1
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Dawod I, Patra K, Cardoch S, Jönsson HO, Sellberg JA, Martin AV, Binns J, Grånäs O, Mancuso AP, Caleman C, Timneanu N. Theoretical Studies of Anisotropic Melting of Ice Induced by Ultrafast Nonthermal Heating. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:385-392. [PMID: 39069981 PMCID: PMC11274275 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Water and ice are routinely studied with X-rays to reveal their diverse structures and anomalous properties. We employ a hybrid collisional-radiative/molecular-dynamics method to explore how femtosecond X-ray pulses interact with hexagonal ice. We find that ice makes a phase transition into a crystalline plasma where its initial structure is maintained up to tens of femtoseconds. The ultrafast melting process occurs anisotropically, where different geometric configurations of the structure melt on different time scales. The transient state and anisotropic melting of crystals can be captured by X-ray diffraction, which impacts any study of crystalline structures probed by femtosecond X-ray lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Dawod
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, DE-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Kajwal Patra
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Cardoch
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. Olof Jönsson
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas A. Sellberg
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- School
of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jack Binns
- School
of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Oscar Grånäs
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, DE-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Vallejos A, Katona G, Neutze R. Appraising protein conformational changes by resampling time-resolved serial x-ray crystallography data. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:044302. [PMID: 39056073 PMCID: PMC11272219 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
With the development of serial crystallography at both x-ray free electron laser and synchrotron radiation sources, time-resolved x-ray crystallography is increasingly being applied to study conformational changes in macromolecules. A successful time-resolved serial crystallography study requires the growth of microcrystals, a mechanism for synchronized and homogeneous excitation of the reaction of interest within microcrystals, and tools for structural interpretation. Here, we utilize time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography data collected from microcrystals of bacteriorhodopsin to compare results from partial occupancy structural refinement and refinement against extrapolated data. We illustrate the domain wherein the amplitude of refined conformational changes is inversely proportional to the activated state occupancy. We illustrate how resampling strategies allow coordinate uncertainty to be estimated and demonstrate that these two approaches to structural refinement agree within coordinate errors. We illustrate how singular value decomposition of a set of difference Fourier electron density maps calculated from resampled data can minimize phase bias in these maps, and we quantify residual densities for transient water molecules by analyzing difference Fourier and Polder omit maps from resampled data. We suggest that these tools may assist others in judging the confidence with which observed electron density differences may be interpreted as functionally important conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adams Vallejos
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gergely Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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De Santis E, Alleva S, Minicozzi V, Morante S, Stellato F. Probing the Dynamic Landscape: From Static to Time-Resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigate Copper Redox Chemistry in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300712. [PMID: 38526934 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu), with its ability to exist in various oxidation states, notably Cu(I) and Cu(II), plays a crucial role in diverse biological redox reactions. This includes its involvement in pathways associated with oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. This paper offers an overview of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) studies designed to elucidate the interactions between Cu ions and proteins or peptides associated with these neurodegenerative diseases. The emphasis lies on XAS specificity, revealing the local coordination environment, and on its sensitivity to Cu oxidation states. Furthermore, the paper focuses on XAS applications targeting the characterization of intermediate reaction states and explores the opportunities arising from recent advancements in time-resolved XAS at ultrabright synchrotron and Free Electron Laser radiation sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano De Santis
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefania Alleva
- Department of Physics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- INFN, Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Velia Minicozzi
- Department of Physics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- INFN, Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia Morante
- Department of Physics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- INFN, Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Department of Physics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- INFN, Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
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4
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Mous S, Poitevin F, Hunter MS, Asthagiri DN, Beck TL. Structural biology in the age of X-ray free-electron lasers and exascale computing. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 86:102808. [PMID: 38547555 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography has emerged as a powerful method for investigating biomolecular structure and dynamics. With the new generation of X-ray free-electron lasers, which generate ultrabright X-ray pulses at megahertz repetition rates, we can now rapidly probe ultrafast conformational changes and charge movement in biomolecules. Over the last year, another innovation has been the deployment of Frontier, the world's first exascale supercomputer. Synergizing extremely high repetition rate X-ray light sources and exascale computing has the potential to accelerate discovery in biomolecular sciences. Here we outline our perspective on each of these remarkable innovations individually, and the opportunities and challenges in yoking them within an integrated research infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mous
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA.
| | - Dilipkumar N Asthagiri
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37830-6012, TN, USA
| | - Thomas L Beck
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37830-6012, TN, USA.
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5
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Bazayeva M, Andreini C, Rosato A. A database overview of metal-coordination distances in metalloproteins. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:362-376. [PMID: 38682667 PMCID: PMC11066882 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteins are ubiquitous in all living organisms and take part in a very wide range of biological processes. For this reason, their experimental characterization is crucial to obtain improved knowledge of their structure and biological functions. The three-dimensional structure represents highly relevant information since it provides insight into the interaction between the metal ion(s) and the protein fold. Such interactions determine the chemical reactivity of the bound metal. The available PDB structures can contain errors due to experimental factors such as poor resolution and radiation damage. A lack of use of distance restraints during the refinement and validation process also impacts the structure quality. Here, the aim was to obtain a thorough overview of the distribution of the distances between metal ions and their donor atoms through the statistical analysis of a data set based on more than 115 000 metal-binding sites in proteins. This analysis not only produced reference data that can be used by experimentalists to support the structure-determination process, for example as refinement restraints, but also resulted in an improved insight into how protein coordination occurs for different metals and the nature of their binding interactions. In particular, the features of carboxylate coordination were inspected, which is the only type of interaction that is commonly present for nearly all metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Bazayeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Andreini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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6
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Berberich TB, Molodtsov SL, Kurta RP. A workflow for single-particle structure determination via iterative phasing of rotational invariants in fluctuation X-ray scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:324-343. [PMID: 38596737 PMCID: PMC11001396 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluctuation X-ray scattering (FXS) offers a complementary approach for nano- and bioparticle imaging with an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL), by extracting structural information from correlations in scattered XFEL pulses. Here a workflow is presented for single-particle structure determination using FXS. The workflow includes procedures for extracting the rotational invariants from FXS patterns, performing structure reconstructions via iterative phasing of the invariants, and aligning and averaging multiple reconstructions. The reconstruction pipeline is implemented in the open-source software xFrame and its functionality is demonstrated on several simulated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Berberich
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- I. Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serguei L. Molodtsov
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Center for Efficient High Temperature Processes and Materials Conversion (ZeHS), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Winklerstrasse 5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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7
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Ketawala G, Reiter CM, Fromme P, Botha S. The Pixel Anomaly Detection Tool: a user-friendly GUI for classifying detector frames using machine-learning approaches. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:529-538. [PMID: 38596720 PMCID: PMC11001403 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Data collection at X-ray free electron lasers has particular experimental challenges, such as continuous sample delivery or the use of novel ultrafast high-dynamic-range gain-switching X-ray detectors. This can result in a multitude of data artefacts, which can be detrimental to accurately determining structure-factor amplitudes for serial crystallography or single-particle imaging experiments. Here, a new data-classification tool is reported that offers a variety of machine-learning algorithms to sort data trained either on manual data sorting by the user or by profile fitting the intensity distribution on the detector based on the experiment. This is integrated into an easy-to-use graphical user interface, specifically designed to support the detectors, file formats and software available at most X-ray free electron laser facilities. The highly modular design makes the tool easily expandable to comply with other X-ray sources and detectors, and the supervised learning approach enables even the novice user to sort data containing unwanted artefacts or perform routine data-analysis tasks such as hit finding during an experiment, without needing to write code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan Ketawala
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Reiter
- NSF BioXFEL Science and Technology Center Summer Internship Program, NY 14203, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Sabine Botha
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
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8
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Smith N, Dasgupta M, Wych DC, Dolamore C, Sierra RG, Lisova S, Marchany-Rivera D, Cohen AE, Boutet S, Hunter MS, Kupitz C, Poitevin F, Moss FR, Mittan-Moreau DW, Brewster AS, Sauter NK, Young ID, Wolff AM, Tiwari VK, Kumar N, Berkowitz DB, Hadt RG, Thompson MC, Follmer AH, Wall ME, Wilson MA. Changes in an enzyme ensemble during catalysis observed by high-resolution XFEL crystallography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7201. [PMID: 38536910 PMCID: PMC10971408 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes populate ensembles of structures necessary for catalysis that are difficult to experimentally characterize. We use time-resolved mix-and-inject serial crystallography at an x-ray free electron laser to observe catalysis in a designed mutant isocyanide hydratase (ICH) enzyme that enhances sampling of important minor conformations. The active site exists in a mixture of conformations, and formation of the thioimidate intermediate selects for catalytically competent substates. The influence of cysteine ionization on the ICH ensemble is validated by determining structures of the enzyme at multiple pH values. Large molecular dynamics simulations in crystallo and time-resolved electron density maps show that Asp17 ionizes during catalysis and causes conformational changes that propagate across the dimer, permitting water to enter the active site for intermediate hydrolysis. ICH exhibits a tight coupling between ionization of active site residues and catalysis-activated protein motions, exemplifying a mechanism of electrostatic control of enzyme dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Medhanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David C. Wych
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Cole Dolamore
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Darya Marchany-Rivera
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David W. Mittan-Moreau
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Iris D. Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander M. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Virendra K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael E. Wall
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405, USA
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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9
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Galchenkova M, Tolstikova A, Klopprogge B, Sprenger J, Oberthuer D, Brehm W, White TA, Barty A, Chapman HN, Yefanov O. Data reduction in protein serial crystallography. IUCRJ 2024; 11:190-201. [PMID: 38327201 PMCID: PMC10916297 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252400054x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Serial crystallography (SX) has become an established technique for protein structure determination, especially when dealing with small or radiation-sensitive crystals and investigating fast or irreversible protein dynamics. The advent of newly developed multi-megapixel X-ray area detectors, capable of capturing over 1000 images per second, has brought about substantial benefits. However, this advancement also entails a notable increase in the volume of collected data. Today, up to 2 PB of data per experiment could be easily obtained under efficient operating conditions. The combined costs associated with storing data from multiple experiments provide a compelling incentive to develop strategies that effectively reduce the amount of data stored on disk while maintaining the quality of scientific outcomes. Lossless data-compression methods are designed to preserve the information content of the data but often struggle to achieve a high compression ratio when applied to experimental data that contain noise. Conversely, lossy compression methods offer the potential to greatly reduce the data volume. Nonetheless, it is vital to thoroughly assess the impact of data quality and scientific outcomes when employing lossy compression, as it inherently involves discarding information. The evaluation of lossy compression effects on data requires proper data quality metrics. In our research, we assess various approaches for both lossless and lossy compression techniques applied to SX data, and equally importantly, we describe metrics suitable for evaluating SX data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Bjarne Klopprogge
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Sprenger
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brehm
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A. White
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Khusainov G, Standfuss J, Weinert T. The time revolution in macromolecular crystallography. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:020901. [PMID: 38616866 PMCID: PMC11015943 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography has historically provided the atomic structures of proteins fundamental to cellular functions. However, the advent of cryo-electron microscopy for structure determination of large and increasingly smaller and flexible proteins signaled a paradigm shift in structural biology. The extensive structural and sequence data from crystallography and advanced sequencing techniques have been pivotal for training computational models for accurate structure prediction, unveiling the general fold of most proteins. Here, we present a perspective on the rise of time-resolved crystallography as the new frontier of macromolecular structure determination. We trace the evolution from the pioneering time-resolved crystallography methods to modern serial crystallography, highlighting the synergy between rapid detection technologies and state-of-the-art x-ray sources. These innovations are redefining our exploration of protein dynamics, with high-resolution crystallography uniquely positioned to elucidate rapid dynamic processes at ambient temperatures, thus deepening our understanding of protein functionality. We propose that the integration of dynamic structural data with machine learning advancements will unlock predictive capabilities for protein kinetics, revolutionizing dynamics like macromolecular crystallography revolutionized structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Khusainov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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11
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Mendez D, Holton JM, Lyubimov AY, Hollatz S, Mathews II, Cichosz A, Martirosyan V, Zeng T, Stofer R, Liu R, Song J, McPhillips S, Soltis M, Cohen AE. Deep residual networks for crystallography trained on synthetic data. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:26-43. [PMID: 38164955 PMCID: PMC10833344 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence to process diffraction images is challenged by the need to assemble large and precisely designed training data sets. To address this, a codebase called Resonet was developed for synthesizing diffraction data and training residual neural networks on these data. Here, two per-pattern capabilities of Resonet are demonstrated: (i) interpretation of crystal resolution and (ii) identification of overlapping lattices. Resonet was tested across a compilation of diffraction images from synchrotron experiments and X-ray free-electron laser experiments. Crucially, these models readily execute on graphics processing units and can thus significantly outperform conventional algorithms. While Resonet is currently utilized to provide real-time feedback for macromolecular crystallography users at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, its simple Python-based interface makes it easy to embed in other processing frameworks. This work highlights the utility of physics-based simulation for training deep neural networks and lays the groundwork for the development of additional models to enhance diffraction collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Mendez
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Holton
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Artem Y. Lyubimov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sabine Hollatz
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Irimpan I. Mathews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aleksander Cichosz
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Vardan Martirosyan
- Department of Mathematics, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Teo Zeng
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ryan Stofer
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ruobin Liu
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jinhu Song
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Scott McPhillips
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mike Soltis
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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12
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Schmidt M, Stojković EA. Blue and red in the protein world: Photoactive yellow protein and phytochromes as revealed by time-resolved crystallography. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:014701. [PMID: 38304445 PMCID: PMC10834066 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Time-resolved crystallography (TRX) is a method designed to investigate functional motions of biological macromolecules on all time scales. Originally a synchrotron-based method, TRX is enabled by the development of TR Laue crystallography (TRLX). TR serial crystallography (TR-SX) is an extension of TRLX. As the foundations of TRLX were evolving from the late 1980s to the turn of the millennium, TR-SX has been inspired by the development of Free Electron Lasers for hard X-rays. Extremely intense, ultrashort x-ray pulses could probe micro and nanocrystals, but at the same time, they inflicted radiation damage that necessitated the replacement by a new crystal. Consequently, a large number of microcrystals are exposed to X-rays one by one in a serial fashion. With TR-SX methods, one of the largest obstacles of previous approaches, namely, the unsurmountable challenges associated with the investigation of non-cyclic (irreversible) reactions, can be overcome. This article describes successes and transformative contributions to the TRX field by Keith Moffat and his collaborators, highlighting two major projects on protein photoreceptors initiated in the Moffat lab at the turn of the millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Emina A. Stojković
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60625, USA
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13
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Round A, Jungcheng E, Fortmann-Grote C, Giewekemeyer K, Graceffa R, Kim C, Kirkwood H, Mills G, Round E, Sato T, Pascarelli S, Mancuso A. Characterization of Biological Samples Using Ultra-Short and Ultra-Bright XFEL Pulses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 3234:141-162. [PMID: 38507205 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-52193-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) has ushered in a transformative era in the field of structural biology, materials science, and ultrafast physics. These state-of-the-art facilities generate ultra-bright, femtosecond-long X-ray pulses, allowing researchers to delve into the structure and dynamics of molecular systems with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. The unique properties of XFEL pulses have opened new avenues for scientific exploration that were previously considered unattainable. One of the most notable applications of XFELs is in structural biology. Traditional X-ray crystallography, while instrumental in determining the structures of countless biomolecules, often requires large, high-quality crystals and may not capture highly transient states of proteins. XFELs, with their ability to produce diffraction patterns from nanocrystals or even single particles, have provided solutions to these challenges. XFEL has expanded the toolbox of structural biologists by enabling structural determination approaches such as Single Particle Imaging (SPI) and Serial X-ray Crystallography (SFX). Despite their remarkable capabilities, the journey of XFELs is still in its nascent stages, with ongoing advancements aimed at improving their coherence, pulse duration, and wavelength tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
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14
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Henning RW, Kosheleva I, Šrajer V, Kim IS, Zoellner E, Ranganathan R. BioCARS: Synchrotron facility for probing structural dynamics of biological macromolecules. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:014301. [PMID: 38304444 PMCID: PMC10834067 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A major goal in biomedical science is to move beyond static images of proteins and other biological macromolecules to the internal dynamics underlying their function. This level of study is necessary to understand how these molecules work and to engineer new functions and modulators of function. Stemming from a visionary commitment to this problem by Keith Moffat decades ago, a community of structural biologists has now enabled a set of x-ray scattering technologies for observing intramolecular dynamics in biological macromolecules at atomic resolution and over the broad range of timescales over which motions are functionally relevant. Many of these techniques are provided by BioCARS, a cutting-edge synchrotron radiation facility built under Moffat leadership and located at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. BioCARS enables experimental studies of molecular dynamics with time resolutions spanning from 100 ps to seconds and provides both time-resolved x-ray crystallography and small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering. Structural changes can be initiated by several methods-UV/Vis pumping with tunable picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses, substrate diffusion, and global perturbations, such as electric field and temperature jumps. Studies of dynamics typically involve subtle perturbations to molecular structures, requiring specialized computational techniques for data processing and interpretation. In this review, we present the challenges in experimental macromolecular dynamics and describe the current state of experimental capabilities at this facility. As Moffat imagined years ago, BioCARS is now positioned to catalyze the scientific community to make fundamental advances in understanding proteins and other complex biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Henning
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Irina Kosheleva
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Vukica Šrajer
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - In-Sik Kim
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Eric Zoellner
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Rama Ranganathan
- BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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15
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Williamson LJ, Galchenkova M, Best HL, Bean RJ, Munke A, Awel S, Pena G, Knoska J, Schubert R, Dörner K, Park HW, Bideshi DK, Henkel A, Kremling V, Klopprogge B, Lloyd-Evans E, Young MT, Valerio J, Kloos M, Sikorski M, Mills G, Bielecki J, Kirkwood H, Kim C, de Wijn R, Lorenzen K, Xavier PL, Rahmani Mashhour A, Gelisio L, Yefanov O, Mancuso AP, Federici BA, Chapman HN, Crickmore N, Rizkallah PJ, Berry C, Oberthür D. Structure of the Lysinibacillus sphaericus Tpp49Aa1 pesticidal protein elucidated from natural crystals using MHz-SFX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2203241120. [PMID: 38015839 PMCID: PMC10710082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203241120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lysinibacillus sphaericus proteins Tpp49Aa1 and Cry48Aa1 can together act as a toxin toward the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and have potential use in biocontrol. Given that proteins with sequence homology to the individual proteins can have activity alone against other insect species, the structure of Tpp49Aa1 was solved in order to understand this protein more fully and inform the design of improved biopesticides. Tpp49Aa1 is naturally expressed as a crystalline inclusion within the host bacterium, and MHz serial femtosecond crystallography using the novel nanofocus option at an X-ray free electron laser allowed rapid and high-quality data collection to determine the structure of Tpp49Aa1 at 1.62 Å resolution. This revealed the packing of Tpp49Aa1 within these natural nanocrystals as a homodimer with a large intermolecular interface. Complementary experiments conducted at varied pH also enabled investigation of the early structural events leading up to the dissolution of natural Tpp49Aa1 crystals-a crucial step in its mechanism of action. To better understand the cooperation between the two proteins, assays were performed on a range of different mosquito cell lines using both individual proteins and mixtures of the two. Finally, bioassays demonstrated Tpp49Aa1/Cry48Aa1 susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tarsalis larvae-substantially increasing the potential use of this binary toxin in mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah L. Best
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Munke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisel Pena
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Alessandra Henkel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Kremling
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bjarne Klopprogge
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aida Rahmani Mashhour
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BrightonBN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Wranik M, Kepa MW, Beale EV, James D, Bertrand Q, Weinert T, Furrer A, Glover H, Gashi D, Carrillo M, Kondo Y, Stipp RT, Khusainov G, Nass K, Ozerov D, Cirelli C, Johnson PJM, Dworkowski F, Beale JH, Stubbs S, Zamofing T, Schneider M, Krauskopf K, Gao L, Thorn-Seshold O, Bostedt C, Bacellar C, Steinmetz MO, Milne C, Standfuss J. A multi-reservoir extruder for time-resolved serial protein crystallography and compound screening at X-ray free-electron lasers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7956. [PMID: 38042952 PMCID: PMC10693631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) permits the determination of radiation-damage free static as well as time-resolved protein structures at room temperature. Efficient sample delivery is a key factor for such experiments. Here, we describe a multi-reservoir, high viscosity extruder as a step towards automation of sample delivery at XFELs. Compared to a standard single extruder, sample exchange time was halved and the workload of users was greatly reduced. In-built temperature control of samples facilitated optimal extrusion and supported sample stability. After commissioning the device with lysozyme crystals, we collected time-resolved data using crystals of a membrane-bound, light-driven sodium pump. Static data were also collected from the soluble protein tubulin that was soaked with a series of small molecule drugs. Using these data, we identify low occupancy (as little as 30%) ligands using a minimal amount of data from a serial crystallography experiment, a result that could be exploited for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wranik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Michal W Kepa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Emma V Beale
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel James
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Bertrand
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Furrer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Glover
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Dardan Gashi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Robin T Stipp
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Georgii Khusainov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Karol Nass
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Scientific Computing, Theory and Data Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philip J M Johnson
- Laboratory for Nonlinear Optics, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Florian Dworkowski
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - John H Beale
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Scott Stubbs
- Large Research Facilities Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Zamofing
- Large Research Facilities Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Schneider
- Large Research Facilities Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Krauskopf
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Milne
- Femtosecond X-ray Experiments Instrument, European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
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17
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Nanev CN, Saridakis E, Chayen NE. Growing Crystals for X-ray Free-Electron Laser Structural Studies of Biomolecules and Their Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16336. [PMID: 38003524 PMCID: PMC10671731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, X-ray crystallography, which typically uses synchrotron sources, remains the dominant method for structural determination of proteins and other biomolecules. However, small protein crystals do not provide sufficiently high-resolution diffraction patterns and suffer radiation damage; therefore, conventional X-ray crystallography needs larger protein crystals. The burgeoning method of serial crystallography using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) avoids these challenges: it affords excellent structural data from weakly diffracting objects, including tiny crystals. An XFEL is implemented by irradiating microjets of suspensions of microcrystals with very intense X-ray beams. However, while the method for creating microcrystalline microjets is well established, little attention is given to the growth of high-quality nano/microcrystals suitable for XFEL experiments. In this study, in order to assist the growth of such crystals, we calculate the mean crystal size and the time needed to grow crystals to the desired size in batch crystallization (the predominant method for preparing the required microcrystalline slurries); this time is reckoned theoretically both for microcrystals and for crystals larger than the upper limit of the Gibbs-Thomson effect. The impact of the omnipresent impurities on the growth of microcrystals is also considered quantitatively. Experiments, performed with the model protein lysozyme, support the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo N. Nanev
- Rostislaw Kaischew Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Naomi E. Chayen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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18
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Smith N, Horswill AR, Wilson MA. X-ray-driven chemistry and conformational heterogeneity in atomic resolution crystal structures of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566054. [PMID: 37986818 PMCID: PMC10659368 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Bacterial DHFRs are targets of several important antibiotics as well as model enzymes for the role of protein conformational dynamics in enzyme catalysis. We collected 0.93 Å resolution X-ray diffraction data from both Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and E. coli (Ec) DHFRs bound to folate and NADP+. These oxidized ternary complexes should not be able to perform chemistry, however electron density maps suggest hydride transfer is occurring in both enzymes. Comparison of low- and high-dose EcDHFR datasets show that X-rays drive partial production of tetrahydrofolate. Hydride transfer causes the nicotinamide moiety of NADP+ to move towards the folate as well as correlated shifts in nearby residues. Higher radiation dose also changes the conformational heterogeneity of Met20 in EcDHFR, supporting a solvent gating role during catalysis. BsDHFR has a different pattern of conformational heterogeneity and an unexpected disulfide bond, illustrating important differences between bacterial DHFRs. This work demonstrates that X-rays can drive hydride transfer similar to the native DHFR reaction and that X-ray photoreduction can be used to interrogate catalytically relevant enzyme dynamics in favorable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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19
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Botha S, Fromme P. Review of serial femtosecond crystallography including the COVID-19 pandemic impact and future outlook. Structure 2023; 31:1306-1319. [PMID: 37898125 PMCID: PMC10842180 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) revolutionized macromolecular crystallography over the past decade by enabling the collection of X-ray diffraction data from nano- or micrometer sized crystals while outrunning structure-altering radiation damage effects at room temperature. The serial manner of data collection from millions of individual crystals coupled with the femtosecond duration of the ultrabright X-ray pulses enables time-resolved studies of macromolecules under near-physiological conditions to unprecedented temporal resolution. In 2020 the rapid spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019. This led to a shift in how serial femtosecond experiments were performed, along with rapid funding and free electron laser beamtime availability dedicated to SARS-CoV-2-related studies. This review outlines the current state of SFX research, the milestones that were achieved, the impact of the global pandemic on this field as well as an outlook into exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Botha
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA.
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA.
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20
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Wolff AM, Nango E, Young ID, Brewster AS, Kubo M, Nomura T, Sugahara M, Owada S, Barad BA, Ito K, Bhowmick A, Carbajo S, Hino T, Holton JM, Im D, O'Riordan LJ, Tanaka T, Tanaka R, Sierra RG, Yumoto F, Tono K, Iwata S, Sauter NK, Fraser JS, Thompson MC. Mapping protein dynamics at high spatial resolution with temperature-jump X-ray crystallography. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1549-1558. [PMID: 37723259 PMCID: PMC10624634 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling protein motion at atomic resolution is a hallmark challenge for structural biologists and protein engineers because conformational dynamics are essential for complex functions such as enzyme catalysis and allosteric regulation. Time-resolved crystallography offers a window into protein motions, yet without a universal perturbation to initiate conformational changes the method has been limited in scope. Here we couple a solvent-based temperature jump with time-resolved crystallography to visualize structural motions in lysozyme, a dynamic enzyme. We observed widespread atomic vibrations on the nanosecond timescale, which evolve on the submillisecond timescale into localized structural fluctuations that are coupled to the active site. An orthogonal perturbation to the enzyme, inhibitor binding, altered these dynamics by blocking key motions that allow energy to dissipate from vibrations into functional movements linked to the catalytic cycle. Because temperature jump is a universal method for perturbing molecular motion, the method demonstrated here is broadly applicable for studying protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Wolff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Eriko Nango
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Japan.
| | - Iris D Young
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Minoru Kubo
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Benjamin A Barad
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kazutaka Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni-shi, Japan
| | - Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - James M Holton
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dohyun Im
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Lee J O'Riordan
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK/High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
- Ginward Japan K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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21
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Leonarski F, Nan J, Matej Z, Bertrand Q, Furrer A, Gorgisyan I, Bjelčić M, Kepa M, Glover H, Hinger V, Eriksson T, Cehovin A, Eguiraun M, Gasparotto P, Mozzanica A, Weinert T, Gonzalez A, Standfuss J, Wang M, Ursby T, Dworkowski F. Kilohertz serial crystallography with the JUNGFRAU detector at a fourth-generation synchrotron source. IUCRJ 2023; 10:729-737. [PMID: 37830774 PMCID: PMC10619449 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523008618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Serial and time-resolved macromolecular crystallography are on the rise. However, beam time at X-ray free-electron lasers is limited and most third-generation synchrotron-based macromolecular crystallography beamlines do not offer the necessary infrastructure yet. Here, a new setup is demonstrated, based on the JUNGFRAU detector and Jungfraujoch data-acquisition system, that enables collection of kilohertz serial crystallography data at fourth-generation synchrotrons. More importantly, it is shown that this setup is capable of collecting multiple-time-point time-resolved protein dynamics at kilohertz rates, allowing the probing of microsecond to second dynamics at synchrotrons in a fraction of the time needed previously. A high-quality complete X-ray dataset was obtained within 1 min from lysozyme microcrystals, and the dynamics of the light-driven sodium-pump membrane protein KR2 with a time resolution of 1 ms could be demonstrated. To make the setup more accessible for researchers, downstream data handling and analysis will be automated to allow on-the-fly spot finding and indexing, as well as data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Leonarski
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jie Nan
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Matej
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Quentin Bertrand
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Furrer
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Monika Bjelčić
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michal Kepa
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Glover
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Hinger
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Eriksson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mikel Eguiraun
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Piero Gasparotto
- Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Mozzanica
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ana Gonzalez
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ursby
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, POB. 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Florian Dworkowski
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5303 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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22
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Makarov D, Kharlamova A. Scattering of Attosecond Laser Pulses on a DNA Molecule during Its Nicking and Bending. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15574. [PMID: 37958558 PMCID: PMC10650442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that X-ray crystallography is based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) for atoms and molecules. The diffraction pattern arises as a result of scattering of incident radiation, which makes it possible to determine the structure of the scattering substance. With the advent of ultrashort radiation sources, the theory and interpretation of X-ray diffraction analysis have remained the same. This work shows that when an attosecond laser pulse is scattered on a DNA molecule, including during its nicking and bending, the pulse duration is an important characteristic of the scattering. In this case, the diffraction pattern changes significantly compared to the previously known scattering theory. The results obtained must be used in XRD theory to study DNA structures, their mutations and damage, since the previously known theory can produce large errors and, therefore, the DNA structure can be "decoding" incorrectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Makarov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Physics, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Nab. Severnoi Dviny 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia;
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23
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Harmand M, Cammarata M, Chollet M, Krygier AG, Lemke HT, Zhu D. Single-shot X-ray absorption spectroscopy at X-ray free electron lasers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18203. [PMID: 37875533 PMCID: PMC10598033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used X-ray diagnostic method for studying electronic and structural properties of matter. At first glance, the relatively narrow bandwidth and the highly fluctuating spectral structure of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) sources seem to require accumulation over many shots to achieve high data quality. To date the best approach to implementing XAS at XFEL facilities has been using monochromators to scan the photon energy across the desired spectral range. While this is possible for easily reproducible samples such as liquids, it is incompatible with many important systems. Here, we demonstrate collection of single-shot XAS spectra over 10s of eV using an XFEL source, with error bars of only a few percent. We additionally show how to extend this technique over wider spectral ranges towards Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure measurements, by concatenating a few tens of single-shot measurements. Our results pave the way for future XAS studies at XFELs, in particular those in the femtosecond regime. This advance is envisioned to be especially important for many transient processes that can only be initiated at lower repetition rates, for difficult to reproduce excitation conditions, or for rare samples, such as those encountered in high-energy density physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Harmand
- IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR UR1-CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Andrew G Krygier
- IMPMC, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75005, Paris, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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24
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Inoue I, Yamada J, Kapcia KJ, Stransky M, Tkachenko V, Jurek Z, Inoue T, Osaka T, Inubushi Y, Ito A, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama S, Yamauchi K, Yabashi M, Ziaja B. Femtosecond Reduction of Atomic Scattering Factors Triggered by Intense X-Ray Pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:163201. [PMID: 37925726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction of silicon irradiated with tightly focused femtosecond x-ray pulses (photon energy, 11.5 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs) was measured at various x-ray intensities up to 4.6×10^{19} W/cm^{2}. The measurement reveals that the diffraction intensity is highly suppressed when the x-ray intensity reaches of the order of 10^{19} W/cm^{2}. With a dedicated simulation, we confirm that the observed reduction of the diffraction intensity can be attributed to the femtosecond change in individual atomic scattering factors due to the ultrafast creation of highly ionized atoms through photoionization, Auger decay, and subsequent collisional ionization. We anticipate that this ultrafast reduction of atomic scattering factor will be a basis for new x-ray nonlinear techniques, such as pulse shortening and contrast variation x-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yamada
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Konrad J Kapcia
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, PL-61614 Poznań, Poland
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Stransky
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takato Inoue
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Atsuki Ito
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Tanaka
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamauchi
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
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25
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Ishigami I, Carbajo S, Zatsepin N, Hikita M, Conrad CE, Nelson G, Coe J, Basu S, Grant T, Seaberg MH, Sierra RG, Hunter MS, Fromme P, Fromme R, Rousseau DL, Yeh SR. Detection of a Geminate Photoproduct of Bovine Cytochrome c Oxidase by Time-Resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22305-22309. [PMID: 37695261 PMCID: PMC10814876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a large membrane-bound hemeprotein that catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water. Unlike classical dioxygen binding hemeproteins with a heme b group in their active sites, CcO has a unique binuclear center (BNC) composed of a copper atom (CuB) and a heme a3 iron, where O2 binds and is reduced to water. CO is a versatile O2 surrogate in ligand binding and escape reactions. Previous time-resolved spectroscopic studies of the CO complexes of bovine CcO (bCcO) revealed that photolyzing CO from the heme a3 iron leads to a metastable intermediate (CuB-CO), where CO is bound to CuB, before it escapes out of the BNC. Here, with a pump-probe based time-resolved serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography, we detected a geminate photoproduct of the bCcO-CO complex, where CO is dissociated from the heme a3 iron and moved to a temporary binding site midway between the CuB and the heme a3 iron, while the locations of the two metal centers and the conformation of Helix-X, housing the proximal histidine ligand of the heme a3 iron, remain in the CO complex state. This new structure, combined with other reported structures of bCcO, allows for a clearer definition of the ligand dissociation trajectory as well as the associated protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Masahide Hikita
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Chelsie E Conrad
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jesse Coe
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shibom Basu
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Thomas Grant
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Matthew H Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Raimund Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Denis L Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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26
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Birch J, Kwan TOC, Judge PJ, Axford D, Aller P, Butryn A, Reis RI, Bada Juarez JF, Vinals J, Owen RL, Nango E, Tanaka R, Tono K, Joti Y, Tanaka T, Owada S, Sugahara M, Iwata S, Orville AM, Watts A, Moraes I. A versatile approach to high-density microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for room-temperature serial crystallography. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1361-1370. [PMID: 37791355 PMCID: PMC10543674 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723006428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial crystallography has emerged as an important tool for structural studies of integral membrane proteins. The ability to collect data from micrometre-sized weakly diffracting crystals at room temperature with minimal radiation damage has opened many new opportunities in time-resolved studies and drug discovery. However, the production of integral membrane protein microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase at the desired crystal density and quantity is challenging. This paper introduces VIALS (versatile approach to high-density microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial crystallography), a simple, fast and efficient method for preparing hundreds of microlitres of high-density microcrystals suitable for serial X-ray diffraction experiments at both synchrotron and free-electron laser sources. The method is also of great benefit for rational structure-based drug design as it facilitates in situ crystal soaking and rapid determination of many co-crystal structures. Using the VIALS approach, room-temperature structures are reported of (i) the archaerhodopsin-3 protein in its dark-adapted state and 110 ns photocycle intermediate, determined to 2.2 and 1.7 Å, respectively, and (ii) the human A2A adenosine receptor in complex with two different ligands determined to a resolution of 3.5 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Birch
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan O. C. Kwan
- ChemBio, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Judge
- Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Aller
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Butryn
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana I. Reis
- ChemBio, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Bada Juarez
- Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Javier Vinals
- Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Eriko Nango
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Michihiro Sugahara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Allen M. Orville
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Moraes
- ChemBio, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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27
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Ishigami I, Sierra RG, Su Z, Peck A, Wang C, Poitevin F, Lisova S, Hayes B, Moss FR, Boutet S, Sublett RE, Yoon CH, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL. Structural insights into functional properties of the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5752. [PMID: 37717031 PMCID: PMC10505203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and harnesses the chemical energy to translocate four protons across biological membranes. The turnover of the CcO reaction involves an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme (R) is oxidized to the metastable OH state, and a reductive phase, in which OH is reduced back to the R state. During each phase, two protons are translocated across the membrane. However, if OH is allowed to relax to the resting oxidized state (O), a redox equivalent to OH, its subsequent reduction to R is incapable of driving proton translocation. Here, with resonance Raman spectroscopy and serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX), we show that the heme a3 iron and CuB in the active site of the O state, like those in the OH state, are coordinated by a hydroxide ion and a water molecule, respectively. However, Y244, critical for the oxygen reduction chemistry, is in the neutral protonated form, which distinguishes O from OH, where Y244 is in the deprotonated tyrosinate form. These structural characteristics of O provide insights into the proton translocation mechanism of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Frederic Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Brandon Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Frank R Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert E Sublett
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Denis L Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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28
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Li D, Xu C, Xie J, Lee C. Research Progress in Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy: From Performance Optimization, Sensing Applications, to System Integration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2377. [PMID: 37630962 PMCID: PMC10458771 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared absorption spectroscopy is an effective tool for the detection and identification of molecules. However, its application is limited by the low infrared absorption cross-section of the molecule, resulting in low sensitivity and a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy is a breakthrough technique that exploits the field-enhancing properties of periodic nanostructures to amplify the vibrational signals of trace molecules. The fascinating properties of SEIRA technology have aroused great interest, driving diverse sensing applications. In this review, we first discuss three ways for SEIRA performance optimization, including material selection, sensitivity enhancement, and bandwidth improvement. Subsequently, we discuss the potential applications of SEIRA technology in fields such as biomedicine and environmental monitoring. In recent years, we have ushered in a new era characterized by the Internet of Things, sensor networks, and wearable devices. These new demands spurred the pursuit of miniaturized and consolidated infrared spectroscopy systems and chips. In addition, the rise of machine learning has injected new vitality into SEIRA, bringing smart device design and data analysis to the foreground. The final section of this review explores the anticipated trajectory that SEIRA technology might take, highlighting future trends and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Junsheng Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou 215123, China
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29
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Smith N, Dasgupta M, Wych DC, Dolamore C, Sierra RG, Lisova S, Marchany-Rivera D, Cohen AE, Boutet S, Hunter MS, Kupitz C, Poitevin F, Moss FR, Brewster AS, Sauter NK, Young ID, Wolff AM, Tiwari VK, Kumar N, Berkowitz DB, Hadt RG, Thompson MC, Follmer AH, Wall ME, Wilson MA. Changes in an Enzyme Ensemble During Catalysis Observed by High Resolution XFEL Crystallography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553460. [PMID: 37645800 PMCID: PMC10462001 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes populate ensembles of structures with intrinsically different catalytic proficiencies that are difficult to experimentally characterize. We use time-resolved mix-and-inject serial crystallography (MISC) at an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) to observe catalysis in a designed mutant (G150T) isocyanide hydratase (ICH) enzyme that enhances sampling of important minor conformations. The active site exists in a mixture of conformations and formation of the thioimidate catalytic intermediate selects for catalytically competent substates. A prior proposal for active site cysteine charge-coupled conformational changes in ICH is validated by determining structures of the enzyme over a range of pH values. A combination of large molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme in crystallo and time-resolved electron density maps shows that ionization of the general acid Asp17 during catalysis causes additional conformational changes that propagate across the dimer interface, connecting the two active sites. These ionization-linked changes in the ICH conformational ensemble permit water to enter the active site in a location that is poised for intermediate hydrolysis. ICH exhibits a tight coupling between ionization of active site residues and catalysis-activated protein motions, exemplifying a mechanism of electrostatic control of enzyme dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Medhanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - David C. Wych
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Cole Dolamore
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Darya Marchany-Rivera
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Iris D. Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander M. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA, 93540
| | - Virendra K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - David B. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA, 93540
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Michael E. Wall
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 875405
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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30
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Thompson MC. Combining temperature perturbations with X-ray crystallography to study dynamic macromolecules: A thorough discussion of experimental methods. Methods Enzymol 2023; 688:255-305. [PMID: 37748829 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important state variable that governs the behavior of microscopic systems, yet crystallographers rarely exploit temperature changes to study the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules. In fact, approximately 90% of crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank were determined under cryogenic conditions, because sample cryocooling makes crystals robust to X-ray radiation damage and facilitates data collection. On the other hand, cryocooling can introduce artifacts into macromolecular structures, and can suppress conformational dynamics that are critical for function. Fortunately, recent advances in X-ray detector technology, X-ray sources, and computational data processing algorithms make non-cryogenic X-ray crystallography easier and more broadly applicable than ever before. Without the reliance on cryocooling, high-resolution crystallography can be combined with various temperature perturbations to gain deep insight into the conformational landscapes of macromolecules. This Chapter reviews the historical reasons for the prevalence of cryocooling in macromolecular crystallography, and discusses its potential drawbacks. Next, the Chapter summarizes technological developments and methodologies that facilitate non-cryogenic crystallography experiments. Finally, the chapter discusses the theoretical underpinnings and practical aspects of multi-temperature and temperature-jump crystallography experiments, which are powerful tools for understanding the relationship between the structure, dynamics, and function of proteins and other biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States.
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31
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Aleksich M, Paley DW, Schriber EA, Linthicum W, Oklejas V, Mittan-Moreau DW, Kelly RP, Kotei PA, Ghodsi A, Sierra RG, Aquila A, Poitevin F, Blaschke JP, Vakili M, Milne CJ, Dall'Antonia F, Khakhulin D, Ardana-Lamas F, Lima F, Valerio J, Han H, Gallo T, Yousef H, Turkot O, Bermudez Macias IJ, Kluyver T, Schmidt P, Gelisio L, Round AR, Jiang Y, Vinci D, Uemura Y, Kloos M, Hunter M, Mancuso AP, Huey BD, Parent LR, Sauter NK, Brewster AS, Hohman JN. XFEL Microcrystallography of Self-Assembling Silver n-Alkanethiolates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17042-17055. [PMID: 37524069 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
New synthetic hybrid materials and their increasing complexity have placed growing demands on crystal growth for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Unfortunately, not all chemical systems are conducive to the isolation of single crystals for traditional characterization. Here, small-molecule serial femtosecond crystallography (smSFX) at atomic resolution (0.833 Å) is employed to characterize microcrystalline silver n-alkanethiolates with various alkyl chain lengths at X-ray free electron laser facilities, resolving long-standing controversies regarding the atomic connectivity and odd-even effects of layer stacking. smSFX provides high-quality crystal structures directly from the powder of the true unknowns, a capability that is particularly useful for systems having notoriously small or defective crystals. We present crystal structures of silver n-butanethiolate (C4), silver n-hexanethiolate (C6), and silver n-nonanethiolate (C9). We show that an odd-even effect originates from the orientation of the terminal methyl group and its role in packing efficiency. We also propose a secondary odd-even effect involving multiple mosaic blocks in the crystals containing even-numbered chains, identified by selected-area electron diffraction measurements. We conclude with a discussion of the merits of the synthetic preparation for the preparation of microdiffraction specimens and compare the long-range order in these crystals to that of self-assembled monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Aleksich
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elyse A Schriber
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Will Linthicum
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Vanessa Oklejas
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David W Mittan-Moreau
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan P Kelly
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Patience A Kotei
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Anita Ghodsi
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Andrew Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Johannes P Blaschke
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joana Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Huijong Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tamires Gallo
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hazem Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Luca Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam R Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Doriana Vinci
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yohei Uemura
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Mark Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lucas R Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - J Nathan Hohman
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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32
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Xu C, Ren Z, Zhou H, Zhou J, Ho CP, Wang N, Lee C. Expanding chiral metamaterials for retrieving fingerprints via vibrational circular dichroism. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:154. [PMID: 37357238 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been widely demonstrated for detecting chiral molecules. However, the determination of chiral mixtures with various concentrations and enantiomeric ratios can be a challenging task. To solve this problem, we report an enhanced vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) sensing platform based on plasmonic chiral metamaterials, which presents a 6-magnitude signal enhancement with a selectivity of chiral molecules. Guided by coupled-mode theory, we leverage both in-plane and out-of-plane symmetry-breaking structures for chiral metamaterial design enabled by a two-step lithography process, which increases the near-field coupling strengths and varies the ratio between absorption and radiation loss, resulting in improved chiral light-matter interaction and enhanced molecular VCD signals. Besides, we demonstrate the thin-film sensing process of BSA and β-lactoglobulin proteins, which contain secondary structures α-helix and β-sheet and achieve a limit of detection down to zeptomole level. Furthermore, we also, for the first time, explore the potential of enhanced VCD spectroscopy by demonstrating a selective sensing process of chiral mixtures, where the mixing ratio can be successfully differentiated with our proposed chiral metamaterials. Our findings improve the sensing signal of molecules and expand the extractable information, paving the way toward label-free, compact, small-volume chiral molecule detection for stereochemical and clinical diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Chong Pei Ho
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering Program (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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33
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Makita H, Simon PS, Kern J, Yano J, Yachandra VK. Combining on-line spectroscopy with synchrotron and X-ray free electron laser crystallography. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102604. [PMID: 37148654 PMCID: PMC10793627 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the recent advances in serial crystallography methods at both synchrotron and X-ray free electron laser sources, more details of intermediate or transient states of the catalytic reactions are being revealed structurally. These structural studies of reaction dynamics drive the need for on-line in crystallo spectroscopy methods to complement the crystallography experiment. The recent applications of combined spectroscopy and crystallography methods enable on-line determination of in crystallo reaction kinetics and structures of catalytic intermediates, sample integrity, and radiation-induced sample modifications, if any, as well as heterogeneity of crystals from different preparations or sample batches. This review describes different modes of spectroscopy that are combined with the crystallography experiment at both synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser facilities, and the complementary information that each method can provide to facilitate the structural study of enzyme catalysis and protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Makita
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Philipp S Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Vittal K Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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34
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Gul M, Ayan E, Destan E, Johnson JA, Shafiei A, Kepceoğlu A, Yilmaz M, Ertem FB, Yapici İ, Tosun B, Baldir N, Tokay N, Nergiz Z, Karakadioğlu G, Paydos SS, Kulakman C, Ferah CK, Güven Ö, Atalay N, Akcan EK, Cetinok H, Arslan NE, Şabanoğlu K, Aşci B, Tavli S, Gümüsboğa H, Altuntaş S, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Teki N Ş, Çi Ftçi H, Durdaği S, Karaca E, Kaplan Türköz B, Kabasakal BV, Kati A, DeMi Rci H. Rapid and efficient ambient temperature X-ray crystal structure determination at Turkish Light Source. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8123. [PMID: 37208392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution biomacromolecular structure determination is essential to better understand protein function and dynamics. Serial crystallography is an emerging structural biology technique which has fundamental limitations due to either sample volume requirements or immediate access to the competitive X-ray beamtime. Obtaining a high volume of well-diffracting, sufficient-size crystals while mitigating radiation damage remains a critical bottleneck of serial crystallography. As an alternative, we introduce the plate-reader module adapted for using a 72-well Terasaki plate for biomacromolecule structure determination at a convenience of a home X-ray source. We also present the first ambient temperature lysozyme structure determined at the Turkish light source (Turkish DeLight). The complete dataset was collected in 18.5 min with resolution extending to 2.39 Å and 100% completeness. Combined with our previous cryogenic structure (PDB ID: 7Y6A), the ambient temperature structure provides invaluable information about the structural dynamics of the lysozyme. Turkish DeLight provides robust and rapid ambient temperature biomacromolecular structure determination with limited radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Ayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Destan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - J Austin Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alaleh Shafiei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Abdullah Kepceoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Merve Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Betül Ertem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İlkin Yapici
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bilge Tosun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nilüfer Baldir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurettin Tokay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeliş Nergiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Isbank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gözde Karakadioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seyide Seda Paydos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cahine Kulakman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cengiz Kaan Ferah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömür Güven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Necati Atalay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Enver Kamil Akcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Haluk Cetinok
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nazlı Eylül Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kardelen Şabanoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bengisu Aşci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serra Tavli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Helin Gümüsboğa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sevde Altuntaş
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Şaban Teki N
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) Marmara Research Center (MAM), Life Sciences, Kocaeli, Türkiye
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Halilibrahim Çi Ftçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Serdar Durdaği
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Kaplan Türköz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Burak Veli Kabasakal
- Turkish Accelerator and Radiation Laboratory (TARLA), Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ahmet Kati
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biotechnology, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hasan DeMi Rci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Koç University Isbank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- SLAC National Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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35
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Ishigami I, Carbajo S, Zatsepin N, Hikita M, Conrad CE, Nelson G, Coe J, Basu S, Grant T, Seaberg MH, Sierra RG, Hunter MS, Fromme P, Fromme R, Rousseau DL, Yeh SR. Detection of a geminate photoproduct of bovine cytochrome c oxidase by time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539888. [PMID: 37214971 PMCID: PMC10197551 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is a large membrane-bound hemeprotein that catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water. Unlike classical dioxygen binding hemeproteins with a heme b group in their active sites, C c O has a unique binuclear center (BNC) comprised of a copper atom (Cu B ) and a heme a 3 iron, where O 2 binds and is reduced to water. CO is a versatile O 2 surrogate in ligand binding and escape reactions. Previous time-resolved spectroscopic studies of the CO complexes of bovine C c O (bC c O) revealed that photolyzing CO from the heme a 3 iron leads to a metastable intermediate (Cu B -CO), where CO is bound to Cu B , before it escapes out of the BNC. Here, with a time-resolved serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography-based pump-probe method, we detected a geminate photoproduct of the bC c O-CO complex, where CO is dissociated from the heme a 3 iron and moved to a temporary binding site midway between the Cu B and the heme a 3 iron, while the locations of the two metal centers and the conformation of the Helix-X, housing the proximal histidine ligand of the heme a 3 iron, remain in the CO complex state. This new structure, combined with other reported structures of bC c O, allows the full definition of the ligand dissociation trajectory, as well as the associated protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park. CA, 94025, USA
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90045
- Physics & Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90045
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Masahide Hikita
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Chelsie E. Conrad
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jesse Coe
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shibom Basu
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Thomas Grant
- Department of Structural Biology, University Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - Matthew H. Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park. CA, 94025, USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park. CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park. CA, 94025, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Raimund Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Denis L. Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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36
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Henkel A, Galchenkova M, Maracke J, Yefanov O, Klopprogge B, Hakanpää J, Mesters JR, Chapman HN, Oberthuer D. JINXED: just in time crystallization for easy structure determination of biological macromolecules. IUCRJ 2023; 10:253-260. [PMID: 36892542 PMCID: PMC10161778 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography is a well established method in the field of structural biology and has led to the majority of known protein structures to date. After focusing on static structures, the method is now under development towards the investigation of protein dynamics through time-resolved methods. These experiments often require multiple handling steps of the sensitive protein crystals, e.g. for ligand-soaking and cryo-protection. These handling steps can cause significant crystal damage, and hence reduce data quality. Furthermore, in time-resolved experiments based on serial crystallography, which use micrometre-sized crystals for short diffusion times of ligands, certain crystal morphologies with small solvent channels can prevent sufficient ligand diffusion. Described here is a method that combines protein crystallization and data collection in a novel one-step process. Corresponding experiments were successfully performed as a proof-of-principle using hen egg-white lysozyme and crystallization times of only a few seconds. This method, called JINXED (Just IN time Crystallization for Easy structure Determination), promises high-quality data due to the avoidance of crystal handling and has the potential to enable time-resolved experiments with crystals containing small solvent channels by adding potential ligands to the crystallization buffer, simulating traditional co-crystallization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Henkel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Maracke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bjarne Klopprogge
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Hakanpää
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeroen R Mesters
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Takaba K, Maki-Yonekura S, Inoue I, Tono K, Hamaguchi T, Kawakami K, Naitow H, Ishikawa T, Yabashi M, Yonekura K. Structural resolution of a small organic molecule by serial X-ray free-electron laser and electron crystallography. Nat Chem 2023; 15:491-497. [PMID: 36941396 PMCID: PMC10719108 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Structure analysis of small crystals is important in areas ranging from synthetic organic chemistry to pharmaceutical and material sciences, as many compounds do not yield large crystals. Here we present the detailed characterization of the structure of an organic molecule, rhodamine-6G, determined at a resolution of 0.82 Å by an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). Direct comparison of this structure with that obtained by electron crystallography from the same sample batch of microcrystals shows that both methods can accurately distinguish the position of some of the hydrogen atoms, depending on the type of chemical bond in which they are involved. Variations in the distances measured by XFEL and electron diffraction reflect the expected differences in X-ray and electron scatterings. The reliability for atomic coordinates was found to be better with XFEL, but the electron beam showed a higher sensitivity to charges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Yonekura
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
- Advanced Electron Microscope Development Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Aoba-ku, Japan.
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38
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Ishigami I, Sierra RG, Su Z, Peck A, Wang C, Poitevin F, Lisova S, Hayes B, Moss FR, Boutet S, Sublett RE, Yoon CH, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL. Structural basis for functional properties of cytochrome c oxidase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.530986. [PMID: 36993562 PMCID: PMC10055264 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.530986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and harnesses the chemical energy to translocate four protons across biological membranes, thereby establishing the proton gradient required for ATP synthesis1. The full turnover of the CcO reaction involves an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme (R) is oxidized by molecular oxygen to the metastable oxidized OH state, and a reductive phase, in which OH is reduced back to the R state. During each of the two phases, two protons are translocated across the membranes2. However, if OH is allowed to relax to the resting oxidized state (O), a redox equivalent to OH, its subsequent reduction to R is incapable of driving proton translocation2,3. How the O state structurally differs from OH remains an enigma in modern bioenergetics. Here, with resonance Raman spectroscopy and serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX)4, we show that the heme a3 iron and CuB in the active site of the O state, like those in the OH state5,6, are coordinated by a hydroxide ion and a water molecule, respectively. However, Y244, a residue covalently linked to one of the three CuB ligands and critical for the oxygen reduction chemistry, is in the neutral protonated form, which distinguishes O from OH, where Y244 is in the deprotonated tyrosinate form. These structural characteristics of O provide new insights into the proton translocation mechanism of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Frederic Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Brandon Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Robert E. Sublett
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Denis L. Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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39
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Shoeman RL, Hartmann E, Schlichting I. Growing and making nano- and microcrystals. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:854-882. [PMID: 36451055 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to recent technological advances in X-ray and micro-electron diffraction and solid-state NMR, structural information can be obtained by using much smaller crystals. Thus, microcrystals have become a valuable commodity rather than a mere stepping stone toward obtaining macroscopic crystals. Microcrystals are particularly useful for structure determination using serial data collection approaches at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers. The latter's enormous peak brilliance and short X-ray pulse duration mean that structural information can be obtained before the effects of radiation damage are seen; these properties also facilitate time-resolved crystallography. To establish defined reaction initiation conditions, microcrystals with a desired and narrow size distribution are critical. Here, we describe milling and seeding techniques as well as filtration approaches for the reproducible and size-adjustable preparation of homogeneous nano- and microcrystals. Nanocrystals and crystal seeds can be obtained by milling using zirconium beads and the BeadBug homogenizer; fragmentation of large crystals yields micro- or nanocrystals by flowing crystals through stainless steel filters by using an HPLC pump. The approaches can be scaled to generate micro- to milliliter quantities of microcrystals, starting from macroscopic crystals. The procedure typically takes 3-5 d, including the time required to grow the microcrystals.
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40
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Mehrabi P, Schulz EC. Sample Preparation for Time-Resolved Serial Crystallography: Practical Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2652:361-379. [PMID: 37093487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3147-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved serial crystallography is an emerging method to elucidate the structure-function relationship of biomolecular systems at up to atomic resolution. However, to make this demanding method a success, a number of experimental requirements have to be met. In this chapter, we summarize general guidelines and protocols towards performing time-resolved crystallography experiments, with a particular emphasis on sample requirements and preparation but also a brief excursion into reaction initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Mehrabi
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eike C Schulz
- Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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41
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Stagno JR. Preparation of RNA Microcrystals for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography Experiments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2568:233-242. [PMID: 36227572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2687-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) experiments using an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is a burgeoning method for time-resolved structural studies of biomacromolecules. As with any crystallography experiment, the most important component is quality sample preparation. Whereas dozens of SFX experiments, including batch crystallization methods, have been reported for proteins, very few have been reported for RNA. This chapter outlines standard procedures for preparing RNA microcrystalline samples suitable for SFX studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Stagno
- Protein-Nucleic Acid Interaction Section, Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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42
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Sonker M, Doppler D, Egatz-Gomez A, Zaare S, Rabbani MT, Manna A, Cruz Villarreal J, Nelson G, Ketawala GK, Karpos K, Alvarez RC, Nazari R, Thifault D, Jernigan R, Oberthür D, Han H, Sierra R, Hunter MS, Batyuk A, Kupitz CJ, Sublett RE, Poitevin F, Lisova S, Mariani V, Tolstikova A, Boutet S, Messerschmidt M, Meza-Aguilar JD, Fromme R, Martin-Garcia JM, Botha S, Fromme P, Grant TD, Kirian RA, Ros A. Electrically stimulated droplet injector for reduced sample consumption in serial crystallography. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100081. [PMID: 36425668 PMCID: PMC9680787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With advances in X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has enabled the static and dynamic structure determination for challenging proteins such as membrane protein complexes. In SFX with XFELs, the crystals are typically destroyed after interacting with a single XFEL pulse. Therefore, thousands of new crystals must be sequentially introduced into the X-ray beam to collect full data sets. Because of the serial nature of any SFX experiment, up to 99% of the sample delivered to the X-ray beam during its "off-time" between X-ray pulses is wasted due to the intrinsic pulsed nature of all current XFELs. To solve this major problem of large and often limiting sample consumption, we report on improvements of a revolutionary sample-saving method that is compatible with all current XFELs. We previously reported 3D-printed injection devices coupled with gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs) capable of generating samples containing droplets segmented by an immiscible oil phase for jetting crystal-laden droplets into the path of an XFEL. Here, we have further improved the device design by including metal electrodes inducing electrowetting effects for improved control over droplet generation frequency to stimulate the droplet release to matching the XFEL repetition rate by employing an electrical feedback mechanism. We report the improvements in this electrically triggered segmented flow approach for sample conservation in comparison with a continuous GDVN injection using the microcrystals of lysozyme and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase and report the segmented flow approach for sample injection applied at the Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography instrument at the Linear Coherent Light Source for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Diandra Doppler
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ana Egatz-Gomez
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Sahba Zaare
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Mohammad T. Rabbani
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Abhik Manna
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jorvani Cruz Villarreal
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Gihan K. Ketawala
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Konstantinos Karpos
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Roberto C. Alvarez
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Reza Nazari
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Darren Thifault
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Jernigan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Raymond Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Christopher J. Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Robert E. Sublett
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Frederic Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Alexandra Tolstikova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - J. Domingo Meza-Aguilar
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Raimund Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jose M. Martin-Garcia
- Institute Physical-Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine Botha
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Thomas D. Grant
- Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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43
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Smith N, Wilson MA. Understanding Cysteine Chemistry Using Conventional and Serial X-Ray Protein Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2022; 12:1671. [PMID: 36685087 PMCID: PMC9850494 DOI: 10.3390/cryst12111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that use cysteine residues for catalysis or regulation are widely distributed and intensively studied, with many biomedically important examples. Enzymes where cysteine is a catalytic nucleophile typically generate covalent catalytic intermediates whose structures are important for understanding mechanism and for designing targeted inhibitors. The formation of catalytic intermediates can change enzyme conformational dynamics, sometimes activating protein motions that are important for catalytic turnover. However, these transiently populated intermediate species have been challenging to structurally characterize using traditional crystallographic approaches. This review describes the use and promise of new time-resolved serial crystallographic methods to study cysteine-dependent enzymes, with a focus on the main (Mpro) and papain-like (PLpro) cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other examples. We review features of cysteine chemistry that are relevant for the design and execution of time-resolved serial crystallography experiments. In addition, we discuss emerging X-ray techniques such as time-resolved sulfur X-ray spectroscopy that may be able to detect changes in sulfur charge state and covalency during catalysis or regulatory modification. In summary, cysteine-dependent enzymes have features that make them especially attractive targets for new time-resolved serial crystallography approaches, which can reveal both changes to enzyme structure and dynamics during catalysis in crystalline samples.
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44
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Yamaguchi K, Shoji M, Isobe H, Kawakami T, Miyagawa K, Suga M, Akita F, Shen JR. Geometric, electronic and spin structures of the CaMn4O5 catalyst for water oxidation in oxygen-evolving photosystem II. Interplay between experiments and theoretical computations. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Hammarström B, Lane TJ, Batili H, Sierra R, Wiklund M, Sellberg JA. Acoustic Focusing of Protein Crystals for In-Line Monitoring and Up-Concentration during Serial Crystallography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12645-12656. [PMID: 36054318 PMCID: PMC9494305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has become one of the standard techniques at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) to obtain high-resolution structural information from microcrystals of proteins. Nevertheless, reliable sample delivery is still often limiting data collection, as microcrystals can clog both field- and flow-focusing nozzles despite in-line filters. In this study, we developed acoustic 2D focusing of protein microcrystals in capillaries that enables real-time online characterization of crystal size and shape in the sample delivery line after the in-line filter. We used a piezoelectric actuator to create a standing wave perpendicular to the crystal flow, which focused lysozyme microcrystals into a single line inside a silica capillary so that they can be imaged using a high-speed camera. We characterized the acoustic contrast factor, focus size, and the coaxial flow lines and developed a splitting union that enables up-concentration to at least a factor of five. The focus size, flow rates, and geometry may enable an upper limit of up-concentration as high as 200 fold. The novel feedback and concentration control could be implemented for serial crystallography at synchrotrons with minor modifications. It will also aid the development of improved sample delivery systems that will increase SFX data collection rates at XFELs, with potential applications to many proteins that can only be purified and crystallized in small amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hammarström
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Lane
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hazal Batili
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Holmes S, Kirkwood HJ, Bean R, Giewekemeyer K, Martin AV, Hadian-Jazi M, Wiedorn MO, Oberthür D, Marman H, Adriano L, Al-Qudami N, Bajt S, Barák I, Bari S, Bielecki J, Brockhauser S, Coleman MA, Cruz-Mazo F, Danilevski C, Dörner K, Gañán-Calvo AM, Graceffa R, Fanghor H, Heymann M, Frank M, Kaukher A, Kim Y, Kobe B, Knoška J, Laurus T, Letrun R, Maia L, Messerschmidt M, Metz M, Michelat T, Mills G, Molodtsov S, Monteiro DCF, Morgan AJ, Münnich A, Peña Murillo GE, Previtali G, Round A, Sato T, Schubert R, Schulz J, Shelby M, Seuring C, Sellberg JA, Sikorski M, Silenzi A, Stern S, Sztuk-Dambietz J, Szuba J, Trebbin M, Vagovic P, Ve T, Weinhausen B, Wrona K, Xavier PL, Xu C, Yefanov O, Nugent KA, Chapman HN, Mancuso AP, Barty A, Abbey B, Darmanin C. Megahertz pulse trains enable multi-hit serial femtosecond crystallography experiments at X-ray free electron lasers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4708. [PMID: 35953469 PMCID: PMC9372077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) II are extremely intense sources of X-rays capable of generating Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX) data at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. Previous work has shown that it is possible to use consecutive X-ray pulses to collect diffraction patterns from individual crystals. Here, we exploit the MHz pulse structure of the European XFEL to obtain two complete datasets from the same lysozyme crystal, first hit and the second hit, before it exits the beam. The two datasets, separated by <1 µs, yield up to 2.1 Å resolution structures. Comparisons between the two structures reveal no indications of radiation damage or significant changes within the active site, consistent with the calculated dose estimates. This demonstrates MHz SFX can be used as a tool for tracking sub-microsecond structural changes in individual single crystals, a technique we refer to as multi-hit SFX. Free-electron lasers are capable of high repetition rates and it is assumed that protein crystals often do not survive the first X-ray pulse. Here the authors address these issues with a demonstration of multi-hit serial crystallography in which multiple FEL pulses interact with the sample without destroying it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Holmes
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | | | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Andrew V Martin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Marjan Hadian-Jazi
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Max O Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Marman
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Luigi Adriano
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Imrich Barák
- Institute of Molecular Biology, SAS, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathew A Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Francisco Cruz-Mazo
- Dept. de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, ETSI, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | | | - Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Dept. de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, ETSI, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rita Graceffa
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Hans Fanghor
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 175, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Michael Heymann
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Am Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Yoonhee Kim
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Laurus
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Luis Maia
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Markus Metz
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Serguei Molodtsov
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger, Str. 23, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.,ITMO University, Kronverksky pr. 49, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Diana C F Monteiro
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22761, Germany.,Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Andrew J Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Gisel E Peña Murillo
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Adam Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Megan Shelby
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Carolin Seuring
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Stephan Stern
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Janusz Szuba
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Trebbin
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger, Str. 23, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, 760 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | | | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 175, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chen Xu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keith A Nugent
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22761, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brian Abbey
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Connie Darmanin
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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47
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Barends TR, Stauch B, Cherezov V, Schlichting I. Serial femtosecond crystallography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:59. [PMID: 36643971 PMCID: PMC9833121 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) and related methods provide possibilities beyond canonical, single-crystal rotation crystallography by mitigating radiation damage and allowing time-resolved studies with unprecedented temporal resolution. This primer aims to assist structural biology groups with little or no experience in serial crystallography planning and carrying out a successful SFX experiment. It discusses the background of serial crystallography and its possibilities. Microcrystal growth and characterization methods are discussed, alongside techniques for sample delivery and data processing. Moreover, it gives practical tips for preparing an experiment, what to consider and do during a beamtime and how to conduct the final data analysis. Finally, the Primer looks at various applications of SFX, including structure determination of membrane proteins, investigation of radiation damage-prone systems and time-resolved studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R.M. Barends
- Department for Biological Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, The Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, The Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Department for Biological Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany,
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48
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Peck A, Chang HY, Dujardin A, Ramalingam D, Uervirojnangkoorn M, Wang Z, Mancuso A, Poitevin F, Yoon CH. Skopi: a simulation package for diffractive imaging of noncrystalline biomolecules. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:1002-1010. [PMID: 35974743 PMCID: PMC9348890 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722005994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have the ability to produce ultra-bright femtosecond X-ray pulses for coherent diffraction imaging of biomolecules. While the development of methods and algorithms for macromolecular crystallography is now mature, XFEL experiments involving aerosolized or solvated biomolecular samples offer new challenges in terms of both experimental design and data processing. Skopi is a simulation package that can generate single-hit diffraction images for reconstruction algorithms, multi-hit diffraction images of aggregated particles for training machine learning classifiers using labeled data, diffraction images of randomly distributed particles for fluctuation X-ray scattering algorithms, and diffraction images of reference and target particles for holographic reconstruction algorithms. Skopi is a resource to aid feasibility studies and advance the development of algorithms for noncrystalline experiments at XFEL facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hsing-Yin Chang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Antoine Dujardin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Deeban Ramalingam
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Monarin Uervirojnangkoorn
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Zhaoyou Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adrian Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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49
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Lee K, Kim J, Baek S, Park J, Park S, Lee JL, Chung WK, Cho Y, Nam KH. Combination of an inject-and-transfer system for serial femtosecond crystallography. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:813-822. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) enables the determination of room-temperature crystal structures of macromolecules with minimized radiation damage and provides time-resolved molecular dynamics by pump–probe or mix-and-inject experiments. In SFX, a variety of sample delivery methods with unique advantages have been developed and applied. The combination of existing sample delivery methods can enable a new approach to SFX data collection that combines the advantages of the individual methods. This study introduces a combined inject-and-transfer system (BITS) method for sample delivery in SFX experiments: a hybrid injection and fixed-target scanning method. BITS allows for solution samples to be reliably deposited on ultraviolet ozone (UVO)-treated polyimide films, at a minimum flow rate of 0.5 nl min−1, in both vertical and horizontal scanning modes. To utilize BITS in SFX experiments, lysozyme crystal samples were embedded in a viscous lard medium and injected at flow rates of 50–100 nl min−1 through a syringe needle onto a UVO-treated polyimide film, which was mounted on a fixed-target scan stage. The crystal samples deposited on the film were raster scanned with an X-ray free electron laser using a motion stage in both horizontal and vertical directions. Using the BITS method, the room-temperature structure of lysozyme was successfully determined at a resolution of 2.1 Å, and thus BITS could be utilized in future SFX experiments.
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50
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Bálint M, Zsidó BZ, van der Spoel D, Hetényi C. Binding Networks Identify Targetable Protein Pockets for Mechanism-Based Drug Design. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137313. [PMID: 35806314 PMCID: PMC9267029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome codes only a few thousand druggable proteins, mainly receptors and enzymes. While this pool of available drug targets is limited, there is an untapped potential for discovering new drug-binding mechanisms and modes. For example, enzymes with long binding cavities offer numerous prerequisite binding sites that may be visited by an inhibitor during migration from a bulk solution to the destination site. Drug design can use these prerequisite sites as new structural targets. However, identifying these ephemeral sites is challenging. Here, we introduce a new method called NetBinder for the systematic identification and classification of prerequisite binding sites at atomic resolution. NetBinder is based on atomistic simulations of the full inhibitor binding process and provides a networking framework on which to select the most important binding modes and uncover the entire binding mechanism, including previously undiscovered events. NetBinder was validated by a study of the binding mechanism of blebbistatin (a potent inhibitor) to myosin 2 (a promising target for cancer chemotherapy). Myosin 2 is a good test enzyme because, like other potential targets, it has a long internal binding cavity that provides blebbistatin with numerous potential prerequisite binding sites. The mechanism proposed by NetBinder of myosin 2 structural changes during blebbistatin binding shows excellent agreement with experimentally determined binding sites and structural changes. While NetBinder was tested on myosin 2, it may easily be adopted to other proteins with long internal cavities, such as G-protein-coupled receptors or ion channels, the most popular current drug targets. NetBinder provides a new paradigm for drug design by a network-based elucidation of binding mechanisms at an atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bálint
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
| | - David van der Spoel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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