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Luo S, Wu F, Fang Q, Hu Y, Zhang H, Yuan S, Yang C, Shi Y, Luo Y. Antidepressant effect of teriflunomide via oligodendrocyte protection in a mouse model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29481. [PMID: 38655332 PMCID: PMC11036017 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing the treatment of depression is crucial; nevertheless, the etiology and pathogenesis remain unelucidated. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of teriflunomide (TF) on corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Notably, TF administration resulted in a substantial amelioration of anxiety and depression-like behaviors observed in CORT-treated mice. This was evidenced by behavioral assessments conducted via the sucrose preference test (SPT), open-field test (OFT), novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). The administration of CORT inflicts damage upon oligodendrocytes and neurons within the hippocampus. Our findings indicate that TF offers significant protective effects on oligodendrocytes, mitigating apoptosis both invivo and invitro. Additionally, TF was found to counteract the CORT-induced neuronal loss and synaptic damage, as demonstrated by an increase in Nissl-positive cells across hippocampal regions CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) alongside elevated levels of synapse-related proteins including PSD-95 and synaptophysin. Additionally, TF treatment facilitated a reduction in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins while simultaneously augmenting the levels of Bcl2. Our findings indicate that TF administration effectively mitigates CORT-induced depression-like behaviors and reverses damage to oligodendrocytes and neurons in the hippocampus, suggesting TF as a promising candidate for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Luo
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Feilong Wu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qian Fang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Chang Yang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Hunan Province People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Chambel SS, Cruz CD. Axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors in spinal cord injury: from biology to clinical translation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2573-2581. [PMID: 37449592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelin-associated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Sousa Chambel
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cui Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Cao Y, Luo G, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Ropivacaine Promotes Axon Regeneration by Regulating Nav1.8-mediated Macrophage Signaling after Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:782-800. [PMID: 37669448 PMCID: PMC10723771 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine is commonly performed after repair surgery for traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. After peripheral nerve injury, tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is upregulated and contributes to macrophage inflammation. This study investigated whether ropivacaine promotes peripheral nerve regeneration through Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling. METHODS A sciatic nerve transection-repair (SNT) model was established in adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. The rats received 0.2% ropivacaine or 10 μM Nav1.8-selective inhibitor A-803467 around the injured site or near the sacrum for 3 days. Nerve regeneration was evaluated using behavioral, electrophysiologic, and morphological examinations. Moreover, myelin debris removal, macrophage phenotype, Nav1.8 expression, and neuropeptide expression were assessed using immunostaining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the sensory, motor, and sensory-motor coordination functions of the two ropivacaine groups were significantly improved. Electrophysiologic (mean ± SD: recovery index of amplitude, vehicle 0.43 ± 0.17 vs. ropivacaine 0.83 ± 0.25, n = 11, P < 0.001) and histological analysis collectively indicated that ropivacaine significantly promoted axonal regrowth (percentage of neurofilament 200 [NF-200]-positive area: vehicle 19.88 ± 2.81 vs. ropivacaine 31.07 ± 2.62, n = 6, P < 0.001). The authors also found that, compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the SNT-plus-ropivacaine group showed faster clearance of myelin debris, accompanied by significantly increased macrophage infiltration and transition from the M1 to M2 phenotype. Moreover, ropivacaine significantly attenuated Nav1.8 upregulation at 9 days after sciatic nerve transection (vehicle 4.12 ± 0.30-fold vs. ropivacaine 2.75 ± 0.36-fold, n = 5, P < 0.001), which coincided with the increased expression of chemokine ligand 2 and substance P. Similar changes were observed when using the selective Nav1.8 channel inhibitor A-803467. CONCLUSIONS Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine promotes the structural and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves, possibly by regulating Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lima R, Monteiro A, Salgado AJ, Monteiro S, Silva NA. Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213833. [PMID: 36430308 PMCID: PMC9698625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that disrupts motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Despite extensive research in the last decades, SCI continues to be a global health priority affecting thousands of individuals every year. The lack of effective therapeutic strategies for patients with SCI reflects its complex pathophysiology that leads to the point of no return in its function repair and regeneration capacity. Recently, however, several studies started to uncover the intricate network of mechanisms involved in SCI leading to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this work, we present a detailed description of the physiology and anatomy of the spinal cord and the pathophysiology of SCI. Additionally, we provide an overview of different molecular strategies that demonstrate promising potential in the modulation of the secondary injury events that promote neuroprotection or neuroregeneration. We also briefly discuss other emerging therapies, including cell-based therapies, biomaterials, and epidural electric stimulation. A successful therapy might target different pathologic events to control the progression of secondary damage of SCI and promote regeneration leading to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Pantazopoulos H, Hossain NM, Chelini G, Durning P, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, Berretta S. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan Axonal Coats in the Human Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:934764. [PMID: 35875507 PMCID: PMC9298528 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.934764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a key involvement of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) NG2 and brevican (BCAN) in the regulation of axonal functions, including axon guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination. Prior work suggested the possibility that these functions may, at least in part, be carried out by specialized CSPG structures surrounding axons, termed axonal coats. However, their existence remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that NG2 and BCAN, known to be associated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells, form axonal coats enveloping myelinated axons in the human brain. In tissue blocks containing the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) from healthy donors (n = 5), we used dual immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and unbiased stereology to characterize BCAN and NG2 immunoreactive (IR) axonal coats and measure the percentage of myelinated axons associated with them. In a subset of donors (n = 3), we used electron microscopy to analyze the spatial relationship between axons and NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats within the human MD. Our results show that a substantial percentage (∼64%) of large and medium myelinated axons in the human MD are surrounded by NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats. Electron microscopy studies show NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats are interleaved with myelin sheets, with larger axons displaying greater association with axonal coats. These findings represent the first characterization of NG2 and BCAN axonal coats in the human brain. The large percentage of axons surrounded by CSPG coats, and the role of CSPGs in axonal guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination suggest that these structures may contribute to several key axonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sabina Berretta,
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Synaptic or Non-synaptic? Different Intercellular Interactions with Retinal Ganglion Cells in Optic Nerve Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3052-3072. [PMID: 35266115 PMCID: PMC9016027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axons of adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system generally fail to regenerate by themselves, and few if any therapeutic options exist to reverse this situation. Due to a weak intrinsic potential for axon growth and the presence of strong extrinsic inhibitors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cannot regenerate their axons spontaneously after optic nerve injury and eventually undergo apoptosis, resulting in permanent visual dysfunction. Regarding the extracellular environment, research to date has generally focused on glial cells and inflammatory cells, while few studies have discussed the potentially significant role of interneurons that make direct connections with RGCs as part of the complex retinal circuitry. In this study, we provide a novel angle to summarize these extracellular influences following optic nerve injury as "intercellular interactions" with RGCs and classify these interactions as synaptic and non-synaptic. By discussing current knowledge of non-synaptic (glial cells and inflammatory cells) and synaptic (mostly amacrine cells and bipolar cells) interactions, we hope to accentuate the previously neglected but significant effects of pre-synaptic interneurons and bring unique insights into future pursuit of optic nerve regeneration and visual function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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De I, Sharma P, Singh M. Emerging approaches of neural regeneration using physical stimulations solely or coupled with smart piezoelectric nano-biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dervan A, Franchi A, Almeida-Gonzalez FR, Dowling JK, Kwakyi OB, McCoy CE, O’Brien FJ, Hibbitts A. Biomaterial and Therapeutic Approaches for the Manipulation of Macrophage Phenotype in Peripheral and Central Nerve Repair. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2161. [PMID: 34959446 PMCID: PMC8706646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems often results in extensive loss of motor and sensory function that can greatly diminish quality of life. In both cases, macrophage infiltration into the injury site plays an integral role in the host tissue inflammatory response. In particular, the temporally related transition of macrophage phenotype between the M1/M2 inflammatory/repair states is critical for successful tissue repair. In recent years, biomaterial implants have emerged as a novel approach to bridge lesion sites and provide a growth-inductive environment for regenerating axons. This has more recently seen these two areas of research increasingly intersecting in the creation of 'immune-modulatory' biomaterials. These synthetic or naturally derived materials are fabricated to drive macrophages towards a pro-repair phenotype. This review considers the macrophage-mediated inflammatory events that occur following nervous tissue injury and outlines the latest developments in biomaterial-based strategies to influence macrophage phenotype and enhance repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Franchi
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco R. Almeida-Gonzalez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ohemaa B. Kwakyi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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Jia Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Qiu W, Ge W, Ma C. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Pathological Changes in the Entorhinal Cortex Region that Correlate Well with Dysregulation of Ion Transport in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4007-4027. [PMID: 33904022 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. The earliest neuropathology of AD appears in entorhinal cortex (EC) regions. Therapeutic strategies and preventive measures to protect against entorhinal degeneration would be of substantial value in the early stages of AD. In this study, transcriptome based on the Illumina RNA-seq and proteome based on TMT-labelling were performed for RNA and protein profiling on AD EC samples and non-AD control EC samples. Immunohistochemistry was used to validate proteins expressions. After integrated analysis, 57 genes were detected both in transcriptome and proteome data, including 51 in similar altering trends (7 upregulated, 44 downregulated) and 6 in inverse trends when compared AD vs. control. The top 6 genes (GABRG2, CACNG3, CACNB4, GABRB2, GRIK2, and SLC17A6) within the 51 genes were selected and related to "ion transport". Correlation analysis demonstrated negative relationship of protein expression level with the neuropathologic changes. In conclusion, the integrate transcriptome and proteome analysis provided evidence for dysregulation of ion transport across brain regions in AD, which might be a critical signaling pathway that initiates pathology. This study might provide new insight into the earliest changes occurring in the EC of AD and novel targets for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
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10
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Pantazopoulos H, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Chelini G, Klengel T, Berretta S. Molecular signature of extracellular matrix pathology in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3960-3987. [PMID: 33070392 PMCID: PMC8359380 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to a critical involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Decreases of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and altered expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in glial cells have been identified in several brain regions. GWAS data have identified several SZ vulnerability variants of genes encoding for ECM molecules. Given the potential relevance of ECM functions to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it is necessary to understand the extent of ECM changes across brain regions, their region- and sex-specificity and which ECM components contribute to these changes. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of genes encoding for ECM molecules may be broadly disrupted in SZ across several cortical and subcortical brain regions and include key ECM components as well as factors such as ECM posttranslational modifications and regulator factors. Gene expression profiling of 14 neocortical brain regions, caudate, putamen and hippocampus from control subjects (n = 14/region) and subjects with SZ (n = 16/region) was conducted using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Analysis across brain regions revealed widespread dysregulation of ECM gene expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions in SZ, impacting several ECM functional key components. SRGN, CD44, ADAMTS1, ADAM10, BCAN, NCAN and SEMA4G showed some of the most robust changes. Region-, sex- and age-specific gene expression patterns and correlation with cognitive scores were also detected. Taken together, these findings contribute to emerging evidence for large-scale ECM dysregulation in SZ and point to molecular pathways involved in PNN decreases, glial cell dysfunction and cognitive impairment in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Translational Molecular Genomics LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Belin S, Nawabi H. CNS Disease and Regeneration: When Growing Is Not Enough. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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12
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Mak HK, Yung JSY, Weinreb RN, Ng SH, Cao X, Ho TYC, Ng TK, Chu WK, Yung WH, Choy KW, Wang CC, Lee TL, Leung CKS. MicroRNA-19a-PTEN Axis Is Involved in the Developmental Decline of Axon Regenerative Capacity in Retinal Ganglion Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:251-263. [PMID: 32599451 PMCID: PMC7327411 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible blindness from glaucoma and optic neuropathies is attributed to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) losing the ability to regenerate axons. While several transcription factors and proteins have demonstrated enhancement of axon regeneration after optic nerve injury, mechanisms contributing to the age-related decline in axon regenerative capacity remain elusive. In this study, we show that microRNAs are differentially expressed during RGC development and identify microRNA-19a (miR-19a) as a heterochronic marker; developmental decline of miR-19a relieves suppression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a key regulator of axon regeneration, and serves as a temporal indicator of decreasing axon regenerative capacity. Intravitreal injection of miR-19a promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve crush in adult mice, and it increases axon extension in RGCs isolated from aged human donors. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized involvement of the miR-19a-PTEN axis in RGC axon regeneration, and it demonstrates therapeutic potential of microRNA-mediated restoration of axon regenerative capacity in optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Mak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Jasmine S Y Yung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuk Han Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Tracy Y C Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Wing Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Tin Lap Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
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13
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Abstract
The growing amount of screen time among adolescents has raised concerns about the effects it may have on their physical and psychological health. Although the literature is divided on whether the effects are mostly positive, neutral, or mostly negative, it is likely that the impacts will be highly individualized with a mixture of good and bad consequences for each person. Understanding behavioral and neurobiological phenomena of adolescence may help to guide research and interventions to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks. Particular aspects of adolescent development relevant to the issue include: (i) hunger for human connectedness; (ii) appetite for adventure; and (iii) desire for data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N Giedd
- University of California, San Diego, California, US
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14
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Manoukian OS, Baker JT, Rudraiah S, Arul MR, Vella AT, Domb AJ, Kumbar SG. Functional polymeric nerve guidance conduits and drug delivery strategies for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 317:78-95. [PMID: 31756394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries can be extremely debilitating, resulting in sensory and motor loss-of-function. Endogenous repair is limited to non-severe injuries in which transection of nerves necessitates surgical intervention. Traditional treatment approaches include the use of biological grafts and alternative engineering approaches have made progress. The current article serves as a comprehensive, in-depth perspective on peripheral nerve regeneration, particularly nerve guidance conduits and drug delivery strategies. A detailed background of peripheral nerve injury and repair pathology, and an in-depth look into augmented nerve regeneration, nerve guidance conduits, and drug delivery strategies provide a state-of-the-art perspective on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohan S Manoukian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jiana T Baker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Michael R Arul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sangamesh G Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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15
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Evolutionary genomics analysis of human nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes: implications for the roles of energy production and metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134600. [PMID: 31726178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is a plasma membrane extension that lines nerve fibers to protect, support and insulate neurons. The myelination of axons in vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, and this process relies on organelles, especially on mitochondria to supply energy. Approximately 99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. Since mitochondria play a central role in the energy production and metabolic pathways, which are essential for myelinogenesis, studying these nucleus-encoded genes (nMGs) may provide new insights into the roles of energy metabolism in demyelinating diseases. In this work, a multiomics-based approach was employed to 1) construct a 1,740 human nMG subset with mitochondrial localization evidence obtained from the Integrated Mitochondrial Protein Index (IMPI) and MitoCarta databases, 2) conduct an evolutionary genomics analysis across mouse, rat, monkey, chimp, and human models, 3) examine dysmyelination phenotype-related genes (nMG subset genes with oligodendrocyte- and myelin-related phenotypes, OMP-nMGs) in MGI mouse lines and human patients, 4) determine the expression discrepancy of OMP-nMGs in brain tissues of cuprizone-treated mice, multiple sclerosis patients, and normal controls, and 5) conduct literature data mining to explore OMP-nMG-associated disease impacts. By contrasting OMP-nMGs with other genes, OMP-nMGs were found to be more ubiquitously expressed (59.1% vs. 16.1%), disease-associated (67.3% vs. 20.2%), and evolutionarily conserved within the human populations. Our multiomics-based analysis identified 110 OMP-nMGs implicated in energy production and lipid and glycan biosynthesis in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of demyelinating disorders. Future targeted characterization of OMP-nMGs in abnormal myelination conditions may allow the discovery of novel nMG mediated mechanisms underlying myelinogenesis and related diseases.
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16
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Brussa Reis L, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Fonini M, Ashton-Prolla P, Rosset C. The Role of Co-Deleted Genes in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Microdeletions: An Evolutive Approach. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E839. [PMID: 31652930 PMCID: PMC6896060 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a cancer predisposition syndrome that results from dominant loss-of-function mutations mainly in the NF1 gene. Large rearrangements are present in 5-10% of affected patients, generally encompass NF1 neighboring genes, and are correlated with a more severe NF1 phenotype. Evident genotype-phenotype correlations and the importance of the co-deleted genes are difficult to establish. In our study we employed an evolutionary approach to provide further insights into the understanding of the fundamental function of genes that are co-deleted in subjects with NF1 microdeletions. Our goal was to access the ortholog and paralog relationship of these genes in primates and verify if purifying or positive selection are acting on these genes. Fourteen genes were analyzed in twelve mammalian species. Of these, four and ten genes showed positive selection and purifying selection, respectively. The protein, RNF135, showed three sites under positive selection at the RING finger domain, which may have been selected to increase efficiency in ubiquitination routes in primates. The phylogenetic analysis suggests distinct evolutionary constraint between the analyzed genes. With these analyses, we hope to help clarify the correlation of the co-deletion of these genes and the more severe phenotype of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Brussa Reis
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Maievi Fonini
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
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17
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Belin S, Ornaghi F, Shackleford G, Wang J, Scapin C, Lopez-Anido C, Silvestri N, Robertson N, Williamson C, Ishii A, Taveggia C, Svaren J, Bansal R, Schwab MH, Nave K, Fratta P, D’Antonio M, Poitelon Y, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. Neuregulin 1 type III improves peripheral nerve myelination in a mouse model of congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1260-1273. [PMID: 30535360 PMCID: PMC6452193 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath thickness is precisely regulated and essential for rapid propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. In the peripheral nervous system, extrinsic signals from the axonal protein neuregulin 1 (NRG1) type III regulate Schwann cell fate and myelination. Here we ask if modulating NRG1 type III levels in neurons would restore myelination in a model of congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (CHN). Using a mouse model of CHN, we improved the myelination defects by early overexpression of NRG1 type III. Surprisingly, the improvement was independent from the upregulation of Egr2 or essential myelin genes. Rather, we observed the activation of MAPK/ERK and other myelin genes such as peripheral myelin protein 2 and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. We also confirmed that the permanent activation of MAPK/ERK in Schwann cells has detrimental effects on myelination. Our findings demonstrate that the modulation of axon-to-glial NRG1 type III signaling has beneficial effects and improves myelination defects during development in a model of CHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Ornaghi
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- SR-TIGET, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ghjuvan’Ghjacumu Shackleford
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Scapin
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicholas Silvestri
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Neil Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Williamson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maurizio D’Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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18
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Oligodendrocytes: Development, Physiology and Glucose Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 13:275-294. [PMID: 27885633 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate-glutamine cycle is an outstanding example of how essential neuronal-glial interactions are for brain function. For several decades, this and other metabolic cycles in the brain have only included neurons and astrocytes but not oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent data revealed that oligodendrocytes are highly metabolically active cells in the brain and, therefore, should not be ignored. Using 13C-labelled glucose in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and/or mass spectrometry (MS) it is possible to characterize metabolic functions in primary oligodendrocyte cultures. Mature rat oligodendrocytes avidly metabolize glucose in the cytosol and pyruvate derived from glucose in mitochondria. Moreover, they seem to have the ability of performing anaplerosis from pyruvate, which might enable them to synthesize metabolites de novo and transfer them to neighbouring cells. All these original findings highlight the importance of investigating oligodendrocyte metabolism separately from that of astrocytes and neurons to be able to discern the roles played by the individual partners. This is of particular importance in the white matter where the number of oligodendrocytes is considerable. The present book chapter provides some background on oligodendrocyte biology and physiology and summarizes the not very extensive information published on glucose metabolism in oligodendrocytes.
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19
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Saitoh F, Hagiwara H, Wakatsuki S, Araki T. Carboxymethylation of CRMP2 is associated with decreased Schwann cell myelination efficiency. Neurosci Res 2018; 139:58-62. [PMID: 30194028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal, an active form of vitamin B6, is known to inhibit formation of advanced glycation end-products and protect tissues from diabetic complications. Here we identified that pyridoxal is a required component for establishing Schwann cell myelination in our Schwann cell-dorsal root ganglion neuron co-culture system. When the co-culture was maintained without pyridoxal, carboxymethylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) became detectable. Carboxymethylation decreased the affinity of CRMP2 to bind with microtubules, indicating that carboxymethylation affected CRMP2 function. These results suggest that carboxymethylation of CRMP2 may be an indicator of dysfunction caused by glycation which is observed in pathological conditions, including diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Saitoh
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagiwara
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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20
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Geuna S, Muratori L, Fregnan F, Manfredi M, Bertolo R, Porpiglia F. Strategies to improve nerve regeneration after radical prostatectomy: a narrative review. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2018; 70:546-558. [PMID: 30037210 DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.18.03157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are complex organs that spread throughout the entire human body. They are frequently affected by lesions not only as a result of trauma but also following radical tumor resection. In fact, despite the advancement in surgical techniques, such as nerve-sparing robot assisted radical prostatectomy, some degree of nerve injury may occur resulting in erectile dysfunction with significant impairment of the quality of life. The aim of this review was to provide an overview on the mechanisms of the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves and to describe the potential strategies to improve the regeneration process and the functional recovery. Yet, the recent advances in bio-engineering strategies to promote nerve regeneration in the urological field are outlined with a view on the possible future regenerative therapies which might ameliorate the functional outcome after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy - .,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy -
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Manfredi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.,Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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21
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The Extracellular Environment of the CNS: Influence on Plasticity, Sprouting, and Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2952386. [PMID: 29849554 PMCID: PMC5932463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular environment of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes highly structured and organized as the nervous system matures. The extracellular space of the CNS along with its subdomains plays a crucial role in the function and stability of the CNS. In this review, we have focused on two components of the neuronal extracellular environment, which are important in regulating CNS plasticity including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and myelin. The ECM consists of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and tenascins, which are organized into unique structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs associate with the neuronal cell body and proximal dendrites of predominantly parvalbumin-positive interneurons, forming a robust lattice-like structure. These developmentally regulated structures are maintained in the adult CNS and enhance synaptic stability. After injury, however, CSPGs and tenascins contribute to the structure of the inhibitory glial scar, which actively prevents axonal regeneration. Myelin sheaths and mature adult oligodendrocytes, despite their important role in signal conduction in mature CNS axons, contribute to the inhibitory environment existing after injury. As such, unlike the peripheral nervous system, the CNS is unable to revert to a “developmental state” to aid neuronal repair. Modulation of these external factors, however, has been shown to promote growth, regeneration, and functional plasticity after injury. This review will highlight some of the factors that contribute to or prevent plasticity, sprouting, and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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22
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Ghosh S, Hui SP. Axonal regeneration in zebrafish spinal cord. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2018; 5:43-60. [PMID: 29721326 PMCID: PMC5911453 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss two interrelated events-axonal damage and repair-known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating axonal tracts and can restore full functionality after SCI. Unlike fish, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system is extremely limited. As a consequence of an injury there is very little repair of disengaged axons and therefore functional deficit persists after SCI in adult mammals. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons readily regenerate following injury and hence allow functional recovery both in mammals and fish. A better mechanistic understanding of these three scenarios could provide a more comprehensive insight into the success or failure of axonal regeneration after SCI. This review summarizes the present understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of axonal regeneration, in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, and large scale gene expression analysis is used to focus on different events during regeneration. The discovery and identification of genes involved in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and subsequent functional experimentation will provide more insight into the endogenous mechanism of myelination and remyelination. Furthermore, precise knowledge of the mechanism underlying the extraordinary axonal regeneration process in zebrafish will also allow us to unravel the potential therapeutic strategies to be implemented for enhancing regrowth and remyelination of axons in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteLowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool StDarlinghurstNSW 2010Australia.
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23
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Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. Glial Cells in the Genesis and Regulation of Circadian Rhythms. Front Physiol 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29483880 PMCID: PMC5816069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are biological oscillations with a period of ~24 h. These rhythms are orchestrated by a circadian timekeeper in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the circadian "master clock," which exactly adjusts clock outputs to solar time via photic synchronization. At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are generated by the interaction of positive and negative feedback loops of transcriptional and translational processes of the so-called "clock genes." A large number of clock genes encode numerous proteins that regulate their own transcription and that of other genes, collectively known as "clock-controlled genes." In addition to the sleep/wake cycle, many cellular processes are regulated by circadian rhythms, including synaptic plasticity in which an exquisite interplay between neurons and glial cells takes place. In particular, there is compelling evidence suggesting that glial cells participate in and regulate synaptic plasticity in a circadian fashion, possibly representing the missing cellular and physiological link between circadian rhythms with learning and cognition processes. Here we review recent studies in support of this hypothesis, focusing on the interplay between glial cells, synaptic plasticity, and circadian rhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donají Chi-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Soluciones para un México Verde S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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De la Rosa MB, Kozik EM, Sakaguchi DS. Adult Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:41-71. [PMID: 30151648 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur as the result of sudden trauma and can lead to life-long disability, reduced quality of life, and heavy economic and social burdens. Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has the intrinsic capacity to regenerate and regrow axons to a certain extent, current treatments frequently show incomplete recovery with poor functional outcomes, particularly for large PNI. Many surgical procedures are available to halt the propagation of nerve damage, and the choice of a procedure depends on the extent of the injury. In particular, recovery from large PNI gaps is difficult to achieve without any therapeutic intervention or some form of tissue/cell-based therapy. Autologous nerve grafting, considered the "gold standard" is often implemented for treatment of gap formation type PNI. Although these surgical procedures provide many benefits, there are still considerable limitations associated with such procedures as donor site morbidity, neuroma formation, fascicle mismatch, and scarring. To overcome such restrictions, researchers have explored various avenues to improve post-surgical outcomes. The most commonly studied methods include: cell transplantation, growth factor delivery to stimulate regenerating axons and implanting nerve guidance conduits containing replacement cells at the site of injury. Replacement cells which offer maximum benefits for the treatment of PNI, are Schwann cells (SCs), which are the peripheral glial cells and in part responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Additionally, they release growth factors to stimulate myelination and axonal regeneration. Both primary SCs and genetically modified SCs enhance nerve regeneration in animal models; however, there is no good source for extracting SCs and the only method to obtain SCs is by sacrificing a healthy nerve. To overcome such challenges, various cell types have been investigated and reported to enhance nerve regeneration.In this review, we have focused on cell-based strategies aimed to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred due to benefits such as autologous transplantation, routine isolation procedures, and paracrine and immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted at the site of injury either directly in their native form (undifferentiated) or in a SC-like form (transdifferentiated) and have been shown to significantly enhance nerve regeneration. In addition to transdifferentiated MSCs, some studies have also transplanted ex-vivo genetically modified MSCs that hypersecrete growth factors to improve neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Center, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Kozik
- Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Dell'Anno MT, Strittmatter SM. Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:25-34. [PMID: 28007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is currently incurable. Treatment is limited to minimizing secondary complications and maximizing residual function by rehabilitation. Neurologic recovery is prevented by the poor intrinsic regenerative capacity of neurons in the adult central nervous system and by the presence of growth inhibitors in the adult brain and spinal cord. Here we identify three approaches to rewire the spinal cord after injury: axonal regeneration (direct endogenous reconnection), axonal sprouting (indirect endogenous reconnection) and neural stem cell transplantation (indirect exogenous reconnection). Regeneration and sprouting of axonal fibers can be both enhanced through the neutralization of myelin- and extracellular matrix-associated inhibitors described in the first part of this review. Alternatively, in the second part we focus on the formation of a novel circuit through the grafting of neural stem cells in the lesion site. Transplanted neural stem cells differentiate in vivo into neurons and glial cells which form an intermediate station between the rostral and caudal segment of the recipient spinal cord. In particular, here we describe how neural stem cells-derived neurons are endowed with the ability to extend long-distance axons to regain the transmission of motor and sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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Serwanski DR, Jukkola P, Nishiyama A. Heterogeneity of astrocyte and NG2 cell insertion at the node of ranvier. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:535-552. [PMID: 27448245 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The node of Ranvier is a functionally important site on the myelinated axon where sodium channels are clustered and regeneration of action potentials occurs, allowing fast saltatory conduction of action potentials. Early ultrastructural studies have revealed the presence of "glia" or "astrocytes" at the nodes. NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells or polydendrocytes, which are a resident glial cell population in the mature mammalian central nervous system that is distinct from astrocytes, have also been shown to extend processes that contact the nodes. However, the prevalence of the two types of glia at the node has remained unknown. We have used specific cell surface markers to examine the association of NG2 cells and astrocytes with the nodes of Ranvier in the optic nerve, corpus callosum, and spinal cord of young adult mice or rats. We show that more than 95% of the nodes in all three regions contained astrocyte processes, while 33-49% of nodes contained NG2 cell processes. NG2 cell processes were associated more frequently with larger nodes. A few nodes were devoid of glial apposition. Electron microscopy and stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy confirmed the presence of dual glial insertion at some nodes and further revealed that NG2 cell processes contacted the nodal membrane at discrete points, while astrocytes had broader processes that surrounded the nodes. The study provides the first systematic quantitative analysis of glial cell insertions at central nodes of Ranvier. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:535-552, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Serwanski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Peter Jukkola
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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Kitada M, Takeda K, Dezawa M. Regulation of DM-20 mRNA expression and intracellular translocation of glutathione-S-transferase pi isoform during oligodendrocyte differentiation in the adult rat spinal cord. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:45-57. [PMID: 26921198 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that NG2-positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) do not express DM-20 mRNA and identified a distinct DM-20 mRNA-positive cell population expressing glutathione-S-transferase pi isoform (GST-pi) in the nucleus (GST-pi(Nuc)) of the adult rat spinal cord. As GST-pi intranuclear localization correlates with progenitor cell properties, we examined the differentiation status of this cell population under the intensive 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) administration method, consisting of intraperitoneal BrdU injections every 2 h for 48 h. We observed that a certain population of proliferating/proliferated cells expressed DM-20 mRNA, and sometimes two proliferating/proliferated cells were observed still attached to each other. We performed triple staining for BrdU, DM-20 mRNA, and NG2 and found pairs of neighboring BrdU-positive cells, which were considered to originate from the same progenitor cells and where both cells expressed DM-20 mRNA. Triple staining for BrdU, DM-20 mRNA, and GST-pi detected proliferating/proliferated cells exhibiting the GST-pi(Nuc)/DM-20 mRNA-positive expression pattern. These findings suggested the presence of a GST-pi(Nuc)/DM-20 mRNA-positive oligodendrocyte-lineage progenitor cell population in the adult rat spinal cord. However, we did not find any pair of neighboring BrdU-positive cells with this expression pattern. These observations collectively support the idea that GST-pi(Nuc)/DM-20 mRNA-expressing cells are the progeny of NG2-positive OPCs rather than a novel type of oligodendrocyte-lineage progenitor cells and that DM-20 mRNA expression is dynamically regulated during differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Takeda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Rosochowicz TW, Wrotek S, Kozak W. Axonal regeneration inhibitors: emerging therapeutic options. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:527-32. [PMID: 25567550 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-015-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the most part, the central nervous system is unable to regenerate. The majority of injuries of vascular, inflammatory, degenerative and traumatic aetiology lead to an irreversible loss of central nervous system function. The paper presents the role of Nogo-A, MAG and OMgp proteins in the inhibition of central nervous system regeneration, and their potential clinical significance.
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30
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Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:605-18. [PMID: 26419777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has remarkable regenerative abilities after injury. Successful PNS regeneration relies on both injured axons and non-neuronal cells, including Schwann cells and immune cells. Macrophages are the most notable immune cells that play key roles in PNS injury and repair. Upon peripheral nerve injury, a large number of macrophages are accumulated at the injury sites, where they not only contribute to Wallerian degeneration, but also are educated by the local microenvironment and polarized to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2), thus contributing to axonal regeneration. Significant progress has been made in understanding how macrophages are educated and polarized in the injured microenvironment as well as how they contribute to axonal regeneration. Following the discussion on the main properties of macrophages and their phenotypes, in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of macrophage infiltration after PNS injury. Moreover, we will discuss the recent findings elucidating how macrophages are polarized to M2 phenotype in the injured PNS microenvironment, as well as the role and underlying mechanisms of macrophages in peripheral nerve injury, Wallerian degeneration and regeneration. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential application by targeting macrophages in treating peripheral nerve injury and peripheral neuropathies.
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31
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McKerracher L, Rosen KM. MAG, myelin and overcoming growth inhibition in the CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:51. [PMID: 26441514 PMCID: PMC4561339 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) have the capacity to regenerate their axons after injury, they fail to do so, in part because regeneration is limited by growth inhibitory proteins present in CNS myelin. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was the first myelin-derived growth inhibitory protein identified, and its inhibitory activity was initially elucidated in 1994 independently by the Filbin lab and the McKerracher lab using cell-based and biochemical techniques, respectively. Since that time we have gained a wealth of knowledge concerning the numerous growth inhibitory proteins that are present in myelin, and we also have dissected many of the neuronal signaling pathways that act as stop signs for axon regeneration. Here we give an overview of the early research efforts that led to the identification of myelin-derived growth inhibitory proteins, and the importance of this family of proteins for understanding neurotrauma and CNS diseases. We further provide an update on how this knowledge has been translated towards current clinical studies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McKerracher
- BioAxone BioSciences Inc.Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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32
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Baldwin KT, Giger RJ. Insights into the physiological role of CNS regeneration inhibitors. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 26113809 PMCID: PMC4462676 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth inhibitory nature of injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) tissue constitutes a major barrier to robust axonal outgrowth and functional recovery following trauma or disease. Prototypic CNS regeneration inhibitors are broadly expressed in the healthy and injured brain and spinal cord and include myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), the reticulon family member NogoA, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). These structurally diverse molecules strongly inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro, and have been most extensively studied in the context of nervous system injury in vivo. The physiological role of CNS regeneration inhibitors in the naïve, or uninjured, CNS remains less well understood, but has received growing attention in recent years and is the focus of this review. CNS regeneration inhibitors regulate myelin development and axon stability, consolidate neuronal structure shaped by experience, and limit activity-dependent modification of synaptic strength. Altered function of CNS regeneration inhibitors is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting crucial roles in brain development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. Autoimmune antigenic targets at the node of Ranvier in demyelinating disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:143-56. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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The Adolescent Brain: Insights from Neuroimaging. BRAIN CROSSTALK IN PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09168-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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35
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Dumas L, Heitz-Marchaland C, Fouquet S, Suter U, Livet J, Moreau-Fauvarque C, Chédotal A. Multicolor analysis of oligodendrocyte morphology, interactions, and development with Brainbow. Glia 2014; 63:699-717. [PMID: 25530205 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Multiple markers are available to analyze the populations of oligodendroglial cells and their precursors during development and in pathological conditions. However, the behavior of oligodendrocytes remains poorly characterized in vivo, especially at the level of individual cells. Studying this aspect has been impaired so far by the lack of suitable methods for visualizing single oligodendrocytes, their processes, and their interactions during myelination. Here, we have used multicolor labeling technology to single-out simultaneously many individual oligodendrocytes in the postnatal mouse optic nerve. This method is based on Brainbow, a transgenic system for stochastic expression of multiple fluorescent protein genes through Cre-lox recombination, previously used for visualizing axons and neurons. We used tamoxifen-inducible recombination in myelinating cells of Brainbow transgenic mice to obtain multicolor labeling of oligodendrocytes. We show that the palette of colors expressed by labeled oligodendrocytes is tamoxifen dependent, with the highest doses producing the densest and most colorful labeling. At low doses of tamoxifen, the morphology of single or small clusters of fluorescent oligodendrocytes can be studied during postnatal development and in adult. Internodes are labeled to their extremities, revealing nodes of Ranvier. The new mouse model presented here opens new possibilities to explore the organization and development of the oligodendrocyte network with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dumas
- INSERM, UMRS_U968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
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36
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Chari DM. How do corticosteroids influence myelin genesis in the central nervous system? Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:909-11. [PMID: 25206910 PMCID: PMC4146217 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Divya M Chari
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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37
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Scar-modulating treatments for central nervous system injury. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:967-984. [PMID: 24957881 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) leads to complex cellular responses. Among them, the scar tissue formed is generally recognized as a major obstacle to CNS repair, both by the production of inhibitory molecules and by the physical impedance of axon regrowth. Therefore, scar-modulating treatments have become a leading therapeutic intervention for CNS injury. To date, a variety of biological and pharmaceutical treatments, targeting scar modulation, have been tested in animal models of CNS injury, and a few are likely to enter clinical trials. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the scar-modulating treatments according to their specific aims: (1) inhibition of glial and fibrotic scar formation, and (2) blockade of the production of scar-associated inhibitory molecules. The removal of existing scar tissue is also discussed as a treatment of choice. It is believed that only a combinatorial strategy is likely to help eliminate the detrimental effects of scar tissue on CNS repair.
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38
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Khong M, Smith HL, Mann CL, Emes RD, Chari DM. Identifying the cellular targets of drug action in the central nervous system following corticosteroid therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:51-63. [PMID: 24147833 PMCID: PMC3894723 DOI: 10.1021/cn400167n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is used widely in the treatment of a range of pathologies, but can delay production of myelin, the insulating sheath around central nervous system nerve fibers. The cellular targets of CS action are not fully understood, that is, "direct" action on cells involved in myelin genesis [oligodendrocytes and their progenitors the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)] versus "indirect" action on other neural cells. We evaluated the effects of the widely used CS dexamethasone (DEX) on purified OPCs and oligodendrocytes, employing complementary histological and transcriptional analyses. Histological assessments showed no DEX effects on OPC proliferation or oligodendrocyte genesis/maturation (key processes underpinning myelin genesis). Immunostaining and RT-PCR analyses show that both cell types express glucocorticoid receptor (GR; the target for DEX action), ruling out receptor expression as a causal factor in the lack of DEX-responsiveness. GRs function as ligand-activated transcription factors, so we simultaneously analyzed DEX-induced transcriptional responses using microarray analyses; these substantiated the histological findings, with limited gene expression changes in DEX-treated OPCs and oligodendrocytes. With identical treatment, microglial cells showed profound and global changes post-DEX addition; an unexpected finding was the identification of the transcription factor Olig1, a master regulator of myelination, as a DEX responsive gene in microglia. Our data indicate that CS-induced myelination delays are unlikely to be due to direct drug action on OPCs or oligodendrocytes, and may occur secondary to alterations in other neural cells, such as the immune component. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative molecular and cellular analysis of CS effects in glial cells, to investigate the targets of this major class of anti-inflammatory drugs as a basis for myelination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Jenkins
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda Khong
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L. Smith
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Carl L.A. Mann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, City General, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Divya M. Chari
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
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Gou Z, Mi Y, Jiang F, Deng B, Yang J, Gou X. PirB is a novel potential therapeutic target for enhancing axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity following CNS injury in mammals. J Drug Target 2014; 22:365-71. [PMID: 24405091 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.878939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier to axonal regeneration in mammals is the unfavorable extracellular environment that develops following injury to the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, three myelin-associated inhibitory proteins (MAIs) - Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) - are known to inhibit axonal regeneration and functional recovery. These MAIs share a common receptor, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Nogo receptor (NgR). However, paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) - which was originally identified as a receptor for class I major histocompatibility complex (MHCI) in the immune system - is also expressed in neurones and plays a similarly inhibitory role in axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity following CNS injury through its association with MAIs. Importantly, suppression of PirB activity through antibody antagonism or genetic means can partially relieve the inhibition of neurite outgrowth in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we present the molecular features, expression patterns and known signaling pathways of PirB, and we specifically focus on putative roles for PirB in the CNS and its potential as a target of molecular therapies for enhancing axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Gou
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University , Nanchong , China and
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40
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Myelin Proteome Analysis: Methods and Implications for the Myelin Cytoskeleton. THE CYTOSKELETON 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-266-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Future Perspectives in Nerve Repair and Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:165-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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NIE DUYU, MA QUANHONG, LAW JANICEW, CHIA CHERNPANG, DHINGRA NARENDERK, SHIMODA YASUSHI, YANG WULIN, GONG NENG, CHEN QINGWEN, XU GANG, HU QIDONG, CHOW PIERCEK, NG YEEKONG, LING ENGANG, WATANABE KAZUTADA, XU TIANLE, HABIB AMYNA, SCHACHNER MELITTA, XIAO ZHICHENG. Oligodendrocytes regulate formation of nodes of Ranvier via the recognition molecule OMgp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:151-64. [PMID: 17364021 PMCID: PMC1825665 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x06000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of oligodendrocytes in formation of the nodes of Ranvier (NORs) remain poorly understood. Here we show that oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) aggregates specifically at NORs. Nodal location of OMgp does not occur along demyelinated axons of either Shiverer or proteolipid protein (PLP) transgenic mice. Over-expression of OMgp in OLN-93 cells facilitates process outgrowth. In transgenic mice in which expression of OMgp is down-regulated, myelin thickness declines, and lateral oligodendrocyte loops at the node-paranode junction are less compacted and even join together with the opposite loops, which leads to shortened nodal gaps. Notably, each of these structural abnormalities plus modest down-regulation of expression of Na(+) channel alpha subunit result in reduced conduction velocity in the spinal cords of the mutant mice. Thus, OMgp that is derived from glia has distinct roles in regulating nodal formation and function during CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- DU-YU NIE
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - QUAN-HONG MA
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Sino-Germany Center for Neuroscience, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - JANICE W.S. LAW
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - CHERN-PANG CHIA
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - YASUSHI SHIMODA
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - WU-LIN YANG
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - NENG GONG
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
| | - QING-WEN CHEN
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - GANG XU
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - QI-DONG HU
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - PIERCE K.H. CHOW
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - YEE-KONG NG
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - ENG-ANG LING
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - KAZUTADA WATANABE
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - TIAN-LE XU
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
| | - AMYN A. HABIB
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - MELITTA SCHACHNER
- Sino-Germany Center for Neuroscience, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Zentrum fur Molekulare Neurobiologie, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - ZHI-CHENG XIAO
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhi-Cheng Xiao, Neurobiology Lab, Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, No. 7 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169608, phone: +65 6326 6195, fax: +65 6321 3606,
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Giedd JN. The digital revolution and adolescent brain evolution. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:101-5. [PMID: 22824439 PMCID: PMC3432415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances in technologies that enable the distribution and use of information encoded as digital sequences of 1s or 0s have dramatically changed our way of life. Adolescents, old enough to master the technologies and young enough to welcome their novelty, are at the forefront of this "digital revolution." Underlying the adolescent's eager embracement of these sweeping changes is a neurobiology forged by the fires of evolution to be extremely adept at adaptation. The consequences of the brain's adaptation to the demands and opportunities of the digital age have enormous implications for adolescent health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Giedd
- Brain Imaging Section, Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1367, Building 10, Room 4C110, Bethesda, MD 20892, phone: (301) 435-4517, fax: (301) 480-8898
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Extrinsic cellular and molecular mediators of peripheral axonal regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:5-14. [PMID: 22476657 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of injured peripheral nerves to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets is a characteristic feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). On the other hand, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, are incapable of spontaneous regeneration. In the adult PNS, axonal regeneration after injury depends on well-orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that comprise a highly reproducible series of degenerative reactions distal to the site of injury. During this fine-tuned process, named Wallerian degeneration, a remodeling of the distal nerve fragment prepares a permissive microenvironment that permits successful axonal regrowth originating from the proximal nerve fragment. Therefore, a multitude of adjusted intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important for surviving neurons, Schwann cells, macrophages and fibroblasts as well as endothelial cells in order to achieve successful regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize relevant extrinsic cellular and molecular determinants of successful axonal regeneration in rodents that contribute to the regenerative microenvironment of the PNS.
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Dhaunchak AS, Becker C, Schulman H, De Faria O, Rajasekharan S, Banwell B, Colman DR, Bar-Or A. Implication of perturbed axoglial apparatus in early pediatric multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:601-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.22693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Expression and function of myelin-associated proteins and their common receptor NgR on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Brain Res 2012; 1437:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moles KJ, Gowans GC, Gedela S, Beversdorf D, Yu A, Seaver LH, Schultz RA, Rosenfeld JA, Torchia BS, Shaffer LG. NF1 microduplications: identification of seven nonrelated individuals provides further characterization of the phenotype. Genet Med 2012; 14:508-14. [PMID: 22241097 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2011.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations of the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene at 17q11.2. Approximately 5% of individuals with NF1 have a 1.4-Mb heterozygous 17q11.2 deletion encompassing NF1, formed through nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between the low-copy repeats that flank this region. NF1 microdeletion syndrome is more severe than NF1 caused by gene mutations, with individuals exhibiting facial dysmorphisms, developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), and excessive neurofibromas. Although NAHR can also cause reciprocal microduplications, reciprocal NF1 duplications have been previously reported in just one multigenerational family and a second unrelated proband. METHODS We analyzed the clinical features in seven individuals with NF1 microduplications, identified among 48,817 probands tested in our laboratory by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS The only clinical features present in more than one individual were variable DD/ID, facial dysmorphisms, and seizures. No neurofibromas were present. Three sets of parents were tested: one duplication was apparently de novo, one inherited from an affected mother, and one inherited from a clinically normal father. CONCLUSION This is the first report comparing the phenotypes of nonrelated individuals with NF1 microduplications. This comparison will allow for further definition of this emerging microduplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Moles
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has multiple consequences, ranging from molecular imbalances to glial scar formation to functional impairments. It is logical to think that a combination of single treatments implemented in the right order and at the right time will be required to repair the spinal cord. However, the single treatments that compose the combination therapy will need to be chosen with caution as many have multiple outcomes that may or may not be synergistic. Single treatments may also elicit unwanted side-effects and/or effects that would decrease the repair potential of other components and/or the entire combination therapy. In this chapter a number of single treatments are discussed with respect to their multiplicity of action. These include strategies to boost growth and survival (such as neurotrophins and cyclic AMP) and strategies to reduce inhibitory factors (such as antimyelin-associated growth inhibitors and digestion of glial scar-associated inhibitors). We also present an overview of combination therapies that have successfully or unsuccessfully been tested in the laboratory using animal models. To effectively design a combination therapy a number of considerations need to be made such as the nature and timing of the treatments and the method for delivery. This chapter discusses these issues as well as considerations related to chronic SCI and the logistics of bringing combination therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oudega
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Gerin CG, Madueke IC, Perkins T, Hill S, Smith K, Haley B, Allen SA, Garcia RP, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Combination strategies for repair, plasticity, and regeneration using regulation of gene expression during the chronic phase after spinal cord injury. Synapse 2011; 65:1255-81. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gaudet AD, Popovich PG, Ramer MS. Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:110. [PMID: 21878126 PMCID: PMC3180276 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first provide a brief historical perspective, discussing how peripheral nerve injury (PNI) may have caused World War I. We then consider the initiation, progression, and resolution of the cellular inflammatory response after PNI, before comparing the PNI inflammatory response with that induced by spinal cord injury (SCI).In contrast with central nervous system (CNS) axons, those in the periphery have the remarkable ability to regenerate after injury. Nevertheless, peripheral nervous system (PNS) axon regrowth is hampered by nerve gaps created by injury. In addition, the growth-supportive milieu of PNS axons is not sustained over time, precluding long-distance regeneration. Therefore, studying PNI could be instructive for both improving PNS regeneration and recovery after CNS injury. In addition to requiring a robust regenerative response from the injured neuron itself, successful axon regeneration is dependent on the coordinated efforts of non-neuronal cells which release extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, and growth factors that support axon regrowth. The inflammatory response is initiated by axonal disintegration in the distal nerve stump: this causes blood-nerve barrier permeabilization and activates nearby Schwann cells and resident macrophages via receptors sensitive to tissue damage. Denervated Schwann cells respond to injury by shedding myelin, proliferating, phagocytosing debris, and releasing cytokines that recruit blood-borne monocytes/macrophages. Macrophages take over the bulk of phagocytosis within days of PNI, before exiting the nerve by the circulation once remyelination has occurred. The efficacy of the PNS inflammatory response (although transient) stands in stark contrast with that of the CNS, where the response of nearby cells is associated with inhibitory scar formation, quiescence, and degeneration/apoptosis. Rather than efficiently removing debris before resolving the inflammatory response as in other tissues, macrophages infiltrating the CNS exacerbate cell death and damage by releasing toxic pro-inflammatory mediators over an extended period of time. Future research will help determine how to manipulate PNS and CNS inflammatory responses in order to improve tissue repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 770 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5T 1M9, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 770 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matt S Ramer
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5T 1M9, Canada
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