the exogenous dispersal of bryophyte diaspores. Given the totipotency of vegetative tissue of many bryophytes, birds could also contribute to endozoochorous bryophyte dispersal. Research has shown that fecal samples of the upland goose (Chloephaga picta) and white-bellied seedsnipe (Attagis malouinus) contain bryophyte fragments. Although few fragments from bird feces have been known to regenerate, the evidence for the viability of diaspores following passage through the bird intestinal tract remains ambiguous. We evaluated the role of endozoochory in these same herbivorous and sympatric bird species in sub-Antarctic Chile. We hypothesized that fragments of bryophyte gametophytes retrieved from their feces are viable and capable of regenerating new plant tissue. Eleven feces disk samples containing undetermined moss fragments from C. picta (N = 6) and A. malouinus (N = 5) and six moss fragment samples from wild-collected mosses (Conostomum tetragonum, Syntrichia robusta, and Polytrichum strictum) were grown ex situ in peat soil and in vitro using a agar Gamborg medium. After 91 days, 20% of fragments from A. malouinus feces, 50% of fragments from C. picta feces, and 67% of propagules from wild mosses produced new growth. The fact that moss diaspores remained viable and can regenerate under experimental conditions following the passage through the intestinal tracts of these robust fliers and altitudinal and latitudinal migrants suggests that sub-Antarctic birds might play a role in bryophyte dispersal. This relationship may have important implications in the way bryophytes disperse and colonize habitats facing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenabeth A. Lázaro
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Roy Mackenzie
- Sub‐Antarctic Biocultural Conservation ProgramUniversidad de MagallanesPunta ArenasChile
- Institute of Ecology and BiodiversitySantiagoChile
| | - Jaime E. Jiménez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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30
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Johansson NR, Kaasalainen U, Rikkinen J. Woodpeckers can act as dispersal vectors for fungi, plants, and microorganisms. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7154-7163. [PMID: 34188803 PMCID: PMC8216901 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird-mediated dispersal is presumed to be important in the dissemination of many different types of organisms, but concrete evidence remains scarce. This is especially true for biota producing microscopic propagules. Tree-dwelling birds, such as woodpeckers, would seem to represent ideal dispersal vectors for organisms growing on standing tree trunks such as epiphytic lichens and fungi. Here, we utilize bird natural history collections as a novel source of data for studying dispersal ecology of plants, fungi, and microorganisms. We screened freshly preserved specimens of three Finnish woodpecker species for microscopic propagules. Samples were taken from bird feet, and chest and tail feathers. Propagules were extracted using a sonication-centrifugation protocol, and the material obtained was studied using light microscopy. Diverse biological material was recovered from all specimens of all bird species, from all positions sampled. Most abundant categories of discovered biological material included bryophyte fragments, fungal spores, and vegetative propagules of lichens. Also, freshwater diatoms, bryophyte spores, algal cells, testate amebae, rotifers, nematodes, pollen, and insect scales were identified. The method developed here is applicable to living specimens as well, making it a versatile tool for further research. Our findings highlight the potential of bird-mediated dispersal for diverse organisms and showcase the use of natural history collections in ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko R. Johansson
- Finnish Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Jouko Rikkinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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31
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Global wind patterns shape genetic differentiation, asymmetric gene flow, and genetic diversity in trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017317118. [PMID: 33875589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017317118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wind disperses the pollen and seeds of many plants, but little is known about whether and how it shapes large-scale landscape genetic patterns. We address this question by a synthesis and reanalysis of genetic data from more than 1,900 populations of 97 tree and shrub species around the world, using a newly developed framework for modeling long-term landscape connectivity by wind currents. We show that wind shapes three independent aspects of landscape genetics in plants with wind pollination or seed dispersal: populations linked by stronger winds are more genetically similar, populations linked by directionally imbalanced winds exhibit asymmetric gene flow ratios, and downwind populations have higher genetic diversity. For each of these distinct hypotheses, partial correlations between the respective wind and genetic metrics (controlling for distance and climate) are positive for a significant majority of wind-dispersed or wind-pollinated genetic data sets and increase significantly across functional groups expected to be increasingly influenced by wind. Together, these results indicate that the geography of both wind strength and wind direction play important roles in shaping large-scale genetic patterns across the world's forests. These findings have implications for various aspects of basic plant ecology and evolution, as well as the response of biodiversity to future global change.
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32
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Mitchell JK, Garrido-Benavent I, Quijada L, Pfister DH. Sareomycetes: more diverse than meets the eye. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 33726866 PMCID: PMC7961326 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.lat. and Sarea resinae s.lat. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia. Sarea as circumscribed is shown to conservatively comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.str. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata. Zythia is provisionally maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae. The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica. Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of asexual morph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus, suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Mitchell
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Isaac Garrido-Benavent
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE) & Dept. Botànica i Geologia, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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33
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Species richness patterns, hotspots and phytogeographic affinities of thalloid liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) of Sri Lanka. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-020-00132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Greco C, Andersen DT, Hawes I, Bowles AMC, Yallop ML, Barker G, Jungblut AD. Microbial Diversity of Pinnacle and Conical Microbial Mats in the Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, East Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:607251. [PMID: 33362751 PMCID: PMC7759091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.607251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic perennially ice-covered lakes provide a stable low-disturbance environment where complex microbially mediated structures can grow. Lake Untersee, an ultra-oligotrophic lake in East Antarctica, has the lake floor covered in benthic microbial mat communities, where laminated organo-sedimentary structures form with three distinct, sympatric morphologies: small, elongated cuspate pinnacles, large complex cones and flat mats. We examined the diversity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in pinnacles, cones and flat microbial mats using high-throughput sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and assessed how microbial composition may underpin the formation of these distinct macroscopic mat morphologies under the same environmental conditions. Our analysis identified distinct clustering of microbial communities according to mat morphology. The prokaryotic communities were dominated by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Actinobacteria. While filamentous Tychonema cyanobacteria were common in all mat types, Leptolyngbya showed an increased relative abundance in the pinnacle structures only. Our study provides the first report of the eukaryotic community structure of Lake Untersee benthic mats, which was dominated by Ciliophora, Chlorophyta, Fungi, Cercozoa, and Discicristata. The eukaryote richness was lower than for prokaryote assemblages and no distinct clustering was observed between mat morphologies. These findings suggest that cyanobacterial assemblages and potentially other bacteria and eukaryotes may influence structure morphogenesis, allowing distinct structures to form across a small spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dale T Andersen
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Ian Hawes
- Coastal Marine Field Station, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Marian L Yallop
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Barker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne D Jungblut
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Janik P, Lado C, Ronikier A. Range-wide Phylogeography of a Nivicolous Protist Didymium nivicola Meyl. (Myxomycetes, Amoebozoa): Striking Contrasts Between the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere. Protist 2020; 171:125771. [PMID: 33171353 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Soil protists play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems and often show immense taxonomic diversity. However, for many groups, distribution patterns remain largely unknown. We investigated range-wide intraspecific diversity of a specialized airborne protist (Didymium nivicola Meyl.) that occupies a narrow ecological niche associated with long-lasting snow cover. We sampled 122 collections covering all areas where the species was recorded worldwide. We obtained 105 and 41 sequences of small ribosomal subunit rDNA (SSU) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A), respectively. While the species is very diverse in the austral Andes, Southern Hemisphere (SH; 17 SSU ribotypes and 12 EF1A genotypes identified), its populations are genetically uniform across three continents of the Northern Hemisphere (NH; single ribotype, single genotype). Our results indicate the austral Andes as a possible diversification centre for D. nivicola where populations seem to reproduce sexually. Two main parts of the range display highly contrasting genetic patterns, thus biogeographical history and dynamics. Current distribution of D. nivicola in the NH is likely a result of a dispersal event from the SH and subsequent long-distance dispersal (LDD) that might be associated with a shift to asexual mode of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Janik
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Carlos Lado
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Ronikier
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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36
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Duffy AM, Aguero B, Stenøien HK, Flatberg KI, Ignatov MS, Hassel K, Shaw AJ. Phylogenetic structure in the Sphagnum recurvum complex (Bryophyta) in relation to taxonomy and geography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1283-1295. [PMID: 32930404 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Sphagnum recurvum complex comprises a group of closely related peat mosses that are dominant components of many northern wetland ecosystems. Taxonomic hypotheses for the group range from interpreting the whole complex as one polymorphic species to distinguishing 6-10 species. The complex occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and some of the putative species have intercontinental ranges. Our goals were to delimit the complex and assess its phylogenetic structure in relation to morphologically defined species and intercontinental geography. METHODS RADseq analyses were applied to a sample of 384 collections from Europe, North America, and Asia. The data were subjected to maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses and analyses of genetic structure using the software STRUCTURE and multivariate ordination approaches. RESULTS The S. recurvum complex includes S. angustifolium, S. fallax, S. flexuosum, S. pacificum, and S. recurvum as clades with little evidence of admixture. We also resolved an unnamed clade that is referred to here as S. "pseudopacificum." We confirm that S. balticum and S. obtusum are nested within the complex. Species with bluntly acute to obtuse stem leaf apices are sister to those with acute to apiculate leaves. Most of the species exhibit some differentiation between intraspecific population systems disjunct on different continents. CONCLUSIONS We recognize seven species in the amended S. recurvum complex, including S. balticum and S. obtusum, in addition to the informal clade S. "pseudopacificum." Although we detected some geographically correlated phylogenetic structure within widespread morphospecies, our RADseq data support the interpretation that these species have intercontinental geographic ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Duffy
- Lewis E. Anderson Bryophyte Herbarium, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Blanka Aguero
- Lewis E. Anderson Bryophyte Herbarium, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Hans K Stenøien
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Ivar Flatberg
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael S Ignatov
- Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Lewis E. Anderson Bryophyte Herbarium, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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Biersma EM, Convey P, Wyber R, Robinson SA, Dowton M, van de Vijver B, Linse K, Griffiths H, Jackson JA. Latitudinal Biogeographic Structuring in the Globally Distributed Moss Ceratodon purpureus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:502359. [PMID: 32983208 PMCID: PMC7484499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.502359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogeographic patterns of globally widespread species are expected to reflect regional structure, as well as connectivity caused by occasional long-distance dispersal. We assessed the level and drivers of population structure, connectivity, and timescales of population isolation in one of the most widespread and ruderal plants in the world - the common moss Ceratodon purpureus. We applied phylogenetic, population genetic, and molecular dating analyses to a global (n = 147) sampling data set, using three chloroplast loci and one nuclear locus. The plastid data revealed several distinct and geographically structured lineages, with connectivity patterns associated with worldwide, latitudinal "bands." These imply that connectivity is strongly influenced by global atmospheric circulation patterns, with dispersal and establishment beyond these latitudinal bands less common. Biogeographic patterns were less clear within the nuclear marker, with gene duplication likely hindering the detection of these. Divergence time analyses indicated that the current matrilineal population structure in C. purpureus has developed over the past six million years, with lineages diverging during the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Quaternary. Several colonization events in the Antarctic were apparent, as well as one old and distinct Antarctic clade, possibly isolated on the continent since the Pliocene. As C. purpureus is considered a model organism, the matrilineal biogeographic structure identified here provides a useful framework for future genetic and developmental studies on bryophytes. Our general findings may also be relevant to understanding global environmental influences on the biogeography of other organisms with microscopic propagules (e.g., spores) dispersed by wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. Biersma
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation Team, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Convey
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation Team, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Wyber
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Dowton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart van de Vijver
- Research Department, Botanic Garden Meise, Meise, Belgium
- Ecosystem Management (ECOBE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrin Linse
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation Team, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lee GE, Condamine FL, Bechteler J, Pérez-Escobar OA, Scheben A, Schäfer-Verwimp A, Pócs T, Heinrichs J. An ancient tropical origin, dispersals via land bridges and Miocene diversification explain the subcosmopolitan disjunctions of the liverwort genus Lejeunea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14123. [PMID: 32839508 PMCID: PMC7445168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biogeographical and diversification processes explaining current diversity patterns of subcosmopolitan-distributed groups is challenging. We aimed at disentangling the historical biogeography of the subcosmopolitan liverwort genus Lejeunea with estimation of ancestral areas of origin and testing if sexual system and palaeotemperature variations can be factors of diversification. We assembled a dense taxon sampling for 120 species sampled throughout the geographical distribution of the genus. Lejeunea diverged from its sister group after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (52.2 Ma, 95% credibility intervals 50.1-54.2 Ma), and the initial diversification of the crown group occurred in the early to middle Eocene (44.5 Ma, 95% credibility intervals 38.5-50.8 Ma). The DEC model indicated that (1) Lejeunea likely originated in an area composed of the Neotropics and the Nearctic, (2) dispersals through terrestrial land bridges in the late Oligocene and Miocene allowed Lejeunea to colonize the Old World, (3) the Boreotropical forest covering the northern regions until the late Eocene did not facilitate Lejeunea dispersals, and (4) a single long-distance dispersal event was inferred between the Neotropics and Africa. Biogeographical and diversification analyses show the Miocene was an important period when Lejeunea diversified globally. We found slight support for higher diversification rates of species with both male and female reproductive organs on the same individual (monoicy), and a moderate positive influence of palaeotemperatures on diversification. Our study shows that an ancient origin associated with a dispersal history facilitated by terrestrial land bridges and not long-distance dispersals are likely to explain the subcosmopolitan distribution of Lejeunea. By enhancing the diversification rates, monoicy likely favoured the colonisations of new areas, especially in the Miocene that was a key epoch shaping the worldwide distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaik Ee Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julia Bechteler
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Armin Scheben
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Tamás Pócs
- Botany Department, Institute of Biology, Eszterházy University, Pf. 43, Eger, 3301, Hungary
| | - Jochen Heinrichs
- Department of Biology I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Geobio-Center, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
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O'Hanlon JC, Jones BR, Bulbert MW. The dynamic eggs of the Phasmatodea and their apparent convergence with plants. Naturwissenschaften 2020; 107:34. [PMID: 32737596 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The egg stages of animal life cycles are underappreciated in terms of their capacity for dispersal, protection, and biotic and abiotic interactions. Some of the most intriguing egg morphologies are seen in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). Phasmids are charismatic insects, particularly due to their incredible camouflage, though a lesser-known fact is that their eggs are incredibly diverse in shape and structure, reflecting varying ecological niches. Perhaps most remarkable are those eggs which appear to resemble plant seeds in both their appearance and means of dispersal, such as via water and animal vectors. Numerous hypotheses surrounding the function of these egg morphologies and their apparent convergence with seeds have been proposed; however, empirical evidence remains lacking. Here, we present an initial synthesis of available evidence surrounding the ecology and dispersal strategies of phasmid eggs and weigh up the evidence for convergent evolution between phasmid eggs and seeds. In doing so, we highlight areas where further research is needed and discuss how the ecology of phasmid eggs may interplay with other aspects of phasmid ecology, distribution, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C O'Hanlon
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2350, Australia.
| | - Braxton R Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Matthew W Bulbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Cladonia subturgida (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes), an overlooked, but common species in the Mediterranean region. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCladonia subturgida is a Mediterranean species that has been overlooked. Apparently it was restricted to the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands. However, during the study of the genus Cladonia in the Mediterranean region, new populations from 44 localities were found in: south France, Sardinia, south Italian peninsula, Crete and continental Greece. Distribution models based on MaxEnt, GLM, GAM and MARS algorithms were used to estimate the potential distribution of C. subturgida. Sicily, Corsica and the north of Africa were regions with suitable climatic conditions for C. subturgida where it has not been reported yet. The climatic variables with greatest relative influence in the C. subturgida distribution were the Precipitation of Warmest Quarter and the Annual Precipitation. Additionally, the ITS rDNA region was used to study the genetic variation of this species across its distribution area. Eleven haplotypes were found, one of them widely distributed through its geographical range. AMOVA analyses indicated lack of geographical structure.
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41
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Depauperate soil fungal populations from the St. Helena endemic Commidendrum robustum are dominated by Capnodiales. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
We found that the summer airborne bacterial community in the marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean directly south of Australia is dominated by marine bacteria emitted in sea spray, originating primarily from the west in a zonal band at the latitude of collection. We found that airborne communities were more diverse to the north, and much less so toward Antarctica. These results imply that sea spray sources largely control the number concentrations of nuclei for liquid cloud droplets and limit ice nucleating particle concentrations to the low values expected in nascent sea spray. In the sampled region, the sources of summer cloud-active particles therefore are unlikely to have changed in direct response to perturbations in continental anthropogenic emissions. Microorganisms are ubiquitous and highly diverse in the atmosphere. Despite the potential impacts of airborne bacteria found in the lower atmosphere over the Southern Ocean (SO) on the ecology of Antarctica and on marine cloud phase, no previous region-wide assessment of bioaerosols over the SO has been reported. We conducted bacterial profiling of boundary layer shipboard aerosol samples obtained during an Austral summer research voyage, spanning 42.8 to 66.5°S. Contrary to findings over global subtropical regions and the Northern Hemisphere, where transport of microorganisms from continents often controls airborne communities, the great majority of the bacteria detected in our samples were marine, based on taxonomy, back trajectories, and source tracking analysis. Further, the beta diversity of airborne bacterial communities varied with latitude and temperature, but not with other meteorological variables. Limited meridional airborne transport restricts southward community dispersal, isolating Antarctica and inhibiting microorganism and nutrient deposition from lower latitudes to these same regions. A consequence and implication for this region’s marine boundary layer and the clouds that overtop it is that it is truly pristine, free from continental and anthropogenic influences, with the ocean as the dominant source controlling low-level concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles.
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Sawangproh W, Hedenäs L, Lang AS, Hansson B, Cronberg N. Gene transfer across species boundaries in bryophytes: evidence from major life cycle stages in Homalothecium lutescens and H. sericeum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:565-579. [PMID: 31872857 PMCID: PMC7102947 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The mosses Homalothecium lutescens and H. sericeum are genetically, morphologically and ecologically differentiated; mixed populations sometimes occur. In sympatric populations, intermediate character states among gametophytes and sporophytes have been observed, suggesting hybridization and introgression in such populations. METHODS We determined genotypes using bi-allelic co-dominant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, specific to either H. lutescens or H. sericeum, to estimate the degree of genetic mixing in 449 moss samples collected from seven sympatric and five allopatric populations on the island of Öland, south Sweden. The samples represented three generations: haploid maternal gametophytes; diploid sporophytes; and haploid sporelings. KEY RESULTS Admixture analyses of SNP genotypes identified a majority as pure H. lutescens or H. sericeum, but 76 samples were identified as mildly admixed (17 %) and 17 samples (3.8 %) as strongly admixed. Admixed samples were represented in all three generations in several populations. Hybridization and introgression were bidirectional. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that admixed genomes are transferred between the generations, so that the populations behave as true hybrid zones. Earlier studies of sympatric bryophyte populations with admixed individuals have not been able to show that admixed alleles are transferred beyond the first generation. The presence of true hybrid zones has strong evolutionary implications because genetic material transferred across species boundaries can be directly exposed to selection in the long-lived haploid generation of the bryophyte life cycle, and contribute to local adaptation, long-term survival and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sawangproh
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Conservation Biology, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Mahidol University (Kanchanaburi Campus), Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand
| | - L Hedenäs
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A S Lang
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - N Cronberg
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Díez J, Moreno G, Del Peral L, Adams JH, Rodríguez Frías MD, Manjón JL. Fuligo septica Spores Onboard a Stratospheric NASA Balloon and Its Complete In Vitro Life Cycle. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:394-404. [PMID: 32027169 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time Fuligo septica spore viability in the stratosphere through spore germination and its complete life cycle. These protozoan spores were flown by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF) flight 667NT, launched from its base in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. F. septica spores were exposed to stratospheric conditions on board the NASA/CSBF 667 balloon flight for 9 h. The spores obtained after the flight and those from the control box that stayed at ground maintained the same size and morphology, as will be shown in this work. The spores retained viability, and all life cycle stages were obtained by in vitro culture. Moreover, some life cycle events were observed for the first time in F. septica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díez
- Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Gabriel Moreno
- Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Luis Del Peral
- Dpto. de Física y Matemáticas, Space and Astroparticle Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - James H Adams
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR), University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - María D Rodríguez Frías
- Dpto. de Física y Matemáticas, Space and Astroparticle Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - José L Manjón
- Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Behera MD, Roy PS, Mahanand S, Panda RM, Padhee S. Angiospermic plant dispersal profile of India-a maiden analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 191:800. [PMID: 31989306 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-disperser relationship is a mutual approach that regulates the species composition and habitat diversity. Here, we unfold the dispersal profile of India and provide comprehensive information on plant-disperser relationships, emphasising on plant longevities (annual, biennial, and perennial), plant life forms (tree, shrub, herb, liana), and vegetation types. The floral data were collected from a national database, and the dispersal information of 3301 geo-tagged plant species was gathered. The plant dispersal types were mainly (1) abiotic (hydrochory-water, anemochory-wind) and (2) biotic (endozoochory-internal gut, epizoochory-adherence to external surface, anthropochory-human, ornithochory-bird, myrmecochory-insect, and chirepterochory-bat) that included five dispersal modes, i.e. monochory (single), dichory (double), trichory (triple), quadrichory (four), and quintuchory (five). The generalised linear model was utilised to evaluate plant-disperser relationships. Monochory could explain variances of 56.8%, 51.2%, and 45.1% in perennials, annuals, and biennials, and 45.3%, 46.3%, 39.4%, and 47.7% for trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas, respectively. Monochory has more significant influence on all major vegetation types, with at least 40% variance explanation. Anemochory, the dispersal by wind factor, was found to exercise by most plants. The life form wise analytics revealed inclination of multiple modes of dispersal for herbs with abiotic factors might be due to lighter weight, followed by trees with biotic dispersers could be owing to large size seeds. The same trend was reported from herb-dominant grassland where abiotic factors mostly contribute to dispersal, whereas the tree-dominant vegetation types exhibit dispersal primarily due to biotic means. This study provides a synoptic diagnosis to understand the dispersal profile of India, which has been an understudied domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukunda Dev Behera
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Roy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swapna Mahanand
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Rajendra Mohan Panda
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
| | - Swapnarani Padhee
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Pirie MD, Kandziora M, Nürk NM, Le Maitre NC, Mugrabi de Kuppler A, Gehrke B, Oliver EGH, Bellstedt DU. Leaps and bounds: geographical and ecological distance constrained the colonisation of the Afrotemperate by Erica. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:222. [PMID: 31805850 PMCID: PMC6896773 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coincidence of long distance dispersal (LDD) and biome shift is assumed to be the result of a multifaceted interplay between geographical distance and ecological suitability of source and sink areas. Here, we test the influence of these factors on the dispersal history of the flowering plant genus Erica (Ericaceae) across the Afrotemperate. We quantify similarity of Erica climate niches per biogeographic area using direct observations of species, and test various colonisation scenarios while estimating ancestral areas for the Erica clade using parametric biogeographic model testing. Results We infer that the overall dispersal history of Erica across the Afrotemperate is the result of infrequent colonisation limited by geographic proximity and niche similarity. However, the Drakensberg Mountains represent a colonisation sink, rather than acting as a “stepping stone” between more distant and ecologically dissimilar Cape and Tropical African regions. Strikingly, the most dramatic examples of species radiations in Erica were the result of single unique dispersals over longer distances between ecologically dissimilar areas, contradicting the rule of phylogenetic biome conservatism. Conclusions These results highlight the roles of geographical and ecological distance in limiting LDD, but also the importance of rare biome shifts, in which a unique dispersal event fuels evolutionary radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Pirie
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. .,Current address: University Museum, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martha Kandziora
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Nicolai M Nürk
- Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicholas C Le Maitre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Plant Science, University of the Free State, QwaQwa, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ana Mugrabi de Kuppler
- INRES Pflanzenzüchtung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berit Gehrke
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: University Museum, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edward G H Oliver
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Warren SD, Clair LL, Stark LR, Lewis LA, Pombubpa N, Kurbessoian T, Stajich JE, Aanderud ZT. Reproduction and Dispersal of Biological Soil Crust Organisms. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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48
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Heatwole H, Miller WR. Structure of micrometazoan assemblages in the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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Kalwij JM, Medan D, Kellermann J, Greve M, Chown SL. Vagrant birds as a dispersal vector in transoceanic range expansion of vascular plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4655. [PMID: 30874602 PMCID: PMC6420631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are thought to be important vectors underlying the disjunct distribution patterns of some terrestrial biota. Here, we investigate the role of birds in the colonisation by Ochetophila trinervis (Rhamnaceae), a vascular plant from the southern Andes, of sub-Antarctic Marion Island. The location of O. trinervis on the island far from human activities, in combination with a reconstruction of island visitors' travel history, precludes an anthropogenic introduction. Notably, three bird species occurring in the southern Andes inland have been observed as vagrants on Marion Island, with the barn swallow Hirundo rustica as the most common one. This vagrant displays long-distance migratory behaviour, eats seeds when insects are in short supply, and has started breeding in South America since the 1980s. Since naturalised O. trinervis has never been found outside the southern Andes and its diaspores are incapable of surviving in seawater or dispersing by wind, a natural avian dispersal event from the Andes to Marion Island, a distance of >7500 km, remains the only probable explanation. Although one self-incompatible shrub seems doomed to remain solitary, its mere establishment on a Southern Ocean island demonstrates the potential of vagrancy as a driver of extreme long-distance dispersal of terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Kalwij
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Diego Medan
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jürgen Kellermann
- State Herbarium of South Australia, Department for Environment and Water, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Michelle Greve
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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