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Dong F, Song J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhou X, Li Y, Ge S, Liu Y. TaSPL6B, a member of the Squamosa promoter binding protein-like family, regulates shoot branching and florescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:708. [PMID: 39054432 PMCID: PMC11271066 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamosa promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) proteins are essential to plant growth and development as plant-specific transcription factors. However, the functions of SPL proteins in wheat need to be further explored. RESULTS We cloned and characterized TaSPL6B of wheat in this study. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed that it contained 961 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 105 kDa. Full-length TaSPL6B transcription activity was not validated in yeast and subcellular localization analysis revealed that TaSPL6B was distributed in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of TaSPL6B in Arabidopsis led to increasing number of branches and early flowering. TaSPL6B was highly transcribed in internodes of transgenic Arabidopsis. The expression of AtSMXL6/AtSMXL7/AtSMXL8 (homologous genes of TaD53) was markedly increased, whereas the expression of AtSPL2 (homologous genes of TaSPL3) and AtBRC1 (homologous genes of TaTB1) was markedly reduced in the internodes of transgenic Arabidopsis. Besides, TaSPL6B, TaSPL3 and TaD53 interacted with one another, as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Therefore, we speculated that TaSPL6B brought together TaD53 and TaSPL3 and enhanced the inhibition effect of TaD53 on TaSPL3 through integrating light and strigolactone signaling pathways, followed by suppression of TaTB1, a key repressor of tillering. CONCLUSIONS As a whole, our findings contribute to a better understanding of how SPL genes work in wheat and will be useful for further research into how TaSPL6B affects yield-related traits in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Dong
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co- construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jinghan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co- construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jiarun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yangfan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhou
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co- construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Shijie Ge
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yike Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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2
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Griffiths J, Rizza A, Tang B, Frommer WB, Jones AM. GIBBERELLIN PERCEPTION SENSOR 2 reveals genesis and role of cellular GA dynamics in light-regulated hypocotyl growth. THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae198. [PMID: 39039020 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) is critical for environmentally sensitive plant development including germination, skotomorphogenesis, and flowering. The Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor GIBBERELLIN PERCEPTION SENSOR1, which permits single-cell GA measurements in vivo, has been used to observe a GA gradient correlated with cell length in dark-grown, but not light-grown, hypocotyls. We sought to understand how light signaling integrates into cellular GA regulation. Here, we show how the E3 ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) and transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) play central roles in directing cellular GA distribution in skoto- and photomorphogenic hypocotyls, respectively. We demonstrate that the expression pattern of the GA biosynthetic enzyme gene GA20ox1 is the key determinant of the GA gradient in dark-grown hypocotyls and is a target of COP1 signaling. We engineered a second generation GPS2 biosensor with improved orthogonality and reversibility. GPS2 revealed a previously undetectable cellular pattern of GA depletion during the transition to growth in the light. This GA depletion partly explains the resetting of hypocotyl growth dynamics during photomorphogenesis. Achieving cell-level resolution has revealed how GA distributions link environmental conditions with morphology and morphological plasticity. The GPS2 biosensor is an ideal tool for GA studies in many conditions, organs, and plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Griffiths
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Annalisa Rizza
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bijun Tang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Heinrich Heine University, Institute for Molecular Physiology, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
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3
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Li X, Lin C, Lan C, Tao Z. Genetic and epigenetic basis of phytohormonal control of floral transition in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4180-4194. [PMID: 38457356 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The timing of the developmental transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is critical for angiosperms, and is fine-tuned by the integration of endogenous factors and external environmental cues to ensure successful reproduction. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to response to diverse environmental or stress signals, and these can be mediated by hormones to coordinate flowering time. Phytohormones such as gibberellin, auxin, cytokinin, jasmonate, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids and the cross-talk among them are critical for the precise regulation of flowering time. Recent studies of the model flowering plant Arabidopsis have revealed that diverse transcription factors and epigenetic regulators play key roles in relation to the phytohormones that regulate floral transition. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie the phytohormonal control of floral transition in Arabidopsis, offering insights into how these processes are regulated and their implications for plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuyu Lin
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenghao Lan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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4
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Wang H, Li X, Meng B, Fan Y, Khan SU, Qian M, Zhang M, Yang H, Lu K. Exploring silique number in Brassica napus L.: Genetic and molecular advances for improving yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1897-1912. [PMID: 38386569 PMCID: PMC11182599 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Silique number is a crucial yield-related trait for the genetic enhancement of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The intricate molecular process governing the regulation of silique number involves various factors. Despite advancements in understanding the mechanisms regulating silique number in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular processes involved in controlling silique number in rapeseed remain largely unexplored. In this review, we identify candidate genes and review the roles of genes and environmental factors in regulating rapeseed silique number. We use genetic regulatory networks for silique number in Arabidopsis and grain number in rice to uncover possible regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in regulating genes associated with rapeseed silique number. A better understanding of the genetic network regulating silique number in rapeseed will provide a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of this trait and genetic resources for the molecular breeding of high-yielding rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Boyu Meng
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Yonghai Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Mingchao Qian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Haikun Yang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
| | - Kun Lu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of EducationChongqingP.R. China
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChongqingP.R. China
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5
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Li T, Wang Y, Natran A, Zhang Y, Wang H, Du K, Qin P, Yuan H, Chen W, Tu B, Inzé D, Dubois M. C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 3 contributes to GA-mediated growth and flowering by interaction with DELLA proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2555-2569. [PMID: 38594216 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) plays a central role in many plant developmental processes and is crucial for crop improvement. DELLA proteins, the core suppressors in the GA signaling pathway, are degraded by GA via the 26S proteasomal pathway to release the GA response. However, little is known about the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of DELLA proteins. In this study, we combined GA response assays with protein-protein interaction analysis to infer the connection between Arabidopsis thaliana DELLAs and the C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 3 (CPL3), a phosphatase involved in the dephosphorylation of RNA polymerase II. We show that CPL3 directly interacts with DELLA proteins and promotes DELLA protein stability by inhibiting its degradation by the 26S proteasome. Consequently, CPL3 negatively modulates multiple GA-mediated processes of plant development, including hypocotyl elongation, flowering time, and anthocyanin accumulation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CPL3 serves as a novel regulator that could improve DELLA stability and thereby participate in GA signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yongqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Annelore Natran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangxi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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6
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Garg R, Mahato H, Choudhury U, Thakur RS, Debnath P, Ansari NG, Sane VA, Sane AP. The tomato EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36, accelerates growth transitions and reduces plant life cycle by regulating GA levels and responses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:848-862. [PMID: 38127946 PMCID: PMC10955490 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Faster vegetative growth and early maturity/harvest reduce plant life cycle time and are important agricultural traits facilitating early crop rotation. GA is a key hormone governing developmental transitions that determine growth speed in plants. An EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36 that regulates various growth transitions, partly through regulation of the GA pathway and GA levels, was identified in tomato. Suppression of SlERF36 delayed germination, slowed down organ growth and delayed the onset of flowering time, fruit harvest and whole-plant senescence by 10-15 days. Its over-expression promoted faster growth by accelerating all these transitions besides increasing organ expansion and plant height substantially. The plant life cycle and fruit harvest were completed 20-30 days earlier than control without affecting yield, in glasshouse as well as net-house conditions, across seasons and generations. These changes in life cycle were associated with reciprocal changes in expression of GA pathway genes and basal GA levels between suppression and over-expression lines. SlERF36 interacted with the promoters of two GA2 oxidase genes, SlGA2ox3 and SlGA2ox4, and the DELLA gene, SlDELLA, reducing their transcription and causing a 3-5-fold increase in basal GA3/GA4 levels. Its suppression increased SlGA2ox3/4 transcript levels and reduced GA3/GA4 levels by 30%-50%. SlERF36 is conserved across families making it an important candidate in agricultural and horticultural crops for manipulation of plant growth and developmental transitions to reduce life cycles for faster harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Garg
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Hrishikesh Mahato
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Upasana Choudhury
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Ravindra S. Thakur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology GroupCSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR‐IITR)LucknowIndia
| | - Pratima Debnath
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Nasreen G. Ansari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology GroupCSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR‐IITR)LucknowIndia
| | - Vidhu A. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Aniruddha P. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
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7
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Yu Y, Zhang Q, Kang J, Xu N, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Gillings M, Lu T, Qian H. Effects of organic fertilizers on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0171923. [PMID: 38193672 PMCID: PMC10880660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01719-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Application of organic fertilizers is an important strategy for sustainable agriculture. The biological source of organic fertilizers determines their specific functional characteristics, but few studies have systematically examined these functions or assessed their health risk to soil ecology. To fill this gap, we analyzed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data from 637 soil samples amended with plant- and animal-derived organic fertilizers (hereafter plant fertilizers and animal fertilizers). Results showed that animal fertilizers increased the diversity of soil microbiome, while plant fertilizers maintained the stability of soil microbial community. Microcosm experiments verified that plant fertilizers were beneficial to plant root development and increased carbon cycle pathways, while animal fertilizers enriched nitrogen cycle pathways. Compared with animal fertilizers, plant fertilizers harbored a lower abundance of risk factors such as antibiotic resistance genes and viruses. Consequently, plant fertilizers might be more suitable for long-term application in agriculture. This work provides a guide for organic fertilizer selection from the perspective of soil microecology and promotes sustainable development of organic agriculture.IMPORTANCEThis study provides valuable guidance for use of organic fertilizers in agricultural production from the perspective of the microbiome and ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nuohan Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael Gillings
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Song GQ, Liu Z, Zhong GY. Regulatory frameworks involved in the floral induction, formation and developmental programming of woody horticultural plants: a case study on blueberries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1336892. [PMID: 38410737 PMCID: PMC10894941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Flowering represents a crucial stage in the life cycles of plants. Ensuring strong and consistent flowering is vital for maintaining crop production amidst the challenges presented by climate change. In this review, we summarized key recent efforts aimed at unraveling the complexities of plant flowering through genetic, genomic, physiological, and biochemical studies in woody species, with a special focus on the genetic control of floral initiation and activation in woody horticultural species. Key topics covered in the review include major flowering pathway genes in deciduous woody plants, regulation of the phase transition from juvenile to adult stage, the roles of CONSTANS (CO) and CO-like gene and FLOWERING LOCUS T genes in flower induction, the floral regulatory role of GA-DELLA pathway, and the multifunctional roles of MADS-box genes in flowering and dormancy release triggered by chilling. Based on our own research work in blueberries, we highlighted the central roles played by two key flowering pathway genes, FLOWERING LOCUS T and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1, which regulate floral initiation and activation (dormancy release), respectively. Collectively, our survey shows both the conserved and diverse aspects of the flowering pathway in annual and woody plants, providing insights into the potential molecular mechanisms governing woody plants. This paves the way for enhancing the resilience and productivity of fruit-bearing crops in the face of changing climatic conditions, all through the perspective of genetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Zongrang Liu
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Gan-Yuan Zhong
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, Grape Genetics Research Unit and Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Geneva, NY, United States
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9
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Wu M, Liu K, Li H, Li Y, Zhu Y, Su D, Zhang Y, Deng H, Wang Y, Liu M. Gibberellins involved in fruit ripening and softening by mediating multiple hormonal signals in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad275. [PMID: 38344652 PMCID: PMC10857933 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene is well known for its important role in the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the role and mode of action of other plant hormones in climacteric fruit ripening regulation are not fully understood. Here, we showed that exogenous GA treatment or increasing endogenous gibberellin content by overexpressing the gibberellin synthesis gene SlGA3ox2 specifically in fruit tissues delayed tomato fruit ripening, whereas treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) accelerated fruit ripening. Moreover, exogenous ethylene treatment cannot completely reverse the delayed fruit ripening phenotype. Furthermore, exogenous GA treatment of ethylene signalling mutant Never ripe (Nr) or SlEBF3-overexpressing lines still delayed fruit ripening, suggesting that GA involved in fruit ripening partially depends on ethylene. Transcriptome profiling showed that gibberellin affect the ripening of fruits by modulating the metabolism and signal transduction of multiple plant hormones, such as auxin and abscisic acid, in addition to ethylene. Overall, the results of this study provide new insight into the regulation of gibberellin in fruit ripening through mediating multiple hormone signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Honghai Li
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaoxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yikui Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
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10
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Huang Y, Maurer A, Giehl RFH, Zhao S, Golan G, Thirulogachandar V, Li G, Zhao Y, Trautewig C, Himmelbach A, Börner A, Jayakodi M, Stein N, Mascher M, Pillen K, Schnurbusch T. Dynamic Phytomeric Growth Contributes to Local Adaptation in Barley. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae011. [PMID: 38243866 PMCID: PMC10837018 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants have segmented body axes with iterative nodes and internodes. Appropriate node initiation and internode elongation are fundamental to plant fitness and crop yield; however, how these events are spatiotemporally coordinated remains elusive. We show that in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), selections during domestication have extended the apical meristematic phase to promote node initiation, but constrained subsequent internode elongation. In both vegetative and reproductive phases, internode elongation displays a dynamic proximal-distal gradient, and among subpopulations of domesticated barleys worldwide, node initiation and proximal internode elongation are associated with latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, respectively. Genetic and functional analyses suggest that, in addition to their converging roles in node initiation, flowering-time genes have been repurposed to specify the timing and duration of internode elongation. Our study provides an integrated view of barley node initiation and internode elongation and suggests that plant architecture should be recognized as a collection of dynamic phytomeric units in the context of crop adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Guy Golan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | | | - Guoliang Li
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Corinna Trautewig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Murukarthick Jayakodi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
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11
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Poethig RS, Fouracre J. Temporal regulation of vegetative phase change in plants. Dev Cell 2024; 59:4-19. [PMID: 38194910 PMCID: PMC10783531 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
During their vegetative growth, plants reiteratively produce leaves, buds, and internodes at the apical end of the shoot. The identity of these organs changes as the shoot develops. Some traits change gradually, but others change in a coordinated fashion, allowing shoot development to be divided into discrete juvenile and adult phases. The transition between these phases is called vegetative phase change. Historically, vegetative phase change has been studied because it is thought to be associated with an increase in reproductive competence. However, this is not true for all species; indeed, heterochronic variation in the timing of vegetative phase change and flowering has made important contributions to plant evolution. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanism of vegetative phase change, how the timing of this process is controlled by endogenous and environmental factors, and its ecological and evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jim Fouracre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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12
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Smith ES, Nimchuk ZL. What a tangled web it weaves: auxin coordination of stem cell maintenance and flower production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6950-6963. [PMID: 37661937 PMCID: PMC10690728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Robust agricultural yields require consistent flower production throughout fluctuating environmental conditions. Floral primordia are produced in the inflorescence meristem, which contains a pool of continuously dividing stem cells. Daughter cells of these divisions either retain stem cell identity or are pushed to the SAM periphery, where they become competent to develop into floral primordia after receiving the appropriate signal. Thus, flower production is inherently linked to regulation of the stem cell pool. The plant hormone auxin promotes flower development throughout its early phases and has been shown to interact with the molecular pathways regulating stem cell maintenance. Here, we will summarize how auxin signaling contributes to stem cell maintenance and promotes flower development through the early phases of initiation, outgrowth, and floral fate establishment. Recent advances in this area suggest that auxin may serve as a signal that integrates stem cell maintenance and new flower production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sarkel Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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13
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Zhao X, Liu W, Aiwaili P, Zhang H, Xu Y, Gu Z, Gao J, Hong B. PHOTOLYASE/BLUE LIGHT RECEPTOR2 regulates chrysanthemum flowering by compensating for gibberellin perception. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2848-2864. [PMID: 37723123 PMCID: PMC10663108 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The gibberellins (GAs) receptor GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) plays a central role in GA signal perception and transduction. The typical photoperiodic plant chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) only flowers when grown in short-day photoperiods. In addition, chrysanthemum flowering is also controlled by the aging pathway, but whether and how GAs participate in photoperiod- and age-dependent regulation of flowering remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that photoperiod affects CmGID1B expression in response to GAs and developmental age. Moreover, we identified PHOTOLYASE/BLUE LIGHT RECEPTOR2, an atypical photocleavage synthase, as a CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING bHLH1 interactor with which it forms a complex in response to short days to activate CmGID1B transcription. Knocking down CmGID1B raised endogenous bioactive GA contents and GA signal perception, in turn modulating the expression of the aging-related genes MicroRNA156 and SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3. We propose that exposure to short days accelerates the juvenile-to-adult transition by increasing endogenous GA contents and response to GAs, leading to entry into floral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Palinuer Aiwaili
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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15
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Ferigolo LF, Vicente MH, Correa JPO, Barrera-Rojas CH, Silva EM, Silva GFF, Carvalho A, Peres LEP, Ambrosano GB, Margarido GRA, Sablowski R, Nogueira FTS. Gibberellin and miRNA156-targeted SlSBP genes synergistically regulate tomato floral meristem determinacy and ovary patterning. Development 2023; 150:dev201961. [PMID: 37823342 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Many developmental processes associated with fruit development occur at the floral meristem (FM). Age-regulated microRNA156 (miR156) and gibberellins (GAs) interact to control flowering time, but their interplay in subsequent stages of reproductive development is poorly understood. Here, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we show that GA and miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL or SBP) genes interact in the tomato FM and ovary patterning. High GA responses or overexpression of miR156 (156OE), which leads to low expression levels of miR156-silenced SBP genes, resulted in enlarged FMs, ovary indeterminacy and fruits with increased locule number. Conversely, low GA responses reduced indeterminacy and locule number, and overexpression of a S. lycopersicum (Sl)SBP15 allele that is miR156 resistant (rSBP15) reduced FM size and locule number. GA responses were partially required for the defects observed in 156OE and rSBP15 fruits. Transcriptome analysis and genetic interactions revealed shared and divergent functions of miR156-targeted SlSBP genes, PROCERA/DELLA and the classical WUSCHEL/CLAVATA pathway, which has been previously associated with meristem size and determinacy. Our findings reveal that the miR156/SlSBP/GA regulatory module is deployed differently depending on developmental stage and create novel opportunities to fine-tune aspects of fruit development that have been important for tomato domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia F Ferigolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao P O Correa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Barrera-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eder M Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo F F Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Airton Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Ambrosano
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R A Margarido
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fabio T S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Jiang GG, Wan QQ, Zou W, Hu GT, Yang LY, Zhu L, Ning HJ. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the evolution and expression pattern of the SBP gene family in two Chimonanthus species. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9107-9119. [PMID: 37749345 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimonanthus praecox and Chimonanthus salicifolius are closely related species that diverged approximately six million years ago. While both C. praecox and C. salicifolius could withstand brief periods of low temperatures of - 15 °C. Their flowering times are different, C. praecox blooms in early spring, whereas C. salicifolius blooms in autumn. The SBP-box (SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein) is a plant-specific gene family that plays a crucial vital role in regulating plant flowering. Although extensively studied in various plants, the SBP gene family remains uncharacterized in Calycanthaceae. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted genome-wide identification of SBP genes in both C. praecox and C. salicifolius and comprehensively characterized the chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motifs, and domains of the identified SBP genes. In total, 15 and 18 SBP genes were identified in C. praecox and C. salicifolius, respectively. According to phylogenetic analysis, the SBP genes from Arabidopsis, C. praecox, and C. salicifolius were clustered into eight groups. Analysis of the gene structure and conserved protein motifs showed that SBP proteins of the same subfamily have similar motif structures. The expression patterns of SBP genes were analyzed using transcriptome data. The results revealed that more than half of the genes exhibited lower expression levels in leaves than in flowers, suggesting their potential involvement in the flower development process and may be linked to the winter and autumn flowering of C. praecox and C. salicifolius. CONCLUSION Thirty-three SBPs were identified in C. praecox and C. salicifolius. The evolutionary characteristics and expression patterns were examined in this study. These results provide valuable information to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the SBP family and help determine the functional characteristics of the SBP genes in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Ge Jiang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Gui-Ting Hu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China.
| | - Hui-Juan Ning
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration On Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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17
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Tang N, Wu P, Cao Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Lou J, Liu X, Hu Y, Sun X, Wang Q, Si S, Chen Z. A NAC transcription factor ZaNAC93 confers floral initiation, fruit development, and prickle formation in Zanthoxylum armatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107813. [PMID: 37290134 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum armatum is a dioecious prickly plant which developed apomictic reproduction. The increases in male flowers and prickle density in female plants lead to low yield and picking efficiency. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms of floral development and prickle formation. NAC is a well-known transcription factor that participates in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Herein, we characterize the functions and regulatory mechanisms of candidate NACs controlling both traits in Z. armatum. A total of 159 ZaNACs were identified, and 16 of these were male-biased, represented by the NAP subfamily members ZaNAC93 and ZaNAC34, orthologs of AtNAC025 and AtNARS1/NAC2 respectively. Overexpression of ZaNAC93 in tomato led to modifications in flower and fruit development, including earlier flowering, increased numbers of lateral shoots and flowers, accelerated plant senescence, and reduced size and weight of fruits and seeds. In addition, the trichome density in leaves and inflorescences was dramatically reduced in ZaNAC93-OX lines. Overexpression of ZaNAC93 resulted in the up-/downregulation of genes associated with GA, ABA and JA signaling pathways, such as GAI, PYL and JAZ, as well as several TFs, including bZIP2, AGL11, FBP24 and MYB52. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that ZaNAC93 protein could interact with AP1, GAI, bZIP2 and AGL11 in Z. armatum, which might contribute to floral induction, fruit growth, and trichome initiation. This work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ZaNAC93 in reproductive development and prickle formation in Z. armatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Peiyin Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Zhengyan Cao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Yanni Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Georges University, Chongqing, 404100, China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Juan Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Xiaofan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Qiyao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Shuo Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Zexiong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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18
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Huang X, Tian H, Park J, Oh DH, Hu J, Zentella R, Qiao H, Dassanayake M, Sun TP. The master growth regulator DELLA binding to histone H2A is essential for DELLA-mediated global transcription regulation. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1291-1305. [PMID: 37537399 PMCID: PMC10681320 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The DELLA genes, also known as 'Green Revolution' genes, encode conserved master growth regulators that control plant development in response to internal and environmental cues. Functioning as nuclear-localized transcription regulators, DELLAs modulate expression of target genes via direct protein-protein interaction of their carboxy-terminal GRAS domain with hundreds of transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic regulators. However, the molecular mechanism of DELLA-mediated transcription reprogramming remains unclear. Here by characterizing new missense alleles of an Arabidopsis DELLA, repressor of ga1-3 (RGA), and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show that RGA binds histone H2A via the PFYRE subdomain within its GRAS domain to form a TF-RGA-H2A complex at the target chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analysis further shows that this activity is essential for RGA association with its target chromatin globally. Our results indicate that, although DELLAs are recruited to target promoters by binding to TFs via the LHR1 subdomain, DELLA-H2A interaction via the PFYRE subdomain is necessary to stabilize the TF-DELLA-H2A complex at the target chromatin. This study provides insights into the two distinct key modular functions in DELLA for its genome-wide transcription regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jeongmoo Park
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dong-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rodolfo Zentella
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hong Qiao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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19
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Zhang C, Liu X, Liu Y, Yu J, Yao G, Yang H, Yang D, Wu Y. An integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the gene network regulating flower development in Pogostemon cablin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201486. [PMID: 37457333 PMCID: PMC10340533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin is a well-known protected species widely used in medicine and spices, however the underlying molecular mechanisms and metabolite dynamics of P. cablin flower development remain unclear due to the difficulty in achieving flowering in this species. A comparison of the transcriptome and widely targeted metabolome during P. cablin flower development was first performed in this study. Results showed that a total of 13,469 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) and 371 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the DEGs were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, terpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, 75 MIKC-MADS unigenes were associated with the development of floral organs. Gibberellins (GAs), auxin, and aging signaling might form a cross-regulatory network to regulate flower development in P. cablin. According to the metabolic profile, the predominant DAMs were amino acids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenols, and their derivatives. The accumulation patterns of these predominant DAMs were closely associated with the flower developmental stage. The integration analysis of DEGs and DAMs indicated that phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and amino acids might be accumulated due to the activation of starch and sucrose metabolism. Our results provide some important insights for elucidating the reproductive process, floral organ, and color formation of P. cablin flowers at the molecular level. These results will improve our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in the floral development of P. cablin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Guangdong VTR BioTech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Guanglong Yao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Huageng Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Yougen Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
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20
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Turek S, Skarzyńska A, Pląder W, Pawełkowicz M. Understanding Transcription Factors and How They Affect Processes in Cucumber Sex Determination. Metabolites 2023; 13:740. [PMID: 37367898 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant reproduction is a fundamental process on Earth from the perspective of biodiversity, biomass gain, and crop productivity. It is therefore important to understand the sex determination process, and many researchers are investigating the molecular basis of this phenomenon. However, information on the influence of transcription factors (TFs), genes that encode DNA-binding proteins, on this process is limited, although cucumber is a model plant in this regard. In the present study, based on RNA-seq data for differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we aimed to investigate the regulatory TFs that may influence the metabolic processes in the shoot apex containing the forming flower buds. Therefore, the annotation of the genome of the B10 cucumber line was supplemented with the assigned families of transcription factors. By performing ontology analyses of the DEGs, the processes they participate in were identified, and TFs were located among the results. In addition, TFs that have significantly overrepresented targets among DEGs were detected, and sex-specific interactome network maps were generated, indicating the regulatory TFs based on their effects on DEGs and furthermore, on the processes leading to the formation of different-sex flowers. Among the most overrepresented TF families in the sex comparisons were the NAC, bHLH, MYB, and bZIP families. An interaction network analysis indicated the most abundant families among DEGs' regulatory TFs were MYB, AP2/ERF, NAC, and bZIP, and those with the most significant impact on developmental processes were identified, namely the AP/ERF family, followed by DOF, MYB, MADS, and others. Thus, the networks' central nodes and key regulators were identified with respect to male, female, and hermaphrodite forms. Here, we proposed the first model of the regulatory network of TFs that influences the metabolism of sex development in cucumber. These findings may help us to understand the molecular genetics and functional mechanisms underlying sex determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Turek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skarzyńska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pląder
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pawełkowicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Yu R, Xiong Z, Zhu X, Feng P, Hu Z, Fang R, Zhang Y, Liu Q. RcSPL1-RcTAF15b regulates the flowering time of rose ( Rosa chinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad083. [PMID: 37323236 PMCID: PMC10266950 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rose (Rosa chinensis), which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide, has three types, namely once-flowering (OF), occasional or re-blooming (OR), and recurrent or continuous flowering (CF). However, the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely unknown. In this study, we observed that the RcSPL1 transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF plants. Additionally, accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by rch-miR156. The ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering. Furthermore, the transient overexpression of RcSPL1 in rose plants accelerated flowering, whereas silencing of RcSPL1 had the opposite phenotype. Accordingly, the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes (APETALA1, FRUITFULL, and LEAFY) were significantly affected by the changes in RcSPL1 expression. RcTAF15b protein, which is an autonomous pathway protein, was revealed to interact with RcSPL1. The silencing and overexpression of RcTAF15b in rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering, respectively. Collectively, the study findings imply that RcSPL1-RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiying Xiong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Panpan Feng
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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22
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Basu U, Parida SK. Restructuring plant types for developing tailor-made crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1106-1122. [PMID: 34260135 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have adapted to different environmental niches by fine-tuning the developmental factors working together to regulate traits. Variations in the developmental factors result in a wide range of quantitative variations in these traits that helped plants survive better. The major developmental pathways affecting plant architecture are also under the control of such pathways. Most notable are the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL pathway regulating shoot apical meristem fate, GID1-DELLA module influencing plant height and tillering, LAZY1-TAC1 module controlling branch/tiller angle and the TFL1-FT determining the floral fate in plants. Allelic variants of these key regulators selected during domestication shaped the crops the way we know them today. There is immense yield potential in the 'ideal plant architecture' of a crop. With the available genome-editing techniques, possibilities are not restricted to naturally occurring variations. Using a transient reprogramming system, one can screen the effect of several developmental gene expressions in novel ecosystems to identify the best targets. We can use the plant's fine-tuning mechanism for customizing crops to specific environments. The process of crop domestication can be accelerated with a proper understanding of these developmental pathways. It is time to step forward towards the next-generation molecular breeding for restructuring plant types in crops ensuring yield stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Basu
- Genomics-Assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- Genomics-Assisted Breeding and Crop Improvement Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
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23
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Deng H, Li Y, Pang C, Zhang K, Tian X, Wang T, Liang Y, He Z, Lang Y, Fang J, Lin L, Wang J, Lv X, Xia H, Liang D. Significant increases in Donghong kiwifruit yield by a novel umbrella-shaped trellis system and identification of associated molecular mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143525. [PMID: 36993843 PMCID: PMC10040675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
China is the largest kiwifruit producer in the world, accounting for more than half of the total. However, in terms of yield per unit area, China is much lower than the global average and lags behind that of other countries. Yield improvement is of critical importance for the current kiwifruit industry in China. In this study, an improved overhead pergolas trellis (OPT) system, namely, the umbrella-shaped trellis (UST) system, was developed for Donghong kiwifruit, which is now the second most popular and widely cultivated red-fleshed kiwifruit in China. Surprisingly, the estimated yield on the UST system was more than two times higher than that with a traditional OPT, while the external fruit quality was maintained and the internal fruit quality was improved. One of the mechanisms contributing to the yield improvement was the significant promotion of the vegetative growth of canes at 6 ~ 10 mm in diameter by the UST system. The upper canopy of the UST treatment served as a natural shading condition for the lower fruiting canopy and thus had positive effects on the accumulation of chlorophylls and total carotenoids in the fruiting canopy. The most productive zones on the fruiting canes (6 ~ 10 mm in diameter) contained significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of zeatin riboside (ZR) and auxin (IAA) and ratios of ZR/gibberellin (GA), ZR/abscisic acid (ABA), and ABA/GA. A relatively high carbon/nitrogen ratio may promote the flower bud differentiation process of Donghong kiwifruit. The outcomes of this study provide a scientific basis for manifold increase in production of kiwifruit and contribute to the sustainability of the kiwifruit industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Deng
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changqing Pang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinbo Tian
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zunzhen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Lang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbao Fang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Fu J, Li L, Wang S, Yu N, Shan H, Shi Z, Li F, Zhong X. Effect of gibberellic acid on photosynthesis and oxidative stress response in maize under weak light conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128780. [PMID: 36875610 PMCID: PMC9978513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an important endogenous hormone involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Experiments were conducted at the Research and Education Center of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University (Shenyang, China) in 2021.We used a pair of near-isogenic inbred maize lines comprising, SN98A (light-sensitive inbred line) and SN98B (light-insensitive inbred line) to study the effects of exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3) application on different light-sensitive inbred lines under weak light conditions. The concentration of GA3 was selected as 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1. After shade treatment, the photosynthetic physiological indexes of SN98A were always lower than SN98B, and the net photosynthetic rate of SN98A was 10.12% lower than SN98B on the 20th day after shade treatment. GA3 treatments significantly reduced the barren stalk ratios in SN98A and improved its seed setting rates by increasing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), photosynthetic pigment contents, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), and antioxidant enzyme activities, where the most effective treatment was 60 mg L-1GA3. Compared with CK group, the seed setting rate increased by 33.87%. GA3 treatment also regulated the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the superoxide anion ( O 2 - ) production rate, H2O2 content, and malondialdehyde content. The superoxide anion ( O 2 - ) production rate, H2O2 content and malondialdehyde content of SN98A sprayed with 60 mg L-1 GA3 decreased by 17.32%,10.44% and 50.33% compared with CK group, respectively. Compared with the control, GA3 treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the expression levels of APX and GR in SN98A, and APX, Fe-SOD, and GR in SN98B. Weak light stress decreased the expression of GA20ox2, which was related to gibberellin synthesis, and the endogenous gibberellin synthesis of SN98A. Weak light stress accelerated leaf senescence, and exogenous GA3 application inhibited the ROS levels in the leaves and maintained normal physiological functions in the leaves. These results indicate that exogenous GA3 enhances the adaptability of plants to low light stress by regulating photosynthesis, ROS metabolism and protection mechanisms, as well as the expression of key genes, which may be an economical and environmentally friendly method to solve the low light stress problem in maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Fu
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Yu
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Liaoning Dongya Seed Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Zhensheng Shi
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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25
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Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Durán-Medina Y, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Hormones and Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:111-127. [PMID: 37540356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction requires the participation of two gametes, female and male. In angiosperms, gametes develop in specialized organs, pollen (containing the male gametes) develops in the stamens, and the ovule (containing the female gamete) develops in the gynoecium. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the female and male sexual organs are found within the same structure called flower, surrounded by the perianth, which is composed of petals and sepals. During flower development, different organs emerge in an established order and throughout their development distinct tissues within each organ are differentiated. All this requires the coordination and synchronization of several biological processes. To achieve this, hormones and genes work together. These components can interact at different levels generating hormonal interplay and both positive and negative feedback loops, which in turn, gives robustness, stability, and flexibility to flower development. Here, we summarize the progress made on elucidating the role of different hormonal pathways during flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Zúñiga-Mayo
- CONACyT - Postgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Durán-Medina
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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26
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Cao Y, Koh SS, Han Y, Tan JJ, Kim D, Chua NH, Urano D, Marelli B. Drug Delivery in Plants Using Silk Microneedles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205794. [PMID: 36245320 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
New systems for agrochemical delivery in plants will foster precise agricultural practices and provide new tools to study plants and design crop traits, as standard spray methods suffer from elevated loss and limited access to remote plant tissues. Silk-based microneedles can circumvent these limitations by deploying a known amount of payloads directly in plants' deep tissues. However, plant response to microneedles' application and microneedles' efficacy in deploying physiologically relevant biomolecules are unknown. Here, it is shown that gene expression associated with Arabidopsis thaliana wounding response decreases within 24 h post microneedles' application. Additionally, microinjection of gibberellic acid (GA3 ) in A. thaliana mutant ft-10 provides a more effective and efficient mean than spray to activate GA3 pathways, accelerating bolting and inhibiting flower formation. Microneedle efficacy in delivering GA3 is also observed in several monocot and dicot crop species, i.e., tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), rice (Oryza Sativa), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and soybean (Glycine max). The wide range of plants that can be successfully targeted with microinjectors opens the doors to their use in plant science and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunteng Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sally Shuxian Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Han
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Javier Jingheng Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Doyoon Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Daisuke Urano
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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27
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Chahtane H, Lai X, Tichtinsky G, Rieu P, Arnoux-Courseaux M, Cancé C, Marondedze C, Parcy F. Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:3-38. [PMID: 37540352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Like in other angiosperms, the development of flowers in Arabidopsis starts right after the floral transition, when the shoot apical meristem (SAM) stops producing leaves and makes flowers instead. On the flanks of the SAM emerge the flower meristems (FM) that will soon differentiate into the four main floral organs, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil, stereotypically arranged in concentric whorls. Each phase of flower development-floral transition, floral bud initiation, and floral organ development-is under the control of specific gene networks. In this chapter, we describe these different phases and the gene regulatory networks involved, from the floral transition to the floral termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre, Soual, France
| | - Xuelei Lai
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Philippe Rieu
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Coralie Cancé
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Senga, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - François Parcy
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France.
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28
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of BrLEAFY Delays the Bolting Time in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010541. [PMID: 36613993 PMCID: PMC9820718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage has unintended bolting in early spring due to sudden climate change. In this study, late-bolting Chinese cabbage lines were developed via mutagenesis of the BrLEAFY (BrLFY) gene, a transcription factor that determines floral identity, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Double-strand break of the target region via gene editing based on nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) was applied to acquire useful traits in plants. Based on the 'CT001' pseudomolecule, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed and the gene-editing vector was constructed. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to generate a Chinese cabbage line in which the sequence of the BrLFY paralogs was edited. In particular, single base inserted mutations occurred in the BrLFY paralogs of the LFY-7 and LFY-13 lines, and one copy of T-DNA was inserted into the intergenic region. The selected LFY-edited lines displayed continuous vegetative growth and late bolting compared to the control inbred line, 'CT001'. Further, some LFY-edited lines showing late bolting were advanced to the next generation. The T-DNA-free E1LFY-edited lines bolted later than the inbred line, 'CT001'. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the BrLFY gene was found to delay the bolting time. Accordingly, CRISPR/Cas9 is considered an available method for the molecular breeding of crops.
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29
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Milyaev A, Kofler J, Moya YAT, Lempe J, Stefanelli D, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, von Wirén N, Wünsche JN. Profiling of phytohormones in apple fruit and buds regarding their role as potential regulators of flower bud formation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2319-2335. [PMID: 35867427 PMCID: PMC9912367 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cropping behavior, if not regulated, is often manifested by high yields of small-sized fruit in so called ON-years, which are usually followed by strongly reduced crop loads in OFF-years. Such cropping pattern is defined as biennial bearing and causes significant losses in apple production. The growth of apple fruit overlaps with the formation of flower buds, which remain dormant until the following spring. Earlier works proposed that some fruit-derived mobile compounds, as e.g., phytohormones, could suppress flower bud formation that thereby leads to biennial bearing. We addressed this hypothesis by analyzing 39 phytohormones in apple seeds, fruit flesh and by measuring phytohormone export from the fruits of the biennial bearing cultivar 'Fuji' and of the regular bearing cultivar 'Gala'. Moreover, we analyzed the same compounds in bourse buds from fruiting (ON-trees) and non-fruiting (OFF-trees) spurs of both apple cultivars over the period of flower bud formation. Our results showed that apple fruit exported at least 14 phytohormones including indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A3; however, their influence on flower bud formation was inconclusive. A gibberellin-like compound, which was detected exclusively in bourse buds, was significantly more abundant in bourse buds from ON-trees compared with OFF-trees. Cultivar differences were marked by the accumulation of trans-zeatin-O-glucoside in bourse buds of 'Gala' ON-trees, whereas the levels of this compound in 'Gala' OFF were significantly lower and comparable to those in 'Fuji' ON- and OFF-trees. Particular phytohormones including five cytokinin forms as well as abscisic acid and its degradation products had higher levels in bourse buds from OFF-trees compared with ON-trees and were therefore proposed as potential promotors of flower bud initiation. The work discusses regulatory roles of phytohormones in flower bud formation in apple based on the novel and to date most comprehensive phytohormone profiles of apple fruit and buds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Kofler
- Institute of Crop Science, Section of Crop Physiology of Specialty Crops (340f), University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Street 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya
- Department Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Janne Lempe
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dario Stefanelli
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Locked Bag 7, 6258 Manjimup, Australia
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jens-Norbert Wünsche
- Institute of Crop Science, Section of Crop Physiology of Specialty Crops (340f), University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Street 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Induction of Floral Initiation by Old Leaves in Tea-Oil Tree (Camellia oleifera ‘changlin53’). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113021. [PMID: 36361817 PMCID: PMC9655362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral initiation is a major phase change in the spermatophyte, where developmental programs switch from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. It is a key phase of flowering in tea-oil trees that can affect flowering time and yield, but very little is known about the molecular mechanism of floral initiation in tea-oil trees. A 12-year-old Camellia oleifera (cultivar ‘changlin53’) was the source of experimental materials in the current study. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the key stage of floral initiation, and transcriptome analysis was used to reveal the transcriptional regulatory network in old leaves involved in floral initiation. We mined 5 DEGs related to energy and 55 DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction, and we found floral initiation induction required a high level of energy metabolism, and the phytohormones signals in the old leaves regulate floral initiation, which occurred at stage I and II. Twenty-seven rhythm-related DEGs and 107 genes associated with flowering were also identified, and the circadian rhythm interacted with photoperiod pathways to induce floral initiation. Unigene0017292 (PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR), Unigene0046809 (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL), Unigene0009932 (GIGANTEA), Unigene0001842 (CONSTANS), and Unigene0084708 (FLOWER LOCUS T) were the key genes in the circadian rhythm-photoperiod regulatory network. In conjunction with morphological observations and transcriptomic analysis, we concluded that the induction of floral initiation by old leaves in C. oleifera ‘changlin53’ mainly occurred during stages I and II, floral initiation was completed during stage III, and rhythm–photoperiod interactions may be the source of the main signals in floral initiation induced by old leaves.
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Schulten A, Pietzenuk B, Quintana J, Scholle M, Feil R, Krause M, Romera-Branchat M, Wahl V, Severing E, Coupland G, Krämer U. Energy status-promoted growth and development of Arabidopsis require copper deficiency response transcriptional regulator SPL7. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3873-3898. [PMID: 35866980 PMCID: PMC9516184 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a cofactor of around 300 Arabidopsis proteins, including photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transfer chain enzymes critical for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and carbon fixation. Plant acclimation to Cu deficiency requires the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE7 (SPL7). We report that in the wild type (WT) and in the spl7-1 mutant, respiratory electron flux via Cu-dependent cytochrome c oxidase is unaffected under both normal and low-Cu cultivation conditions. Supplementing Cu-deficient medium with exogenous sugar stimulated growth of the WT, but not of spl7 mutants. Instead, these mutants accumulated carbohydrates, including the signaling sugar trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as ATP and NADH, even under normal Cu supply and without sugar supplementation. Delayed spl7-1 development was in agreement with its attenuated sugar responsiveness. Functional TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN and SNF1-RELATED KINASE1 signaling in spl7-1 argued against fundamental defects in these energy-signaling hubs. Sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitates combined with transcriptome profiling identified direct targets of SPL7-mediated positive regulation, including Fe SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1 (FSD1), COPPER-DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CITF1), and the uncharacterized bHLH23 (CITF2), as well as an enriched upstream GTACTRC motif. In summary, transducing energy availability into growth and reproductive development requires the function of SPL7. Our results could help increase crop yields, especially on Cu-deficient soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Pietzenuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Marleen Scholle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marcus Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Identification and Characterization of AUXIN Response Factor Gene Family Reveals Their Regulatory Network to Respond the Multi-Hormones Crosstalk during GA-Induced Grape Parthenocarpic Berry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911108. [PMID: 36232409 PMCID: PMC9569648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous gibberellin (GA) was widely used to improve berry quality through inducing parthenocarpic seedless berries in grapes. We revealed that auxin response factors (ARFs), the key transcription factors in response to auxin, might respond to GA involving modulation of grape parthenocarpy. However, the underlying molecular mechanism in this process remains yet unclear. Here, a total of 19 VvARF members were identified in the ovaries during GA-induced grapes’ parthenocarpy. Interestingly, almost all members were GA-responsive factors, of which 9 could be classified in plant hormone signal transduction (KO04075) and involved in the tryptophan metabolic pathway (K14486). Moreover, VvARFs were predicted to have 310 interacted proteins involved in 19 KEGG pathways. Of them, 32 interacted proteins participated in the KO04075 pathway, including auxin (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CTK), and ethylene signaling pathways by responding to GA-mediated multi-hormone crosstalk. Further analysis demonstrated that VvARF4-2 might be the major factor in the modulation of GA-induced parthenocarpy via the crosstalk of IAA, CTK, SA, and ethylene signaling, followed by VvARF6-1 and VvARF9 involved in SA and ABA signaling pathways, respectively. Finally, we developed a VvARFs-mediated regulatory network by responding to GA-mediated multi-hormone crosstalk during grape parthenocarpy. Collectively, our findings provided novel insights into the regulatory network of VvARFs in GA-guided multi-hormone signaling to modulate grape parthenocarpy, which has great implications for the molecular breeding of high quality seedless grape berries.
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Liu X, Wang J, Sabir IA, Sun W, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhang N, Liu H, Jiu S, Liu L, Zhang C. PavGA2ox-2L inhibits the plant growth and development interacting with PavDWARF in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:299-309. [PMID: 35932654 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf dense planting is helpful to improve the yield and quality of sweet cherry, which has enormous market demand. GA2oxs (GA oxidases) affect plant height, dormancy release, flower development, and seed germination by participating in the metabolic regulation and signal transduction of GA (Gibberellin). However, the research on GA2ox in sweet cherry is little and worthy of further investigation. Therefore, we identified the PavGA2ox-2L gene from sweet cherry, close to PynGA2ox-2 from Prunus yedoensis var. Nudiflora. The phylogenetic analysis indicated conserved functions with these evolutionarily closer GA2ox subfamily genes. Subcellular localization forecast analysis indicated that PavGA2ox-2L was localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm. The expression levels of PavGA2ox-2L were higher in winter, indicating that PavGA2ox-2L promoted maintained flower bud dormancy. The expression levels of PavGA2ox-2L were significantly increased after GA4+7 treatment while decreased after GR24 (a synthetic analog of SLs (Strigolactones)) or TIS108 (a triazole-type SL-biosynthesis inhibitor) treatments. Over-expression of PavGA2ox-2L resulted in decreased plant height, delayed flowering time, and low seed germination rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, the interaction between PavGA2ox-2L and PavDWARF was verified by Y2H and BiFC assays. In the current investigation, PavGA2ox-2L functions as a GA metabolic gene that promotes dwarf dense planting, delays flowering time, and inhibits seed germination. In addition, it also participates in regulating plant growth and development through the interaction with the critical negative regulator PavDWARF of Gibberellin. These results will help us better explore the molecular mechanism of GA2ox-mediated dwarf and late-maturing varieties for fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunju Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wanxia Sun
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Niangong Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Haobo Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Genes Related to Flowering Reversion in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168992. [PMID: 36012256 PMCID: PMC9409316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering reversion is a common phenomenon in plant development in which differentiated floral organs switch from reproductive growth to vegetative growth and ultimately form abnormal floral organs or vegetative organs. This greatly reduces tomato yield and quality. Research on this phenomenon has recently increased, but there is a lack of research at the molecular and gene expression levels. Here, transcriptomic analyses of the inflorescence meristem were performed in two kinds of materials at different developmental stages, and a total of 3223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened according to the different developmental stages and trajectories of the two materials. The analysis of database annotations showed that these DEGs were closely related to starch and sucrose metabolism, DNA replication and modification, plant hormone synthesis and signal transduction. It was further speculated that tomato flowering reversion may be related to various biological processes, such as cell signal transduction, energy metabolism and protein post-transcriptional regulation. Combined with the results of previous studies, our work showed that the gene expression levels of CLE9, FA, PUCHI, UF, CLV3, LOB30, SFT, S-WOX9 and SVP were significantly different in the two materials. Endogenous hormone analysis and exogenous hormone treatment revealed a variety of plant hormones involved in flowering reversion in tomato. Thus, tomato flowering reversion was studied comprehensively by transcriptome analysis for the first time, providing new insights for the study of flower development regulation in tomato and other plants.
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Genomewide Identification and Characterization of the Genes Involved in the Flowering of Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147940. [PMID: 35887288 PMCID: PMC9323069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a prerequisite for flowering plants to complete reproduction, and flowering time has an important effect on the high and stable yields of crops. However, there are limited reports on flowering-related genes at the genomic level in cotton. In this study, genomewide analysis of the evolutionary relationship of flowering-related genes in different cotton species shows that the numbers of flowering-related genes in the genomes of tetraploid cotton species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense were similar, and that these numbers were approximately twice as much as the number in diploid cotton species Gossypium arboretum. The classification of flowering-related genes shows that most of them belong to the photoperiod and circadian clock flowering pathway. The distribution of flowering-related genes on the chromosomes of the At and Dt subgenomes was similar, with no subgenomic preference detected. In addition, most of the flowering-related core genes in Arabidopsis thaliana had homologs in the cotton genome, but the copy numbers and expression patterns were disparate; moreover, flowering-related genes underwent purifying selection throughout the evolutionary and selection processes. Although the differentiation and reorganization of many key genes of the cotton flowering regulatory network occurred throughout the evolutionary and selection processes, most of them, especially those involved in the important flowering regulatory networks, have been relatively conserved and preferentially selected.
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36
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Xue Y, Xue J, Ren X, Li C, Sun K, Cui L, Lyu Y, Zhang X. Nutrient Supply Is Essential for Shifting Tree Peony Reflowering Ahead in Autumn and Sugar Signaling Is Involved. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147703. [PMID: 35887047 PMCID: PMC9315773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The flowering time of tree peony is short and concentrated in spring, which limits the development of its industry. We previously achieved tree peony reflowering in autumn. Here, we further shifted its reflowering time ahead through proper gibberellin (GA) treatment plus nutrient supply. GA treatment alone initiated bud differentiation, but it aborted later, whereas GA plus nutrient (G + N) treatment completed the opening process 38 days before the control group. Through microstructural observation of bud differentiation and starch grains, we concluded that GA plays a triggering role in flowering induction, whereas the nutriment supply ensured the continuous developing for final opening, and both are necessary. We further determined the expression of five floral induction pathway genes and found that PsSOC1 and PsLFY probably played key integral roles in flowering induction and nutrient supply, respectively. Considering the GA signaling, PsGA2ox may be mainly involved in GA regulation, whereas PsGAI may regulate further flower formation after nutrient application. Furthermore, G + N treatment, but not GA alone, inhibited the expression of PsTPS1, a key restricting enzyme in sugar signaling, at the early stage, indicating that sugar signaling is also involved in this process; in addition, GA treatment induced high expression of PsSnRK1, a major nutrient insufficiency indicator, and the induction of PsHXK1, a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of sugar signaling substances, further confirmed the nutrient shortage. In short, besides GA application, exogenous nutrient supply is essential to shift tree peony reflowering ahead in autumn under current forcing culture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Jingqi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiuxia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Changyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Kairong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Litao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Yingmin Lyu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-130-5191-3339 (Y.L.); +86-10-8210-5944 (X.Z.)
| | - Xiuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.X.); (X.R.); (C.L.); (K.S.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-130-5191-3339 (Y.L.); +86-10-8210-5944 (X.Z.)
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Liang F, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang S, Fang T, Zheng S, Zeng L. Integrative mRNA and Long Noncoding RNA Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Network of Floral Bud Induction in Longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923183. [PMID: 35774802 PMCID: PMC9237614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is a tropical/subtropical fruit tree of significant economic importance. Floral induction is an essential process for longan flowering and plays decisive effects on the longan yield. Due to the instability of flowering, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of floral induction in longan. In this study, mRNA and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptome sequencing were performed using the apical buds of fruiting branches as materials. A total of 7,221 differential expressions of mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and 3,238 differential expressions of lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were identified, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEmRNAs highlighted the importance of starch and sucrose metabolic, circadian rhythms, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways during floral induction. Combining the analysis of weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) and expression pattern of DEmRNAs in the three pathways, specific transcriptional characteristics at each stage during floral induction and regulatory network involving co-expressed genes were investigated. The results showed that sucrose metabolism and auxin signal transduction may be crucial for the growth and maturity of autumn shoots in September and October (B1-B2 stage); starch and sucrose metabolic, circadian rhythms, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways participated in the regulation of floral bud physiological differentiation together in November and December (B3-B4 stage) and the crosstalk among three pathways was also found. Hub genes in the co-expression network and key DEmRNAs in three pathways were identified. The circadian rhythm genes FKF1 and GI were found to activate SOC1gene through the photoperiod core factor COL genes, and they were co-expressed with auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene signaling genes, and sucrose biosynthesis genes at B4 stage. A total of 12 hub-DElncRNAs had potential for positively affecting their distant target genes in three putative key pathways, predominantly in a co-transcriptional manner. A hypothetical model of regulatory pathways and key genes and lncRNAs during floral bud induction in longan was proposed finally. Our studies will provide valuable clues and information to help elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms of floral initiation in longan and woody fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoquan Zheng
- Fujian Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center for Longan & Loquat, Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzho, China
| | - Lihui Zeng
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Li J, Gong J, Zhang L, Shen H, Chen G, Xie Q, Hu Z. Overexpression of SlPRE5, an atypical bHLH transcription factor, affects plant morphology and chlorophyll accumulation in tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153698. [PMID: 35461174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play vital regulatory roles in a series of metabolic, physiological, and developmental processes of plants. Here, SlPRE5, an atypical bHLH gene, was isolated from tomato. SlPRE5 was noticeably expressed in young leaves, sepals, and flowers. SlPRE5-overexpressing plants exhibited rolling leaves with reduced chlorophyll content, increased stem internode length, leaf angle, and compound leaf length. The water loss rate of mature leaves and the content of starch were significantly reduced, while the content of gibberellin was significantly increased in transgenic plants. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed that SlPRE5 could interact with SlAIF1, SlAIF2, and SlPAR1. qRT-PCR and RNA-seq results revealed that the expression levels of genes related to chloroplast development, chlorophyll metabolism, gibberellin metabolism and signal transduction, starch, photosynthesis, and cell expansion were significantly altered in SlPRE5-overexpression plants. Collectively, our results suggest that SlPRE5 is a crucial transcription factor involved in plant morphology and chlorophyll accumulation in tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Gong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Lv Z, Li J, Qiu S, Qi F, Su H, Bu Q, Jiang R, Tang K, Zhang L, Chen W. The transcription factors TLR1 and TLR2 negatively regulate trichome density and artemisinin levels in Artemisia annua. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1212-1228. [PMID: 35355415 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The important antimalarial drug artemisinin is biosynthesized and stored in Artemisia annua glandular trichomes and the artemisinin content correlates with trichome density; however, the factors affecting trichome development are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the A. annua R2R3 MYB transcription factor TrichomeLess Regulator 1 (TLR1) negatively regulates trichome development. In A. annua, TLR1 overexpression lines had 44.7%-64.0% lower trichome density and 11.5%-49.4% lower artemisinin contents and TLR1-RNAi lines had 33%-93.3% higher trichome density and 32.2%-84.0% higher artemisinin contents compared with non-transgenic controls. TLR1 also negatively regulates the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes in A. annua. When heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, TLR1 interacts with GLABROUS3a, positive regulator of trichome development, and represses trichome development. Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays indicated that TLR1 interacts with the WUSCHEL homeobox (WOX) protein AaWOX1, which interacts with the LEAFY-like transcription factor TLR2. TLR2 overexpression in Arabidopsis and A. annua showed that TLR2 reduces trichome development by reducing gibberellin levels. Furthermore, artemisinin contents were 19%-43% lower in TLR2-overexpressing A. annua plants compared to controls. These data indicate that TLR1 and TLR2 negatively regulate trichome density by lowering gibberellin levels and may enable approaches to enhance artemisinin yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - JinXing Li
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qitao Bu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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40
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Liang J, Zheng J, Wu Z, Wang H. Time-Course Transcriptomic Profiling of Floral Induction in Cultivated Strawberry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116126. [PMID: 35682808 PMCID: PMC9181015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and quality of flowering directly affect the time to market and economic benefit of cultivated strawberries, but the underlying mechanisms of these processes are largely unknown. To investigate the gene activity during the key period of floral induction in strawberries, time-course transcriptome analysis was performed on the shoot apex of the strawberry cultivar ‘Benihoppe.’ A total of 7177 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons. These DEGs were grouped into four clusters with dynamic expression patterns. By analyzing the key genes in the potential flowering pathways and the development of the leaf and flower, at least 73 DEGs that may be involved in the regulatory network of floral induction in strawberries were identified, some of which belong to the NAC, MYB, MADS, and SEB families. A variety of eight hormone signaling pathway genes that might play important roles in floral induction were analyzed. In particular, the gene encoding DELLA, a key inhibitor of the gibberellin signaling pathway, was found to be significantly differentially expressed during the floral induction. Furthermore, the differential expression of some important candidate genes, such as TFL1, SOC1, and GAI-like, was further verified by qRT-PCR. Therefore, we used this time-course transcriptome data for a preliminary exploration of the regulatory network of floral induction and to provide potential candidate genes for future studies of flowering in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ze Wu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-8301-8901
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Bai X, Ke J, Huang P, Fatima I, Cheng T, Tang M. Promotion of natural flowers by JcFT depends on JcLFY in the perennial woody species Jatropha curcas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111236. [PMID: 35351308 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Production of normal gametes is necessary for flowering plant reproduction, which involves the transition from vegetative to reproductive stage and floral organ development. Such transitions and floral development are modulated by various environmental and endogenous stimuli and controlled by sophisticated regulatory networks. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and LEAFY (LFY) are two key genes that integrate signals from multiple genetic pathways in Arabidopsis. However, the comprehensive functions and relationship between these two genes in trees are poorly understood. In this study, we found that JcFT played a vital role in regulating the flowering transition in the perennial woody species Jatropha curcas. JcLFY also involved in regulating this transition and controlled floral organ development. The non-flowering phenotype of JcFT-RNAi was rescued successfully by overexpression of JcLFY, while the abnormal flowers produced by JcLFY silencing were not recovered by JcFT overexpression via hybridization. These results indicate that JcFT, in which a mutation leads to a nonflowering phenotype, is the central gene of the floral meristem transition and that JcLFY, in which a mutation leads to striking changes in flowering and often sterility, is the central floral and inflorescence development gene. Moreover, our hybridization results suggest that JcLFY acts downstream of JcFT in Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiapeng Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Iza Fatima
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Mingyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China.
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42
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Agustí M, Reig C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Mesejo C. Advances in Citrus Flowering: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868831. [PMID: 35463419 PMCID: PMC9024417 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Citrus are polycarpic and evergreen species that flower once in spring or several times a year depending on the genotype and the climatic conditions. Floral induction is triggered by low temperature and water-deficit stress and occurs 2-3 months before bud sprouting, whereas differentiation takes place at the same time as sprouting. The induced buds develop single flowers or determinate inflorescences, so that vegetative growth is required at the axillary buds to renew the polycarpic habit. The presence of fruits inhibits sprouting and flower induction from nearby axillary buds in the current season. In some species and cultivars, this results in low flowering intensity the following spring, thus giving rise to alternate bearing. A number of key flowering genes act in the leaf (CiFT3, CcMADS19, etc.) or in the bud (CsLFY, CsTFL1, etc.) to promote or inhibit both flowering time and reproductive meristem identity in response to these climatic factors, the fruit dominance, or the age of the plant (juvenility). The expression of some of these genes can be modified by gibberellin treatments, which reduce bud sprouting and flowering in adult trees, and constitute the main horticultural technique to control flowering in citrus. This review presents a comprehensive view of all aspects of the flowering process in citrus, converging the research published during the past half century, which focused on plant growth regulators and the nutritional source-sink relationships and guided research toward the study of gene transcription and plant transformation, and the advances made with the development of the tools of molecular biology published during the current century.
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Chu X, Su H, Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Spatiotemporal changes in gibberellin content are required for soybean nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:479-493. [PMID: 34870861 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is required at different stages of legume nodule development, with its spatiotemporal distribution tightly regulated. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses established that several key GA biosynthesis and catabolism enzyme encoding genes are critical to soybean (Glycine max) nodule formation. We examined the expression of several GA oxidase genes and used a Förster resonance energy transfer-based GA biosensor to determine the bioactive GA content of roots inoculated with DsRed-labelled Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. We manipulated the level of GA by genetically disrupting the expression of GA oxidase genes. Moreover, exogenous treatment of soybean roots with GA3 induced the expression of key nodulation genes and altered infection thread and nodule phenotypes. GmGA20ox1a, GmGA3ox1a, and GmGA2ox1a are upregulated in soybean roots inoculated with compatible B. diazoefficiens. GmGA20ox1a expression is predominately localized to the transient meristem of soybean nodules and coincides with the spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive GA occurring throughout nodule organogenesis. GmGA2ox1a exhibits a nodule vasculature-specific expression pattern, whereas GmGA3ox1a can be detected throughout the nodule and root. Disruptions in the level of GA resulted in aberrant rhizobia infection and reduced nodule numbers. Collectively, our results establish a central role for GAs in root hair infection by symbiotic rhizobia and in nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Chu
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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Zong J, Wang L, Zhu L, Bian L, Zhang B, Chen X, Huang G, Zhang X, Fan J, Cao L, Coupland G, Liang W, Zhang D, Yuan Z. A rice single cell transcriptomic atlas defines the developmental trajectories of rice floret and inflorescence meristems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:494-512. [PMID: 35118670 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice inflorescence development determines yield and relies on the activity of axillary meristems (AMs); however, high-resolution analysis of its early development is lacking. Here, we have used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to profile 37 571 rice inflorescence cells and constructed a genome-scale gene expression resource covering the inflorescence-to-floret transition during early reproductive development. The differentiation trajectories of florets and AMs were reconstructed, and discrete cell types and groups of regulators in the highly heterogeneous young inflorescence were identified and then validated by in situ hybridization and with fluorescent marker lines. Our data demonstrate that a WOX transcription factor, DWARF TILLER1, regulates flower meristem activity, and provide evidence for the role of auxin in rice inflorescence branching by exploring the expression and biological role of the auxin importer OsAUX1. Our comprehensive transcriptomic atlas of early rice inflorescence development, supported by genetic evidence, provides single-cell-level insights into AM differentiation and floret development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lianle Bian
- NovelBio Bio-Pharm Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- NovelBio Bio-Pharm Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyi Fan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D50829, Germany
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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45
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Albertos P, Wlk T, Griffiths J, Pimenta Lange MJ, Unterholzner SJ, Rozhon W, Lange T, Jones AM, Poppenberger B. Brassinosteroid-regulated bHLH transcription factor CESTA induces the gibberellin 2-oxidase GA2ox7. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2012-2025. [PMID: 35148416 PMCID: PMC8968292 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroids that have growth-promoting capacities, which are partly enabled by an ability to induce biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs), a second class of plant hormones. In addition, BRs can also activate GA catabolism; here we show that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor CESTA (CES) and its homologues BRASSINOSTEROID-ENHANCED EXPRESSION (BEE) 1 and 3 contribute to this activity. CES and the BEEs are BR-regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and participate in different physiological processes, including vegetative and reproduction development, shade avoidance, and cold stress responses. We show that CES/BEEs can induce the expression of the class III GA 2-oxidase GA2ox7 and that this activity is increased by BRs. In BR signaling - and CES/BEE-deficient mutants, GA2ox7 expression decreased, yielding reduced levels of GA110, a product of GA2ox7 activity. In plants that over-express CES, GA2ox7 expression is hyper-responsive to BR, GA110 levels are elevated and amounts of bioactive GA are reduced. We provide evidence that CES directly binds to the GA2ox7 promoter and is activated by BRs, but can also act by BR-independent means. Based on these results, we propose a model for CES activity in GA catabolism where CES can be recruited for GA2ox7 induction not only by BR, but also by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria J Pimenta Lange
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Theo Lange
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Yamaguchi N. The epigenetic mechanisms regulating floral hub genes and their potential for manipulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1277-1287. [PMID: 34752611 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks formed by transcription factors play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression during plant reproductive development. These networks integrate endogenous, phytohormonal, and environmental cues. Molecular genetic, biochemical, and chemical analyses performed mainly in Arabidopsis have identified network hub genes and revealed the contributions of individual components to these networks. Here, I outline current understanding of key epigenetic regulatory circuits identified by research on plant reproduction, and highlight significant recent examples of genetic engineering and chemical applications to modulate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, I discuss future prospects for applying basic plant science to engineer useful floral traits in a predictable manner as well as the potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Strader L, Weijers D, Wagner D. Plant transcription factors - being in the right place with the right company. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102136. [PMID: 34856504 PMCID: PMC8844091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation underlies many of the growth and developmental processes that shape plants as well as their adaptation to their environment. Key to transcriptional control are transcription factors, DNA-binding proteins that serve two essential functions: to find the appropriate DNA contact sites in their target genes; and to recruit other proteins to execute transcriptional transactions. In recent years, protein structural, genomic, bioinformatic, and proteomic analyses have led to new insights into how these central functions are regulated. Here, we review new findings relating to plant transcription factor function and to their role in shaping transcription in the context of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Yi X, Gao H, Yang Y, Yang S, Luo L, Yu C, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Flowering Transition between Once- and Continuous-Flowering Roses. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010058. [PMID: 35053206 PMCID: PMC8773502 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Roses are the most important cut flower crops and widely used woody ornamental plants in gardens throughout the world, and they are model plants for studying the continuous-flowering trait of woody plants. To analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of continuous flowering, comparative transcriptome data of once- and continuous-flowering roses in our previous study were used to conduct weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to obtain the candidate genes related to flowering transitions. The expression patterns of candidate genes at different developmental stages between Rosa chinensis “Old Blush” (continuous-flowering cultivar) and R. “Huan Die” (once-flowering cultivar) were investigated, and the relationship of the key gene with the endogenous hormone was analyzed. The results showed that the expression trends of VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), FRIGIDA- LIKE 3 (FRI3), APETALA 2- LIKE (AP2-like) and CONSTANS-LIKE 2 (CO-like 2) genes were significantly different between “Old Blush” and “Huan Die”, and the expression trends of SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and CO-like 2 were consistent in the flowering transition of “Old Blush” under different environments. The changes in cytokinin and gibberellic acid (GA3) content were different in the two rose cultivars. The overall change trend of the abscisic acid and GA3 in the flowering transition of “Old Blush” under different environments was consistent. The promoter sequence of CO-like 2 contained a P-box element associated with gibberellin response, as well as binding sites for transcription factors. In a word, we found CO-like 2 associated with continuous flowering and some factors that may synergistically regulate continuous flowering. The results provided a reference for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms of continuous-flowering traits in roses.
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Qin B, Lu X, Sun X, Cui J, Deng J, Zhang L. Transcriptome-based analysis of the hormone regulation mechanism of gender differentiation in Juglans mandshurica Maxim. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12328. [PMID: 34820167 PMCID: PMC8588858 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica Maxim is a hermaphroditic plant belonging to the genus Juglans in the family Juglandaceae. The pollination period of female flowers is different from the loose powder period of male flowers on the same tree. In several trees, female flowers bloom first, whereas in others, male flowers bloom first. In this study, male and female flower buds of J. mandshurica at the physiological differentiation stage were used. Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the quality of the sequencing results was evaluated and analyzed. A total of 138,138 unigenes with an average length of 788 bp were obtained. There were 8,116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 2,840 genes were upregulated, and 5,276 genes were downregulated. The DEGs were classified by Gene Ontology and analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signal transduction factors involved in phytohormone synthesis were selected. The results displayed that ARF and SAUR were expressed differently in the auxin signaling pathway. Additionally, DELLA protein (a negative regulator of gibberellin), the cytokinin synthesis pathway, and A-ARR were downregulated. On April 2nd, the contents of IAA, GA, CTK, ETH and SA in male and female flower buds of two types of J. mandshurica were opposite, and there were obvious genes regulating gender differentiation. Overall, we found that the sex differentiation of J. mandshurica was related to various hormone signal transduction pathways, and hormone signal transduction plays a leading role in regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiting Qin
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Han S, Jiao Z, Niu MX, Yu X, Huang M, Liu C, Wang HL, Zhou Y, Mao W, Wang X, Yin W, Xia X. Genome-Wide Comprehensive Analysis of the GASA Gene Family in Populus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212336. [PMID: 34830215 PMCID: PMC8624709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) proteins, as cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs), play roles in development and reproduction and biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the GASA gene family has been identified in plants, the knowledge about GASAs in Populus euphratica, the woody model plant for studying abiotic stress, remains limited. Here, we referenced the well-sequenced Populus trichocarpa genome, and identified the GASAs in the whole genome of P. euphratica and P. trichocarpa. 21 candidate genes in P. trichocarpa and 19 candidate genes in P. euphratica were identified and categorized into three subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. Most GASAs with signal peptides were located extracellularly. The GASA genes in Populus have experienced multiple gene duplication events, especially in the subfamily A. The evolution of the subfamily A, with the largest number of members, can be attributed to whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication (TD). Collinearity analysis showed that WGD genes played a leading role in the evolution of GASA genes subfamily B. The expression patterns of P. trichocarpa and P. euphratica were investigated using the PlantGenIE database and the real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. GASA genes in P. trichocarpa and P. euphratica were mainly expressed in young tissues and organs, and almost rarely expressed in mature leaves. GASA genes in P. euphratica leaves were also widely involved in hormone responses and drought stress responses. GUS activity assay showed that PeuGASA15 was widely present in various organs of the plant, especially in vascular bundles, and was induced by auxin and inhibited by mannitol dramatically. In summary, this present study provides a theoretical foundation for further research on the function of GASA genes in P. euphratica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Zhiyin Jiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Meng-Xue Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Xiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Mengbo Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Chao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Yangyan Zhou
- Salver Academy of Botany, Rizhao 276800, China; (Y.Z.); (W.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Wei Mao
- Salver Academy of Botany, Rizhao 276800, China; (Y.Z.); (W.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Salver Academy of Botany, Rizhao 276800, China; (Y.Z.); (W.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Weilun Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-10-62336400 (X.X.)
| | - Xinli Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (S.H.); (Z.J.); (M.-X.N.); (X.Y.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (H.-L.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-10-62336400 (X.X.)
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